| 00:02 | Alright guys, I'm gonna go ahead start. Um I wanted to show |
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| 00:06 | this real quick because I got an this morning going, I tried to |
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| 00:09 | the videos but I couldn't do It was an unsafe website. All |
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| 00:12 | . Let me just give you a overview. The website is video points |
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| 00:17 | org. It's owned by U. . Computer Science. It's actually a |
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| 00:21 | that the computer science department has been for like 15 years and apparently they |
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| 00:27 | have funding to update the software and you can see down here, it |
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| 00:30 | enable TLS 1.0 and 1.1 it means They're outside of 1.11.1, which is |
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| 00:36 | security certificate that says they're safe. . So if you're using chrome, |
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| 00:41 | actually have instructions for what you to what to do right there right there |
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| 00:44 | chrome, users click on advanced and to video points unsafe. It's not |
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| 00:49 | . It's it's literally one of the servers and then firefox. You just |
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| 00:54 | that and then it works just All right. So if you have |
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| 00:57 | accessing or will have problems accessing. freak out. There's that's that's the |
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| 01:02 | and it's been driving me nuts because haven't fixed it in a year and |
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| 01:06 | think it's just a funding issue. , you know, if you have |
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| 01:09 | grant that you'd like to give them , you should know. Okay. |
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| 01:14 | let's go here for those of you are new to the class. This |
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| 01:18 | the basic rundown of what we talked on on Tuesday? Go to blackboard |
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| 01:23 | yourself. Do the orientation. Watch video. Um, because there's a |
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| 01:28 | video that I just pointed you to a second ago. Everything I record |
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| 01:32 | going to be on that video point by the book. Start reading |
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| 01:35 | We have homework assignments. We have before class, homework assignments after |
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| 01:39 | The first two assignments have been extended you know, you're adding the class |
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| 01:45 | I'm not gonna click individuals so everybody the extension. So yeah, drop |
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| 01:51 | . Okay. We're good. You yet? It was cold this |
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| 01:57 | It was gray. It is like toughest week ever. Remember all those |
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| 02:02 | you made last year to yourself. you remember you said next semester? |
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| 02:06 | gonna, or maybe you said this is going to be different. |
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| 02:10 | you didn't do that. You're going change some habits. Okay. This |
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| 02:15 | it. We're ready to start rocking rolling. Today we do A and |
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| 02:19 | . And the first thing we're going learn about is the organization. |
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| 02:24 | Oh, now I know what I'm . I'm like, oh, I'm |
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| 02:27 | I plug something in wrong. All . So what you're looking at up |
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| 02:31 | is what we call an organizational So the first thing you need to |
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| 02:35 | about biologists and scientists in general is like to put things in boxes. |
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| 02:39 | makes things easier for us to understand . It helps us to see |
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| 02:45 | Um I knew this was too There we go. I hate hearing |
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| 02:49 | own echo. Can you still hear okay? Yeah. People in front |
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| 02:52 | can hear me just fine, middle . Okay, good. All |
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| 02:56 | So what this is showing you is we look at a body. |
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| 03:00 | We like to to take things and them down to the smallest component and |
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| 03:05 | ask the question what's going on there then work our way back up to |
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| 03:10 | how the organism that we're looking at functions. Alright. And so you |
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| 03:15 | see here we have multiple levels. , if I was designing this, |
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| 03:18 | would have flipped everything around. But drew this picture out didn't really understand |
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| 03:22 | . So I would put down here up there. I'd put down organism |
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| 03:26 | kind of say the baseline. The block of everything are chemicals. All |
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| 03:30 | now, we're not a chemistry We're gonna talk about some chemicals because |
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| 03:34 | need to understand that you are made of chemicals and that these chemical reactions |
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| 03:39 | the chemicals that build or are used build things that become functional. So |
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| 03:46 | we're gonna be starting there just briefly kind of say, yeah, here's |
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| 03:51 | baseline. But then what we're going we're going to jump into And look |
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| 03:54 | what are called the cellular level. your body is basically a bunch of |
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| 04:00 | made from chemicals. The cells are basic building blocks of everything. There |
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| 04:05 | about 240 different types of cells plus -20 that we've identified. And |
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| 04:12 | scientists like to name things, Have guys noticed that we have names for |
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| 04:15 | virus? You know that everyone's all out about right now? What's, |
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| 04:18 | the current version? Oh, Yeah, those are just the big |
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| 04:24 | named one. There's actually about 50 60 different variants that they've already |
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| 04:28 | But they get really boring names like a which is basically a description of |
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| 04:35 | chemical makeup of the mutation in a one. So after omicron, there's |
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| 04:39 | be a pie and after pie there be a row. And right now |
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| 04:42 | are scientists around the world racing to in the next variant because they get |
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| 04:46 | put their name on a paper and big grant money for doing that. |
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| 04:50 | they get to freak you out a bit more. Alright. And believe |
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| 04:53 | or not, there were lambdas and . I mean you knew about |
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| 04:57 | but there's epsilon and all the other in there. So if you know |
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| 05:00 | greek alphabet, we're basically up to , in the greek alphabet. |
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| 05:04 | Anyway, so lots and lots and of different cells and probably over time |
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| 05:10 | going to be even more of But cells are used to build tissues |
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| 05:14 | each of these individual cells in your have unique properties and unique features that |
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| 05:20 | them to do some unique things. a compartmentalization of functionality in the |
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| 05:26 | And what cells are used are used make tissues. Alright. So tissues |
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| 05:30 | simply cells of the same type, together to provide a larger function. |
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| 05:37 | there are four basic types of We're going to look at them basically |
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| 05:40 | . And then as we move into semester we will then dissect out and |
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| 05:45 | more deeply at each of these individual . But we have epithelial, muscle |
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| 05:49 | and nervous tissues. That's really There's four of them. All |
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| 05:53 | And then so what you do is take different combinations of these tissues of |
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| 05:57 | or more. So you can have different tissues. And if you take |
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| 06:01 | of those tissues together, you can an organ. Now most of your |
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| 06:04 | have all four types. But there some that don't. And so an |
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| 06:08 | is when you take these tissues and perform some sort of specialized function to |
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| 06:13 | some sort of structure that creates a function. So for example, your |
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| 06:19 | has a job, what is this of the stomach in real basic terms |
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| 06:24 | . Alright. Your eye is an . What does it do vision? |
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| 06:29 | you see each of these structures, and I have four of these |
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| 06:35 | right? They have all four different . But the cells that make up |
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| 06:38 | tissues are unique. And so that unique functionality in these two different |
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| 06:43 | Eyes allow you to see or detect that some it allows you to digest |
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| 06:50 | . So that's what an organ It's a specialized structure that has unique |
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| 06:54 | . And then you get a whole of these unique organs together and you |
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| 06:58 | them together in a mishmash. Not . But it's highly organized. Hence |
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| 07:02 | name organ. Right? And what end up with is an organism and |
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| 07:07 | what you want. You're an Alright. So basically the sum total |
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| 07:11 | all these different things together creates So when we're looking at you and |
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| 07:17 | the purpose of this class is, just go wait a second. You're |
