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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture10_0926
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00:02 All right, good morning, Did you have a good weekend?
00:10 , I heard. No. All , you should have good weekends.
00:15 them while you can. Um, we're doing today, we're gonna be
00:21 about the bones for the most you know, the knee bones connected
00:24 the thigh bone and that sort of . Um But before we do
00:29 we need to, to see how form. That's what we left off
00:31 Thursday, we need to finish this and, and as far as ose
00:35 is concerned, this can be the conceptually difficult to understand, not because
00:40 hard, but because you have to of imagine what's going on during the
00:45 and while it's going through its process development, right? And we don't
00:49 think that way we think of here's adult. What does it look
00:52 We don't think about the little steps are going on. So the term
00:57 or osteogenesis refers to the process of bone from scratch as in there wasn't
01:03 there before. Now, there is there now. Ok. So there's
01:07 different methods, two different ways of is formed, one is called
01:11 The other one is called endochondral without going further. I mean, the
01:16 are up there, I think they . Um but they're not on the
01:20 slide. But if you saw the interim, what does it sound
01:23 What does it tell you that it that it's doing inside a membrane?
01:27 . OK. Then endochondral is a bit more difficult but if you pay
01:30 in is inside. Yeah. But is cartilage. Thank you.
01:39 right. So we're using two different here. So the first one I
01:45 is probably the one that most students kind of trapped on. They're
01:49 I'm not sure I can visualize this this really is kind of like,
01:53 there was not tissue there before, now there is tissue there.
01:58 So in interim, this starts within meeny, meeny. Is that embryonic
02:04 developmental connective tissue that hasn't differentiated All right. And so what this
02:09 trying to show you in the little is there are mazal cells, there's
02:12 whole bunch of collagen. And what's to happen is that a osteogenic cell
02:17 to be in that location. It become osteoblasts and what osteoblasts do,
02:22 start laying down the network? All . And so they start laying down
02:27 matrix and that matrix becomes ossified and starts trapping osteoblasts which then become
02:35 And as you grow, what you're is you're growing outward towards that mesen
02:41 doing. So what you do is start pressing that uh collagen and those
02:47 cells away from the bone, So you're kind of growing into
02:51 or in that area and growing upward you're pressing upward against that Meine.
02:58 what's going to end up being formed these from these ossification centers is you're
03:02 to start seeing the formation of asteroid will ultimately become what is called woven
03:08 . Now, woven bone is just term that says it's not quite the
03:11 that you know yet, it's just bone that's in the process of being
03:15 . And it still kind of looks the spongy bone you can kind of
03:18 in the cartoon, it looks like bone a little bit but notice that
03:21 doesn't have the dense bone or the bone on the outside. You can
03:25 blood vessels are starting to work their through. You can still see the
03:29 they're forming and doing stuff. And osteocyte are within these trabecule that are
03:34 in the woven bone. But because the way that this thing is
03:37 it's pushing further and further into that , compressing it downward. And what
03:42 end up forming on the outside of bone is our periosteum. So the
03:49 and the, and the meeny basically down into that structure. And so
03:53 we do is we end up trapping cells on the outside. So you
03:58 see them here. They're starting to trapped between the, the, the
04:03 and the bone itself. And then cells will then start laying down compact
04:09 and the inside where the spongy bone . That's where you're gonna start feeling
04:13 stresses. The osteocyte help to remodel tell, tell the osteoclast where to
04:18 and where the osteoblast need to go strengthen the bone. But ultimately,
04:22 you end up then is now you the spongy bone on the inside and
04:25 have the compact bone on the outside of that pressure outward or that growth
04:31 . Does that kinda make sense? of? Right. So this is
04:35 I say conceptually, it's a little more difficult to kind of visualize because
04:38 starting from nothing, right? And you're doing is you're growing outward and
04:43 things to develop the things that we've learned about. I think endochondral is
04:49 . OK? Because what we're gonna is we're gonna magically have cartilage,
04:53 da cartilage. All right. cartilage does the same sort of
04:57 That's how it develops much like what just saw here. The cartilage doesn't
05:00 magically appear, it develops in much same way that we saw previously.
05:04 what you end up with is very on in development, you end up
05:07 a cartilage skeleton. So here you very early on. This is a
05:12 fetus, you can see where the actually exists, right? So you
05:16 a skeleton made of cartilage and this will exist for a long period of
05:20 . But through the process of the cartilage gets replaced by bone endochondral
05:27 cartilage being replaced by bone itself. think I made the joke about my
05:31 . Um uh my, my, wife and I, we're, we're
05:35 believers of, of letting kids just of run around and, and learn
05:40 rough the world is. Right? I say that, I mean,
05:43 like go playing traffic. I we let them climb trees. We
05:46 sit, there weren't helicopter parents. not mow lawnmower parents. We let
05:50 just, you go figure it And so one day my,
05:54 one of my two younger sons, remember I have two sets of twins
05:57 inside. He fallen out of the . Yeah, I've said this
06:00 Yeah, 22 sets of twins. didn't have them. My wife
06:05 I know it's, it's good. . So I just sat by and
06:08 , yeah, those are cute. . I helped make them but
06:16 Right. But I, but I not give birth to him. All
06:19 . But anyway, so my, of my younger kids comes in,
06:21 all playing out in the yard with 30 other kids because that's how our
06:24 is and he comes in and he I fell out of the tree,
06:27 wrist hurts and we're kind of ok, well, let's see.
06:31 wife's physical therapist. So, you , we did this, did
06:33 Yeah, it kind of hurts a bit. Ok. That's fine.
06:36 days later, my wrist still It actually was compression of the
06:39 you know, so we're, we're about that. But part of the
06:42 that it didn't break was because, know, at that age, which
06:45 like four or something, he was a lot of cartilage bone. Plus
06:49 kids can fall down stairs and not things because they're mostly cartilage. They
06:54 , they don't break. All that's good news. All right.
06:59 you get your age, you're mostly . So you, you, you
07:03 bounce, you break, OK? you get my age, you're brittle
07:07 and then so everything breaks. All . Anyway, so what we're looking
07:10 here is you can see we're gonna very early and we're moving into like
07:15 newborn and the toddlers on the next . All right. So you can
07:19 very early on what we're doing is starting with a cartilage framework from which
07:23 bone is going to be building And what happens is, is as
07:27 cartilage grows, it becomes ossified, basically breaks down and stops being cartilage
07:35 becomes this hard mineralized matrix. And that allows the bone to come in
07:40 grow over it and replace that cartilage has kind of ossified. And so
07:45 we see very early on in the is we see what is called the
07:49 osteal collar. So on the outside where you're going to start seeing this
07:54 starting to form and then blood vessels work their way in and then eventually
07:59 blood vessels are going to bring in into the epithets and start forming bone
08:05 or ost application centers there. what we have is we have a
08:08 ost application center first forming in the where you're going to start making that
08:14 bone. Um And you're gonna start on the outside, that dense
08:18 that compact bone and then in the , you're going to see the spongy
08:22 forming again and it's just using the that's already been formed there to to
08:27 replacing it with the bone. So the time you're born, right,
08:33 , you can see I have a of cartilage but bone has already started
08:37 things. And you can even see the skeleton here, the the browner
08:42 is showing you the cartilage relative to the bone is. All right.
08:47 so this is about the age where kid fell out of the tree and
08:49 only fell like 7 ft 6 It was not that far. I
08:54 I watched a three year old bounce 20 flights. I mean, just
08:58 , boom, boom, boom, , looked up at his mom looked
09:00 , her mom wasn't there but dad and the dad looked at and
09:04 who's tough as nails kaylee is? then she got up and ran
09:11 I'm telling you kids are ridiculously All right. Now, you can
09:17 here by the time that you're a , you're still developing bone. But
09:21 can notice we have a little bit cartilage left on the outside, on
09:25 two ends on the two epiphanies, have what is called articular cartilage.
