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GEOL6379-Applied Biostratigraphy - Friday-2-23-2024-video1719312821
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00:00 Hey, the recorder on and everybody can see. Still good.
00:08 you did it amazing. So, , I'm gonna, uh, for
00:14 of you that are online, I'm go walk over to the blackboard and
00:17 me know if you can see Thanks Daisy. And you. Good
00:29 . Yeah, we can see. . There you are. Ok.
00:41 , I hope you guys had AAA less hectic day than I did.
00:50 , uh, I know that Tessa to drive all the way here from
00:56 . I had to go, see one of the trail rides really
01:00 this morning and I had to fill a whole bunch of forms for
01:04 uh, I'm getting ready to have knee replacement Durrance during spring break
01:10 You guys will be in clicks. . So, um, and
01:19 uh, there's only three doctors that to, uh, operate on me
01:23 they, um, and they all a different data system and a
01:27 so you have to get passwords and I DS for three different accounts just
01:33 tell everybody what's going on. And person a contacts you, it comes
01:39 a message center that doesn't tell you it's coming from. It's just,
01:46 , uh, today we're gonna, gonna go through, uh, stratigraphy
01:53 quickly because, um, as I going through some of the slides,
01:59 , I realized that some of you had, uh, sequence photography yet
02:04 in this room has not had sequence . Have you had it? You
02:11 , you've heard of them? You've it and you've had it, some
02:15 the people online have not had it though. I I'm certain. And
02:21 , uh so we're gonna look at some of these simple things, the
02:25 various uh types of uh with the units, the significance of the contacts
02:38 um contexts have always been considered sig in litho stratigraphy because they usually represent
02:45 change in the depositional pattern or And uh sometimes they're also quite representative
02:52 missing time. In other words, uh it's like you have a uh
02:59 adverse history in the sedimentary layers is book you've ripped out some pages and
03:04 45 is sitting on top of page . You have to turn it the
03:08 way around because page one is on bottom and uh so on and so
03:13 . So it's really important when you a contact. Uh Another thing we'll
03:17 briefly mention is there are different sedimentary . Uh Some of you haven't had
03:23 course yet, either origins depositional systems uh um carbonate or it's uh we
03:33 it carbonate sediment technology. But they about uh often talk, you guys
03:37 uh depositional systems in that, then carbonates. Yeah. And so
03:43 yeah, we have, we have these strict titles and it's really hard
03:47 , to get the courses exactly the we went for the uh for people
03:50 are basically doing industry subsurface work, it be in hydrology or uh uh
03:57 or anything like that. OK. we're gonna, then we're gonna go
04:02 a little bit about depositional sequences, . The Strat nos are associated with
04:09 . And then uh just some of problems with just playing with the stratigraphic
04:16 . So um one thing that's um important to remember uh is that earlier
04:23 in an earlier lecture I explained to how they saw a succession of
04:29 but that succession of fossils, it . And again, uh from an
04:34 history standpoint, we start at the and work our way up. But
04:37 you're drilling a mine shaft for a mine, you would be from the
04:41 down just like we would be in oil industry. And um but
04:47 those layers because they're layered and they're over time and uh the law of
04:56 uh plays a role the one on is gonna be younger than the one
05:01 it because sediments don't get deposited in air. So it's just like pages
05:06 a book building up. Now we to call that layer cake geology,
05:11 now we know uh there's a thing sequence photography and sequence photography. Uh
05:17 of added a whole dimension of where could see three dimensional changes in
05:22 And whether something is down depositional up depositional dip or if you're on
05:28 stripe, if you're, if you an outcrop, it's on depositional
05:33 uh no matter whether there's sequence photography not, you will be able to
05:40 um something that looks like layer cake . Because if you, if you
05:45 the pages of a book, that is tilted and you looked at
05:50 say the books tilted like this and pages are here. And uh you
05:56 at that book from, from the side, maybe I should go over
06:01 and see the blackboard thing. If if the, the layers and silken
06:15 this, there's a lot of significance that. And sometimes we have layers
06:21 this kind of thing. Uh But would be depositional if, if we
06:27 deposition, the strike, in other go in and out of the
06:30 the ends of all these things are look like where. And uh so
06:40 nothing wrong with Larry Higgs photography. you are looking in the profit
06:46 uh the three dimensionality of uh the sediments are deposited, something that really
06:52 out with sequence photography and they call sedimentary or sequence architecture. Often it's
06:59 um uh sort of an architecture to because it has three dimensions rather than
07:06 a surface, a two dimensional thing a north south or east west type
07:12 thing where you um you see something like a plane. OK.
07:21 Uh The other thing about with the is it's based on that the Strat
07:28 characteristics and some people I think over that to mean that it's just based
07:34 the rocks. In other words, sandstone here is the same thing as
07:38 sandstone there. This is why we mis correlation all the time. This
07:43 happens a lot because people think that correlating from one sandstone to another sandstone
07:51 two different wells is purely the Strat correlation in a sense it is.
07:57 you have to put it in the of stratigraphy. You know, if
08:00 rocks are layered like a book and book gets tilted, you don't wanna
08:05 across the tilt and uh and, therefore, uh you have a Samsung
08:25 here that has a shell. we have a sandstone and I'm trying
08:32 draw a squiggly line like a lot card or sandstone. Again, sandstone
08:37 , sandstone here, this is more shale. We don't correlate this scene
08:42 scene you there's a Strat context to layers. In other words, they
08:47 layered, you know, they're gonna layer but if you just have a
08:51 lock here and well on here, sandstone, sandstone and the blood sandstone
08:56 thinking about the lar, you're gonna this time saying this sand obviously won't
09:04 with that one because usually this is like a flooding surface which is ac
09:10 if you had a sandstone that say it uh here in a different
09:17 would live. But these are so a stra spite of the fact that
09:23 calling it li stratigraphy and the litho rock, but stratigraphy means layers.
