| 00:01 | Yeah. Okay, testing. Alright. Welcome folks for raising the |
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| 00:27 | . Um So today is that foot and I got a few years ballads |
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| 00:36 | people going, what's so special about class, nothing other than, it's |
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| 00:40 | a way to change stuff up. ? So it doesn't count for like |
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| 00:45 | not super sized, they count count 100 points extra, anything like that |
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| 00:49 | another class just delivered for me. . A few more questions than normal |
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| 00:54 | guess. But you know, I think it's something not to wig out |
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| 00:58 | . Okay. But you you know kind of I think assess uh would |
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| 01:06 | somewhat higher studying one in preparing for . Okay, so um so like |
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| 01:13 | said, we'll intersperse this with different Important important things to take away. |
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| 01:20 | so but we do have to finish for the last part of Chapter |
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| 01:24 | Right? That's where we'll start. not email uh detailing this stuff. |
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| 01:32 | cost of schedule is open now so can go in to reserve a seat |
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| 01:38 | quiz too. Um in smoking available class. So that covers topics in |
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| 01:48 | temperatures report to basically what we talked on some of the stuff we talked |
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| 01:53 | on Tuesday and M today. Um so I wait until I get |
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| 02:01 | that Chapter four stuff. So let's is there anything else here? |
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| 02:06 | not yet. We gotta tucker three . So let me go to |
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| 02:10 | All right, so ah what are left with what kind of infrastructure structures |
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| 02:20 | themselves, you know that um We with Mhm metabolic kind of late |
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| 02:29 | The combat zone and dial up Boyd's gas HVAC you als um and that |
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| 02:37 | of every storage molecules. No I . Starch does monochromatic Granules of phosphate |
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| 02:45 | uh manuals sulfur Granules was kind of byproduct of metabolism. So and then |
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| 02:54 | we um didn't get yet. So what we're gonna start with. Medina |
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| 03:00 | . The last thing we talked about so um pilar so these are made |
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| 03:06 | the same material. Okay same structurally material. The pylon monitors make them |
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| 03:13 | . The difference is from reality tend be more numerous. Um As you |
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| 03:18 | see here this is uh this is the of surrounding that bacteria there uh |
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| 03:26 | be shorter. More numerous pillai um to have more specialized functions memorized by |
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| 03:33 | all the attachments. So can of pillai as well in different ways and |
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| 03:40 | it can be associated with the type motility as well. See called this |
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| 03:43 | motility still I can't have a straight function. You can have a you |
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| 03:48 | have a sex pilot involved in congregation bring cells together and transfer of genetic |
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| 03:56 | . We'll talk about that later. They can there's also specialized functions where |
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| 04:02 | is used to rub onto DNA fragments the cell and bring them in. |
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| 04:07 | called transformation. Okay so again with pillai there could be less numerous of |
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| 04:14 | with more specialized functions in some Okay, But where more numerous tend |
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| 04:19 | be shorter and certainly. Okay. they both can be careless backwards for |
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| 04:26 | certain pathogens. Right? Um those lacking these presents factors will not cause |
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| 04:33 | are much reduced in terms of coffee . Um the uh so I'm pushing |
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| 04:41 | chills just talking about that for a . So the utility number one, |
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| 04:48 | pilots, # two. It's all surface. Okay, so where as |
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| 04:55 | pendulum, as we'll see shortly, after this, um this movement of |
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| 04:59 | bacterium in the matrix, you acquis matrix. Okay, and all |
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| 05:04 | mentions, of course, um a motility is all about on the |
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| 05:09 | Okay. And involved in pinas that glamorize add more pilin monomers, make |
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| 05:18 | longer, and then Diploma rise. them out, make them shorter. |
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| 05:22 | it alternates between Stanley that pilots. , then, attachment comes in where |
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| 05:30 | looking at the pilots here, it's arising. So you see it's extending |
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| 05:35 | in this direction. It's gotten larger and we'll attach at a point on |
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| 05:40 | surface. Okay, So if you at the this cock, see the |
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| 05:45 | movement is of course in this Okay. And so as the pilots |
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| 05:52 | arises, gets longer, attaches, diploma rises, get shorter and then |
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| 06:00 | subsequently draws itself goes emotion. Tour attachment point. Okay, so it's |
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| 06:05 | about on the surface and they collect because it's not necessarily a smooth kind |
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| 06:10 | motion. Okay, It's not a kind of motion. Okay, so |
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| 06:17 | I think if it's it's kind of crazy analogy but think of a trying |
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| 06:21 | row a boat on land, Whether it's yours or the pill, |
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| 06:25 | right and you're words are going forward around, then you moved as well |
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| 06:31 | the polite shortens. Not a great , but the point is that detaches |
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| 06:40 | it's kind of a perky jerky or . They call it motility for that |