09:30 gonna hear that word over and over over again. Articular means um basically
09:35 two bones rubbed together. So it forms a joint. All right,
09:39 used to the word joint. We're use the word articular. I'll probably
09:42 joint a lot too. But right you can still see where we
09:46 All right in the it's bone So compact bone with the spongy bone
09:50 the inside. Here, we got bone with the spongy bone. And
09:53 we see that medullary cavity that was , that's gonna be filled with the
09:57 marrow. But then in between we still see cartilage, that's the
10:02 plate. The presence of the epithets is what allows the bone to grow
10:09 the, in the lengthwise or allowed grow lengthwise. All right. So
10:14 is what you'll see primarily in the bones. And so this epithelial plate
10:17 we're gonna look at here is going exist for quite some time and it's
10:21 to be laying down new cartilage, is going to be replaced by bone
10:25 the way. And then by the you get towards the end of
10:29 the cartilage is replaced solely by That's why we end up with that
10:33 plate that, that, that marker , of solid bone between the and
10:38 diaphysis when that happens, that's when start growing. All right. So
10:45 can happen at a variety of Um You know, some people stop
10:49 , some people stop late years I worked for a basketball program um
10:54 a tutor, uh like when I right out of college. Um and
10:58 remember being in an elevator with four the basketball players in the library and
11:03 was like 6 11, 1 was 71. And then there was like
11:07 of them who were like 68 or or something like that. And I
11:11 like a dwarf, you know, in the elevator to begin with and
11:15 you have these and they were all . They had not stopped growing,
11:19 is the scary part, right? they each had about an inch or
11:22 to grow still, which is But some of you stop growing around
11:27 age of 12. Like my daughter , I'm not getting any taller.
11:30 like, I'm sorry, that's what . All right, everyone is bigger
11:35 me. Yeah. Sorry. Part my genes. All right. All
11:43 . So what I wanna do is just want to focus very, very
11:45 on this growth. So when you of a bone bone grows in two
11:49 directions? All right, we're just use a long bone for an
11:51 So if I have a long a long, a long bow can
11:55 vertically, right? So you can taller. But it also as you
11:59 taller, the bone doesn't stay the diameter. It has to grow at
12:03 . All right. And that's a , right? So the harder part
12:08 this interstitial bone growth, right? allows you to grow longitudinally. All
12:14 . And why I say it's it's not that it's hard. It's
12:17 that again, you have to think I got two tissues that are,
12:20 are in the mid or well, have two bones, right? The
12:25 region and the diy or the diaphysis . And then in between, I
12:29 this, this, this plate that's and the cartilage is very much alive
12:33 it's laying down new cartilage. And the way you can think about it
12:37 like here is this plate of, cartilage on the side that faces the
12:43 I have cartilage that is rapidly And so what it's doing is it's
12:49 growing upward towards the. So that it's pushing down away from the
12:55 forcing the epithets further and further All right. Does that make
12:59 And it's doing it on both So you can imagine on the top
13:02 and on the bottom side. So pushing the two ends away from the
13:06 . But as I grow away, happening is, is I'm leaving behind
13:11 that dies off, right. It ossified and then that ossified tissue which
13:17 no longer being nourished or is particularly on the diathesis side. I have
13:26 bone tissue, that bone tissue is there going, oh I'm just going
13:30 replace this ossified cartilage and I'm gonna new bone there. And so it's
13:34 towards the cartilage. So one is the other. So you have cartilage
13:39 this way this way. And so is why you're growing longitudinally OK?
13:45 I'm gonna show you a picture, don't need to know all the five
13:48 , right? But this just kind shows you. So up here,
13:51 is where you have the cartilage. then over here, these are all
13:55 dividing things. So what they're doing they're laying cartilage down and they're pushing
13:59 towards this direction. Down here is the dead stuff. And down
14:05 these are the live bone cells that chasing after the live cartilage cells right
14:12 . Why this race ultimately ends is the cartilage doesn't divide as fast as
14:19 bone does. And so the bone catches up with the dividing cartilage replaces
14:25 and eventually no more cartilage. So more growth you stop growing. That
14:31 sense. Yeah. Mhm I'm showing a picture so that it's not just
14:39 saying words. Does that make In other words, what I want
14:43 to understand is this, this is showing you visually what's going on.
14:49 question is what do I need to on this slide? So I used
14:52 make you memorize all this stuff. honestly, do you really need to
14:56 it? What do you think? , no, that's the answer.
14:59 . But you should know cartilage is , right? Bone is chasing and
15:06 bone catches up no more growth. simple. Yeah. OK.
15:14 if we didn't grow outward, then we end up with these. So
15:18 about, think about a little boy a little girl, you know,
15:20 two year old, cute little Think how big their bone is about
15:24 big as your thumb, right? imagine if all you did was grow
15:30 . You have the little tiny thin and just break you like that.
15:34 . So you have to actually grow as well. So the same thing
15:37 kind of go oh Not the same . You don't have the cartilage
15:40 But what you have is you have race. All right. So
15:44 you're growing outward. Remember we have periosteum underneath the periosteum. We have
15:49 osteogenic cells and the osteoblast, what doing is they're laying down dense bone
15:53 dense bone. And so you're growing in that diameter. Problem is,
15:59 that bone is heavy and your bone doesn't want things that it doesn't
16:04 You don't need that much dense And so in the process, what
16:08 is going to be doing at the side, uh at the same time
16:12 in the medullary cavity, it's breaking the network and making it bigger and
16:18 and bigger on the inside, So there's less, less stuff for
16:21 to carry around. So the outside growing outward, making the bone larger
16:28 circum in circumference, but the inside also breaking down. So the inside
16:33 growing fatter or more empty, but rate of growth outward is faster than
16:40 rate of breaking things down inwards. what you end up with is a
16:44 bone or a thicker bone. All . So you don't have the same
16:50 , it's actually slightly different. So still have a strong enough bone to
16:54 you. But it's the word I'm for here is escaping me. But
17:01 what I'm trying to say, it's enough to support what you need to
17:05 . Does that kind of make I mean, in terms of the
17:07 here that's going on, on the , I'm, I'm growing outward on
17:11 inside and trying to catch up, the rate is different So this is
17:15 getting thicker along the way. So bone becomes thicker to support all that
17:20 that you're carrying. You're looking at like, I don't know.
17:29 Do I need to get someone up to race me? You all
17:32 Come up here and reach me. , you volunteered. This is,
17:36 is Seaworld. I'm Shamoo. Come on. Come on, we're
17:42 gonna race real quick. Come press me. She thinks she's actually
17:49 . No, we're not running. want you to. This is a
17:53 of bone growth. OK? She's bone growth on the outside. So
17:58 right here. OK? And we're walk that direction. OK? Just
18:04 normally. And when I say stop, OK. I'm the,
18:08 , no, no, no. didn't say yet. This is the
18:11 part, right? All right. I'm the inside of the bone.
18:14 this is medullary cavity over here. ? And we're both going that
18:19 I'm breaking down bone. She's building . OK? And look at the
18:23 between us. Do you see the between us? OK. Go ahead
18:27 go stop. OK. So as broke down bone, remember, I've
18:34 right? But look at the space us now, the bone is thicker
18:38 because the rate on the outside is than the rate on the inside of
18:42 down. That makes sense. See, thank you. See,
18:45 told you that was easy. Questions about this growth stuff. Pretty
18:57 . If you see a question on exam, it's probably gonna be about
19:00 or the other and just remember the . That's really the key things
19:05 Really. What we want to get is this stuff, right?
19:08 this is why you took this You are, show me anatomy.