09:30 so if you ignore the ST part of it, uh when you're
09:34 to correlate, you're gonna run into and um probably 50% of the time
09:43 engineer is gonna do that, he's misc correlate things. But a geologist
09:47 to have the insights to uh to able to think about what a real
09:52 Strat Democratic unit is. It isn't one sandstone that looks like the next
09:56 in log. Well, it's one has Strat democratic continuity and you'll find
10:02 in a position where people are correlating the sandstones from one layer to the
10:08 and you will know they're separated and else will. But you know the
10:12 and so you will have to be to explain to them geologically why they're
10:17 a mistake. And um unfortunately, bias stratigraphy, it's a little bit
10:23 to do. But with bias photography becomes very easy because when you add
10:29 photography, you're adding a time component helps you see that those different
10:35 One, the one on the bottom like it's supposed to be a superposition
10:39 older than the one on top of . OK. So these are some
10:47 the uh the types of lithos graphic uh in the past, I never
10:52 any trouble explaining what a formation was a geologist, but it seems like
10:57 very hard to explain it to geologists today now. And uh but engineers
11:02 always confused by it. Engineers call anything that's a rock and it's in
11:09 ground, they'll call it a They have no idea. There's a
11:13 to this and it really is a of scale, but the fundamental unit
11:19 a formation. And normally if we something uh like at the diagram that
11:24 drew on the wall, all of sandstones that actually should correlate would be
11:30 sandstone formation. But somebody has the to take that whole interval and call
11:36 a formation, especially if it's not thick and there's no cut dry thickness
11:43 a formation. Some are thousands of thick and some are are less than
11:47 ft thick. And uh but but if someone names a formation,
11:55 you split it, you're turning it members, uh when you get to
12:00 like beds and laminate, they tend be smaller units within that sands.
12:06 , uh, uh, you've probably , uh, hopefully you've seen as
12:13 . You've seen out pictures of a in an outcrop and it shows
12:18 uh, I'm gonna go over the again. It shows set up
12:21 um, resistance, curly risk or to erosion bird. Yeah.
12:38 I might try not to do this much because I'm gonna swing. You
12:53 a section that looks like this on , on a log. Actually,
12:56 gonna resistance group. They have something goes like this, then it suddenly
13:06 like this. I I'm I'm doing really prudent in economics. This is
13:16 what you would see in an acro be, it would be a bit
13:23 up this way and this is something really softer. This is another
13:33 So these are what the bats would . Someone can name something like a
13:37 as a formation or they can uh this sort of has an abrupt change
13:44 she a long distance and they made information, these are the effects within
13:50 formation. And if for whatever the composition changed somewhere in the
13:56 like a little bit more silky and little bit more sandy up here.
14:00 could change the sandy one to a , which would be a division of
14:04 formation. So this was, this my formation. Um I can make
14:12 the formation, these would be beds the formation. But if these were
14:20 by and large were really sandy and this one had silk in it.
14:25 lot of silk in it. I'll see this. Explain. I was
14:32 . You're saying here and play down , they might buy this into
14:38 maybe there was silk and sand in shale here. Maybe they would quote
14:43 as a a member and it was of the silt uh play for play
14:48 find things this way to be like . And then that could be the
14:54 . So you can have a memory and both of them were made up
14:59 both the things and then laminate kind have a size to a Laminator,
15:03 really small things. And you see these little, it actually looks like
15:08 thin layers and that would, that be what laminates and beds, beds
15:16 beds. And mem mem a formation the formal unit that you name a
15:21 is any division of that formal You have to have at least two
15:25 . And uh I know then that be, it's one of those little
15:32 that's in between that show a different uh on the outcome and you'll,
15:38 you'll also affect the drilling speed as drill through it. Um If it's
15:43 subsurface, now, when we have lot of members that or excuse
15:48 a number of formations that seem to related to a major transgressive or regressive
15:55 , we will lump them together as group. And uh often things that
16:00 been in the past were named as are now have been elevated to something
16:05 call a stage because they have, have time significance to them too.
16:09 that stage has an age to OK. And um this is just
16:16 you um a picture kind of what was drawn and you have a bunch
16:20 beds. Here's an un conformity And because there's an un conformity
16:25 uh there's probably a good break But you can see here, somebody's
16:30 this a formation, that unit of and this one down here, a
16:35 , but all these little units in are different beds. And it also
16:40 like there's an un conformity right And that's probably why they split this
16:45 into two members. And this, member down here uh just based on
16:51 they've drawn looks like it's sandier than member up here. OK? And
16:59 is uh and then you also put what might happen if you put um
17:03 bio zones to it. But the of these units, if you just
17:09 ignore the fact that they're, if had a similar outcrop somewhere else and
17:14 trying to correlate it and, and only had a part of it,
17:18 might have a hard time determining whether fit here, whether it fit up
17:23 so on and so forth. If have extensive sequences like this to
17:28 it's usually you can, it's a chance that you'll get the lithos photography
17:31 well, but often, uh you , when you drill a well and
17:36 in a subsurface, you can't actually it. And, um, and
17:40 you drill a well next to it could be a mile away.
17:43 could be 10 miles away. It uh much harder because some of these
17:48 faces in here, the formation may be continuous, but it may,
17:53 get siltier uh as you move in direction away from high energy.
18:00 So let us, photography is quite complicated and it allows and if you
18:06 do it by the rock type, not sure what this should be,
18:11 say this is some sort of You know, if you had a
18:18 be meter and three carbonated here, 1 to 1, something divided.
18:24 you have a massive one here, and smaller than there over here,
18:29 may be and they may start to it out, but you might correlate
18:33 . What happens a lot in oil and subsurface is people correlate the two
18:37 ones, whether they're the right ones not. And again, it's that
18:41 gra um context that this is in in layers. And if they're,
18:49 a dip section, they'll be But if it's in a strike section
18:53 depositional strike section, you should be to see them like later.