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| 06:44 | , but it's all on the all about being on the surface. |
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| 06:48 | um you can combine, you legitimate Caroline motion in the matrix and |
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| 06:54 | on the surface it just depends on bacterial type. Um but the uh |
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| 07:01 | we talked really about and so the on the right, let me just |
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| 07:05 | complete the thought. So the picture the right here. Okay, |
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| 07:09 | explaining the same thing. So the , I can extend in different |
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| 07:14 | right? Depending on motion where it's to analyze this can be driven |
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| 07:19 | you know, a attractive types of that will draw one way or the |
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| 07:25 | that bind to receptors. We'll see in motion without using a Okay, |
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| 07:32 | , but the difference between the the jello motion. This motion is |
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| 07:36 | is on the surface. Okay. now we we talked about the stock |
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| 07:45 | um in the context of the having on one end of the cell versus |
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| 07:51 | other? Asymmetry? Asymmetry in terms a rod shaped cell for example. |
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| 07:57 | so this is a stock. Uh is a function of the nutrient |
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| 08:04 | The self finds itself. So you switch between between a stock which holds |
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| 08:09 | place and therefore it's all about nutrient . Uh If it's in a nutrient |
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| 08:21 | area it will want to stay in until the nutrients are exhausted. Uh |
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| 08:26 | the artist will switch to the mode go elsewhere to find just kind of |
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| 08:31 | drives this. Okay. Um Any questions about that pillow in february |
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| 08:37 | motion? Yeah. You try to it back to me. So what |
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| 08:44 | this involve? # one and number . Thank you. What's the pilot's |
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| 08:52 | to Surface Collins and surface are two . So when it's attached to the |
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| 08:59 | , what's the house the motion The pilots is like this and then |
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| 09:06 | , right length shorts. How is doing? How's it shortening? |
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| 09:12 | Diploma Rising. Taking units out. . How's it how's it going? |
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| 09:16 | arising, adding us to it. alternates and the motion is attached then |
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| 09:23 | rised draws the salt to it. move again. Problem arise make it |
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| 09:30 | attached again. And so it Memorization, decriminalization is how tell the |
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| 09:36 | lengthens and shorts and the cells attached it. So it's gonna go that |
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| 09:41 | . Right? The cells attached to pilots pilots attached to a surface |
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| 09:45 | they're gonna draw go along with Okay. Does that make sense? |
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| 09:51 | . Yeah. Is it similar to elements, movement? Not like a |
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| 09:56 | contraction kind of a thing. Not because that involves minus and acting, |
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| 10:02 | them across each other. And not not really only in the sense that |
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| 10:07 | have a protein binding and it will some kind of movement. But this |
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| 10:11 | this is going to be different. . Any other questions? Yeah. |
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| 10:20 | . Uh I've seen values of, , I don't describe in terms of |
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| 10:30 | like um like a few millimeters per something like that. So you can |
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| 10:37 | if you're in a lab you saw may have seen the proteus on a |
|
| 10:43 | . It's kind of swarms all It doesn't really form a really good |
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| 10:46 | from the movement that's actually due to kind of twitching motion. And so |
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| 10:53 | , the motion is it's it's certainly is I can't I don't know exactly |
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| 11:00 | I don't need to see. You , it in terms of millimeters per |
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| 11:03 | . And my dad, so there is certainly noticeable. Yeah, |
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| 11:08 | Yes, suit typical movement toward a source or something like that. That |
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| 11:12 | this any other way. Yeah. let's look at so nanotube eagles don't |
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| 11:19 | much to say about this other than found in a few bacterial species, |
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| 11:24 | relatively new phenomenon that it wasn't aware this when I was studying microbiology but |
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| 11:30 | back in the Stone Age, but there are types but so this is |
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| 11:36 | that can perform uh um extensions of cytoplasm and connect with other members of |
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| 11:42 | population, right? He didn't do . So exchanging material molecule, It's |
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| 11:49 | I think they've documented for. Even genetic material have been transferred this |
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| 11:54 | Okay. Um There is this phenomenon um psychopathic streaming. We see new |
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| 12:02 | cells. I don't know what they those tubules though that was traveling through |
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| 12:06 | nonetheless kind of somewhat similar to Okay. Um the end there can |
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| 12:13 | connections between different species as well from cytoplasm connect with each other. |
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| 12:19 | so uh for jell o Okay, the last part of Chapter three is |
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| 12:25 | fragile emotions. Um you made of with gelatin protein that are connected together |
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| 12:36 | the motion unlike the eukaryotic cell, so you're eukaryotic from john. Oh |
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| 12:42 | firm. For example, the motion kind of a whip like motion like |
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| 12:47 | . Okay, bacterial motion is much than propeller. Alright, biscuits |