19:12 telling me about tissues. Show me right, hardest part about anatomy class
19:18 an anatomy lecture is that we don't to do the hands-on stuff. The
19:21 thing we have are the, the homework assignments that you guys have where
19:25 can manipulate uh like digital images of stuff. If you're in the
19:29 you get to hold the bone in hand, you might even be able
19:31 look at it, but don't show that you're looking at. But I
19:34 , you can, you can actually this stuff and notice where we're starting
19:38 . Again, we're back to that that we used appendicular and axial.
19:43 we have an axial skeleton, we an appendicular skeleton. So again,
19:47 easy thing to remember the axis is things where my body is,
19:51 is, you know, are the that keep me alive. My
19:55 I can chop them off. All . So the axial skeleton long axis
20:00 the body, it's gonna include the , the vertebrae as well as the
20:04 cage. All right. And then appendicular skeleton that you know that's easy
20:10 and arms, but it's also what call the girdles. So it's your
20:15 and your hips as well. So here the color coating here blue for
20:21 regular for AEN diar, the hips not part of the uh axis,
20:27 ? They're part of the um they're of the, the lower limbs.
20:33 would also point out the bones that see here in the axis. What
20:37 their jobs to protect you to support to carry body parts? Whereas when
20:41 look at the appendicular skeleton, we're dealing with locomotion movement, right?
20:48 when you're looking at these bones, kind of put their, their function
20:52 with them, what is this thing doing? Why does it shape the
20:55 it's shaped? It's doing one of things. And hopefully, as we
20:59 through them, this, this lecture go very, very quickly or very
21:03 depending. All right. Well, can go down tangents, you know
21:08 . All right. So what we're do and I will say on the
21:12 . All right, I'm not gonna you a blank looking skeleton. I
21:15 give you these color coded skeletons. . So that's the good news in
21:19 real world. They don't look like loops, right? When you're in
21:24 lab, it is literally this beige thing and sometimes things are really,
21:29 hard to find. So if you're the lab, remember if you are
21:33 back in the lab after hours, and get your hands on this stuff
21:37 play with the things. Right. the, the way that a lab
21:41 usually, and again, I don't how Doctor Gill does it over
21:44 But when I was doing it, you had 50 stations and it was
21:47 , here's a thing with a pin said, name it, describe what
21:50 does or something like that. So basically went from station to station to
21:54 . I do not know how Doctor does it here. We don't get
21:59 opportunity. So you'll get the easy . All right, if there,
22:03 you get a picture on the All right. So the skull is
22:09 most complex bone in or series of in the body. It's complex in
22:15 of structure when I teach Comparative All right, comparative anatomy is looking
22:20 different organisms. We spend an independent on the skull because of the way
22:24 it develops, right? It's developmentally than the rest of the skeleton.
22:30 so it's a very, very complex . And so these bones 22 of
22:35 are complex because of their origins and what they're trying to accomplish. All
22:41 , good news. We don't have go into all that crazy stuff.
22:43 just keep it nice and simple. we have what are called the cranial
22:46 . There are eight of them and have facial bones Where's your face?
22:49 to your face. OK. Point your cranium. Good. All
22:53 So, you know, those are two parts of the skull now.
22:57 right. These, most of these that we're gonna be looking at are
23:00 bones, but when we start looking some of them, you're gonna be
23:02 , that doesn't look like a flat yet. It falls into the irregular
23:06 . These are bones are gonna be by a special type of joint called
23:09 suture, sutures. You can think like stitches, but that's where they
23:14 of get their name from is that looks like the two bones have been
23:16 together and are being held in place a jigsaw puzzle. All right.
23:21 only exception to this rule is the . The mandible is your lower jaw
23:26 freely movable. In fact, if played enough games or seen enough
23:30 you've seen a, a human it's like the jaw is usually not
23:34 just the parts above. OK. with that in mind, let's start
23:40 through them. All right. And may have to flip back to this
23:43 this gives you the side view of front view and the, the inferior
23:48 . Whereas here and forward, we're slicing things so that you're looking
23:54 All right. So the first thing the cranium and one of the things
23:59 gonna learn is that we're probably I think there's 212 bones. It
24:02 be 216. I can't remember And you're gonna learn them all.
24:06 when you hear that number very what happens is you hear the number
24:10 you go, oh, my That's so many, but many of
24:12 are repeated. Right? I think about your ribs. I
24:15 you have ribs on this side, have ribs on that side,
24:18 And then there's actually a specific number ribs. And so you can just
24:21 , OK, well, all I do is just count all of those
24:24 that just wipes out 20 of It's actually 22 or sorry,
24:29 Um And this is kind of the thing. It kind of demonstrates how
24:32 just kind of run through these very quickly. So we have some
24:38 that are not paired and some bones are paired, paired means that think
24:42 the mirror image, you have one one side, one on the
24:44 All right, if they're not that usually means that they're immediately loc
24:49 loc located, I want to say but located. All right. So
24:53 we're gonna do is we're gonna start the simple ones. We got the
24:57 bone, the frontal bone sits in front of the skull, that's not
25:01 , right? Then we have the in the back, we have the
25:06 bone. So here is the frontal there is the occipital bone here.
25:09 can see the frontal bone. There's occipital bone. Ok. So you
25:12 kind of think about this. I'm the front. This is my
25:15 And then we have two that sit the inside that are really weird.
25:18 is the spino right here. What it look like to you? A
25:22 ? Did I hear a bat They're a bird? I think?
25:25 mean, I guess personality will tell what you see up there. Do
25:29 see a bat? Do you see bird? Some people see butterfly either
25:33 right? But it's that bone right that looks like the batt bone or
25:37 bird bone? OK. And then one that's not so easy to
25:41 you have to kind of pay close is here, there's the ETNO and
25:46 can kind of see the ETNO makes part of the cranium, but it
25:50 goes downward and goes into the nasal . So it's basically the bone that
25:55 this way and it's this portion that looking at all right, in terms
25:59 the cranium. So notice all those immediately located front, back,
26:06 frontal occipital sphenoid. And then how do you put them in order
26:15 up to you. Then we have paired bones, the two paired bones
26:20 make up the cranium are gonna be temporal bone. What's this called?
26:25 your temple. OK. The reason called a temple is because your hair
26:31 graying there first when you get gray so temple comes from temp or temporal
26:37 to time. And so that grain the hair is why they refer to
26:41 region as the temporal region. So bones underneath temporal and then up above
26:47 parietal bones. So once again, can just kind of walk through
26:51 We got frontal occipital temporal parietal right is where you wear your hat.
26:57 there's two of them. OK. those are the cranium. So you
27:02 think of the cranium being divided into parts. You have the uh the
27:07 or the vault and then you have floor or the base. All
27:11 So here we can see the vault . You can see the base.
27:15 makes up the base. Well, can see we got the frontal
27:19 the ethmoid, the feno, the temporal and the occipitals or occipital occipital
27:26 . All right. What about that be the floor. What about the
27:29 ? Well, the vault is made of a portion of the occipital,
27:33 really it's the parietal bones and the bones. That makes sense. Here
27:40 have in the occipital bone, a giant hole. So do we call
27:46 the big hole? You see the hole Freeman is hole, magnus
27:56 All of a sudden anatomy is not hard kind of makes you wish you
28:02 Latin instead of French the floor, purpose of the floor is to hold
28:12 brain, cradle your brain. And what we have is we have a
28:16 of fossa phos are depressions. And we can see the formation of these
28:21 . We have one in the one in the middle, one in
28:24 back. So we have anterior, , posterior. So here's anterior,
28:28 middle, there's posterior FASA. And we can look and say,
28:32 well, what your bones are formed ? So again, I've put this
28:35 here. So you can kind of , we have the frontal bone,
28:37 have the ethmoid bone. We have portion of the sphenoid. For the
28:40 bone, we have uh portions of spino, we have portions of the
28:44 bone. And then finally back we have the occipital bone. And
28:48 you want to include portions of the bone, you can just including
28:54 So fossas are there to help cradle hold the cranium in place. So
28:59 you shake your head around cranium doesn't or sorry, your brain doesn't
29:04 OK. So how many bones have learned? Eight, I mentioned these
29:17 are being held together by a special of joint called a suture.