19:00 Let me, I had this, door that it goes along.
19:22 And um there's different types of, units. And the Chrono Strat Democratic
19:30 is, is kind of uh you , we have rock units, but
19:34 Chrono Strat Democratic unit is kind of , uh this one is based on
19:40 fact that um we actually have This is the rock record. This
19:49 Tom. OK. And if I , I mean, these are two
19:55 concepts sometimes, like why do you to choose? But you have to
19:59 because they seem simple some of But, but uh sometimes I find
20:24 and people are, don't always catch significance. It's quite significant by
20:30 This, this would be the geologic this might be one day and a
20:37 ago. And I, and I different in this plan. Make it
20:47 , but this is a capital letter , not a Roman numeral for
20:52 the Bill versus 1000 which messes everybody . But like you just came.
21:02 . So, um this, this , this actually is millions of years
21:06 and uh somebody might call it quite lower pace. But I like to
21:12 , you know, we gone through , the time doesn't have a
21:19 Does he know we don't know everything the, I'm pretty sure the time
21:24 in. And um, and so , I play close to get into
21:32 uh close to black. Nevertheless, is what the geologic is. Look
21:41 the, look at the words on chronology. You've, you've heard these
21:48 , era is a time to a of time, an era of
21:53 an epic of time and age sub ages and, and o other
22:00 over here, it says, we're not too clever. So we're
22:06 call it an era them and like call it a system but the s
22:12 you know what fem usually means, This isn't a um perfect translation with
22:19 is, is what you use in . We want to just say it's
22:22 thing. So it's an era so these are things which we can
22:29 and they have three dimensions, but is the fourth dimension and it's completely
22:34 and it never, you know, just keeps still in the middle of
22:37 room and uh just like the 15 that we just watch at the beginning
22:42 this class again. Uh We're not we'll never get that back, but
22:46 can go back and look at can't go back and look at the
22:50 that was going OK. It's a thing and uh it's a completely different
22:57 . So, one of the things do in bio photography is work with
23:00 fourth dimension. Uh And uh and why you have to have a geologic
23:08 versus thieves. So this just means an era thing. It's, it's
23:12 real thing. It's not just to system series stage stages has gotten to
23:19 really important in terms of building uh time scales. Because we can,
23:25 can we take these rock units that name as a stage in the
23:30 Can we make a point? Take point in the I have the nonprofit
23:52 something like that in thickness. The is a big kindness and poor
23:59 When we make these things called got to talk about more context.
24:04 get it right here. That that much. This unit here might
24:13 an advantage to them. This unit been that much time. This unit
24:19 been that much time and uh one the things that we find too more
24:36 , Mr Yes, you do. . With this, there's a huge
24:48 . So Netflix is on to make nice here as normal start to
24:56 So um on this, on this , the restroom, it is the
25:05 of his suit. The reason it's hard to get this, I think
25:08 your head sometimes or anybody's head is this missing time is when you see
25:16 rock, when you drill through a , you can't imagine if something is
25:21 cause it's rock style, but time missing. It set a lot of
25:27 boundaries. That's why it's important to the difference between them but with
25:33 what we try to do is get rock units. So if I was
25:38 a stage by this, it would that simple. And if I was
25:44 trying to define a stage from this , it would actually be that front
25:49 time if we knew it. And be looking for another outcrop that might
25:56 all that time to make it a stage to the people that age.
26:00 these markers would be the age and , um and so what you're,
26:13 you're trying to do, um It get stages that cover the entire
26:21 an outcrop that has a, has we could call a stage that includes
26:27 all but most of that age. sometimes it goes a little bit over
26:34 uh we have a stage boundary in . But when um with Exxonmobil,
26:46 started arguing about the Pyle in the , do they have a cow problem
26:51 Monday until they put the fire place be? They had an outcrop?
26:59 , it was down here somewhere and there was fossils out here in a
27:04 of places and people like this, is the boundary uh uh that's a
27:11 and uh not just the stage but whole period. The people. Um
27:17 lot of uh surgical geologists, you , geophysicist, a lot of geologists
27:23 , that haven't done any strategy. if I have a time scale that
27:29 a boundary here at a time scale puts a boundary here. All I
27:34 to do is average but you don't this rock is younger, but now
27:42 can't average the age and the age one rock to the next can't be
27:49 average because call this, the bio to see what you can, can't
28:01 that that age based on that rock the same as that age based on
28:06 younger, there was a difference. uh and again, that's because these
28:16 are actual rock units and these are bits and pieces and formations comes down
28:23 here. These bits and pieces fit the time scale. They don't make
28:28 time, the time scale, the record is discontent. And I know
28:36 I was taking courses, uh what the stupidest thing in the world?
28:40 it, but it really uh is . It's profound actually. And
28:47 the thing about rock units is anybody works with sediment processes knows that sedimentation
28:55 not continuous at any point in time . And yet we see people develop
29:02 charts that look like it's continuous. put all these formations and chart and
29:07 , they all line up. Everything great. It's wrong. Uh UT
29:11 famous for um for publishing a Strat that have huge breaks in them.
29:18 they um for example, if there's what I've drawn here, this is
29:31 act of one then on the stretch . They would just go out like
29:37 and they're at a time scale that , didn't miss a be in
29:43 They can't happen. You can't you can't have a, a strad
29:49 in a time scale without having this . If there's a break, if
29:55 not, for me, you have have a gap. Ok.