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| 07:20 | just a you you are a bunch organs that have unique functions. Let's |
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| 07:25 | out what those functions are. Let's out what those organs are. |
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| 07:29 | now we have these organs. What they do? How do they do |
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| 07:32 | ? Well, we have to know tissues are there. And if we |
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| 07:35 | what tissues are there? Well, see what kind of unique cells are |
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| 07:39 | there to make that happen. And then we asked the question is |
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| 07:42 | do cells change become unique? that's when you need to know what |
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| 07:46 | of biomolecules, what sort of chemicals up that cell. All right, |
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| 07:52 | the good news is a freshman level . I mean it's 2000 level courses |
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| 07:56 | a freshman level class. We're not to go diving really that deep. |
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| 08:00 | gonna be wading into the pool in lot of different places. All |
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| 08:04 | So we're not going to sit there go, okay, let's look at |
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| 08:07 | unique pathways of every single molecule in cell and see how it works. |
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| 08:10 | not what we do here. All now, in order to understand a |
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| 08:15 | thing, a living thing has to five different characteristics. Or they have |
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| 08:20 | five different characteristics. Alright, so off, they produce energy and they |
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| 08:24 | energy. Alright, So there's energy and there's a way to put that |
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| 08:29 | in the body consumes. So, can think of it as how do |
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| 08:31 | consume to produce energy? You eat ? Right. So that's easy. |
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| 08:36 | plants are living things. They don't food with the small exception of a |
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| 08:41 | of different plants. So how do consume? What do they do they |
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| 08:45 | sunlight? Right. And what they is they use that sunlight to produce |
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| 08:49 | . Alright, so this process of energy and consuming is called metabolism. |
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| 08:56 | . You probably use that word at point where it's like I have a |
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| 08:59 | metabolism, I need to eat something really you're not using it absolutely |
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| 09:04 | but they are using it partly You're basically saying my metabolism is how |
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| 09:09 | produce my energy. So I can stuff. So what metabolism is is |
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| 09:13 | sum of all the chemical reactions that your life functions. Alright. And |
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| 09:19 | can be broken down into two Alright. Things I make or things |
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| 09:22 | break are the things I make are the process of anabel is um |
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| 09:29 | anabel is um simply is is I'm take large molecules or really small |
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| 09:34 | I'm gonna build large molecules from metabolism on the other hand, is |
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| 09:38 | opposite that you can think about as . Right? What do I do |
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| 09:42 | I take a cheeseburger and I break down in a little tiny cheeseburger |
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| 09:47 | And then I take those cheeseburger molecules do things with them. That would |
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| 09:51 | a tabal ism that taking the cheeseburger . But you didn't know there were |
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| 09:56 | . Right. And you turned them small itsy or the big things and |
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| 10:00 | turn them into the small things. right, now, that word anabel |
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| 10:04 | um you've used or heard before. ? When weightlifters, weightlifters use illegal |
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| 10:10 | . What type of drugs are they anabolic steroids, right? They're using |
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| 10:15 | to build their muscles. So, is just where that word comes |
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| 10:18 | It's talking about building also growth and . This is basically increasing in size |
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| 10:24 | specialization specialization. Now this increasing in . Should be kind of an easy |
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| 10:30 | to think about when you're born. . You'll remember that. No. |
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| 10:34 | big were you when you were All right. You're like this some |
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| 10:39 | you might have been like this. most of you are like this. |
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| 10:42 | right. And now look how big are. Right? You're six ft |
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| 10:46 | . Some of your forefoot something. you're bigger than this. That's an |
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| 10:49 | growth thing to envision. Right? you have tissues that are also growing |
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| 10:56 | the time. And what happens is started out life simply as two half |
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| 11:03 | . Right? You had mom's over . You had dad's sperm. I |
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| 11:07 | this is not fun to think about parents having sex, but they |
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| 11:11 | And you brought that over in that together. And they created a functional |
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| 11:15 | cell. Alright, sperm and all them are not functional whole cells there |
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| 11:20 | cells. Right. And you bring two things together. And you started |
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| 11:25 | life as one cell, One cell 22 became 44 became eight. After |
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| 11:31 | . You don't get even division somewhere 12 and 16, depending. |
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| 11:35 | But what you're doing now is you see this is growth. And then |
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| 11:38 | happens when you start getting to that stage or 12 cell stage or 16 |
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| 11:43 | stage is you start seeing cells becoming . They start differentiating from each other |
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| 11:48 | specialized, Right? And this is you have these unique tissues and organs |
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| 11:54 | your body is because cells through this of division and growth start moving away |
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| 12:00 | pleura potency basically is being able to anything and becoming specialized all right over |
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| 12:07 | course of your life you are becoming and more specialized. Think about you're |
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| 12:11 | a general education, then you get college and you start getting a specialized |
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| 12:17 | , moving down a specific degree you go into graduate programs perhaps or |
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| 12:22 | program and you're becoming even more specialized if you can think about medicine you |
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| 12:26 | become more and more and more I have a friend who works at |
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| 12:29 | . D. Anderson 18 years of post high school. Can you imagine |
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| 12:38 | ? 36 years was when she was with her education? Right. I |
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| 12:42 | she started off if you think 18 to get through high school and then |
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| 12:45 | 18 years that's specialty. Right? works on one type of cancer. |
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| 12:53 | it. I don't know a lot anything else but that thing she knows |
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| 12:57 | lot about. I'm just teasing she a lot. Alright anyways this repair |
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| 13:02 | is something that happens as well. part of the growth thing. This |
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| 13:05 | how we fix breaking cells are broken . And speaking of cancer, what |
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| 13:10 | is when cells malfunction the body fixes or destroys them right? And so |
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| 13:16 | can imagine through your entire life you cells that are malfunctioning all the |
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| 13:20 | It's just that your body checks and that stuff very very quickly during life |
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| 13:24 | you're like okay, it's gone? you can think about it. I |
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| 13:28 | my body is fighting cancer all the because cells are always malfunctioning. All |
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| 13:34 | , adaptation. This is two different how we respond and maintaining a balance |
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| 13:40 | homeostasis in our body. So responsiveness the ability to sense and react to |
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| 13:45 | . You all woke up this How did it feel cold? What |
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| 13:49 | you guys do besides crawl back under sheets and put a jacket on? |
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| 13:53 | like you're like checking to see how layers can I put on to stay |
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| 13:57 | . That's adaptation. Alright now really us humans don't adapt the same |
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| 14:04 | So you can think about like you a dog or a cat right now |
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| 14:07 | dog during during this time of year increased the amount of for that they're |
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| 14:13 | to ensure that their warmer during the months. And then in the springtime |
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| 14:18 | when they start shedding like crazy when like pet them and you get this |
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| 14:21 | old handful hair. You notice that ? Because now they're adapting and getting |
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| 14:26 | for the warm weather. All right the other thing is is you probably |
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| 14:31 | when you're cold this morning you started something, What did you do? |
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| 14:35 | shivered right Alright. This is basically body's ability to maintain a constant internal |
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| 14:42 | despite the fact that the outside temperature changed Yesterday? It was 70°. Were |