29:22 we're only going to look at four them. There are many other sutures
29:26 we're not going to go through Oftentimes you'll see sutures are named for
29:30 two bones that are on either side them in this particular case. Uh
29:34 not, that's not what's going on . And we're looking at the sutures
29:37 make up the vault. And so just really overt. So that's why
29:41 want to kind of look at them see them. So here you can
29:44 there's a frontal bone right here, a prial bone between them and coming
29:49 the top. That is the coronal . Think about the coronal uh
29:55 right? So the kernel plane is a crown, it separates the front
29:59 the back. So there's a kernel . All right. Uh Next
30:05 So that right there is the lambdoid . It's not quite a lambda,
30:12 ? For those of you who understand Greek, right? Lower case
30:17 upper case lambda, right? You learn that. OK. So it's
30:25 of it's just bad or? All . Do you see the little tiny
30:29 things? What kind of bones are ? Seid? I thought, I
30:39 I saw you whisper it out. sesamoids, all right. They don't
30:43 names, they're just sesamoid. Uh separating out the left and the
30:49 . So between the two parietal that would be the sagittal suture.
30:53 right. So it separates and then , we have the squamous squamous means
30:59 like so I don't know why they this one this way. But here
31:03 can see the temporal bone there is , the prial and So the squamous
31:08 runs along that OK, when we to the face, face seems scary
31:20 like, look so many bones. right, we have two bones that
31:25 , are, are single, the of them are paired. So if
31:28 22 bones, right, eight of were in the, in the cranial
31:32 in the cranium, that means 14 in the face, two of them
31:36 single. That means there's 12 that not, that means there's only six
31:41 , right? So 12 divided by . All right. So they aren't
31:46 hard. We'll do the two single . First, we have the
31:50 We said that's your lower jaw. then we have this bone that sits
31:55 the, um, uh ethmoid. called the Bomer. So it's basically
32:00 helps form the septum of the nasal . All right. So, the
32:04 and the Volmer together are creating that that divide up your nasal cavity.
32:13 , moving down what we're gonna have we have the bones that make up
32:18 , uh the upper part of your , right. So up here,
32:22 how that's hard. But down here can do the Samantha thing.
32:27 that's right. You aren't old enough know what be witch is. It
32:30 a TV show and she, she a witch and she did magic and
32:34 did magic by wiggling her nose. , there was a movie that Will
32:39 and I can't remember what her But anyway, so up here,
32:43 the nasal bone. Ok? We're the inside next to the bone.
32:49 would be the lacrimal bones. When think of lacrimal, you probably think
32:53 tears. Ok. So that's where tiers form, their ducts worked,
32:58 , worked in there. And we'll with that later. The tiers actually
33:01 , the tier glands are actually in different location. But when we tear
33:04 , that's where they kind of form there. So that would be
33:09 Um your cheekbones. All right. Zygomatic bones. All right. So
33:17 sits up hot, hot. Uh , Entine, the easiest way to
33:24 this is on the next slide is . OK. They're not flat
33:29 even though this looks like it's they actually extend upward up as far
33:33 the eye cavity is concerned. All . So up to the orbitals.
33:38 Palantine, it's way back the way can remember this is up here at
33:42 front. That's my palate, that's hard palate back in the back.
33:46 my soft pallet. So it makes a portion of that hard palate.
33:51 ? It separates the oral cavity from nasal cavity along with the maxilla.
33:58 right. Now, the maxilla is weird bone because if you look at
34:01 from this side, it looks like one bone, but it's actually the
34:04 of two bones. So very early in development, you have two bones
34:07 come together and they form that harder and you can see the uh the
34:14 that separates those two bones. All , you guys heard of a cleft
34:20 ? All right. Joaquin Phoenix, actor, actually a really good actor
34:24 a cleft palate and you can see scar from, from where that
34:29 It was a developmental thing where that didn't close up. And so he
34:34 left with a scar that they did on when he was a very,
34:37 young baby and closed that maxilla All right. So you can see
34:43 bones there. That's the maxilla and the hardest one of all because no
34:48 does. This justice are the inferior cona. All right. So you
34:56 your bomer, right? You have ethmoid on top and then on the
35:00 edges of the nasal cavity, this that bone that inferior nasal con and
35:05 they do is they hang downward. so when you breathe in air,
35:10 hits that bone and it starts it becomes turbulent. And so it's
35:17 to make the air become turbulent. you can see in the little
35:21 the little green bone on the inside the nasal cavity, that's the inferior
35:26 con and it's a separate bone. So you don't see it in this
35:31 because it's, it's been cut away the picture and it's on the other
35:35 of that VM. And you can't see it there as well. And
35:40 one not as well. So it's of those things that's just not,
35:43 no good pictures. You actually have look into the nasal cavity to really
35:47 it. Now, what do all things do? Well, in a
35:51 general sense there, this is kind the list. So we're gonna form
35:55 cavities for your special senses. We'll a lot of time talking about the
35:59 senses later. So special senses include . So seeing smell, nasal cavity
36:05 , that would be oral cavity. mentioned t terminating air, that would
36:09 the inferior nasal cona. Basically, also serves as an opening for the
36:13 of air and for food. Uh can breathe both by our mouth and
36:17 our nasal cavity. Um but um the mouth is designed for consumption,
36:24 the nasal ca ca cavity is designed breathing plays a role in securing the
36:31 . So that would be the maxilla the mandible and also anchors all your
36:35 muscles. So lots and lots of roles. So what's interesting about the
36:43 is there's a bunch of different Remember a cavity is a hollow
36:47 And so we have a couple of , we have the cranial cavity,
36:51 we've already kind of defined, So think of the bones that make
36:55 the floor and of the vault, then we also have the orbital and
36:59 nasal cavity. All right, we're , we're just gonna ignore um,
37:03 oral cavity for right now. And I want to point out here is
37:07 the oral cavity is a structure that the eyeball in place and it's not
37:12 bone, there's actually a whole bunch other stuff in there. So the
37:15 sits, it's surrounded by connective It has fat tissue that surrounds it
37:20 pads it and holds it in There's nerves that travel in there.
37:23 so there's going to be holes, blood vessels. So there are these
37:28 in the bone that allow these structures pass through. Now, there's also
37:35 . So we have the lacrimal glands are located on the superior orbital as
37:39 . But what I want to just out here is just what's that
37:43 So we have the frontal bone. have the Zygomatic bone. You can
37:46 back here, the feno you can the lacrimal. Um you can see
37:50 of the maxilla and then what you see is the entine that sits back
37:56 there. All right. And I looked at this slide as I look
37:59 this point, I'm like this picture shows a palantine. Is it really
38:03 there or is this some dumb So I pulled out one of like
38:06 biggest uh atlases I had and I'm flipping through it. So I look
38:11 the, the portion of the palatine that makes up the back of the
38:14 is about this big. So you're gonna see it in any of these
38:18 , but it's there. Well, guess I am talking about the oral
38:23 just briefly. All right. So regard to the nasal cavity, so
38:27 is the passage for air. We sensory neurons that play a role in
38:31 . So that's why things are pleasant us. Um This is what we
38:36 consider the first part of the respiratory . So when you breathe in air
38:41 in and goes right on down. we've mentioned the septum already. That's
38:45 voor and the Etno, right? just think Etno first vor underneath and
38:51 we have these different structures. So have the sphenoid that made up the
38:54 . So you can see the purple . That would be the spino
38:58 uh the Ethmoid, there's that red is the yellow Palantine. There's your
39:04 , that's Palantine, there's your All right. And then we sit
39:08 the outside walls. The only place can see them is right there.