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| 12:53 | Okay. And the john the arrangements uh can be there depending on the |
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| 13:04 | . So you may have some that just one flagellum shown here. Uh |
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| 13:10 | may have a cluster at one end all around the cell as you see |
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| 13:17 | or one of and which is not that common. And you might |
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| 13:22 | okay, well how is that thing swim? It was one at both |
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| 13:26 | , what they might be opposing each and it turns out that either one |
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| 13:29 | functioning or the other is functioning not at the same time but that's not |
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| 13:34 | type that's really that common. More to see things like this, this |
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| 13:40 | this type here. Okay. Um so we talked about before in the |
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| 13:47 | of the LPS layer program negatives. the H engine related to the |
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| 13:57 | again um you know technically any any that's motorbikes, pendulum has an |
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| 14:02 | And again but it's really only was for uh and it really worked out |
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| 14:08 | like your e coli and Samuel and like enteric pathogens where they use this |
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| 14:14 | a way to identify. So the saw that no 1570 coal line identified |
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| 14:21 | that particular. Oh police accurate variant the H engine. There can be |
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| 14:28 | numbers of others and identified by the slab. Um and the last sequence |
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| 14:35 | the for that type. And you give me that give me a logical |
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| 14:40 | and you can identify with antibodies Service . Okay. Um so the point |
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| 14:48 | H. And okay now the Well the structure the structure is a |
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| 14:57 | that is inserted into the membrane and rotor portion or rather the hook portion |
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| 15:06 | is what's attached into the basil body is then inserted into the membrane the |
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| 15:13 | is actually where the rotation occurs and again the propeller like action. So |
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| 15:19 | rotation can be two orientations right, ready to rotate clockwise and rotate |
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| 15:25 | Okay. And that uh that's essentially difference in the types of motion is |
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| 15:32 | one way or the other and that you two types of motions. |
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| 15:37 | It is of course energy requiring and we mentioned about the proton pumps earlier |
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| 15:45 | I on grading too, you can the stored energy to do things. |
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| 15:50 | that's one of the things that many that nine grand is used for us |
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| 15:54 | move a foot jell o The energy that movie, the jello uh to |
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| 15:59 | motion. Okay, so that or can either move counterclockwise or clockwise and |
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| 16:07 | rotation promotes straight line movements. we're called runs. Okay, so |
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| 16:16 | counterclockwise rotation produces a purposeful let's say motion towards something. Okay. Um |
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| 16:29 | it's all about binding to a Okay, so chemo attractants for |
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| 16:35 | All right, these are things that move towards them. Okay, and |
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| 16:40 | the movement is influenced by binding to molecules. You have receptors for attractants |
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| 16:48 | one pole. Okay. And you'll attractive molecules that if they had the |
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| 16:56 | for will bind. Right, and binding will promote so these are attractive |
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| 17:06 | . Little triangles that will promote Okay, and that reinforced the counterclockwise |
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| 17:16 | . Okay, now the it's influenced how much is there? Okay and |
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| 17:23 | how much these receptors are bound with molecules because it becomes a a phenomenon |
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| 17:32 | mhm amount or proportion the proportion of . Okay, two tumbles and tumbles |
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| 17:42 | the clockwise clockwise tumble, counterclockwise Alright so a tumble means it's almost |
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| 17:50 | spinning in place. Okay that's kind how to think about. So that's |
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| 17:55 | jello in this example here when you're they kind of all around rather than |
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| 18:01 | in a unified motion as you see here. Okay so they kind of |
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| 18:07 | and it's kind of spinning in place ? Okay so when we look it's |
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| 18:12 | about the ratio is the proportions of to tumbles. Okay. And so |
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| 18:18 | it's infamous by of course the levels a is attractive present and how |
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| 18:23 | Okay so if you look at what call a random walk, okay this |
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| 18:31 | really a just um a non purposeful , right? So it's it's moving |
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| 18:38 | in the straight line briefly that So the points um would be a |
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| 18:45 | , okay and then the these would runs so they alternate randomly between runs |
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| 18:54 | tumbles. Okay so it'll run for bit then it will tumble and spin |
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| 18:59 | then go in one direction. So idea is that presumably the bacterium is |
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| 19:04 | to find something favorable out there. it goes okay let me let me |
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| 19:10 | this way randomly let me randomly go the direction then I'll spin and be |
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| 19:15 | off in a different direction and maybe doing this I'll run into something, |
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| 19:20 | , so that's probably kind of what idea is here, that there's an |
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| 19:23 | out there, don't know where it's , but if I just go in |