30:07 um, the way, the way this happened and I, I pulled
30:11 out of a um freshman geology class that around the world, there are
30:19 that include these different periods of And of course, uh these are
30:26 color is paleozoic, the greens are and the uh the earth tones are
30:32 Cenozoic, more or less. And can see here from all the way
30:37 one to 19, but they don't occur together and sometimes uh it can
30:43 more complicated than this. Now, scientist, scientists at 40 different universities
30:51 go around and, and measure these . And uh one of the things
30:54 got uh Strat gray going in the early on is that one of the
31:00 stratigraphy over here in the UK uh over and identified some of the things
31:07 that were outcropping in South Carolina and and North Carolina and uh got it
31:14 . But that was hundreds of years . And um uh at this point
31:20 time, people have looked at sections over the world as we speak.
31:24 probably people looking at 1000 different sections if you count all the wells,
31:29 might be 10,000. So, uh lot of, a lot of this
31:33 of work is done at the Amica Center. We went all over the
31:36 and found some of the best out , uh where we knew we had
31:42 that were called stages that were as as anybody knew anywhere in the
31:46 But what you would do is look that complete one and look at
31:51 What you would do is find out one in one part of the
31:59 You have any five weeks, you one, you know, here's the
32:13 and you might find it got that of the time scale to have all
32:17 this, but it was missing this of the and then we would go
32:22 another part of the world that we find. Yes, in terms of
32:33 and uh then we would add that section when you saw the other,
32:37 would be the top only, this be the top of the stage.
32:40 might be the bottom mistake. But we, but once we started putting
32:44 all together like that, what people to do is figure out how,
32:49 to actually get uh that's about five that have the whole stage. And
32:55 the time in it was I for , the age of the stage might
33:02 in with this. Uh and then would be part with another stage and
33:08 is the part but that way we know we had the whole thing that
33:12 had all the time and that's why scales change because we keep, it's
33:19 pieces of a puzzle. This is simple. Bring this down over here
33:23 you overlap the three and the four you have one through seven, you
33:28 this over here and you have, it up there and you have all
33:31 way one through 10, you hook one to that one, you hook
33:34 to that one. So you have these things that are up to
33:38 You can get to 12 and 13 and then uh or up to 14
33:42 15 in this one and then this overlaps here and you can get all
33:46 way up to 19 and that's what is. It's a piece of,
33:50 public, right? Three. You hear me. Can you uh get
33:59 book with me? Really? You what that means? Can anybody hear
34:13 at all now? Yeah, I it's just when you go up to
34:18 chalkboard, you get further away from microphone on your laptop and then we
34:22 a difficult time hearing you. it comes, it comes in and
34:26 , I think depending on like if facing us or not. And
34:33 yeah, we, we can't see that, that last part of the
34:37 that you were drawing on, we only see the first part uh where
34:43 were drawing the, the time versus beds. That's really sign for
34:58 Can you hear me now? So obviously you can hear me
35:29 right? Yeah. Loud and OK. When I turn this computer
35:37 the microphone should take over. Can hear me now? Yes.
35:43 this makes or not. Can you me now? Yes. Loud and
36:35 . They said you can hear Well, one thing we're not doing
36:48 getting an echo. You guys hear now? Yes. Can you hear
36:59 ? Can you hear me now? not, they are saying yes,
37:04 sure if you can hear us. . Yeah, we're talking but it
37:09 seem like you can hear us. . Um Can you hear me
37:19 Yes. Can you hear me Yes. OK. How about
37:25 Can you hear me now? Am I getting quieter? The same
37:31 ? Pretty similar? OK. So we got it. So everybody
37:39 can still hear me. Can you your blackboard camera part? Because you're
37:53 . I can't draw, I can't . Did you hear that when I
38:05 over there? She um can you me now? Yes. OK.
38:23 thought I, I did unmute How about now? Yes. How
38:32 , how about now? Yeah. mean there's a slight echo but it's
38:37 like before like the other day because not netting. Ok. Ok.
38:49 a long, long, there's, an echo. Is anybody watching it
38:54 this room? Ok. Ok. . Yeah. Hey, can
39:03 can you hear me now? maybe talk a little bit more so
39:08 can hear how the testing, testing there. There's a little bit
39:14 an echo. Well, we, had it, I'm just gonna,
39:34 just gonna go ahead and, and I, and I feel is
39:37 , is it, are you getting echo back there? Yes.
39:45 I don't know why you, you get an echo but unless you're getting
39:50 that we're getting here, uh, not hearing an echo now. Can
39:56 hear us? Ok. So, , anyway, it's coming up,
40:08 ? Ok. If you, if , apparently, yeah, it should
40:12 , should be. Can you hear now? Did you just mute
40:21 Oh, it's your, your computer's ? Ok. Yeah, that's
40:34 this is the only one I I've turned this one off so that
40:36 is the only one that's doing Can you hear me now? Whatever
40:42 is after your echo is gone. is me. You sound great.
40:57 . Where is it? Ok. , I don't need to hear them
41:07 long as they can hear me so can figure it out. Well,
41:18 , we gotta get through the So, um, so,
41:24 some things change through time and that's of the things that's changed, the
41:28 is gone. Everybody in the oil still uses tertiary but it's gone.