39:12 would be the inferior nasal concha. what you've done now is you've created
39:16 different uh it's really one place that's in half. So it basically opens
39:21 in the back. So that this where you're doing the breathing.
39:26 the easy one, the oral the mandible. So there's Mandel,
39:29 maxilla. So you can see, that as well. I don't know
39:36 I didn't put it on the So, Maxilla and there it,
39:39 sorry. Maxilla. Mandible. This where food primarily goes some air.
39:46 is where you can see the location your cellar. Very glanced. All
39:52 . You struggle with sinus infections. . You, yeah, you ever
39:58 what a sinus was. It's like do we have sinuses? Why do
40:02 have to have infections? Why does time of year suck the most?
40:06 ? Or even worse? Spring So now it's gonna be flu and
40:11 and then in the spring time it's and oak and then I get by
40:16 thy is all clogged up. Why they exist? All right, bone
40:21 heavy, bone is thick. Your doesn't want to do as much work
40:24 it does. It doesn't need to all the bone being as thick as
40:27 is. And so what happened has is is that bone itself out in
40:33 locations? And these are just trying show you where those locations are within
40:37 bone. So the sinus is an . It's not a, it's not
40:44 um like the medullary cavity where you blood blood um cells and stuff like
40:49 . It is literally a hollow space basically opens up and empties out so
40:54 the bone is not as thick and heavy as it is. It's lined
40:58 epithelial tissue mucus glands. And so producing mucus, it allows you when
41:05 breathe in the air goes in to space. And because it's there,
41:09 , it's uh vascularized, that means you can bring heat up to the
41:15 . And so that surface warms the air warms up. There's humidity
41:22 the fluids, the mucus that your is producing. So it allows the
41:26 to become more humid before you breathe downward. So it has an important
41:30 role in making the air warm and before it enters. In. Um
41:37 here ever lived in the far, northern reaches of, of the country
41:42 it like gets really cold you like when you breathe in minus 20
41:46 isn't it wonderful? Just, you , you, you just, it
41:50 , right? So this is, , you can feel just how bad
41:55 is. I mean, your body rejects that. So part of the
41:58 of the sin is, is so you don't have to deal with
42:01 The other part is that, as mentioned, lightning in the skull,
42:05 the other part is that it gives voices resonance. Have you noticed that
42:10 don't all sound alike? Yeah. of that is because of our,
42:14 vocal chords, right? And how , we um you know, just
42:18 shape of our skulls in general, that those sound waves bounce through the
42:24 differently because of the shape of these so it creates a uniqueness to the
42:30 that we make. All right. it serves as a way to make
42:35 communication different or identifiable. So, they are. Um, so where
42:43 they? They're found in the frontal , they're found in the ethmoids feno
42:46 the max, uh maxilla. those are the four sinuses and you
42:51 kind of see which ones are the that irritates you the more.
42:54 if you have a sinus headache, be frontal. You know, when
42:57 feeling all up, right, that be the maxilla just as an
43:04 So that's 22 mounds. Just keep checklist going. All right. Moving
43:11 , our next bo bone is down in the throat. It's called the
43:15 . All right, you can see not a particularly interesting looking bone and
43:19 what it does, it sits on of the larynx, which is all
43:22 . All right. And it you can see some features, these
43:26 called horns, the horns are what it to attach to um other bones
43:31 ligaments. So, um you don't to memorize this ligament, but you
43:35 see how it's named styloid hyoid. you can see it's attached to the
43:39 and it's attached to this thing called styloid process. So very often what
43:43 see in anatomy is just when you long names, they're basically just saying
43:47 between these two points. All Now, what this does, it
43:52 for you to attach ligaments and um, uh, and around the
43:57 and the larynx plays an important role swallowing, right. So, if
44:01 try to put it over top, can see, I can't make good
44:04 . But the other thing, it's hard to swallow. Right? Because
44:12 you're doing is you're pulling on that , muscles attached to bones are causing
44:19 . All right. So it allows to swallow right. And speech as
44:27 obvious there 23 months moving down the . All right, we have five
44:37 . All right. We have the region, which is your neck thoracic
44:43 , which is your chest region, lower back. And then we move
44:47 . We're gonna get down to the . That's kind of where you're
44:50 So, right around here and then the very, very itsy bitsy teeny
44:54 , that's a coccidial region. And can see that there are several vertebrate
44:58 each of these different regions. Right the top. We have seven
45:03 some of you have eight. That make you weird. About 30% of
45:06 population has eight, but we don't about. All right, we have
45:13 thoracic vertebrae. We have five lumbar sacrum which have fused together to form
45:19 larger structure called the chrome. And ultimately down at the very itsy bitsy
45:24 tiny, our little tails, we four coal bones that have fused together
45:29 will fuse together by around the time turn 25 to 33? Ok.
45:34 how do I remember these numbers? right. So I'm just gonna give
45:40 a little hint of the thing that learned. Right. So what time
45:43 normal humans have breakfast? Not college ? 7 a.m. And then normal humans
45:50 ? Yes, I know. It's . Normal humans, not,
45:53 not, not students. We don't up unless we have to.
45:58 and then, then we usually you know, students fight about
46:00 eating breakfast in the first place. I really have to have food?
46:04 is good enough. Red Bull you know, so seven is
46:10 What time is lunch? Normally? and what time should you have
46:17 Five, follow my directions and you know, one plate is not
46:28 . So I have to have a course at five and then I'm hungry
46:35 because I'm me and so at 4 I get up and have a
46:42 Yeah. All right. I don't the 4 a.m. thing. Just
46:45 but it's up there. 7, 55 should be an easy way to
46:49 that. And then that fourth one just, you just have to figure
46:53 something. I don't know. Maybe wash dishes till four II,
47:00 don't know. All right, but idea here is all right. So
47:04 gonna have seven Cervical 12 Thoracic five five sacrum and then the cocci are
47:09 little weird things. Anyone here ever your cocci bone? No. How
47:14 bruised it. Yeah. Ok. see. Two, wouldn't it?
47:20 . Could you sit around? you had to sit on your side
47:23 on your belly because it sucks so . Yeah. Yeah. There's nothing
47:28 than falling and breaking that toxic. worse, worse. And the reason
47:33 is is because there's ligaments and muscles to that. So the pressure that
47:37 put on that bone, it, doesn't have an opportunity to heal itself
47:41 you just don't put any pressure on . But everything down here is required
47:45 sort, to attach to it one or the other. All right.
47:48 you'll notice also that there's curvature, ? You can see here what type
47:53 curvature we have concave. So this be your belly over here,
47:56 So concave, then it's convex and it's concave again and then down here
48:01 get to convex and then we don't any sort of curvature for the
48:06 All right. And so what you imagine is what we're doing is we're
48:09 like this, right? And that kind of a springlike structure to
48:15 So what's happening is that the weight going straight down through the vertebrae
48:21 they're being distributed along different axis along way. So the force is being
48:27 along the length. All right. I don't have to bear the weight
48:33 the way through my heels because the is being dispersed outwardly away from
48:39 The other thing it does, it me to move with, with greater
48:43 . In other words, with greater . Now, it's not so easy
48:46 see in humans, but part of reason when we run and stuff like
48:49 , we're actually stretching and compressing our . But if you ever grew up
48:54 any nature movies and like, watch cheetah run, I mean, a
48:57 is like an accordion. They're like and then they're like this and it's
49:01 easy to see the movement in like big cat when it's chasing something of
49:07 this works as a spring. All . So it allows you to disperse
49:14 instead of straight through the body, would not be fun to bear through
49:18 uh through your legs ultimately and down your heels. Now, all vertebrae
49:25 a general structure. You'll notice those different or those, the really the
49:30 different regions and the coccis, you're look at these bones and you're going
49:33 see that they have different shapes, they still have these five,
49:36 these uh kinds of features that we're at here. All right. So
49:40 off, I want to point out the vertebrae has a body. All
49:44 . So the body is what stacks vertebrae on top of vertebrae. All
49:49 . So just like you're stacking you're gonna take that body and you're
49:52 put the next body on top of . So when we're looking at this
49:57 , what you're seeing here, those the bodies, here are the
50:01 OK? Just uh posterior to the is a Framan that's being formed.