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| 19:26 | directions here and there or whatever, accidentally run into it, okay? |
|
| 19:30 | when it does happen okay then there's more purposeful movement motion right from point |
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| 19:38 | . To point B. And so don't completely eliminate the tumbles. |
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| 19:46 | but you do increase the frequency of as you can see here initially and |
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| 19:51 | is attracted so low level, concentration level of attractant too high level |
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| 20:06 | high I'm going this way. Okay and as it gets it senses it |
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| 20:15 | to the receptors been rich and receptors promotes more clockwise rotations less tumbles and |
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| 20:21 | it keeps going more and more encounters and more and that produces more and |
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| 20:26 | uh run run motions and so that of course that's what we want to |
|
| 20:33 | . Getting this really high concentration of which presumably attractive is going to be |
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| 20:38 | type molecules. All right, so will enable it to then get into |
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| 20:43 | area of lots of nutrients and then energy source etcetera. Okay, so |
|
| 20:48 | it's all about movement. The proportions to tumbles right more more tumbles we |
|
| 20:56 | real signature tumbles and runs then it's kind of casually going here and there |
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| 21:03 | to find attractive but if you see of of ones tunnels and it's likely |
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| 21:11 | detected something is is going toward Okay. Something favorable. Okay. |
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| 21:17 | Pente clockwise runs clockwise topics and it's comes by by them to uh |
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| 21:24 | Okay. Any questions about that? on the previous slide only happened when |
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| 21:37 | it promotes those but you get more those if you have more attractive |
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| 21:41 | So it's about levels of how much are all the receptors being bound or |
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| 21:47 | ? So that's that's the frequency of many receptors being bound determines how how |
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| 21:53 | runs occur running can still happen. can but yeah but then but then |
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| 22:03 | you have the tumbles are more Right. Right. So correct. |
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| 22:08 | correct. The parts of the cell are technically attractive. No so magnetic |
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| 22:14 | are only a specialized species. Okay it's not that has nothing to do |
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| 22:23 | so that's strictly just magnetic attraction. . Oh sure sorry about that. |
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| 22:34 | about that. Yes. Absolutely. Is there a bench to having more |
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| 22:43 | gel? Um I don't I think um There's varieties have different types. |
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| 22:51 | I can't tell you which one is common though. I'm not I'm not |
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| 22:54 | don't know that answer but but I I don't think there's a difference in |
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| 22:58 | more or less. I don't think there is maybe somebody studied that. |
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| 23:07 | , different. Yes. All Um, well, I don't know |
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| 23:15 | you see it. You have So, we have now two bits |
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| 23:18 | different species. You would have to then um, I mean isolate and |
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| 23:25 | those organisms. I mean, it be obvious. I'm not sure if |
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| 23:29 | answering a question. Right? Yeah. Um so in the |
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| 23:37 | mm hmm. If it's constantly there's likely not very little if anything |
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| 23:48 | there that's promoting it to run. it's probably very little attractive out |
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| 23:52 | At least that it can bind Yeah, the other one. |
|
| 23:59 | what's the difference between like and like uh, a sex pilot is gene |
|
| 24:10 | ? Um, it's part of the process, um, that we'll talk |
|
| 24:16 | . But now to Bill, I know. I don't even know if |
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| 24:20 | is now the mechanism that promotes nanotube . I don't know if it's a |
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| 24:29 | thing or Exactly. The second pilot an actual protein structure. Yes. |
|
| 24:40 | , I yeah, there there can two fortresses can connect and share |
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| 24:46 | It makes sense that they possibly seriously . But in conjugation requires replication of |
|
| 24:55 | of the and typically transfer plasmids in . He had a copy detachment synthesized |
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| 25:02 | pilots was all part of the Whereas nanotube information don't know the exact |
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| 25:09 | and then it's not maybe more, . Okay. The and the chances |
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| 25:15 | exchanging genetic material. I don't know if that would happen, very frequently |
|
| 25:20 | at all because it's not an orchestrated . Like congregation is Okay. Is |
|
| 25:26 | makes sense? Yep. Any other ? What? Alright, so let's |
|
| 25:35 | we have to remember we had a that preceded this section at the end |
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| 25:38 | time that covered some of the latter of the part to stuff. So |
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| 25:43 | of that here and then uh this . Okay, so let's look at |
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| 25:54 | question here. All right. So so we looked at this before last |
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| 26:04 | . So ph be boxy zones, chemo taxes. Um Making those |
|
| 26:13 | So uh waldron uh talking about Um So while you're reading an |
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| 26:19 | so it's positive cuba taxes. So there are molecules that are more exclusively |
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| 26:26 | the context of attractants. You can't repellants, repellants or molecules that |
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| 26:32 | present will be noxious or toxic to cell and would run away. So |
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| 26:37 | can have kind of worked the opposite too. But a negative chemo taxes |
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| 26:43 | movement away from Yeah, this is about positive chemo taxes. Movement towards |
|
| 27:01 | . Yeah, I know it would less likely maybe. I mean if |
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| 27:13 | connecting to selves together and transferring stuff a random class would just accidentally be |
|
| 27:21 | through maybe. But I think it being a regulated process of what goes |
|