41:34 uh the paleogene and the neogene is there and that part of the Sozo
41:40 uh the holocene in recent also has new names added to it. But
41:45 we won't talk about that. here is, uh I don't know
41:54 I'm gonna do. Why was Why is that echoing now? And
41:59 didn't echo before something's making it Anyway, uh That must be the
42:15 one. OK. So I know , I know they're getting my
42:23 So here is uh pretty much the timescale. And uh what this is
42:29 you is how uh here's the errors here's an eon and um that's the
42:45 Zoic and let the, um what can see here are these uh little
42:53 that are like golden spikes, uh , this uh intervals of time or
43:02 points in time that have golden spites ages with them. This is where
43:07 have stage boundaries that are very well based on what we think the age
43:11 be. In other words, uh the diagram I drew on the
43:16 We're not quite sure if we've got boundary figured out yet. Uh But
43:21 certain, we, we have 33.9 years figured out in the rock
43:26 OK. Anyway, um And so really the significance of this and uh
43:35 whole thing has been put together. what I was talking about before
43:39 is um there's been a big debate the past over this 1.8 and this
43:45 boundary, uh they finally decided that would go ahead and use the 2.5
43:51 to make um certain people happy. uh we still know that we have
43:58 ice ages that occur primarily down to . Uh When the boundary was up
44:04 at the base of the Calabrian, Then we had to account for some
44:08 these greater uh ice ages that occurred it. And the way the way
44:15 happens with bio photography is we have uh fossil zones, these are mostly
44:21 and some benic forums. Uh but are almost all planks and uh here's
44:28 zones over here and you can sit over here that they, uh they've
44:34 them down into larger zones and sub over here. And here's the rock
44:40 . And uh when you uh overlay like that with, with an idea
44:48 this, you can uh really get some of these boundaries tied down pretty
44:53 . And here's what I was trying uh talk about a little bit on
44:57 board. And um the problem with to set up stages is there can
45:02 gaps in time but not gap. in the rock record, there's a
45:11 and here's an overlap and they have figure out where in the overlap on
45:15 out. Uh They wanna, they put the boundary here, they wanna
45:18 the boundaries there. And here it's you this unit goes down to
45:22 that unit goes up through there. the kind of thing that I was
45:26 you with a simple diagram is what diagrams are all about. And um
45:34 this is more or less based on , photography and the problem is just
45:41 a whole unit uh is sometimes there's , there's extra rock for the amount
45:48 time that saved and other times there's enough rock. And uh what they're
45:53 to say over here is you need make the state boundaries. This is
45:57 of like um fossil zones if you a zone in a zone and,
46:02 you're not quite sure how they fit here. You take points, points
46:08 time and you take a boundaries, particular boundary, not a unit,
46:13 a boundary, some boundary that like was telling you, I in,
46:18 point that spot in what and just that the a that everything else has
46:24 be adjusted. That makes sense to . It's either incredibly simple or confusing
46:39 . OK? And um when they started putting uh a lot of the
46:45 this together, um here's a uh stage which this is the age and
46:52 more or less, but they're calling early. So this is the rock
46:56 and you can see uh it's stretched , but here is the actual time
47:01 was represented by some of the famous outcrops that they used to initially name
47:08 stages. In other words, what equal this on the time scale really
47:15 fit into this much time. And this is something I like a lot
47:23 the nets and uh and you could see the, if you can
47:33 excuse me, if you can Oh, yes. OK.
47:38 uh for example, the Ephesian, you have here, this is the
47:45 in time of some of the key . And at one time, they
47:50 calling it the Kian, the, some of these outcrops represented this much
47:58 instead of all of that time. uh so they've had to through
48:02 figure out where there's outcrops that fill in and they pick a point.
48:07 don't define it based on where this is or where this unit is.
48:12 , they try to find uh a section that goes farther down and
48:18 this area so they can fit it if they can't find it. Uh
48:24 would look like this on the chart there's no set lines yet. They
48:30 the boundaries around here, but they found a good point in the rock
48:35 to uh it sounds kind of but they call them golden spikes and
48:41 why these are sort of gold looking because they've got a golden spike in
48:44 rock record or that, uh, of the time scale and the
48:50 it's a tie between the stages and ages. Ok. They've been all
49:02 the world, they go all over world looking for it. And at
49:05 Amico Research Center we went to, , something like 300 well known outcrops
49:11 people were using to name stages and actually started to pull it together.
49:16 um Felix Gradstein uh wasn't the uh first person to work on this,
49:22 James Og was the one that started this database from all these areas that
49:27 were going to. And uh and there's international workers all over the world
49:31 were contributing to it too. So it's been all pulled together. Uh
49:36 the thing is, is these stages this age but uh see here they
49:44 it stage age. They represent this , but they don't represent all the
49:49 that the age should be. And you did units, you'd have missing
49:54 , if, if this unit defined top and the bottom of the
49:57 it would, would be incomplete. uh this is another diagram to try
50:05 confuse people even more. Uh This if you have a boundary strata type
50:11 you just pick it and you know above it and you know what's below
50:15 and you know, to have a , you have to have something that's
50:19 little bit below it above it and a point in the middle of
50:23 Uh Over here you had, you different units and, uh, this
50:29 one, yeah, because some parts it might be covered. You can't
50:32 it. Here's one unit and here's one where, uh you have a
50:37 strato type that helps you figure out it is here and where it is
50:42 just to make sure that you have . And you can see that the
50:45 in this case fits it, but almost never happens that way. So
50:51 best thing to do for the most is to use uh bound is use
50:56 strata types as that boundary with some above it below. It gives you
51:01 context in time. And then you figure out where the context is time
51:06 other ones is rather than try to , try to force this to represent
51:13 of that. OK. So uh you go in the world, people
51:24 wells and they have these things called types. And uh for something to
51:29 a real type, it has to published the oil industry as as
51:36 So uh these are from uh the industry and here's the Brent formation.