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| 14:48 | guys sweating? Did you find that were sweating a little bit? |
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| 14:54 | I was I thought it was gonna cold. So, I put on |
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| 14:56 | layers. I was wearing a sweatshirt this. And you know, and |
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| 14:59 | like, why is it so It was supposed to be cold. |
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| 15:02 | look it's 77°. Well, why am wearing all this stuff? Right? |
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| 15:07 | my sweating and the shivering that we this morning is a function of I |
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| 15:12 | to maintain a constant temperature in my . Those hunger pains you get when |
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| 15:18 | hungry is because your body is lacking and so your body is telling you |
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| 15:23 | up and put nutrients in my body I can do the things I'm supposed |
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| 15:26 | do. I'm maintaining a constant availability blood sugar when I'm trying to eat |
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| 15:34 | . That would be the example. lastly is reproduction, reproduction can fall |
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| 15:38 | two categories at the cellular level. talking about cell growth and repair, |
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| 15:42 | kind of falls back up into this . So, you can think about |
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| 15:45 | skin is constantly replicating itself and and replacing dead skin cells as they slough |
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| 15:52 | . That would be an example of . But even when you hurt |
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| 15:55 | if you ever cut yourself, you'll that you get a scab and that |
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| 15:58 | protected and grow these cells grow back place and where the damage had |
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| 16:03 | Alright. So, that would be example of a type of reproduction. |
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| 16:08 | . But also reproduction is what we about when we think about creating new |
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| 16:12 | . I mean typically when we think , that's what we think about. |
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| 16:15 | reproduction can occur at different levels. reproducing an organism or replicating and reproducing |
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| 16:22 | cells to replace dead or dying Okay. Now, if you don't |
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| 16:28 | these five things were really four Excuse me. Better learn to |
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| 16:34 | You're not living. I want us know something interesting. I'm going to |
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| 16:38 | the virus again. Virus we study biology, Right? That's where it |
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| 16:43 | in. But it's not a living , right? It can't produce its |
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| 16:48 | energy and consumption. It's dependent upon cell that it infects to do those |
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| 16:55 | . It does not undergo growth or . It. Just replicates. The |
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| 16:59 | thing it's good at is this Right here creating new organisms. |
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| 17:04 | It doesn't really adapt. I don't . We could make the argument that |
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| 17:08 | it does all right. But the is if you don't have if you're |
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| 17:13 | one of these things, you're not living organism. Alright. So, |
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| 17:17 | you're thinking of yourself for anything that's , it has to have these four |
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| 17:23 | . So, I told you today going to skip over the biomolecules. |
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| 17:26 | know that there are chemicals that make cells. And by the way, |
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| 17:29 | I talk I know I talk fast I just kind of go if you |
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| 17:32 | a question, you can stop Alright. In fact, that's probably |
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| 17:36 | good way to get me to shut . No, she's like I'm writing |
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| 17:41 | down to get him to shut You can ask the question. You |
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| 17:45 | have to make yourself obvious because all see are hats and heads. And |
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| 17:50 | if you're just doing this, I'm really going to see. All |
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| 17:53 | So, what we're gonna do is gonna start at that second level, |
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| 17:56 | very briefly to kind of look at in a kind of a broader |
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| 17:59 | So, cells are the living unit life. It's basically the building block |
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| 18:03 | tissues in multicellular organisms. But even smallest organism that exists is at the |
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| 18:10 | level. That's the basic structure. , what we have over here is |
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| 18:14 | pro carry out this is a you out we are a type of eukaryotic |
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| 18:19 | just a multicellular eukaryotes. So, carry out you can think of as |
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| 18:23 | bacteria. Right? And so what have they have all the machinery to |
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| 18:28 | homeostasis within that cell, right? they're able to function and respond to |
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| 18:33 | environment and maintain a constancy within them sales regardless if your basic like a |
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| 18:39 | carry it or more complex like au are going to have These three things |
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| 18:43 | gonna have a membrane, right? basically serves as a boundary between the |
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| 18:48 | environment and the internal environment. And you've done here is you've created a |
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| 18:54 | environment for chemical reactions, right? isolated an area and that's what makes |
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| 19:01 | sells unique. It's like I'm going create an environment so I can do |
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| 19:05 | that I can't do outside of this . It has genetic material that allows |
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| 19:10 | to replicate itself. You can see in the pericardial. It's a nuclear |
|
| 19:15 | . Alright. It's not highly It's more organized than we think it |
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| 19:19 | , But it's you look at it Yeah, it just looks like spaghetti |
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| 19:22 | everywhere. You know, in a area. We have a different structure |
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| 19:26 | which that nuclear material has been Alright. And then there's some sort |
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| 19:31 | psychedelic fluid. The fluid is the in which the chemical reactions are taking |
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| 19:37 | . All right. So, it matter which type of organism you're looking |
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| 19:40 | simple or more complex now as human cells have really any higher order |
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| 19:48 | what we would say is more complex have membrane bound organelles that lead to |
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| 19:53 | compartmentalization and they have unique gene It leads to specialization of the |
|
| 19:59 | Alright, I wanted to address this one, and I want you to |
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| 20:02 | about where you live, whether it your apartment, a single space, |
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| 20:07 | room or in a very large Do you have unique compartments in those |
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| 20:14 | you do, Right. And think , I'm gonna use an apartment is |
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| 20:17 | easy one for me. Do you a special place where you cook your |
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| 20:21 | ? Yes. What do you call kitchen? It's not the bathroom. |
|
| 20:26 | . What's the bathroom used for showering other stuff. Right. Is there |
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| 20:33 | place that you sleep in? It's the bedroom. Sometimes it's the |
|
| 20:39 | . Right. When you're watching I guess you guys don't watch Tv |
|
| 20:43 | . You're all youtube stuff. You're . But you have a kind of |
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| 20:48 | an area where you can entertain, ? These rooms have unique functionality. |
|
| 20:55 | unique spaces where unique things happen. the organelles do is they create unique |
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| 21:01 | within the context of the cell. , specific types of chemical reactions can |
|
| 21:06 | place. All right. So, not going to cook in the |
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| 21:10 | You're not going to entertain in the in theory. Right? You're not |
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| 21:16 | to sleep in the kitchen because there's an environment there for that to be |
|
| 21:21 | successful endeavor. I mean, you could do these things, but |
|
| 21:25 | really have to stretch your mind to that happen. Right? So, |
|
| 21:30 | we look at these organelles, I you to think in terms of, |
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| 21:34 | , something unique must be happening If I have differentiated the space, |
|
| 21:40 | unique is occurring in terms of gene . This is working back down to |
|
| 21:46 | chemical level. Every one of your has the exact same copy of |
|
| 21:52 | I'm going to say that knowing full that I'm lying to you because there's |
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| 21:56 | caveats in there that we don't need get into. All right. So |
|
| 22:01 | can just say every one of my in my body is exactly the same |
|
| 22:03 | just nod your head and go that's absolutely correct doctor. Right. |
|
| 22:07 | what makes each cell unique in terms its properties is which genes are being |
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| 22:13 | on and turned off within the context that D. N. A. |
|
| 22:19 | makes sense. In other words, can think of it like this. |
|
| 22:22 | the instructions. I need to do in my body is in each cell |
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| 22:26 | I'm not reading every instruction. I'm reading the instructions for this particular cell |
|
| 22:31 | do this particular function. You have genes. You don't want to turn |
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| 22:37 | all on. You only need a of genes turned on in each |
|
| 22:40 | All right. And that's what specialization . Now. I said you started |
|
| 22:47 | life as a single cell alright, as you start differentiating, Alright, |
|
| 22:53 | you start off as Tony potent or is another word, Tony potent means |
|
| 22:58 | all Pluripotent means mostly. All This plurality versus totality. And so |
|
| 23:05 | happening is as you start moving away that Tony potent state. You become |
|
| 23:10 | and more and more specialized until you unique. So you can think of |
|
| 23:16 | Tony potent cell as being like a cell. It can do anything just |
|
| 23:21 | you were when you were three years , your potential was infinite, |
|
| 23:28 | It was, you could just you be president of the United States, |