50:08 is what is protecting and surrounding the cord. So it's very, most
50:15 think vertebra and spinal cord are the thing. They're not. The spinal
50:19 is a, is a structure of tissue protected by the vertebrate. And
50:24 that frain is through which the spinal travels. And so what we have
50:30 we have the arch. So we the arch in the body in between
50:35 the frame and the arch is formed a structure that's called the lamina and
50:41 two peta. So if you're thinking a house, and again, we
50:44 have red here, but it's like . So here's my body. I
50:49 a pedicle, I got a PETA then I have an arch. And
50:51 what I'm doing is I'm forming that and through it. All right,
50:56 the for ramen, ramen. if you looked at that these
51:09 you can see that there's a whole of stuff sticking out. If you've
51:12 given someone a back rub, you've that there's a whole bunch of things
51:16 out on the back, you on your vertebrae. All right.
51:20 these are called the processes, We have three different type of
51:25 but there's more than three that you'll per vertebra. So the one that
51:30 straight back and that's the one you feel if you take your hand and
51:33 go, I feel that. ma'am. No, no.
51:47 so the bodies themselves are the structures which uh the vertebra that's really kind
51:52 the, the, the primary portion the vertebrae. So, what you'd
51:56 is like here's my vertebrae, I'm put a process like that.
51:59 And then what you do is the body is like that and the next
52:03 is like that over and over and again. So if you counted these
52:07 in say the cervical region, you see 1234, up to seven,
52:13 eight, right? And then down th U to see 12 so on
52:17 so forth. So this structure is primary portion of the vertebrae, all
52:24 , but it's not the only So we have the, we have
52:31 body, we have the arch and have these processes. So this
52:37 we want to go straight back, face is poster dorsally. That's the
52:42 process. All right, that's the one that you feel or if you
52:46 like this, you could feel right . All right, going off to
52:51 sides, you can see right there off. Those are the transverse
52:57 So spinous transverse, you can see a paired process and then we have
53:03 processes, articular means joint, it's to bone. All right.
53:10 if we have vertebrae stacked on each , I'm gonna have an articulation this
53:15 and I'm gonna have an articulation that . So there's an articulation in the
53:20 direction and then there's an articulation in inferior direction. Ok. So the
53:27 articular process here, I'm just gonna this one, right? It's gonna
53:33 upward like that. The inferior articular of the one above it articulates with
53:38 superior of the one below. All . So this one is inferior,
53:43 one's superior. That right here, would be inferior then right there,
53:49 would be superior. OK? And have it on each side. So
53:55 , using this cartoon, there's your coming out super uh uh spin this
54:01 two superiors up two inferiors down. . Superior articular, inferior articular.
54:12 what this is trying to show Here's the superior, there's the
54:17 there's the superior, there's the superior, inferior, superior and the
54:21 is not doing it justice because those things should be touching each other and
54:25 allows you to do this and do and do this and that because the
54:29 are touching each other and they're rotating one another. All right. In
54:40 little cartoon here, you can see superior articular facet. Can you see
54:46 inferior one? Why it's on the side, good in between each of
54:54 vertebrae. There is a disc uh, connective tissues called the intervertebral
55:01 because it's in between the vertebrae. like your textbook for this one
55:06 It's not the only reason, but textbook you see always does a picture
55:11 a broken one because that's a herniated and that's what everyone cares about.
55:16 , I've heard about herniated disk or my disk. And so they draw
55:19 picture, but they don't ever show what an actual one looks like.
55:22 is one that's not herniated. And can see on the outside we have
55:27 rough tissue, this connected tissue that this ring. This is called the
55:32 fibrosis, right? So it's cartilage fibrocartilage. And what it does is
55:36 basically just creates a barrier for the that's on the inside. And the
55:40 is again, it's um it's a tissue, but it's, it's um
55:46 , it's elastic. So when you pressure on it, what it wants
55:49 do is when you squish it it wants to go out in all
55:52 . And so the annuus propulsive holds that stuff in and so the force
55:57 distributed outward without it actually squirting Now, to visualize this, what
56:01 like to think about if you've ever those gel insoles, right? If
56:04 step on a gel insole, it go s squirting out of the
56:08 it just distributes the forces outwards so it does. You don't feel that
56:12 in your foot, right? That's of what this does. But if
56:16 tear that annuus propulsive, then you imagine what's gonna happen. Is that
56:20 nucleus annuus propulsive annuus fibrosis, what's happen is the nucleus propulsive can just
56:26 out the side and so you can it and that would be painful,
56:30 if you're pinching, say a spinal . All right. And that's where
56:35 that massive pain comes from. So why you don't want to tear or
56:39 a hern disc. So between the to distribute force to help to alleviate
56:48 stress downward, we have intervertebral discs annu fibrosis and nucleus propulsive on the
56:59 . When you see a picture like , what I just want to do
57:02 I just want to demonstrate to you , yeah, we have different looking
57:07 and they're gonna be different depending upon you're located. So you can see
57:10 cervical vertebrae, they look really different the one we just saw.
57:14 really the lumbar, the thoracic, ? But they still have all the
57:18 parts. What's that called? Uh this frame? That would be the
57:23 ? And then you can see we a soup period. This actually is
57:28 . We have transverse process, spinous , spinous, transverse uh inferior,
57:35 would be transverse spin. So it's the same, they just, they
57:39 differently because those different areas of the do allow you to do different sorts
57:45 movements, right. So you can pretty well. I mean,
57:50 I, I can't hold my hips while, while it's still twisting,
57:53 , I would have to come up and hold them, but I can
57:55 like this. But up here, have got greater flexibility because of the
57:59 shape of the vertebrae. I can my head like this, but I
58:03 do that in my thoracic region. now, the thoracic vertebrae are unique
58:13 all the vertebrae in that they have articulation with the ribs. All
58:18 So I'm gonna make you do math your head real quick. How many
58:21 vertebrae are there? So how many are there? There you go.
58:27 pair, I should say right? one on each side. But you
58:31 see here is the faucet, the faucet, the facet for the
58:42 , the ribs are called the costal . So that's why they're called the
58:45 facet. All right. So pretty . If I see an extra facet
58:52 doesn't belong there, that must be thoractic. If that makes sense.
58:58 down to the last two, we the sacrum. You can see here
59:02 fusion of the vertebrae, how they one structure which we call the
59:07 Ignore the coccidial for a moment. right. So that's 512345. You
59:13 see that we have these four amina are formed, right? And these
59:17 Amena allow the nerves and the blood to pass through. Really, it's
59:21 nerves to pass through. So you your spinal nerves coming down and they
59:24 to travel down through the legs. so this is the, the holes
59:28 which they pass. Finally, we the cox you can see here there's
59:34 of them, they fuse together, fuse around age 25. Don't break
59:40 . All right. The attachment for , sternums, stern wheel are pretty
59:52 . It looks like a tie. why I have the picture up
59:58 Three bones. You might notice your bone, but there's three bones there
60:03 have up on top. We have manubrium. All right, this is
60:07 gonna articulate with some ribs as well the clavicle. We're gonna have the
60:13 , which is also called the You know, am I OK?