| 27:33 | my congregation is pretty well control that . So I think part of chances |
|
| 27:39 | less. No. Alright. mm hmm. Mhm mm hmm. |
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| 28:12 | 543 two one europe mm hmm. . So the magnetism, that's the |
|
| 28:24 | one. Alright. So magnetism is not um about food or energy for |
|
| 28:30 | compass orient that sell the magnetic field towards south or north depending on what |
|
| 28:38 | itself. Okay. Okay. Um on chapter three could all this |
|
| 28:50 | Right? So um uh quiz backward will cover more of this. But |
|
| 28:59 | just what we talked about on So areas involving I guess more on |
|
| 29:06 | right side here. Several skeletal elements blah blah blah. That's of the |
|
| 29:12 | on the blackboard quiz this week is what's. Right, okay. Um |
|
| 29:18 | then then then the material from Chapter We'll talk about today. Okay So |
|
| 29:25 | one thing I just I did do the end here was to uh switch |
|
| 29:33 | uh this part. I put the stuff which involved calculations at the |
|
| 29:39 | We're probably not gonna get to it . That's fine. But we're gonna |
|
| 29:43 | about everything that's above here. Uh so we're gonna do calculations stuff until |
|
| 29:51 | next Tuesday is not that complicated. look through. And uh we'll do |
|
| 29:55 | of those problems on Tuesday. Um we're gonna focus on growth requirements blah |
|
| 30:02 | blah. So I actually have like little flow chart here. So let's |
|
| 30:05 | a look at that. So um looking at growth requirements for bacteria which |
|
| 30:13 | course um It depends on the nutritional , how to grow it and what |
|
| 30:18 | need to add to the medium. physical chemical factors, right. Different |
|
| 30:23 | ingredients elements etcetera, physical factors, . Uh Other things to consider their |
|
| 30:33 | requirements. Of course. Growth putting together in the growth medium formulation. |
|
| 30:40 | grows media type. Okay complex with media. We'll talk about that. |
|
| 30:46 | um And then there's different categories selective differential enrichment medium, general purpose, |
|
| 30:55 | high yield medium. These are all . What are you trying? Why |
|
| 30:58 | you why are you growing them? for what purpose? And so you |
|
| 31:02 | employ different of these media types. . Um The growth media form is |
|
| 31:10 | liquid solid. Now a semi Of course the most common types of |
|
| 31:17 | and liquid and there are roles for of those uses for both of |
|
| 31:21 | Um Then what we'll talk about next . Cell numbers growth rate growth we'll |
|
| 31:28 | talk about batch growth curve. Right the phases of growth like black log |
|
| 31:36 | death based. Okay. Um But talk more about how you produce numbers |
|
| 31:41 | quantitative these things next time. Okay uh let's start here with this |
|
| 31:54 | So for most bacteria increasing the amount this nutrient to a growth medium will |
|
| 32:01 | lead to a significant increase in cell . Which nutrient would this be? |
|
| 32:08 | so I'm gonna go and put the on. I already know you know |
|
| 32:13 | answer is this slam dunk. All right. 1 1.11 .2. |
|
| 32:45 | . Here we go. Cute. 78%. Say carbon. Um That's |
|
| 32:59 | . Okay somebody so happy you've got . It's good. Okay so the |
|
| 33:07 | is then why why why carbon why why the cells of carbon, |
|
| 33:18 | They have many saturates. Okay if can't manufacture it, what does that |
|
| 33:23 | it? What kind of nutrient does make it? Okay so so back |
|
| 33:29 | the white farmer is carbon skeletons. so biomolecules of life. Right, |
|
| 33:40 | acids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats all built around a carbon frame and |
|
| 33:46 | you add different elements to that to it very small molecules. Okay |
|
| 33:51 | So um life depends on this. ? Uh There has been uh I |
|
| 33:57 | a star trek episode where they had based life okay. Where everybody had |
|
| 34:02 | S instead of the sea there. . Um But it's what we are |
|
| 34:08 | carbon based life. We have to these molecules uh two to build our |
|
| 34:15 | . Right? We break stuff We take those building blocks and we |
|
| 34:19 | new biomolecules. Okay so in any growth anything really? But you know |
|
| 34:27 | talking about bacteria of course you want get lots of bacteria growing. You |
|
| 34:31 | have carbon in there. Yeah you the other stuff too. But carbon |
|
| 34:35 | the biggest so C. H. . M. P. S. |
|
| 34:39 | ? Um essentially these these are your nutrients the things that are carbon um |
|
| 34:46 | phosphorus. So macronutrients I say are of I use the term these are |
|
| 34:55 | grams per leader. These are in or less per leader micronutrients more or |
|
| 35:04 | less of them. Machinations of course more. Right The special interests cannot |
|
| 35:09 | made. Right? So carver's essential so you can't make carbon right? |
|
| 35:13 | you have to give it to them ? Um And then they can do |
|
| 35:17 | thing with um Now I didn't mention said see in yes you don't have |
|
| 35:25 | add a church to approach me. is that for the water? Right |
|
| 35:33 | it's also part of carbon market. . Your sugar to a carbon |
|
| 35:41 | It's gonna a just come along with . So too is old. Right |
|
| 35:45 | there's generally parts of of hydrocarbon molecules you didn't give right as food |
|
| 35:52 | Okay or there are other parts of molecules that you supply to them. |
|
| 35:58 | um Okay here's another question. Alright this kind of addresses a couple of |
|
| 36:05 | here. Um So take your time read it. So each of the |
|
| 36:11 | represents the chemical composition of various growth which one is chemically defined what we |
|
| 36:20 | synthetic. Okay or minimal medium uh for growth of a hetero trophic |
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| 36:27 | So the operative words are involved can defined and header proof. Mhm. |
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| 36:34 | which of those? Oh let me that again. Okay, so which |
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| 36:39 | those fits? Okay. So not here write and read. So supplying |
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| 36:51 | to remember certain things require sio They can't eat things like fats or |
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| 36:56 | and things like that. Why? here four we put it directly in |
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| 37:06 | medium and something like this incarnate That uh that will be converted to |
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| 37:11 | two. So that's another way of theo too. Okay. Mm |
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| 37:35 | So chemically combined for minimal medium or . I mean the same thing. |
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| 37:46 | right. Let me put timer Mm hmm mm hmm hmm hmm hmm |
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| 38:04 | hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm hmm. Okay, |
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| 38:12 | hmm. Thank you. Okay. . Here we go. 10. |
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| 38:30 | . So between A. And It seems like um okay um let's |
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| 38:42 | with which are the chemically defined media chemical to find. We're not saying |
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| 38:50 | going on? The find media are . And D. Correct Because why |
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| 39:00 | can quantify everything correct? You can't can't you quantify? And when these |
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| 39:04 | the media, right? So you're complex media have things like this and |
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| 39:11 | it's next question. Pep tone used extract. Um you see here as |