|
| 23:31 | could lead a corporation, you could a physician, you could be a |
|
| 23:35 | . All those things are all possibilities your future. But as you move |
|
| 23:39 | specific tracks, certain things start getting out. Right? You know, |
|
| 23:45 | you move towards, oh, I know. Let's say you've grown interest |
|
| 23:48 | business. The probability of you becoming physician is becomes less and less and |
|
| 23:55 | , right as your interests are driven a particular direction. Now the good |
|
| 23:59 | for humans is we can always go and do new things for cells. |
|
| 24:04 | can't, once you differentiate down specific , you're down that track and you're |
|
| 24:10 | . Once you become a muscle you can't change your mind and become |
|
| 24:13 | neural cell, right? There's nothing can do you can do to make |
|
| 24:18 | go wait a second, I'm gonna backwards and become what I want |
|
| 24:20 | you know, become something else. you're moving in a specific direction and |
|
| 24:25 | you move into a specific direction, stuck there and you now have a |
|
| 24:31 | function. So muscle cells are different say liver cells. All right, |
|
| 24:37 | parasites, you're different than absorbed of in the intestine. But you all |
|
| 24:43 | at the same place. There's a example a couple of years. Some |
|
| 24:50 | you are going to go back to high school for a high school |
|
| 24:53 | It's probably not the high school You'll probably go to some hotel and |
|
| 24:56 | and you're gonna run into all your school friends. I'm not talking like |
|
| 24:59 | five year reunion. I'm talking like 10 and the 15. And you're |
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| 25:02 | see your friends that you grew up you don't see anymore. And you're |
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| 25:06 | what they do and it's gonna be , wow, you went down this |
|
| 25:09 | , you went down that track. had no expectation and because you guys |
|
| 25:12 | all the same. Oh, I you have no idea. There's some |
|
| 25:15 | weird stuff. Yeah. Um of my college roommates, um two of |
|
| 25:21 | went in academics. The probability of happening is like nil, you |
|
| 25:26 | I don't know why I wasn't interested academics when I was in college. |
|
| 25:29 | the other one he was. And fact that he went was not |
|
| 25:33 | The fact that I did was so we when we met up again, |
|
| 25:36 | like, you're a professor at, eventually said, yeah. And I |
|
| 25:39 | at him and said you're a professor auburn. That's really scary. |
|
| 25:44 | Anyway, so here are the Alright. So we've got cells cells |
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| 25:48 | specialized because they differentiate. Alright, are simply groups of cells a similar |
|
| 25:54 | and function and they perform some sort related function. We said there's four |
|
| 25:59 | epithelium connective muscle and nervous. And the basic things that they do epithelium |
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| 26:05 | as a covering tissue. Your skin an epithelium connective tissue connects things even |
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| 26:11 | in its name, its support tissue . You're familiar with this movement, |
|
| 26:16 | tissue you can think of in terms controlling things. All right now, |
|
| 26:22 | organs have all four tissue types, not all of them have all four |
|
| 26:26 | . So really the definition of organ two or more. But generally |
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| 26:30 | you're gonna have four. All four them present when you're looking at an |
|
| 26:35 | . Alright, so here's some some more detail about them. Alright, |
|
| 26:40 | we said that epithelium epithelium tissue or is the term we use basically is |
|
| 26:46 | sheet of cells that covers the body . That's the easy one. But |
|
| 26:50 | sometimes forget. It also lines the of the body, which we're going |
|
| 26:54 | look at at the end of class . All right. So typically what |
|
| 26:58 | do is they provide a surface through things may be secreted or things may |
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| 27:02 | absorbed. Alright, so basically it's barrier between the inside of the body |
|
| 27:08 | the outside of the body. Now going to make a statement here so |
|
| 27:12 | you can clearly see this. You like a donut. Alright. You |
|
| 27:17 | think of your digestive system as a , through your body Like a donut |
|
| 27:21 | a hole. Alright? So if stick your finger through the hole, |
|
| 27:25 | not in the donut, are It's just in the hole of the |
|
| 27:28 | . All right. The meat of donut, which is not meat. |
|
| 27:32 | the dough of the donut, Is the inside. All right. |
|
| 27:36 | if you stick your finger into the , you're now inside the donut. |
|
| 27:40 | right. The same thing is true you. If you stick your finger |
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| 27:43 | your fist or whatever into the digestive , you're not in your body, |
|
| 27:48 | still outside the body. All You're just in the hole that travels |
|
| 27:52 | your body. Okay? The inside your body is not in contact with |
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| 27:58 | external aspects around you. Alright. not exposed to the external environment. |
|
| 28:05 | that make sense? Okay. So we're saying here is that this epithelium |
|
| 28:11 | that barrier between those two parts of body, right? The materials that |
|
| 28:18 | up your mass versus what's around All right. All epithelium has two |
|
| 28:26 | to it has an atypical surface. what we refer to as basil lateral |
|
| 28:31 | because here's the basil side and then lateral sides are basically how they're connected |
|
| 28:35 | each other. And why we point out now now is because the typical |
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| 28:41 | is unique in that it can absorb secrete the basal lateral side. On |
|
| 28:46 | other hand is structurally very, very . It doesn't play a role in |
|
| 28:51 | or secretion, it serves more like barrier. All right. And |
|
| 28:56 | we'll look at this in more detail we start talking solely about epithelium a |
|
| 29:00 | bit later. But that's one of unique features is that you can look |
|
| 29:04 | the epithelium and say that is the side. That is the basil |
|
| 29:09 | The basil side is attached to usually tissue. What we refer to as |
|
| 29:14 | extra cellular matrix. Yes, It's always facing the open side. |
|
| 29:23 | ? So, it's always expect if typical side. The question was, |
|
| 29:27 | is the typical side? Basically the side is always facing the open |
|
| 29:32 | The basil side is always attached to . Right? So, if you're |
|
| 29:37 | at your epidermis, you're looking at skin. Um What you're looking at |
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| 29:42 | this would be the typical side. side you can't see that's actually internal |
|
| 29:47 | . That would be the basil All right. And the good news |
|
| 29:50 | we're going to go over this again then we'll go over it one more |
|
| 29:54 | . So, yeah. Alright, is the interest of. Alright, |
|
| 29:59 | , you guys are familiar with this of muscle, which is skeletal |
|
| 30:01 | but they have different types, but muscle zz muscles that contract. I'll |
|
| 30:06 | . All right. And basically the are a result of what's inside that |
|
| 30:10 | . The side of skeletal elements which we talk about sales will go into |
|
| 30:14 | details about that. Alright. this produces movement. Now, when |
|
| 30:18 | think of movement, you think of movement, right? The idea of |
|
| 30:22 | being, you know, local being able to move parts of my |
|
| 30:25 | . But movement also means moving things hollow organs. So, pumping blood |
|
| 30:31 | example, and moving blood or moving to your digestive system. Muscle does |
|
| 30:36 | as well. And there are different of muscle, skeletal for locomotion, |
|
| 30:41 | muscle right here is muscle that serves a pump to move blood through the |
|
| 30:46 | . And then we have smooth muscle is found within the hollow organs. |
|
| 30:50 | , we'll go into lots of detail this when we talk about muscles. |
|
| 30:53 | , So, this is just kind the intro of that nervous tissue is |
|
| 30:58 | found in the nervous system, but found all over as well. It's |
|
| 31:03 | is innovating providing the nerves and the from the nervous system to those other |
|
| 31:10 | . There's two major cell types that going to be found in the nervous |
|
| 31:15 | . Alright. And what we tend do in these types of classes. |
|
| 31:18 | focus on the first one, which the neuron. Alright, So the |
|
| 31:21 | is responsible for producing and uh I'm gonna do it this way. |
|
| 31:26 | receive process and transmit. All So, it takes information in processes |
|
| 31:32 | and sends information out. That's primarily its job is. All right. |
|
| 31:37 | so when we think about the nervous , we're thinking about signals and that's |
|
| 31:41 | what neurons are responsible for. All . But the majority of the nervous |
|
| 31:47 | is made up of these different types cells called glial cells. Glial sounds |
|
| 31:51 | glue, doesn't it? Well, what it means. All right. |
|
| 31:54 | the cells that hold everything else together these are actually rather important. They |
|
| 32:00 | a role in supporting nourishing and protecting neurons. Alright. So, the |
|
| 32:05 | play a role in signaling the glial . Make sure the neurons can do |
|
| 32:09 | they're doing. All right. They play a role in transmitting information. |
|
| 32:14 | . And again, half of our of A and P. One is |
|
| 32:19 | talking about the nervous system. It's an important system. So, we'll |
|
| 32:23 | spending a lot of time around these . But today, that's all we |
|
| 32:27 | to know. Finally, we got tissue. And connective tissue can be |
|
| 32:32 | confusing because there's lots of different types some of you look at, you |
|
| 32:36 | , that really connective tissue that they that doesn't make sense to me, |
|
| 32:40 | . The reason connective tissues, the the varying types are is because they |
|
| 32:44 | the same origin. Alright. We're gonna talk about um uh embryonic origins |
|
| 32:51 | these tissues or embryonic tissues in But there's something that's called the Mezzanine |
|
| 32:55 | very early on development, A group cells differentiate and become the mezzanine kind |
|
| 33:00 | from the mezzanine kind you get the tissues. So when we're sitting there |
|
| 33:04 | this is a connective tissue and that's connective tissue. You're going I don't |
|
| 33:07 | how they're related to each other. because of that original origin. |
|
| 33:12 | But generally speaking, what connective tissue that provides support to other tissues and |
|
| 33:17 | ? Alright. So typically when we of a connective tissue we think of |
|
| 33:21 | that looks a little bit like this right over here. Okay. And |
|
| 33:25 | not gonna go into the picture but can kind of see it. It's |
|
| 33:28 | oh there's fibers and cells and other in there. Great. But that's |
|
| 33:33 | the only types of connective tissues. for example is a connective tissue. |
|
| 33:37 | . All it has is it's basically liquid environment and it has cells in |
|
| 33:41 | liquid environment. Alright. So there's whole different type, a whole bunch |
|
| 33:45 | different types of connective tissue. All . Um They're going to differ in |
|
| 33:50 | cell types. They're gonna differ in fibers that are there and they're going |
|
| 33:53 | be different in their matrices. The is is the environment in which you |
|
| 33:57 | the cells and it's that matrix that its function. Yes sir. Oh |
|
| 34:03 | a big ugly word. Mesenchymal mes . N. So mesen and then |
|
| 34:08 | C. H. Y. E. I'm never gonna ask you |
|
| 34:11 | on the test but if you want put that in. That's fine. |
|
| 34:13 | related to each other. Medicine. did I get it? Get |
|
| 34:17 | Okay. Alright, so again, going to spend the day talking about |
|
| 34:22 | tissue. So this is the gist now. Right, connective tissues connect |
|
| 34:28 | play a role in support. what we have up here is a |
|
| 34:30 | of an organ. Well, sort there's the organ up there. It's |
|
| 34:34 | stomach. And what I throw this here for is not for anything for |
|
| 34:38 | to memorize. It's to look at say, okay, can I see |
|
| 34:41 | tissues that make up this larger So, what they've done is they |
|
| 34:45 | this region of the stomach and they're out a little tiny sample to |
|
| 34:49 | let's take a look and see what can see. And so out here |
|
| 34:52 | the surface that's epithelium. You can it right there, close up even |