51:42 things are in the uh Jurassic of North Sea. Actually, the uh
51:50 the Middle Jurassic, I believe and so, um, what happens
51:58 a person will describe this section. a section would be described in a
52:03 . But, but in Europe, take these things more seriously than we
52:08 in the United States. They actually academic levels to gray in Europe when
52:13 doing the oil fields and stuff and just, you know, it,
52:17 a ledge, it's a bench, a formation that might be a
52:23 Um uh in North America, the the scientific nomenclature is often uh ignored
52:29 , or misused. And uh but is from uh the petroleum director in
52:37 . And so people would describe these based on the log character for the
52:41 part. And uh they usually use gamma logs and they'd also use some
52:47 the um cuttings and mythological descriptions and if they had cores and a lot
52:52 times they had cores. And uh is a paper I wrote a
52:59 long time ago and um this is showing you um uh based on what
53:06 were able to see at the biggest , this uh these units that made
53:11 uh the Black Mingo form a Black uh group and uh and uh had
53:19 it up into two formations. This the Rams, uh this is the
53:27 REMS formation over here and this one the Brown's ferry part of it and
53:33 is the other one showing the top you go from kind of a,
53:37 marine shale here and, uh, go all the way up to,
53:41 , something that looks like, uh sort of, um, a
53:47 carbonate rich. It's got, these little symbols represent. There's a
53:51 of mollusks in it. Seashells and kind of thing. What was interesting
53:56 in South Carolina is that until I along and did this, this little
54:01 right here was called the Cretaceous Tertiary . And uh at the outcrop,
54:08 couldn't find anything that was cretaceous in . So we got an auger hole
54:12 we drilled down another. Uh what it have been about uh 25 more
54:18 below the base of the, this the normal river level, the base
54:22 the river level uh when the uh very dry periods and low tides uh
54:30 go all the way to the bottom still had no Cretaceous and, and
54:34 of this has still has Paleocene in . So, uh or as far
54:41 I can tell for about 100 people were taken out on our crops
54:45 told this was the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary it was not South Carolina's quite possible
54:51 people are still going to it. uh and calling it that and then
54:55 the unit above it uh was the uh formation. And this is one
55:03 the members which was high energy, which was the Cora member and then
55:08 salacious muds stone down here, which the lower bridge member. And this
55:12 lower bridge because it was an outcrop a place called Lower Bridge. And
55:17 that I named this unit, this uh the unit outcrop near where a
55:23 a city named Chora was flooded, they could build a hydroelectric dam and
55:28 named it after that city. And if you look at it through the
55:34 Paleocene, uh and this is sort a um a Wheeler diagram to speak
55:39 , but you have these faces uh we thought we had at first.
55:43 then it turns out when we look the time, the Williamsburg formation was
55:49 by a lot of time with the formation. It's exactly the same kind
55:52 thing that I was talking about in diagrams before sometimes just because the rocks
55:57 together, you think they're continuous. then uh when you actually do the
56:03 , uh you, you can see they're broken up and then we had
56:05 separate unit up here. Um I this was a separate unit and I
56:10 the US geological survey name it because um uh they were making mistakes way
56:17 here that were all off. And and I thought just sort of so
56:24 wouldn't be so mad at me. I let them name that formation over
56:29 and uh I just don't, I'm putting the name on its, its
56:32 now. But this is from, a publication, this is showing you
56:37 thickness, it sitting right on top each other. But here's a gap
56:42 time, here's a gap in time here's a gap in time up
56:46 And all of those units fit into sort of uh time framework. And
56:54 another thing that's important to know is if you're doing geological work anyway,
56:58 think I showed you this once before on the coastal plain and you have
57:02 dipping towards the ocean. This is the east and this, excuse
57:06 this is to the west and this to the east to the Atlantic
57:09 And uh you actually see older layers up as you go inland. Uh
57:16 because we've got the edge of the . Oh, I shouldn't do
57:21 Um You can see here that this is younger and if you go a
57:25 bit farther landward, you get an unit, you go a little bit
57:29 landward, you get another older you go a little bit farther,
57:32 get an older unit outcropping or sub uh in that area. And uh
57:39 is kind of the way it all together uh in South Carolina where I
57:43 this study and this is uh similar and uh Virginia and Maryland. But
57:50 the uh coast of South Carolina, lot of the Atlantic coastal plain you
57:55 find these big breaks because um in Gulf of Mexico, you have significant
58:02 and uh you tend to have less these breaks and smaller breaks. But
58:08 um on the Atlantic shelf, when level drops, there's nothing. Uh
58:15 when it rises, you start to things in and it's doesn't subside like
58:20 did in the Gulf of Mexico. so you had a lot of accommodation
58:22 the Gulf of Mexico is capturing a of time where the Atlantic coast is
58:27 eroding or not depositing time. And and so, um you know,
58:35 get around to the bend of the of Mexico and you can see a
58:38 of this is, is more OK? And um the main types
58:49 boundaries that we have are these things conformity, un conformity. And um
58:55 think there's a almost no such thing an absolute conformity, but there are
59:01 where we, we think deposition was continuous and uh then we have units
59:08 we know there's breaks and uh this be sort of rock. But when
59:15 a break in geologic time, we that a hiatus because hiatus is a
59:20 term. And um then we have called dias stems, a relatively short
59:26 in deposition that would be hiatus would represented by a dias stem, but
59:32 hiatus could be a big one or small one. Then we have these
59:36 that we call apparent hiatal surfaces because , um we're not sure whether it's
59:42 break or it's just condensation that makes look like a break. And it's
59:47 of an important point and um conformal uh can be abrupt of sea level
59:59 . But then you're not gonna have lot of uh deposition, but an
60:03 one could also be the shift of , of a depositional faces like a
60:09 bar moving on top of a marine and an offshore bar moving on top
60:14 a ship. Uh when it's you kind of see this little shazam
60:20 uh kind of uh inner fingering like , that would be a great gradation
60:26 . Um I don't know if I a picture but I'll go over here
61:16 , or if you have something like , that's why it's kind of important
61:39 think about uh boundaries. You it's just seems kind of weird
61:43 Um but here's 123 or in time and up here might be four,
61:53 this might be 5617. So this an abrupt contact. This abrupt contact
62:00 not a conforming. This abrupt contact actually like. So there's a break
62:05 time here and it's, but it a uh period of time uh when
62:12 was erosion in here sample. If have sea level drop, you get
62:18 , you get a valley that's the and then through time it starts to
62:22 in. Ok. Quite often, that was 1234, just might be
62:31 , you might have missed five in time because it was, it was
62:35 going out to the Gulf of Mexico the Gulf coast. So these are
62:41 rough contexts. So that's what happens you have an, but when there
62:46 an un conforming, but the only that it's really rare to get a
62:54 , confirmable contact. But if you're you're looking at something on the
63:03 most of these are places and they these marine bars like this, they
63:11 be moving across it. And uh may happen over a short period of
63:16 , there may be some time missing , but a relatively limited amount of
63:20 and all of a sudden something maybe sea level drops and these bars
63:25 positive right there, but they stay there and it's sort of a continuous
63:30 it's a drop. You gotta s here in sand. So that would
63:35 the problem. And in the, this little bit of time, I
63:43 another brain thing on top of And uh this could be very intense
63:48 very small in terms of time and was continuous. But in time,
63:58 if you, if you do a look at this would this would almost
64:03 like a period of non deposition because little was positive that's what an imp
64:09 . I will serve you the apparent or even people, I have something
64:15 really thick. The draw, that of work. Yeah. These are
64:33 ships and sedimentation. That's why it's to sink the mountains. OK.