60:23 now and then you might get a history buff to stand up and
60:26 Oh, I know what a Gladiola . What's a gladiator, a
60:31 He's a trained fighter. They go the ring, they fight each
60:34 One of the weapons that they use a little tiny sword and they call
60:37 sword, a gladiolus. All So it's shaped like a s so
60:44 of you are interested in flowers and know what a gladiolus is because it's
60:47 long stemmed flower with a bunch of on it again named because it looks
60:52 a sword. So we have the . And then finally down here is
60:57 zoid process. Zoid process is actually for most of your life. And
61:01 around the age of 40 it turns a bone, but it sits down
61:05 the bottom. And that's another one you don't want to break. The
61:08 is attached to it. If you been punched in the gut and had
61:11 wind knocked out of you, or you got tackled at the wind knocked
61:14 of you. It's because you pressed that and it, yeah. So
61:19 process. So three bones. why do we have this?
61:25 remember, sits right here in the the heart, protect a heart.
61:30 your shield, it's your plate. last little bit of the axis are
61:40 ribs. We've already said, what we have? We have 12
61:44 All right. And now these 12 , seven of them are considered the
61:48 ribs. The other five are considered pairs are considered the false ribs.
61:52 true rib is a rib that connects the sternum directly. All right.
61:59 you can see direct, direct, , direct, direct, direct.
62:04 seven is direct when I get Number eight, number eight is not
62:09 directly to the sternum. It's connected the cartilage, the costal cartilage of
62:13 seven. Number nine, same Number 10, same thing. And
62:18 we get down to the floating ribs are numbers 11 and 12, 11
62:22 12 have no costal cartilage. They're ones you don't want to break because
62:29 will literally pierce and puncture things because floating around. They're only held in
62:35 simply at the vertebrae. Ok. , yeah, go ahead. That
62:46 , yes. So if you look , one through seven are all connected
62:51 to the sternum. So just looking this side, you can see here
62:54 I follow the rib out, the keeps going and it's connected. But
62:58 I follow the cartilage here, this number eight. Where does it
63:01 It goes there, it doesn't it connects here, right? So
63:06 why it's a false rib. It's a nomenclature, I mean, still
63:11 rib, you know, now ribs bones, ok. We,
63:22 we actually kind of did that already the vertebrae with, with the
63:26 All right. So I want you picture your rib, right? What
63:29 doing is we are looking at the in this direction. Ok. So
63:34 is the junction with the costal where do we see the cartilage?
63:38 here on the interior side. So would be the anterior portion and you're
63:43 around and attaching to the vertebrae. the posterior portion. All right.
63:48 the long portion. So this going the way around. That is what
63:55 refer to as the shaft now, bone is not a long bone,
63:59 feels like a long bone because it's . But if you look at it
64:04 a, the shape of a you're gonna see that it's flat.
64:08 you've ever ordered short ribs or beef , um, at a restaurant,
64:12 know, we're dealing with large. it's really clear that those are
64:15 right? You look at a rib they're like this, they will round
64:19 . But for the most part, rib is fairly flat. So it's
64:22 as a protective barrier between the external and the thoracic cage. So your
64:28 and your heart. So the shaft more or less flat and it comes
64:33 and then when it bends, when turns, and you can see here
64:36 is where the turning is. I know it has there's uh kind
64:40 a bow to it or a bow it all the way along. But
64:44 that is referred to as the that's where it, it turns
64:50 All right, it's much more sharp then that's where we get to the
64:54 interesting structures. So the region um you can see there's our transverse process
65:01 the end of the transverse pot we're gonna have a facet for
65:05 the rib as well. So that the tuber Cole. So the costal
65:10 in the tuber Cole, then we the region that's referred to as the
65:14 . So you can see the neck then where it attaches to the vertebra
65:19 on the body that is referred to the head. So shaft angle,
65:27 , neck head head attached to the body. The tubercle attaches to the
65:34 process. Ok. Easy to draw one out. Again, you don't
65:40 to be an artist, just draw line, label. Everything we've said
65:50 to this point has been the everything moving onward is appendicular. So
65:59 you think of the shoulders, when think of the hips, we're dealing
66:03 the appendicular skeleton. All right. the girdles, the shoulder girdle,
66:09 hip girdle are part of the axis sorry, the appendix. All
66:14 So the first one we want to with is the clavicle. The clavicle
66:19 what you call your collarbone sits right , right? It's nice here at
66:23 front. We're just gonna keep this simple. There's two ends to it
66:28 what you're doing is you're articulating with sternum, you specifically are articulating with
66:32 manubrium of the sternum. So here's manubrium, the clavicle comes across and
66:38 goes up over, helps to form , the uh shoulder itself and attaches
66:44 the clap or excuse me to the the scapula at a specific process on
66:50 scapula called the achromia. So we the acromial end and we have the
66:55 end of the clavicle and we have on each side, then we get
67:00 the scapula and you'll see a picture this and your brain will turn
67:05 Why will your brain turn off? many words? Right. This is
67:10 called cognitive overload and art. most textbooks do this because they don't
67:15 to pay, pay the printing cost having to give you separate figures to
67:18 everything out because it's expensive to do . Right. But don't be afraid
67:23 something like this. What I want to do is focus over here.
67:27 ? And then we just look for thing that's over there and I'm gonna
67:30 to point this out. So your sits floating in muscle on your
67:36 All right, the only thing that it to be attached to anything is
67:41 clavicle. So if you break your , your arm falls down an inward
67:47 . So because that is the only holding it in to the other
67:52 All right. And again, this a fun one. If you go
67:54 at a cat dog and watch how move or that clavicle doing the exact
68:00 thing, it's in muscle, allowing movement. All right. Now,
68:04 terms of its structure, what we're at this is the portion that faces
68:08 the body. This is the, faces outward and away from the
68:12 All right, the scapula structurally looking first. All right is we have
68:19 portion that sticks up this process that call the spine, right. So
68:24 literally, it divides the scapula, two halves and the spine continues on
68:29 forms that achromia process. That's what clavicle is connected to. So if
68:33 go back to this picture, you see here's the sternal end, the
68:36 would be here, there's the sternal to the chromium, there's the chromium
68:40 up and so you can see what does is it crosses up and over
68:46 holds here that that's where the scaffold . So it basically reaches from the
68:51 around the back spine chromium process underneath chromium process is the glenoid cavity.
69:04 see that sits above that is also co coid process that will come in
69:07 . When we talk about the the glenoid cavity is the socket that
69:12 call your shoulder socket. And anyone ever dislocated their shoulder? No,
69:20 one has dislocated their shoulder. You got to get out more. I
69:25 I've dislocated this one at least you know, probably twice. I
69:30 play rugby. I know this little thing right here. I mean,
69:35 pops out. What do you Pop it right back in. Not
69:41 , but it's not a hard one do. So, the glenoid cavity
69:44 the place where the humors articulates, with the clavicle. All right.
69:50 what we have on either side of is we have this indentation of
69:54 this is where muscles gonna sit if ever had a back and you start
69:58 that nice little rub in there and like, oh yeah, that feels
70:00 good. Yeah, that's the muscle are sitting on those parts. So
70:04 fossa sits below the spine. So is called the infra spina. So
70:09 below the spine fossa and then above is the super spinous fossa. That's
70:14 above the spine fossa, that's not hard. And if you flip it
70:19 and this is the part, remember faces inward towards the thoracic cage.
70:23 this would be on the, on , on the flat side, the
70:26 side has the supers fossa. I'm . I said super subscapular fossa.