|
| 34:57 | . Alright then all the yellow stuff in this picture that's connective tissue. |
|
| 35:02 | . And then you can see here down here and down there and down |
|
| 35:08 | . Those are layers of muscle, layers of muscle. And what this |
|
| 35:14 | picture isn't showing you is the nervous responsible for innovating the muscle because you |
|
| 35:23 | have something to tell the muscles what do. All right. But the |
|
| 35:26 | didn't draw that in there. here's just an example. You can |
|
| 35:29 | it's not just like, okay, got one and then I got one |
|
| 35:32 | then I got one and then I one. There's three layers or actually |
|
| 35:36 | more than it's really the muscle muscular um mucosa. Then we have the |
|
| 35:41 | which has three layers in it. there's multiple layers of muscle. And |
|
| 35:46 | reason you have multiple layers of muscle the stomach is because you need to |
|
| 35:49 | different types of things with the You need to squeeze it. You |
|
| 35:53 | to compress it and you need to it and so you have different layers |
|
| 35:57 | do different things. All right. each of these muscles are there for |
|
| 36:02 | specific purpose? The different types of tissue. You see up there are |
|
| 36:06 | for different purposes. Right? The has different types of cells in |
|
| 36:11 | So it has different roles. Some those cells secrete some of those cells |
|
| 36:16 | . So there's different roles. And the idea here is that you have |
|
| 36:20 | these different tissues working together to accomplish function and what was the function of |
|
| 36:25 | stomach Digestion. Alright, excellent. in MP two you get to learn |
|
| 36:30 | little bit more about how the stomach and what it's doing. We don't |
|
| 36:33 | it in this class. All So we've run through cells. We've |
|
| 36:39 | at tissues in very brief ways. we're going to start talking about organ |
|
| 36:44 | . All right. And we actually last one really was about an |
|
| 36:47 | Alright. So this slide shows you stuff we're going to cover in a |
|
| 36:53 | one. Alright. We're gonna look the Integra Mint, which is the |
|
| 36:57 | binary system. We're gonna look at nervous system and we're gonna look muscular |
|
| 37:01 | now depending on which level you're at in our level a Mp one. |
|
| 37:07 | throw the muscle in the skeletal system . So muscular skeletal. When I |
|
| 37:11 | another class called comparative anatomy, we those two systems and we separate them |
|
| 37:15 | . And we spend a lot of talking about the skeletal system and very |
|
| 37:19 | time talking about the muscle system. there's rationale for those things, but |
|
| 37:23 | speaking, because the muscular skeletal plays role in movement. Support and |
|
| 37:27 | muscles do that, skeletons do That's why we're jamming them together. |
|
| 37:31 | what do we have integer Mint plays role in protection. It includes your |
|
| 37:36 | , your hair, your nails, sweat glands, and oil glands. |
|
| 37:39 | , so it's a whole bunch of types of things, glands and layers |
|
| 37:43 | cells that protect the outside or protect inside from the outside. All |
|
| 37:48 | The nervous system you can hear. got brain. They're trying to show |
|
| 37:52 | all the little nerves and not all them are here in blue. |
|
| 37:55 | basically the nervous system are these structures brain and spinal cord plus the nerves |
|
| 38:00 | are affiliated with this system that go and from all the organs in the |
|
| 38:06 | again, their job is to coordinate between the different organs and telling them |
|
| 38:14 | to do. So, for have you ever touched a hot |
|
| 38:18 | Yeah. Didn't it suck? What you do when you touch a hot |
|
| 38:21 | ? Did you just think about it go this is unpleasant? No, |
|
| 38:25 | put your hand on a hot stove you pulled it away? Alright. |
|
| 38:28 | was all directed by the spinal It's what we call a um Now |
|
| 38:35 | can't even think of the word and so simple reflex. There we |
|
| 38:38 | That's see this is bad, The reflex is a reflex response. |
|
| 38:42 | a stimulus comes in, you it tells you what to do. |
|
| 38:46 | respond? So that's what nervous system . It plays a role in looking |
|
| 38:51 | the signals and then coordinating the response them, as we mentioned, musculoskeletal |
|
| 38:57 | . So you can see here's there's a skeleton in between and then |
|
| 39:00 | them together basically movement. That's the part. Support and protection. |
|
| 39:06 | I'm gonna hit right here. It's to sound a lot of fun because |
|
| 39:08 | microphone, you hear that? It's , isn't it? What's that |
|
| 39:14 | Checking my heart, isn't it? heart sits in the middle of my |
|
| 39:18 | . Pretty bad. If I sit and can poke my heart. That |
|
| 39:21 | not be a good thing. All , So that protects what's up |
|
| 39:26 | My brain, all my knowledge. right up here. Imagine if I |
|
| 39:30 | have that squish, squish squish. good. And actually, if you |
|
| 39:35 | know um in the anatomy labs, get to work. You know, |
|
| 39:39 | get to dissect things and have You come across the brain. Everything |
|
| 39:42 | there is fixed, meaning it's been with chemicals so it doesn't fall |
|
| 39:47 | And so, you kind of look these things and they're like hard |
|
| 39:49 | right? The brain is like warm push into it. It's really |
|
| 39:57 | And then it also plays a role producing your red blood cells and white |
|
| 40:01 | cells for that matter. Okay, , in A&P. two, you'll |
|
| 40:05 | to cover these systems as well. right. We're not ignoring them in |
|
| 40:10 | system. It's just how the How am p. one and two |
|
| 40:13 | broken down across the country. we have the respiratory system. |
|
| 40:17 | respiratory system basically includes naval passage tricky the lungs. That allows for air |
|
| 40:22 | come in. And what it does you to exchange air with the external |
|
| 40:27 | to the internal environment. So that cells which use oxygen can then use |
|
| 40:31 | or receive oxygen, and the carbon it produces can then be expelled. |
|
| 40:36 | , it's a specific system to allow that particular chemical tickle to come into |
|
| 40:41 | body in a regulated way. We've the cardiovascular system, which is your |
|
| 40:45 | and your blood vessels. And the basically. Its job is to move |
|
| 40:48 | around the body so that you can the nutrients and the chemicals that the |
|
| 40:53 | need in order to be functional. , it's like a highway delivery |
|
| 40:57 | All right. The immune system and lymphatic are very closely affiliated with the |
|
| 41:04 | system. That's why you can see these things kind of uh that's really |
|
| 41:07 | lymphatic that are doing that. But has a whole bunch of different types |
|
| 41:10 | tissues that are are kind of being . You can see it right |
|
| 41:14 | That would be the spleen. and then up here there would be |
|
| 41:18 | thymus and so on. But these systems that play a role in immune |
|
| 41:23 | . All right. Anything that doesn't to your body is trying to kill |
|
| 41:27 | . Well, it really isn't trying kill you, but it can kill |
|
| 41:30 | . Okay, Right. That's that's many of you guys are wearing masks |
|
| 41:34 | now is because you've been trained to and rightly so that the world is |
|
| 41:38 | to get you. And in particular now, it's a virus that's trying |
|
| 41:42 | get you now. It's not trying kill you, it's just trying to |
|
| 41:44 | itself. But when it takes over , some viruses can be incredibly |
|
| 41:50 | Right? And so your body has mechanism to deal with those things that |
|
| 41:55 | be in your body. That's what immune system is responsible for. All |
|
| 41:59 | . So it plays a role against , viruses, for example are |
|
| 42:04 | So our bacteria, so are all of horrible things that are out |
|
| 42:09 | And the other thing that does it uses this system to filter things through |
|
| 42:15 | basically create a point of contact between blood where most pathogens find their way |
|
| 42:21 | your body and then before they actually their way around your body. Now |
|
| 42:26 | , the immune system will you'll talk more in A&P. two. We |
|
| 42:29 | the endocrine system which isn't really a . It's we have all these things |
|
| 42:33 | do similar things and we're just gonna them in the box together. You |
|
| 42:38 | done that? Like having toys like your dolls And you just say I'm |
|
| 42:42 | to throw all the dolls in the box. Looking at James. He's |
|
| 42:46 | , don't look at me, You know what I'm talking about. |
|
| 42:50 | like, okay, oh, that's perfect example, gold star for the |
|
| 42:57 | . The kitchen drawer, there's that kitchen drawer. The catch all |
|
| 43:02 | I found it. I don't know it goes. It goes in |
|
| 43:04 | All right, I can't find We'll have you checked the kitchen |
|
| 43:07 | That is perfect. Right? That's they did with these systems. All |
|
| 43:11 | now what is the thing they have common? They're all hormone secreting |
|
| 43:15 | So it includes all sorts of thyroid pancreas pituitary. So if we're |
|
| 43:19 | through this up there, that would the hypothalamus and the pituitary. There's |
|
| 43:22 | thyroid down there. Those are your right there. That's your pancreas. |
|
| 43:27 | showing gonads as well. These are structures that produce hormones and collectively refer |
|
| 43:34 | them as the immigrant system. But not talking to each other. They're |
|
| 43:37 | to the systems that they're responsible for . Alright, so, that's the |
|
| 43:41 | thing they share in common now. are they controlling them? Well, |
|
| 43:44 | are responsible for growth, metabolism, and physiological homeostasis. I don't know |
|
| 43:50 | I have a parentheses there, but . Alright, so growth and |
|
| 43:56 | All right, That's what they Right, reproductive success and physiological |
|
| 44:04 | All of these different structures we have urinary system, basically. The urinary |
|
| 44:11 | is getting all the bad things out your body, basically filtering out the |
|
| 44:15 | , keeping what your body wants. rid of the things your body doesn't |
|
| 44:18 | . So, it includes the ureter into the bladder and the |
|
| 44:22 | Got the digestive system. I that's the tube through the body. |
|
| 44:26 | can see there's a whole bunch of structures in here. Their job is |
|
| 44:29 | coordinate digestion. When you put a in your mouth, that doesn't just |
|
| 44:33 | to your stomach and digest their digestion in the mouth continues in the stomach |
|
| 44:38 | in the small intestine. You have that put enzymes there to break things |
|
| 44:42 | and then the small intestine as well a large intestine are absorbing everything that |
|
| 44:47 | body wants and leaving everything that your doesn't want. So all that is |
|
| 44:53 | through these different structures. And then have the reproductive systems. Now, |
|
| 44:58 | are sexually dime or fick. what that means is we have male |
|
| 45:02 | female, which means we have two different systems. Males. The reproductive |
|
| 45:07 | consists of the testes, the epidemic's , vast difference. The penis has |
|
| 45:12 | Coppola Torrey organ and the sex glands are responsible for producing the enzymes and |
|
| 45:17 | materials that allow for those sperm cells you're creating in the testes to be |
|
| 45:22 | to travel outward. All right. so that would be the male reproductive |
|
| 45:26 | . The female reproductive system begins with gonads and ovaries as well as the |
|
| 45:31 | tubes and the uterus, the which is the copulate torrey organ as |
|
| 45:35 | as the mammary glands which aren't being and really don't fall under the category |
|
| 45:41 | the reproductive organ itself, but they're kind of a secondary structure. All |
|
| 45:46 | , The function of these two different are to bring these two organisms together |
|
| 45:51 | that they can bring those unique gametes so they can create a unique organism |
|
| 45:57 | the merging of those two gametes that and that over all. Right. |
|
| 46:01 | we produce the gametes, the hormones regulate the process and ultimately in the |
|
| 46:06 | embryonic development. Alright. So, got these really unique structures and they're |
|
| 46:11 | made up of these unique tissues. four different types of tissues which have |
|
| 46:15 | these unique sells about 240 of Right? Not in the same |
|
| 46:20 | And that's how we get you an . And that's what you get to |
|
| 46:29 | in the class. It's a lot stuff. All right. But it's |
|
| 46:35 | stuff. I think. All Are there any questions so far we're |
|
| 46:39 | see where we are. No Everyone's just just let him talk. |
|
| 46:44 | talk himself out. Now. I talk myself out. Go read any |
|
| 46:48 | about me. He's like, man shut up. So, what I |
|