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| 39:19 | uh here as well. Okay. these are we call comp complex |
|
| 39:27 | So even if you have a bunch ingredients like this. Right? You |
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| 39:33 | sucrose and you see all this other . Right. And you have even |
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| 39:38 | complex nutrient that makes that media a meeting like and so a complex medium |
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| 39:47 | know the you can be given a and periodic chart. You can calculate |
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| 39:55 | all the ends of carbon hydrogen auction polluted and everything right? But you |
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| 40:01 | believe it has a pep Toni yeast because although and what pep Toni is |
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| 40:07 | basically a beef product that's been treated enzymes I think. Right you can |
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| 40:13 | any kind of meat right treated with or you boil it to kind of |
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| 40:20 | it down, make it make it able to use it and to dissolve |
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| 40:24 | in the medium to use it. but it's essentially meat or plant. |
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| 40:30 | can be like soy products, soy can be a complex nutrient but you |
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| 40:35 | it contains all. It contains C . O. M. P. |
|
| 40:38 | . Yes. You don't know the proportions right. Of what's in |
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| 40:45 | That's what we call it. A medium. Right? But with a |
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| 40:49 | example the chemical formulas for glucose and , phosphate and ammonium chloride and sodium |
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| 40:56 | . The mag sulfate and trace and trace metal. They'll be defined with |
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| 40:59 | . No and we can know exactly the proportions of are of all the |
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| 41:08 | . Okay that's what is a defined . Hence the term defined. |
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| 41:13 | Um So A. And D. fit that fit that description. |
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| 41:20 | The other ones have either one or of these complex nutrients of Pepito East |
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| 41:25 | . Okay. Um So now the is fine. Okay A. And |
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| 41:36 | . Okay. Now the question is one of those two will the hetero |
|
| 41:44 | ? Hey. So because the carbon here. All right. It is |
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| 41:55 | form like that. Okay. Just , the art professor professor. All |
|
| 42:01 | . You're gonna be sick of hearing say article pedagogy if you're But um |
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| 42:12 | 2nd you know how cultural heritage. . But we don't know what before |
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| 42:18 | . Right. Anyway, so um the although hetero carbon, what's the |
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| 42:28 | form? What's the form of the ? Okay so the correct answer is |
|
| 42:32 | Okay. Petra Trophy wife will grow that. And that's a defined medium |
|
| 42:38 | . Is the key. There is right source of C. 02 as |
|
| 42:47 | . But then Sulfur is H. s. That's a. You don't |
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| 42:52 | aren't familiar that but that's so much now. But when we talk about |
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| 42:56 | Trophy which we have, that's what is for energy. Okay. |
|
| 43:04 | So we're gonna mention define media here in a second. Let's look at |
|
| 43:10 | one. So you can again defining types. Right. So photo tropes |
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| 43:19 | chema tropes photo trove. So energy . Right defining by an energy source |
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| 43:26 | source. Right? Electronic sector. . So let's look at which one |
|
| 43:32 | Little Trophy. Okay. So you've your choice of A through G. |
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| 43:39 | . A. B. C. . E. F. G. |
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| 43:43 | one is little trophy? Mhm. . Remember what little troughs can and |
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| 44:20 | do mm hmm. Mhm. Yes. The timer going. So |
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| 45:03 | not you're not answering the bottom one . You're answering the little trophy. |
|
| 45:08 | let me pause it. Which box ? Little Trophy there? Took it |
|
| 45:17 | . All right. Which one is problem is that? Let the |
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| 45:24 | Which box represents Little Trophy? A G. Are your choices? Here |
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| 45:34 | go? Okay. 876. And okay. Alright. See |
|
| 45:56 | Uh look at the Mhm. I . Okay. Who answered the they |
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| 46:06 | to be resolved? Why do you to me? Mhm. All |
|
| 46:20 | And yeah, that's that's right. right. You're right, correct. |
|
| 46:29 | you C. 02. They don't organic carbon. They use things like |
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| 46:35 | . Two as an energy source and two west and whatnot. Right? |
|
| 46:43 | , uh to um So what would . What would that represent you? |
|
| 47:46 | , timer's going. Mhm. I . Okay. So um Yeah, |
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| 48:20 | is That is correct. Um The organic comments obviously. And we breathe |
|
| 48:34 | . Okay, so we are any about what is appropriate? Is |
|
| 48:39 | Yeah. So look at her It says so can you explain |
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| 48:49 | Why for the first one? Why do you need to see what |
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| 48:55 | up, grow up, grow Train tree. Yeah. So you |
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| 49:03 | , all organisms energy source like that cool for a little pro um carbon |
|
| 49:12 | . That's where it's like C. . Okay. Um So here are |
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| 49:22 | categories. Okay, chemo autotrophs. photo any question. Alright. Um |
|
| 49:36 | . And here we are again. the uh and you can combine these |
|
| 49:41 | . Right? Hetero hetero auto Hello? Is it seo two or |
|
| 49:48 | more complex? Glucose. Uh Fats have you? Energy source? Um |
|
| 49:57 | gonna be light or right. Non chemical oxidation or like Robin oxidation. |
|
| 50:06 | electrons right? Uh left organized. the uh little trough. Right? |
|
| 50:14 | something like uh let's change it up something like And they will oxidize that |
|
| 50:24 | will take the electrons from that and use the electron transport chain. |
|
| 50:31 | And eventually they can become reduced. ? So these these can be used |
|
| 50:36 | some cases oxygen. So there's little that can use oxygen. Those that |
|
| 50:41 | . Right. And so this is we'll talk about, you know, |
|
| 50:45 | . Okay. But the thing is we, for example, can use |
|
| 50:52 | , right? C six H 12 . Right? Break that down to |
|
| 50:58 | CO two and water. All And so we're getting carbon units from |
|
| 51:04 | to make biomolecules. Right? We're getting an energy source on this because |
|
| 51:09 | will produce a tps. Right? we are you know, hetero coasts |
|
| 51:15 | the two for one. They're carbon is also an energy source. Break |
|
| 51:20 | down. Make building blocks and make more organic molecules. And then in |