70:34 below the scapula. All right. that's what you need to know about
70:38 scapula. And these are places where are attached and this is what allows
70:42 to do the different types of movements you do, right? Part of
70:47 you to do it. You ever your elbow against the table? Was
70:57 funny? But we call it the bone? All right. So part
71:02 the reason we call it the funny is not because it's funny, but
71:06 this bone is called the humerus, it's not humorous. It's actually doesn't
71:11 mean the same thing. All But that's someone heard. Oh,
71:13 the humorous. So that's when I funny. It's only funny when someone
71:18 does it. All right now. just gonna walk our way down.
71:25 we have the head, the head what articulates at the glenoid cavity with
71:30 um scapula, you'll see two big bumps. Those are called the tuber
71:34 one is called the greater tubercle. is called the lesser tubercle. Which
71:38 do you think is bigger? There go. All right, you move
71:42 along the length of the shaft and get this really weird bump in the
71:46 of the humerus, it sits this is called the deltoid tuberosity.
71:51 , this is just a process and attached to the deltoid bone,
71:55 excuse me, deltoid muscle. All . So your deltoid is a
71:59 It sits here and it just goes and that's where it's attached. All
72:04 . Why do you think they call the del deltoid shaped like a
72:08 Yeah. All right. So then we're gonna do is we're gonna work
72:12 way all the way down to the . All right. And so these
72:16 down here where we articulate with the two bones you own on the
72:20 These are uh con dials type of , right? So it's a description
72:26 the shape. So that's what con is referring to. So just above
72:31 articulation is a process through which muscles attached, they're just above the
72:37 So we call them, all So we have a lateral one and
72:44 have a medial one. All Now, remember, do you guys
72:47 the anatomical uh uh position, Put our arms out like this.
72:53 which side is lateral, this side this side? Thumb side?
72:59 right? So here's lateral, here's do this and then feel over
73:04 Do you feel those, those sticking ? This one's the real easy
73:07 right? And you feel on the side, you have to kind of
73:10 around a little bit, but you'll it. All right. That's the
73:13 , medial epis, all right just underneath the medial right here.
73:20 you go into that little space, where your funny bone is. That's
73:23 we call our funny bone. That's the medial nerve and you can actually
73:26 kind of flick at it and you actually feel the tingly down your
73:30 You feel that that's one you don't hit, don't hit that.
73:35 Anyway, so those are the two dials. So again, on the
73:41 side, we're gonna have an articulation the radius. On the media
73:45 we're gonna have an articulation with we'll get to that in just a
73:48 . So on the on the uh side, on the lateral side,
73:53 call that articulation, the capitulum, one on the side near the ulna
74:00 with the ulna is called the All right. So these are things
74:05 you just have to kind of memorize . So just remember lateral to medial
74:11 and then trochlea. Now I'll show what one of the ways that I
74:15 this is that when you get down this, to your forearm and you're
74:19 with the radiance of the ulna, gonna have on the ulna a
74:25 It's called the trochlear notch. The obviously doesn't have it. All
74:30 So is immediately located. Radius is located. How do I remember
74:37 Well, I took math a long ago and I learned a little bit
74:40 geometry. I can't say I remember all. But I remember like if
74:43 have a circle, the from the of the circle out to the conference
74:48 called the radius. And so I just remember as I move laterally,
74:53 where the radius is located. That's me. You can come up
74:57 your own, like I said, up with your own ways to remember
75:00 , right? So I've got my . I got my ulna notice they
75:03 two parallel bones, they do not each other. So medial side ulna
75:08 a trochlear notched and it articulates with trochlea that right there, that bony
75:15 . All right. That's called your . All right. So when you're
75:20 about your elbow, the fancy fancy for is a la. Um And
75:25 you can get down to your wrists again, you can just kind of
75:29 I got this bone here, it out and I got one that sits
75:32 there. Those are called the styloid . You might be easier to see
75:35 , styloid process process. So your and your ulna each have one.
75:42 fell off a cliff, 20 ft plant. Got a big old scar
75:49 . Broke my wrist. Also, a big old hole in my
75:54 What did I break? I chipped little bit of the bone off the
75:57 of that styloid process. It's kind cool. Where are we? We're
76:09 in the hands, actually, we're to the wrist. All right.
76:14 gonna miss out on the fun We got four minutes. We'll get
76:17 the rest of it is easy and we'll do the legs next time.
76:20 right, for, uh, you , you're asking, what is
76:26 So there's an artist and what he is he takes pictures of contortionists.
76:32 right. Yeah. Well, it's, do you guys remember watching
76:37 cartoons? Did you guys watch Tom Jerry? All right. Do you
76:41 like the, the, uh, when the dog and Tom and Jerry
76:44 fight, I guess his name was . They would fight and it would
76:46 like a cloud and you'd see like arm coming out and you'd see a
76:49 . So, the first picture I saw of this artist was a picture
76:53 that. He had three contortionist and were like legs and arms sticking out
76:57 they're all wrapped up like someone had really twisted and tied them together.
77:01 then I remember the pneumonic that I when I was sitting in your seat
77:05 see when I'm a student, I use dirty mnemonics instead of clean
77:11 And I try to do clean Try it the best way to remember
77:15 . You know what the mnemonic It's a phrase that you can remember
77:20 that you can, like it goes . So you can see here as
77:24 lunatics try positions that they can't Yeah, I know. Hey,
77:29 clean. There's, there's no dirty in there and that's what that picture
77:35 there to remind you crazy. All . So what are we trying to
77:44 here? Well, we have two of carpal bones. All right
77:49 I'm gonna have, if I'm gonna you a question about this, I'm
77:51 gonna ask you which row it's gonna . And I'm not gonna ask you
77:54 order because the order that we memorize is based on the mnemonic. All
77:59 . And so notice what we do is we're going from the thumb
78:03 So remember what is our position? would be lateral to media. All
78:09 . So that's kind of how we're here is lateral to me. All
78:13 . So we go scaphoid lunate pisiform road number two, we go
78:20 , trapezoid, capitate hamate some lunatics positions that they can't handle. All
78:28 . So just remember there's two These are your wrist bones. All
78:32 , the wrist bones are found right? If I relax the,
78:39 ligaments and the muscles, what my do it goes there. So notice
78:43 are where the bones are located. right, they're not here. Those
78:48 your metacarpals. So those are your bones. So know their names,
79:00 which row they're found in. when you get down to your
79:05 and this will be our last slide you can go run to your next
79:08 . Whatever, what we have here we got the palms of our
79:14 All right. So one of the you can do this is again,
79:17 about a skeleton, right? You these long bones. So the palms
79:21 your hands, you have long These are your metacarpals. So the
79:25 are little tiny square bones, So they're short bones and now we're
79:29 to long bones. So we have , we start with the thumb is
79:35 one. OK? So 12345 metacarpals pretty simple. They're all long
79:43 12345, then you get down to fingers, the fingers are called
79:48 All right. If you look at thumb, this, remember you are
79:52 cheat sheet when you go into the , right? So think about if
79:56 , if you get stuck, put hand in front of you and
79:58 OK. What is it doing? at my thumb. How many times
80:01 I have been my thumb once? there are how many bones?
80:08 right? There's a single joint in , right? So I have a
80:12 on either side. So each, bone is, is called a,
80:16 called a, it's called a failing . So this is nearest my
80:20 So that would be proximal. The that's furthest away would be distal,
80:26 ? So, proximal and distal. I call my thumb something special because
80:31 are always special. It's called the and then the rest of them are
80:37 2345, right? So we have . How many do I have in
80:41 fingers? Three. So I have , I have distal and in between
80:48 , middle or intermediate. All So if you think if I got
80:52 fingers, one thumb. All the Pollock, there's two bones,
81:00 and distal fingers, three bones All right, proximal, intermediate.
81:05 2345, when we come back, just gonna do the hips and the
81:11 , which is very similar. Just slightly different nomenclature.
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