| 46:55 | do is I want to shift gears I want to address um uh you |
|
| 47:01 | , some basic and common anatomical terminology any field you go into there is |
|
| 47:07 | language used by the people in that to help communicate clearly about what they're |
|
| 47:13 | about. It doesn't matter what field go into. Alright. And I'm |
|
| 47:17 | warn you now, biologists are simple . We're simple. Alright. We |
|
| 47:23 | things for what they do or for they look like. All right. |
|
| 47:27 | so when you look at things in or in anatomy, you got to |
|
| 47:31 | the words may look big and but they're not there to trick |
|
| 47:35 | They're there to guide you because we're like the chemists which like to throw |
|
| 47:39 | numbers and slashes and dashes, Like three comma five prime dash Ortho |
|
| 47:46 | , you know, you know, , we're simple. All right. |
|
| 47:52 | , the first thing we need to is that in order to communicate first |
|
| 47:57 | , anna thomas had to have a position for the body. Right? |
|
| 48:04 | other words, if you are, can imagine. So when they first |
|
| 48:07 | doing anatomy, it was illegal. was back in like the 12 hundreds |
|
| 48:11 | if you are cutting up a body called desecration, right? So basically |
|
| 48:16 | would consider you doing all sorts of witchcraft. So people who are doing |
|
| 48:20 | initial type of study of anatomy, doing it in secret. But they |
|
| 48:24 | writing things down and there are people over the world and at the time |
|
| 48:28 | would be european world, right? you have people in italy or Germany |
|
| 48:32 | France and they would all be communicating each other. So they used a |
|
| 48:35 | language, primarily greek or latin. ? But if I'm sitting there describing |
|
| 48:41 | that I'm cutting into, I need have something that is kind of a |
|
| 48:45 | position. So I want something, I have a cadaver lying on the |
|
| 48:48 | , I want it lying in this , I don't want it, you |
|
| 48:51 | , sitting on its knees. But because if I'm sitting there describing something |
|
| 48:54 | being something above something else. You know which position I'm starting in. |
|
| 49:00 | ? So that's what the first thing is the anatomical position. Right? |
|
| 49:04 | this is what we're looking at the position. It looks like a person |
|
| 49:08 | up but you can manage really cadaver the table. Alright. Alright. |
|
| 49:14 | two Basic regions in the body. this out of the way so I |
|
| 49:19 | circle stuff. All right, really to see these two things. All |
|
| 49:26 | . We have the actual region. right, this is make sure it |
|
| 49:31 | . That is your axial region, head, your neck and your |
|
| 49:35 | Everything that extends from that axis as appendix. Right? Your arms are |
|
| 49:42 | . Your legs are appendices. So is the actual region that I just |
|
| 49:47 | and then I'm just gonna go over because it's easier. These is the |
|
| 49:53 | color regions. So it's your legs your arms. If I cut off |
|
| 49:58 | arms and legs, are you gonna ? Well, you might but you |
|
| 50:04 | but I mean if we did it say they were oh, I don't |
|
| 50:07 | , some sort of alien disease. we had to cut those things off |
|
| 50:10 | to save your life, would you ? No, you'd be basically a |
|
| 50:17 | and head in the neck and you'll just fine. Right? But if |
|
| 50:20 | cut off your trunk are you going live? How about your head? |
|
| 50:24 | know, you're doomed. Alright. that's an easy way to think about |
|
| 50:27 | head and the neck and the and trunk. I need to live. |
|
| 50:32 | appendices. I like them. But could do without. All right. |
|
| 50:36 | the way you can think about All right. There's also regional or |
|
| 50:43 | specific regions within the body. Now a big long list of stuff. |
|
| 50:46 | not gonna ask you these. Do memory memorize this slide, but when |
|
| 50:50 | hear words start putting them into your as in like store them away because |
|
| 50:55 | a way that we can communicate. right. So some of these, |
|
| 50:58 | already know like the bottom of the is planter, right? And you're |
|
| 51:02 | , well I don't know that You sure you do. Have you |
|
| 51:04 | had a wart on the bottom of foot? What did you call |
|
| 51:07 | A Planter's wart. It's not named some guy named planter. It's telling |
|
| 51:11 | where it's actually located. It's the wart, it's underneath the bottom of |
|
| 51:16 | foot. Okay, that's kinda Alright, well let's do some simple |
|
| 51:20 | . If you do manual labor, kind of work are you doing? |
|
| 51:25 | , you're working with your hands. a manual right? There's one that's |
|
| 51:29 | weird. I mean cranial is You know some of these like, |
|
| 51:32 | know your armpit axillary? You've probably that one right? The hair under |
|
| 51:36 | arms. Axillary hair. You armpit . Alright. Alright. Here's the |
|
| 51:41 | one. I just pointed out just it's fun your chin right there. |
|
| 51:46 | called the mental region. I don't why I wanted to look it up |
|
| 51:51 | class. I do it every year I just I put it in and |
|
| 51:55 | dump it and I just didn't. you can go look it up and |
|
| 51:57 | why is that name until Yeah, could very well be well. |
|
| 52:03 | so, so this region right That's that's good. I mean, |
|
| 52:06 | fact, that type of thinking is akin to how a biologist thinks. |
|
| 52:10 | this region right here, what's that on your head? That's your |
|
| 52:14 | Right. Temple refers to time. would they call this the time |
|
| 52:19 | Because as you age, the first that gets gray is there. So |
|
| 52:24 | shows the passage of time. So could very well be like some |
|
| 52:30 | Mm hmm. But they do. where something. So anyway, you |
|
| 52:35 | , I mean, some of these , like I said, you |
|
| 52:37 | gluteal and so on and so So just recognize that there are specific |
|
| 52:41 | to direct you to specific areas on body. All right. And as |
|
| 52:45 | anonymous we're going to be using those . You do not need to memorize |
|
| 52:50 | list. All right. Now. body has holes in it. What |
|
| 52:56 | call cavities, cavities are not the you have in your mouth when you |
|
| 53:01 | too much sugar. There's actually a . I know I have a pre |
|
| 53:05 | in here. Someplace. What are called? Say it. Say it |
|
| 53:10 | carries. It's the weirdest thing ever . You're you're right. That's how |
|
| 53:15 | refer to it. And it's like first time I ever heard that was |
|
| 53:17 | what? Now? That's cavity. , no. It has other |
|
| 53:21 | right? But for the layperson it's hole in the tooth. So it's |
|
| 53:24 | cavity. Alright. So in the a cavity is simply a hollow area |
|
| 53:29 | , winning with the hollow area within . All right. So, most |
|
| 53:34 | are true cavity in the body should fluid in it. So, it |
|
| 53:38 | be a fluid filled space very When we look at these cavities, |
|
| 53:41 | not going to see the fluid. right. Um For us there are |
|
| 53:45 | primary cavities. What is called the cavity. That's the one on the |
|
| 53:50 | and then we have the ventral That's the one in the front. |
|
| 53:52 | right. And we'll get to the area nomenclature here in just a |
|
| 53:57 | Alright, so, to distinguish between two things I I I've got these |
|
| 54:02 | for you first. The dorsal cavity completely encased by bone. Alright. |
|
| 54:07 | actually the first one to develop. is developmentally separated from the ventral |
|
| 54:13 | So there's blue, right here is from those it does when you develop |
|
| 54:18 | blue cavity develops first and then in separate event. Those other cavities. |
|
| 54:23 | red and the green one developed Alright, so they never developed at |
|
| 54:28 | same time. Now, this is continuous structure. Alright. We refer |
|
| 54:32 | this region up here as the cranial . The cranial cavity is where the |
|
| 54:36 | is found. And then the extension the spinal cord from the brain continues |
|
| 54:42 | through the dorsal cavity. In the where the spinal cord is found is |
|
| 54:45 | to as the spinal cavity. I told you biologists are simple people. |
|
| 54:50 | name things for what they do or what they look like. So, |
|
| 54:52 | can already see here is an example the things that we're naming right. |
|
| 54:58 | because the bone structure up here is the cranium. So, the cavity |
|
| 55:03 | the cranium is the cranial cavity. right. This is where the spinal |
|
| 55:08 | is housed. Hence spinal cavity. , the ventral cavity is unique. |
|
| 55:13 | much much larger. Alright. It's front of it. So, that's |
|
| 55:18 | rent ventral right? It has within a bunch of serious or serious membranes |
|
| 55:23 | we're going to get to when we about the epithelium. All right. |
|
| 55:27 | it has two subdivision is divided by muscle called the diaphragm. So, |
|
| 55:32 | what you have here is in the cavity. You can think I have |
|
| 55:34 | diaphragm here. The region on the the diaphragm superior to the diaphragm is |
|
| 55:40 | the thoracic cavity. The region below diaphragm is the abdominal pelvic cavity. |
|
| 55:46 | right. So, with regard to thoracic cavity, there it is. |
|
| 55:52 | , so, here you can see thoracic cavity. It has different compartments |
|
| 55:56 | it. Again. We're using compartments create environments that are unique from the |
|
| 56:01 | areas to do unique things. So every time you divide something, |
|
| 56:05 | have to ask the question, why that divide it? Because there's something |
|
| 56:09 | going on inside there. Alright, , the compartments include the pleural |
|
| 56:13 | That's the two things in red the pleural cavities are where you How's |
|
| 56:19 | lungs? All right now, the we said we said that all the |
|
| 56:24 | in the abdominal pelvic have these serious . So, the serious membranes surrounding |
|
| 56:28 | lungs has a special name. It's the pleura pleural cavity basically surrounds the |
|
| 56:34 | . And you can think of this a double structured membrane. I want |
|
| 56:40 | see if I can do this for where anyone can see it later. |
|
| 56:43 | your way in the back, all have is blue. Alright, what |
|
| 56:47 | say is if we have a structure the lung, it's basically a structure |
|
| 56:52 | is adhered to the outer surface of lung and then there's a second membrane |
|
| 56:57 | surrounds it. Like So, and that that's where you're gonna see the |
|
| 57:01 | . That's a serious fluid the purpose these structures is to ensure that we |
|
| 57:07 | something that is moving. That doesn't friction. All right now, whenever |
|
| 57:13 | have a serious membrane, you have two layers. The two layers have |
|
| 57:17 | names? The one that's touching the is called the visceral layer. The |
|
| 57:23 | that's touching the away from the usually touching the the outer wall of |
|
| 57:28 | cavity is called the parietal layer. it's easy to remember if you can |
|
| 57:32 | of all my guts, all my are referred to as the viscera. |
|
| 57:39 | , whenever you're going, okay, can't remember which one's which. |
|
| 57:41 | yeah. Well, this side is the guts, your lungs being |
|
| 57:46 | It's not you think of guts as down here? But all the organs |
|
| 57:50 | your body, right? The stuff don't eat. Do you eat your |
|
| 57:57 | ? Mm hmm. Anyway, the , whatever it's touching next viscera. |
|
| 58:04 | , so it's filled with this serious surrounds the lung. And that purpose |
|
| 58:07 | that serious fluid is so that when organ is moving, it doesn't create |
|
| 58:12 | . Because when you create friction, you create heat? Alright, I'm |
|
| 58:19 | tell you something you don't want to about yourself. You're made of |
|
| 58:23 | Did you know that you are your ? How do you know this? |
|
| 58:28 | I put you in a tiger cage the tiger? Go down? |
|
| 58:30 | I'm not gonna touch that. That's plant. What's the target going to |
|
| 58:34 | ? He's going to eat the You're the meat. All right. |
|
| 58:38 | if I take heat and meat? do I get steak? Right? |
|
| 58:45 | become cooked meat, Right? you can imagine friction creates heat if |
|
| 58:51 | have a lung and I'm putting heat it. I'm cooking it and then |
|
| 58:55 | doesn't move anymore and then it becomes functional. So you need serious membranes |
|
| 59:01 | prevent that from happening. You don't see it here around the lungs. |
|
| 59:06 | we said there's three cavities or three of the first one of the pleural |
|
| 59:13 | . There we go. So, guess I wasn't the right one. |
|
| 59:17 | , I was sorry, the same . I was very confused. |
|
| 59:20 | The second compartment is this region, the yellow and the purple together. |
|
| 59:25 | called the media steinem. Alright. basically sits behind the sternum. It's |
|
| 59:31 | entire cavity in the middle. All . The media steinem houses the |