|
| 51:25 | process you breaking it down and release catches a teepee. But the chemo |
|
| 51:31 | lot of stuff gets energy here, ? Because that will produce a |
|
| 51:35 | P. S. Okay. But , Right? Where's the carbon coming |
|
| 51:44 | ? So it uses the energy of gps from that process of breaking down |
|
| 51:48 | organic molecules. And that energy is to fix CO two co two fixation |
|
| 51:52 | a lot of energy. And so photo of using light energy to help |
|
| 51:58 | you to fixation. Right? So another pro it's all about Okay, |
|
| 52:03 | got you. C. 02. . And so c. 0. |
|
| 52:08 | . It is very small. So you compare that to glucose, |
|
| 52:13 | ? You gotta take those C. . T. Let's build them |
|
| 52:16 | They energy. Right? So for truth um if you're having to make |
|
| 52:23 | organic molecules using Sio two, you've to have an energy source applying that |
|
| 52:27 | so it can be light. It be chemical oxidation uh questions mm |
|
| 52:35 | So uh what kind of growth medium this in the box? That that |
|
| 52:51 | about that? Okay. Hey, running? Okay. 10 seconds. |
|
| 53:43 | . So uh yeah, it's gonna a complex medium. So again, |
|
| 53:51 | addition of these complex histories pepto beef tripped. Oh, soy extract |
|
| 53:58 | Right. These are all components that C. H. O. |
|
| 54:03 | P. S. We just don't the relative proportions types necessarily. Alright |
|
| 54:10 | um here's a question. So this a terminology. So oxide trophy. |
|
| 54:16 | right so we're bacterium known to be distance. It was rolled on this |
|
| 54:26 | . Thanks Christine's amino acid. Our means something. Right? The question |
|
| 54:35 | what? So it's not a type questions so just somebody throw it at |
|
| 54:39 | . What do you got anybody? or no. No. Okay you |
|
| 54:52 | um Yes. Y yes you're a because oxygen is included in there. |
|
| 55:02 | also like he said it needed He grows on amino acids which is |
|
| 55:06 | in so what's, so what does Mr but randy randomly got for me |
|
| 55:19 | think you know what's that? What's ? Trust me. Bye bye. |
|
| 55:25 | so it's the hospitals can or can't ethnicity. Yeah. Right so it's |
|
| 55:31 | grow you have to do what? a five minute meeting. Right? |
|
| 55:38 | um so is it being supplied to ? Yes. Yeah I grew up |
|
| 55:49 | decision is the actual big supplier at complex nutrients the effects track headstone. |
|
| 55:57 | again just think of these things think pepperoni beef extract, its meat everything |
|
| 56:04 | , muscle tissue and whatnot. So gonna have always in real assets and |
|
| 56:10 | in there. Okay so um as as you got that complex nutrient |
|
| 56:20 | Um So again the obstacle. Term it's deficient, right? History or |
|
| 56:26 | oxygen is deficient in that pathway. can't make that amino acid for |
|
| 56:32 | Okay. He has a crime where sufficient or won't grow, wow. |
|
| 56:38 | , um, you could supply institution . Okay. Also supplied through one |
|
| 56:45 | these complex nutrients. Any questions on ? Yeah, My priority five. |
|
| 56:57 | on. Very acid is no longer credible media. It's like medium plus |
|
| 57:08 | disagree with that. But I don't with him about it. But that's |
|
| 57:12 | a lot. Absolutely. It's microbiologist invented it. So we invented those |
|
| 57:18 | . So yeah, he's that I disagree with that. Yeah. |
|
| 57:26 | , because you know what if you're the amino acid, you know what |
|
| 57:29 | , you know what the name as is and the and the atoms in |
|
| 57:32 | , you can absolutely quantify it. Alright. Any other questions? |
|
| 57:39 | not, not just it wasn't to , is it to that other |
|
| 57:41 | Okay. Yeah. Go ahead. . Mm hmm. Because you know |
|
| 57:55 | those complex differences are just lower though again, people that meet right here |
|
| 58:00 | the ground beef, you're getting all things in, right? Because you're |
|
| 58:04 | ground ground up towel and all the with kids in there are gonna be |
|
| 58:09 | that. Now the qualities that you have. No, but it's it's |
|
| 58:14 | gonna have a lot of those in . So that's why we're doing like |
|
| 58:18 | studies and you want to be You want to add this to the |
|
| 58:22 | you want to control that for some then you wouldn't want to have complex |
|
| 58:26 | . You wanna mil million and add into it. You can control |
|
| 58:31 | Okay. Any other questions? Um So can you explain the difference |
|
| 58:37 | selective Yeah, selective, selective. you are adding a chemical to the |
|
| 58:45 | ? Yeah. Species and growing very to gram negative, gram positive. |
|
| 58:53 | you add chemicals to prevent gram negatives growing and knowing that our grand positive |
|
| 58:58 | are types that give reverse as well destruction. Being just wanted. That's |
|
| 59:04 | trying to limit anything color reactions. you can find out something about |
|
| 59:10 | So great comment or something like headed many. Sure. And to see |
|
| 59:16 | supplying sugar and the ph indicator in color yellow and city city. So |
|
| 59:26 | see growth yet. Use the sugar that's producing this yellow color. So |
|
| 59:32 | using a other type of differences between types. Tell me something about your |
|
| 59:42 | . The other question. Okay, here's another medium question. Okay, |
|
| 59:52 | we have three media types. So a complex and to define media. |
|
| 60:01 | , so which meeting would a chemo growth? Go on. There are |
|
| 60:07 | lot of these terms that we There's overlap. Okay, thank |
|
| 60:13 | Uh it's just different terms to being same thing. Hi. So let's |
|
| 60:23 | open up. Mm hmm. Chemo tropes of chemo chemical chemical oxidation. |
|
| 60:48 | these organic sources. Right. the media and matching matching up what |
|
| 61:09 | what? Always into the carbon That's perfect carbon source then other |
|
| 61:26 | Thank you. You're a chemo organic . Okay. You're a chemo organic |
|
| 61:49 | . All right. So if you're chemo organic trophy, are you going |
|
| 61:56 | grow on uh A Yeah, complex . It's got the C. |
|
| 62:04 | O. M. P. In there. Okay. Um Are |
|
| 62:08 | going to grow on B. Key ? Gastro Yeah, organic glucose. |
|
| 62:15 | . You're gonna go and see? . Okay. C. 02. |
|
| 62:20 | right. I hear. So let's uh endure the clicker questions over the |
|
| 62:28 | . What would the chemo autotrophs go . All right. Mhm. |
|
| 62:34 | Is correct. So is for a right. c. 0. |
|
| 62:42 | Okay. Um A. And Are what? A. Mhm. |
|
| 62:49 | Lexapro for growing what C. A head or a trophy. So |
|
| 62:55 | trophy or kmart down through the same . Okay. Role on the |
|
| 63:01 | A. Right. Uh Okay. . M. D. C. |
|
| 63:13 | . PEI NB. And all these you're seeing when you posted after class |
|
| 63:18 | , so um so yeah. trip Tony yeast extract. Remember. |
|
| 63:32 | think it has meat. Absolutely. meat. I'm meat. We're |
|
| 63:42 | I'm okay. Um Yes. So I just put this in just |
|
| 63:51 | to mention quickly that there was a uses primary use for planes we call |
|
| 63:59 | the solid media is you know, the key step in obtaining a pure |
|
| 64:04 | . Okay, assuming the organisms cultural , excuse me. I said |
|
| 64:13 | Um and tangos. I said the and subculture and do work with |
|
| 64:18 | But a plate. Solid media has be a part somewhere in eventually attending |
|
| 64:24 | culture. Because allows individual alliance for , cells that are in this liquid |
|
| 64:30 | . And of course you can't see the naked eye, but you want |
|
| 64:33 | be able to see what's in there put it on the plate. |
|
| 64:37 | Yeah. You can see under a . But you can't you can't, |
|
| 64:43 | know, separate the mouth and grow up individually on this in a sample |
|
| 64:46 | that. So you need to put on a plate and then see what |
|
| 64:50 | got. And then go from there get a pure culture liquid media is |
|
| 64:57 | primarily for large quantities. You can stuff. Lots of cells. You |
|