64:39 have deposition coming out from say a stand. It's filling up the stage
64:44 air sea level rises and, and these, these little sand marks that
64:50 put in a transgressive system to If you have a boundary, it
64:58 continuous in the rock record, but discontinuous. If you go across this
65:03 measure the time here at the that might be side of it.
65:08 very simple this and you're seeing different uh show up across each one of
65:15 things in terms of the target. you. So another way of saying
65:31 various sequences get deposited inside of your then sea level rises. Time is
65:39 really uh and uh represented by a of you're gonna have maybe just a
65:45 bit of sudden like this move on you don't see a whole loss until
65:50 matches the surface sans in the high . I'm kind of jumping across sequence
66:01 in the different episodes in a, a between uh low standard, high
66:10 , uh low standard transgressive and high . But, but hopefully you're getting
66:15 way kind of growing this. It's really hard to draw and move at
66:18 time without having to raise it. There's some, if you get on
66:23 M's website, they have uh, of pictures and movies actually that you
66:30 watch this happen. Uh But the I'm trying to make on that
66:35 um, uh for these apparent hiatus , they, they may not actually
66:42 in conformity. They may just be of time when not a whole lot
66:46 deposition was going on. Ok. then there's um talked about the gradual
66:57 and I probably should draw that whatever it. She said do uh within
67:20 lateral sense, see this happening sometimes we go from tails to the
67:31 OK. So like you say sometimes they're genetically related, in fact
67:39 . In other words, fine lines gonna like this aces of shipping your
67:50 that um sea level is rising. ? And I can't really uh show
68:09 what a correlative conformity is until we some more diagrams pop up here.
68:14 uh and later on when we uh talking about uh graphic correlation, it'll
68:19 making a little bit more sense. , um the unconformable contacts of
68:26 are the angular in conformity, which really obvious. Uh Then there's a
68:31 that's called the disc conformity. Some say they don't exist and uh but
68:36 course, they do. Um and should understand these and they, they
68:42 significance, of course, the angular conformity takes usually takes some significant uh
68:50 deformation, uh discontinuity, uh disc rather could be where, uh
68:57 you're getting slow, uh, could like parts of a, um,
69:03 building out sediment and then the fan and then the fan comes back and
69:07 starts building sediment in that spot Uh Just because the bottom is going
69:12 this as it shifts from one spot the next, it's moving up and
69:17 , but not up and down. um it's building up and uh a
69:23 spot becomes a low spot and vice . And uh does everybody know what
69:33 no for me is? Anybody in room want to explain this to me
69:40 to see if everybody knows what it . Give me an example. What
69:51 a non conor a be what? , nonconformity is usually when you have
70:07 rocks which are layered a budding up igneous or metamorphic rocks which are not
70:15 . Um You can, you can deformities in metamorphic clocks but they,
70:21 not gonna, you know, it's the contact between soft rocks and
70:26 rocks. OK. So, uh can see them in the Grand Canyon
70:31 , you know, you have igneous and you have uh sedimentary rocks sitting
70:35 top of, OK. But all these surfaces uh have time consequences and
70:45 lot of them have to do with breaks in time. But
70:50 these breaks and time uh were things look like breaks in apparent hiatal surfaces
70:57 be uh flooding surfaces which actually create and seals are basically what helps create
71:05 lot of uh aquifers in the sense water or reservoirs in the sense of
71:10 and gas. Ok. Here's just disc conformity. And here you can
71:18 there's some kind of erosional uh event . Um I don't see anything
71:27 I would call it. Um, can see here that it's um it's
71:36 limited erosion, but you can see it's kind of flat. This one
71:39 kind of flat, but I, kind of see a little bit of
71:43 in here. So it's, it's hard to come up with a disc
71:47 . But here's the boundaries that are important um in terms of sequence photography
71:53 uh sequence photography is basically uh focused something we call lap out in seismic
72:00 . But it relates to um the to units that are genetically separated from
72:09 units. In other words, there's surface down here and something is on
72:14 to it. You can see the lap. Here's another thing, you
72:18 something like this in these clio forms you have down lap on it.