|
| 59:37 | It houses the thymus. It houses trachea. And the esophagus. The |
|
| 59:41 | is how you get air um down your lungs. The esophagus is how |
|
| 59:46 | get food down to your belly. right. So it houses a whole |
|
| 59:51 | of structures, but you also have important structure that we just mentioned. |
|
| 59:56 | heart. The heart is in its compartment inside the media steinem. |
|
| 60:03 | And that's called the pericardial cavity. right. Perry means next to. |
|
| 60:07 | basically it's the cavity inside that surrounds is right next to the heart. |
|
| 60:13 | has a serious membrane which we call pericardium. Alright, the outer |
|
| 60:20 | Once again, the one that's away the heart is the parietal, the |
|
| 60:23 | that's up against the heart is the layer. And again fill the series |
|
| 60:29 | . Series fluid prevents friction. Why we need to prevent fiction? Because |
|
| 60:35 | made of meat and we don't want cook the heart? Is your heart |
|
| 60:39 | moving? Yeah. So, you imagine kind of important. I don't |
|
| 60:43 | my heart to stop moving and the is made up of cardiac muscle. |
|
| 60:49 | really when we think of meat, thinking of muscle and so your heart |
|
| 60:53 | basically a big giant steak waiting to cooked. All right, moving down |
|
| 61:01 | little bit further, we have the cavity and the pelvic cavity. This |
|
| 61:05 | the abdominal pelvic region. All So how do we separate out these |
|
| 61:11 | ? Well, find your hips. know where your hips are, |
|
| 61:14 | They sit right there. So that edge of your iliac crest is the |
|
| 61:19 | line between the abdomen and the Alright, so the abdominal cavity is |
|
| 61:25 | where you're gonna find the digestive A whole bunch of structures as well |
|
| 61:28 | the kidney and the your orders. right, basically, it's partially protected |
|
| 61:34 | the lower ribs. All right. you can sit right here and go |
|
| 61:37 | a second. Okay. He said up here. But if you feel |
|
| 61:40 | can go wow my ribs come down this and it's protecting part of my |
|
| 61:46 | region. And again, so when find ribs protecting something that's probably something |
|
| 61:51 | you need in order to live, ? So we're doing is we're protecting |
|
| 61:55 | liver for the most part, We're protecting our kidneys for the most |
|
| 62:00 | in the back. Alright, those things pretty important. And then you |
|
| 62:05 | see down here this is the pelvic , that's the inferior cavity. These |
|
| 62:09 | really important. And you know that organs are really important because the bones |
|
| 62:15 | . And what do we find in pelvic region? All the reproductive |
|
| 62:20 | Well, in males, the strategy mammals is to move the testes out |
|
| 62:27 | from the body. So those aren't so protected. But ladies, you |
|
| 62:31 | important stuff because it's protected, That's what the hip girdle or the |
|
| 62:36 | girdle is responsible for. Now the is down there as well. It's |
|
| 62:40 | , you know, a design right? But basically the reproductive organs |
|
| 62:46 | in the pelvic cavity. Okay, anatomists got to watch my time |
|
| 62:59 | It's confusing on my thing. I a clock. That is the actual |
|
| 63:03 | . And then one that's a timer it tells me how much time has |
|
| 63:07 | by. And so when I sometimes at the timer thing, I |
|
| 63:12 | It's like, Oh no, it's . That's I panic. So alright |
|
| 63:17 | , so anonymous. Like I we're going to use specific language to |
|
| 63:23 | things easy to understand where we're located what we're looking at. So they'll |
|
| 63:27 | like descriptive or some sort of They'll have that regional terminology that they'll |
|
| 63:32 | that to point you to where you to be looking. All right. |
|
| 63:35 | so this is where that regional anatomy the regional language needs. You need |
|
| 63:40 | start as you go along. And for example a descriptive might be something |
|
| 63:45 | left or right. And really what doing is when you're saying left or |
|
| 63:48 | , you're looking at something and you're that's left. Not my left, |
|
| 63:52 | ? So if you're looking at me is my my right, right. |
|
| 63:56 | that's your left. Alright. So always have to remember it's the subject |
|
| 64:01 | I'm looking at or the patient that looking at. That's what I'm referring |
|
| 64:05 | , not mine, right? Because look at this, you know that's |
|
| 64:08 | left. No no that's my that's right. See All right. |
|
| 64:14 | So that's the descriptive so you can the right, left, right, |
|
| 64:17 | , right, left. Alright. use prefixes, prefixes are also kinds |
|
| 64:20 | descriptive. And so they're they're more an ancient descriptive. So if you |
|
| 64:24 | like hypo or epi hypo refers to epi means above. Alright. So |
|
| 64:30 | you see like for example here hipaa or epic gastric it's telling you above |
|
| 64:35 | below and then they're using that regional to tell you where you're looking and |
|
| 64:39 | moving from that particular position and that's all these regions are. So the |
|
| 64:44 | region gastric refers to the belly. basically saying above the belly region or |
|
| 64:49 | the lower belly region, contract, example, means cartilage. So it |
|
| 64:54 | , hey, go to where you the cartilage on the bone, there's |
|
| 64:58 | on these bones. That's where you're in this particular case lumbar refers to |
|
| 65:03 | region, The lumbar, it's a of the back. So it's like |
|
| 65:07 | there iliac, for example, refers where the hip is located. So |
|
| 65:11 | can see anatomists are trying to direct to where you need to be looking |
|
| 65:16 | the terminology that they have here. so you can see for the abdominal |
|
| 65:20 | region, we have nine regions. what anatomists do. Now, you |
|
| 65:24 | are going to be an artist, one of you might be an |
|
| 65:27 | It'd be really cool if that but highly unlikely, really. So |
|
| 65:32 | of you guys are planning on So, in medicine, um, |
|
| 65:35 | don't have time to kind of go all that kind of specifics. So |
|
| 65:39 | more like, okay, we're just divide it into four and so its |
|
| 65:43 | and lower and left and right. know. So these are the four |
|
| 65:46 | that they would use for the the of the belly. So it's |
|
| 65:52 | it's quicker, it directs you to general area that you need to |
|
| 65:55 | And so it's not quite as So, I kind of understand that |
|
| 66:00 | we're doing here is more academic and of what you may see when you |
|
| 66:04 | on into your professional career. Yeah. So don't don't correct the |
|
| 66:11 | when they say this is the upper quadrant said no, no, |
|
| 66:14 | no. I learned that was the really. All right. These terms |
|
| 66:19 | do need to know. All These are are fairly basic terms that |
|
| 66:23 | you to understand the relationship between All right. And so, these |
|
| 66:30 | descriptive terms, You'll hear me use over and over again. Alright, |
|
| 66:33 | , I'm not gonna try. I end up going through every one of |
|
| 66:36 | . I don't want to, but do. So, proximal versus distal |
|
| 66:39 | probably the most complex. Proximal means distal means far away. Alright, |
|
| 66:45 | , it's a relative term, So my foot is more distal than |
|
| 66:50 | knee. My knee is more proximal my foot to the core of my |
|
| 66:55 | . So, typically when you hear terms proximal distal, it's referring to |
|
| 66:59 | the core is alright. But you have to see in context. They |
|
| 67:05 | change the context on you. So and see if context is being applied |
|
| 67:10 | . So, for example, my is proximal to my fingers more so |
|
| 67:15 | my elbow, which is which is distal but notice where the context was |
|
| 67:23 | I'm pointing relative to my fingers, ? But 99% of the time context |
|
| 67:30 | the core of the body. So can just think this is proximal, |
|
| 67:34 | distal. That's further away. The of these are pretty straightforward, ventral |
|
| 67:39 | dorsal. If you can get these confused, just think of a fish |
|
| 67:43 | a shark. What's that thing on back of a shark called dorsal |
|
| 67:47 | Alright. You know that you're good go? Alright, dorsal versus |
|
| 67:52 | Sometimes those are more commonly used terms , but previously it was anterior versus |
|
| 67:58 | when you were a bad child. mom or your dad gave you a |
|
| 68:02 | power on your boom, boom, , And that was your posterior. |
|
| 68:08 | that's the way to remember. lateral versus medial is again, it's |
|
| 68:12 | relationship. The midline of your body what we call your meat. It |
|
| 68:16 | be medial. So towards the midline you move away from the midline, |
|
| 68:21 | lateral. Alright. We have superior inferior that is specific to humans. |
|
| 68:28 | . We don't refer when we're talking animals because I do know we have |
|
| 68:32 | vet. Yeah, there we We don't use that in in other |
|
| 68:38 | . We use cranial versus coddle. refers towards the butt cranial refers towards |
|
| 68:45 | head. Alright, But humans stand , so this is superior. That's |
|
| 68:51 | . Um I think that's everything on . But you can see everything has |
|
| 68:56 | this versus that. Now, your , you're three dimensional structure. Would |
|
| 69:03 | agree? Yeah. If I took mirror and and lined it up at |
|
| 69:08 | midline alright, you would see that reflection would be a mirror image would |
|
| 69:14 | as if you're a perfect organism, ? And so you can see that |
|
| 69:18 | is a line that can go through body, but I can also cut |
|
| 69:22 | into other different directions, right? can saw you in half like a |
|
| 69:26 | trick, right? And I can you this way as well, |
|
| 69:31 | We're front versus back. So you think of, I gotta front versus |
|
| 69:35 | . I gotta top versus bottom. I got a left versus right. |
|
| 69:38 | those are your three planes and they names. Sometimes it's really easy to |
|
| 69:42 | confused. So, I'm gonna try help you with one. The first |
|
| 69:44 | is Corona. All right. You know the statue of Liberty. The |
|
| 69:49 | of Liberty wears a crown. That is not like the Queen of |
|
| 69:54 | which is around about the head. sits like this on the top of |
|
| 69:57 | head. And what it does is separates the front versus the back. |
|
| 70:03 | the crown separates front versus back. , Front versus back. All |
|
| 70:07 | now notice these are going like right the middle of your body. But |
|
| 70:12 | could be, I could cut the of your nose off in a colonial |
|
| 70:15 | and just look at what's going on there, that would be a coronal |
|
| 70:18 | . If I'm cutting front versus that's corona. Alright. If I'm |
|
| 70:23 | left versus right, that's sagittal. . If I'm cutting directly in the |
|
| 70:29 | , that's mid sagittal. Which is you have up there. So recognize |
|
| 70:35 | and the common one is mid Alright, But saddles left versus |
|
| 70:39 | All right. And then top versus is transverse. Alright, I'm cutting |
|
| 70:45 | in half and I'm looking to see there from this direction. Alright, |
|
| 70:49 | top versus bottom. So you should able to do that and again notice |
|
| 70:54 | the pictures. Are we in the position. Yeah. And I want |
|
| 70:59 | point out anatomical position. Hands, face outward. All right. It's |
|
| 71:04 | like this, that's like that. right. I think hold on a |
|
| 71:12 | . I'm gonna skip over this real because that was from the previous |
|
| 71:15 | Alright, so the last little bit and I have what? Like Five |
|
| 71:23 | , 10 minutes. Really? Less 10 minutes. I want to just |
|
| 71:26 | this concept of homeostasis to you and that should be the last thing and |
|
| 71:30 | we'll go then we'll go home. . I think I saw one head |
|
| 71:35 | asleep over on that side. All right. So homeostasis simply is |
|
| 71:41 | body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal despite constant change in the external |
|
| 71:48 | throw the picture of the two, dumped, jumping themselves in the snow |
|
| 71:52 | the inside of their body right now 98.6 degrees despite the fact that it's |
|
| 71:57 | enough to have snow and look at happy they are. See the happy |
|
| 72:01 | , they're smiling, right? So would be an example of homeostasis. |
|
| 72:05 | we say is that it's a dynamic of equilibrium or balance. So dynamic |
|
| 72:12 | has implication to it. What does mean movement? But it also has |
|
| 72:18 | state steady state, right? And two movement and steady are words that |
|
| 72:24 | necessarily go together, do they? what this implies is that I'm trying |
|
| 72:28 | keep something constant by moving things in to something else that's moving. |
|
| 72:34 | think of yourself trying to balance on center of a seesaw right? You're |
|
| 72:41 | your upper body stable while your legs doing this, while the seesaw is |