| 65:02 | a pure culture inoculate a liquid medium you get tons of cells that you |
|
| 65:07 | for various purposes. But it's just DNA and sequencing or isolate proteins. |
|
| 65:13 | happens if you want mass quantities of for different reasons to use liquid |
|
| 65:18 | And I need you use something, gonna test your flask or you can |
|
| 65:24 | up to 100,000 liters if you wanted . Okay. But the point is |
|
| 65:28 | liquid. What you used to get quantities themselves to do things with. |
|
| 65:34 | . Um Okay, enrichment culture. look at this. Mm hmm. |
|
| 65:41 | this isn't a good proportion. Just about it and throw something happened. |
|
| 65:48 | What would grow on this medium is uh media components. Okay. And |
|
| 65:54 | a hint, Jack. Something in diagram. The hint. Uh any |
|
| 66:10 | . What's is there something missing? missing? Is there something missing from |
|
| 66:15 | media? Remember what you need in growth needs? Right, okay. |
|
| 66:23 | . So remember the C. O. M. P. |
|
| 66:27 | Right. And thanks. Right, is missing. Okay. So what |
|
| 66:35 | grow on this? But something will to grow on this. Mhm. |
|
| 66:39 | , we're all in this will be guys. Okay. We called nitrogen |
|
| 66:45 | into fixers. Not that not that expect you to notice for this exam |
|
| 66:50 | just an example of an enrichment So enrichment culture is it broke me |
|
| 66:57 | you, my components into to favor growth of one type over enough. |
|
| 67:06 | the soil sample, you're gonna have of things in there. But when |
|
| 67:10 | have put that grow generally you're hetero types often are the ones that really |
|
| 67:17 | fast and grow everything. Okay, let me try to monitoring the medium |
|
| 67:23 | get what you want to throw. is an example of something that's very |
|
| 67:28 | , right? Because that would be would certainly enrich for natural fixing bacteria |
|
| 67:34 | the soil of putting on this. not that militated or something this |
|
| 67:41 | So but again you can you can this to to you know again what |
|
| 67:46 | of metabolic type are you trying to grow or find? Then you can |
|
| 67:51 | the medium to that particular metabolic type then that will favor the growth of |
|
| 67:56 | over others. So that's what enrichment about. Okay so it's a subtle |
|
| 68:02 | between selective enrichment. They may see very similar work but with selective media |
|
| 68:08 | are actively putting inhibitory molecules to prevent from growth. Richmond doing I'm just |
|
| 68:17 | ch oh and ps you know putting ones of those in my medium to |
|
| 68:22 | growth of certain types. I'm not inhibitory chemicals to actually hit something. |
|
| 68:28 | so like putting antibiotics in immediately we that so that you're actually putting something |
|
| 68:33 | there to prevent something from growing. so no little bit of difference |
|
| 68:38 | But again there was being towards things stop something from growing or not just |
|
| 68:46 | playing the C. H. M. P. S. Into |
|
| 68:49 | combination that will favor one type or um Question um Fastidious. Let me |
|
| 69:00 | mention that real quick. So fastidious . Um Are you know it when |
|
| 69:07 | have one because you've got a Recipe a meeting that's like 100 ingredients |
|
| 69:13 | Right? They of course have to C. H. O. |
|
| 69:15 | P. S. But they often make a lot of stuff so you |
|
| 69:18 | lots of vitamins in there typically. and what we call gross factors. |
|
| 69:23 | factors are our components that you may necessarily know what's in there but you |
|
| 69:29 | what helps their growth like blood. example adding blood to a medium is |
|
| 69:32 | used patterns you know what's in blood a lot of stuff in there that |
|
| 69:37 | them grow but you know they grow and you just add it. So |
|
| 69:39 | call those things growth factors. So types, you typically had lots of |
|
| 69:44 | vitamins and amino acids and stuff because deficient a lot of out of |
|
| 69:51 | Okay. That's what we call fastidious . Very exacting requirements. Okay. |
|
| 69:59 | The status is often used in the of humans. We say another person's |
|
| 70:03 | are typically very annoying. Okay and go back to the fastidious would be |
|
| 70:08 | annoying because you're wearing lots of stuff and having to put this all |
|
| 70:12 | Um Okay so bacterial growth so we're gonna go into but just to show |
|
| 70:21 | magnitude growth and it can occur relatively . Right? So of course bacteria |
|
| 70:26 | binary fission which produces um exponential growth cells very quickly. Um 20 |
|
| 70:35 | You see you can grow in 8 10 hours. It was back e |
|
| 70:39 | for example under optimal conditions. Uh worry about these equations will mention that |
|
| 70:44 | time. But generation time is something you'll hear next lecture uh doubling time |
|
| 70:51 | often used the same thing. So time of course to produce a generation |
|
| 70:57 | we use generation time as a measure growth. Okay, so when we |
|
| 71:01 | at what's called batch growth. So a question that relates to the batch |
|
| 71:09 | . So take a look at So bad growth refers to you. |
|
| 71:15 | a container. Okay. Scientific, a shake flask. Yeah. And |
|
| 71:23 | plug media. Yeah. You Right? So that that badge, |
|
| 71:30 | ? You inoculate and you follow Yeah. And then we'll go through |
|
| 71:35 | cycle that you see there and then and that's it. You don't do |
|
| 71:40 | else to it. That's what we a batch batch growth. Okay, |
|
| 71:45 | all your Oh, that was my . Let me uh let me go |
|
| 71:50 | the podium. His name. so um, it's not working. |
|
| 72:04 | right, give me a second. got batteries. Thank you. Testing |
|
| 72:21 | . There we go. Okay, um sorry. Okay, so |
|
| 72:41 | batch growth. So again, we're kind of taking samples out just to |
|
| 72:45 | growth, which we do with the centimeter. You measure the cloudiness, |
|
| 72:49 | cloudy is getting anybody growth growth, you're not doing any other manipulations to |
|
| 72:54 | batch. Okay, so uh let's they wouldn't answer this the but the |
|
| 73:06 | phases of growth have different features. . And uh different characteristics as it |
|
| 73:16 | along. Okay. Yeah. go ahead and answer and go in |
|
| 73:41 | . So uh phases 1234. So is lag phase. Okay um evacuate |
|
| 73:51 | you first add cells. The cells to acclimate to their surroundings. |
|
| 73:56 | Um becoming turning genes on turning genes , adjusting to the surroundings. No |
|
| 74:04 | occurring yet. But once it does will then begin to take off and |
|
| 74:08 | phase. Okay and so uh in phase rapid increase. Right? Exponential |
|
| 74:18 | uh sales actually increased in size. . Lots of cells dividing obviously. |
|
| 74:24 | but eventually beginning to here. So is a log lag stationary phase is |
|
| 74:38 | we plateau growth equals growth rate death . Okay so it's not dying yet |
|
| 74:47 | it's very limited growth. They're very . Okay um Actually that's kind of |
|
| 74:53 | smaller right because now it's in survival right? And to become a smaller |
|
| 74:57 | less to keep up with let's be able to survive. The hope being |
|
| 75:04 | will come in and I'll be able grow again. Okay But eventually it |
|
| 75:09 | reach a point where uh nutrients are and now death rate exceeds growth |
|
| 75:16 | Okay so here this is true uh changes occur both into obviously but also |
|
| 75:27 | death phase. Okay So that's true well. Okay and then and face |
|
| 75:34 | face what we talked about Chapter five we're trying to add antiseptics and disinfectants |
|
| 75:38 | kill to kill cells. Okay. But this battery just died again. |
|
| 75:46 | So uh changes in cell size occur two and three. That's also true |
|
| 75:54 | and log a little bit smaller in . And this is also true. |
|
| 76:03 | the ceiling acts um. Ah when actively growing cultures as most most act |
|
| 76:13 | , yeah, better acting on Okay, So we'll leave it |
|
| 76:17 | folks. Pick it up on Thank |
|