|
| 72:46 | back and forth, the external things , but your upper body is what |
|
| 72:50 | keeping steady. Right? That would an example. So what we say |
|
| 72:54 | when you see that word homeostasis, saying the needs of the body are |
|
| 72:58 | adequately met and it is functionally smoothie . Alright, pathology is when homeostasis |
|
| 73:07 | not working alright, this diseases in body is when homeostasis is missing. |
|
| 73:13 | , so pathology is contrary to Homeostasis is physiology what you should be |
|
| 73:21 | all right now, how does it about doing this? Alright, We |
|
| 73:25 | temperature a lot because temperature is easy to concede. But really homeostasis isn't |
|
| 73:30 | temperature. There's all sorts of different that your body is monitoring at any |
|
| 73:34 | time. We refer to this as variable. Alright. That variable. |
|
| 73:38 | the process is is can is supposed be able to change. So, |
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| 73:43 | right now, I'm just gonna use example, the room is bright. |
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| 73:47 | ? So your body is monitoring the of brightness so to determine how much |
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| 73:54 | it needs to allow into your eyes that you can see clearly. |
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| 73:58 | If I turned off the lights, room would become dark. There would |
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| 74:02 | a change in how much light there . That would be a stimulus and |
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| 74:06 | body now has to respond to allow to see that makes sense. |
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| 74:13 | So, stimulus is a change in variable. The variable is just something |
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| 74:17 | we're monitoring. All right now, that means is you have to have |
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| 74:21 | that does the monitoring that's called a . Alright. What we've referred to |
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| 74:25 | the sensor. All right. We to have something that interprets what that |
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| 74:29 | means. That would be the That's typically the nervous system. Not |
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| 74:33 | , but typically it is all And then we have some sort of |
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| 74:37 | . Er That's the thing that changes response to the stimulus. So, |
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| 74:42 | the stimulus changes detected tells the control the controller tells the defector, something |
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| 74:47 | happened. You need to do this that's when the responses. So, |
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| 74:50 | I turned out the lights, the would get dim. Your eyes would |
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| 74:54 | the darkness or the less light it . The signal would go up to |
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| 74:59 | brain and say you need to dilate pupils to allow more light into the |
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| 75:04 | so that we can see as well we were previously. That would be |
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| 75:09 | example. All right. So, a normal range When you're talking about |
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| 75:14 | . So, you've been trained your life. I'm gonna deal with temperature |
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| 75:18 | . What is the normal set point temperature in a 98.6? The truth |
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| 75:25 | that's actually not correct. But we're to go with it. Okay. |
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| 75:28 | actually been starting to look at It's like the actual thing is a |
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| 75:32 | bit lower. And they think that have been naturally infected for the entire |
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| 75:37 | of mankind. And so, we a natural fever that kind of raises |
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| 75:40 | temperature up to 98.6. It looks our natural temperature is closer to 97.7 |
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| 75:46 | something like that. All right. very small. But if you notice |
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| 75:50 | you ever go and get the because face it, how many of you |
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| 75:53 | have had your temperature taken like 1000 this last year. Right? And |
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| 75:56 | you notice like my temperature is a lower. It's not 98.6. That |
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| 76:00 | be special and unique. No, , that's normal. Okay. |
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| 76:08 | Well, I'm gonna, you you don't even know the specific. |
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| 76:11 | think of it as an example. this is another way another way to |
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| 76:16 | at it. Right? Same, slide, different picture. It shows |
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| 76:20 | look there's variability. So think of 98.6, you know, your body |
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| 76:25 | is going to change throughout the course the day, depending upon whatever it |
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| 76:28 | . When you wake up, your temperature is actually a little bit |
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| 76:31 | When you go to bed, your temperature a little bit higher, but |
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| 76:33 | lower. So there's a range in your body temperature is okay. |
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| 76:37 | So if it's not where you're going use 98.6. If you're 98.4, |
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| 76:41 | body is not panicking, right? like, oh no, it's the |
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| 76:43 | of days right now. But if , if something happens, like your |
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| 76:49 | begins heating up right there are internal and go, wait a second. |
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| 76:54 | isn't right. It's too hot. is bad for the body. So |
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| 76:59 | need to burn off heat. How I burn off heat? I |
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| 77:04 | Right, so bestow dilate, put little bit of water on the |
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| 77:07 | let that heat go to the water gets whipped off and off it |
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| 77:11 | . You just watched a sensor, nervous system saying it's too hot. |
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| 77:16 | need to sweat, hey, sweat start sweating. That's your factor. |
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| 77:21 | effect is what causes the effect. right. So what we're looking for |
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| 77:25 | trying to keep us in that Right? And we can change the |
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| 77:29 | point when you get sick. What you get? A fever? A |
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| 77:35 | is a natural change in the set because the body is detected something is |
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| 77:40 | right in the body. We must an infection. What can we do |
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| 77:44 | the infection? Let's kill off the that's infecting us. I'll raise the |
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| 77:48 | temperature to a new set point which can function at kind of But definitely |
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| 77:53 | organism that has infected shouldn't be able function at that. That's really what |
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| 77:57 | fever is basically me trying to kill something that's infected. Mhm. And |
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| 78:02 | think that was the last slide. these two things go hand in |
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| 78:05 | So we have to do it. how do we do this primarily? |
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| 78:08 | use two different mechanisms. One is feedback. One is positive feedback. |
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| 78:13 | feedback is when you take that that stimulus and you're saying, oh it's |
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| 78:19 | out of range. So I'm going respond in a way to bring it |
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| 78:24 | down into range. Alright, that's feedback. The example I have here |
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| 78:29 | just the thermostat. It gets too . What do I do is it's |
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| 78:33 | of range. So now I'm going bring my temperature back down into range |
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| 78:38 | something in the opposing manner. Last , positive feedback, positive feedback is |
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| 78:46 | rare in the body. It's it's a type of home and static |
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| 78:50 | . But what we're doing is removing set point further and further and further |
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| 78:55 | from the original set point and by so, what we're gonna do is |
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| 78:58 | monitoring the change and we're driving the further and further away. All |
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| 79:04 | So, the idea you can think this, if I take a pebble |
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| 79:07 | put it on top of a hill there's snow and drop it. It's |
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| 79:10 | create a snowball. The snowball gets and bigger and bigger and bigger and |
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| 79:14 | . Right? Because I'm adding more more snow. So in the |
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| 79:18 | an example of the two primary examples we use is contractions during labor, |
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| 79:25 | ? Baby presses on the cervix, a signal goes up to the brain |
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| 79:28 | says create more pushing to push against cervix. So basically, it's a |
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| 79:33 | to create stronger and stronger and stronger . That would be a positive |
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| 79:37 | All right. The other one is baby latches to the breast begins |
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| 79:43 | That's the feedback mechanism to say start let down as long as that baby |
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| 79:47 | suckling I'm gonna keep producing when the falls asleep, stop suckling. I |
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| 79:52 | producing. So the positive feedback is produce the milk. So this is |
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| 79:56 | less common mechanism. But these are to do homeostasis. They are not |
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| 80:03 | themselves. They are mechanisms to work that set point. All right, |
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| 80:11 | , long first day, wasn't Alright, when we come back on |
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| 80:16 | , after we get that nice rest five days, we're going to keep |
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| 80:20 | and keep running around. There's always now. It's um So we still |
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| 80:29 | a little bit to do, like three or four slides and then we |
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| 80:32 | into the next one. Just follow whatever the reading tells you to |
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| 80:40 | . |
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