72:23 of course, these things will, know, paper thin or maybe five
72:29 of shell from that period of time then, or uh play same with
72:36 . But um but the rocks that deposited in this unit are about the
72:43 time as the rocks in this this unit as you go in these
72:48 pair sequences. And uh here's top and um this diagram looks a lot
72:58 that diagram, right? And uh of the things I got this,
73:06 was all done in black and When you, when they first published
73:09 paper in 1977 it wasn't easy to grasp. But in this one,
73:15 talking about this boundary right here and boundary is top left. This highlighted
73:22 down here is the boundary, this boundary and that's down like heres,
73:29 . Does that look anything like the that I drew up on the
73:32 Yes, it does that here, creating something that almost looks like an
73:36 and conformity. But it's an erosional here you're having on lap and it
73:44 to a certain extent, it's like angular in conformity, but presumably this
73:48 is one and then this would be 23456. And as you go from
73:56 , they hear the gap in that hiatus surface is getting bigger and bigger
74:03 time, everybody see that. And uh if you have something that
74:13 like this in a seismic line and top has um top lap and the
74:18 has off lap. Um excuse the bottom has down lamp, we
74:23 it off lamp. So this combination this and this is called off
74:31 OK. And um this is sort the uh sea slug model or a
74:39 photography. And um when sea level , there's a surface here, that's
74:48 very erosional surface for the most And it's called um sequence boundary,
74:54 third order sequence boundary in the original of sequence photography. And here's another
75:00 up here. Uh Here's a high deposit uh in the previous one,
75:09 level dropped below the nick point here here, somewhere way off here.
75:18 at the very beginning of the next sediments that are being eroded up here
75:24 uh dropping these um basin floor fans the lower part of the um the
75:32 stand systems track and uh then as level starts to rise, it starts
75:39 uh transgress here and you start to things that actually move in like this
75:45 the transgressive systems track can fill in . Sometimes part of the uh LST
75:55 , will start to fill this But when you actually start coming above
75:59 over over the incision from the low systems track, we go into the
76:06 systems track up here and you can the sandstones or the shallow or the
76:10 energy is uh climbing towards land It's just the opposite in a high
76:17 . You see that um the sand retrograding, it's moving away um away
76:24 land that's moving in this direction. , we have uh san it was
76:31 lapping this way and your sand is and each one of these, uh
76:40 boundary is a big erosional surface. it's a huge gap in time.
76:45 theoretically, if you go farther completely farther offshore, you'll reach a
76:51 where there's no break in time, it's a condensed interval. Uh It's
76:56 shales from this sequence to from the end of this sequence to shales from
77:02 very beginning of the next sequence. But that would be farther offshore in
77:07 direction. And that's where the um conformable, conformable uh conformity would
77:22 And that's that. Ok. That's of the basic stuff. Hey,
77:39 take a pause. Now, take break. I didn't miss that once
77:50 week. Ok. So, uh we're recording and um some of the
77:58 non marine things are, are such , uh for example, they can
78:06 help you tell what the hydro chemistry an ancient lake was. And if
78:11 along one pathway, it's not good the development of uh petroleum enriched Carris
78:20 uh oily uh deposits, the lipid deposits and carris that have lipids in
78:28 . And it's also um uh opposed that, there's a chemical pathway uh
78:36 actually destroys the possibility of preservation or productivity like one that's calcium enriched.
78:46 and ca calcium and sulfate rich actually destroy uh the uh chemistry of that
78:54 actually digest some of the uh that can digest uh some things even in
78:59 anaerobic environment. And uh so preservation an issue. But uh when,
79:07 the balance of calcium is higher than in a lake system, it forms
79:14 , with the um carbonate in it will excuse me, it'll,
79:19 the phosphorus, it'll form appetite. so you have calcium phosphate forming and
79:25 uh becomes uh a sediment. And it's pulling the phosphate out of that
79:31 system rather than keeping it in. highly bicarbonate. Enriched appetite doesn't form
79:37 the phosphorus stays in the system instead being uh taken away. And so
79:44 it's a really good tool. Uh uh French uh Oster Co workers at
79:51 ACAA uh and some of the uh university settings in, in um Australia
80:02 of course, the US Geological survey the United States worked on some of
80:05 too. And a lot of what were working on was uh how to
80:09 the Palo environmental interpretation. But it those, those f the French scientists
80:13 pulled that together with the propensity of to be preserved uh accumulated in large
80:21 and preserved in the bicarbonate ribs versus ones that were calcium rich. Another
80:28 is uh some of the um assemblages the Paleozoic have very large specimens.
80:34 get, uh they get to be um sometimes a couple of inches long
80:41 uh some, sometimes uh people would me you know, how big is
80:46 ostrich God? And I'd say, know, no less than a
80:48 no more than a millimeter. And would be true in most marine
80:52 uh most geological times, but in Paleozoic, some of them get very
80:57 and um and they're very useful for scale photography. So if you're trying
81:04 work at something, uh you not trying to correlate globally, but
81:09 you're trying to correlate locally, uh become incredibly useful. And uh that's
81:15 I used them in the South Carolina plain or the Atlantic coastal plain in
81:19 Carolina. And uh they can also used for uh thermal maturation. But
81:25 many people have done that because there's there's many other tools that can uh
81:31 do that just as well or Uh One interesting thing about them is
81:37 are uh what we would call meta . And uh so they're one of
81:41 most complex organisms nano fossils are based little plates that grow on an algal
81:48 . And uh the um foraminifer single organisms, uh the complexity of the
81:59 , what they call it, a for a forum. The complexity of
82:01 test for a forum is amazing, its single celled organism. And uh
82:07 talk about for MS. Uh The groups that I always like to talk
82:11 are the ostra cods because of their , uniqueness and nano fossils because they're
82:16 important in deep water. And uh then for MS because they're used for
82:21 bitty Mery. And um these things have an inner body body that usually
82:29 seven pairs of appendages. Uh And has um all sorts of uh different
82:39 organs and whatnot they have. In words, they're not just single
82:42 they have, they have tissues and have organs. So they're meta
82:48 And because of that, they uh also have sexual dimorphism and they also
82:55 shells that they deposit that are actually stages, sort of like um uh
83:03 way uh crabs and lobsters and the , other types of arthropods, uh
83:11 reach a certain size and they shed shell. It's sis, it's what
83:16 called the um uh when they shed shells. And uh and so
83:24 they, they will leave in the record, um evidence of male and
83:31 populations and evidence of juvenile populations all the same species. And that's an
83:38 thing or something that I'll bring up a minute. Uh Some of them
83:42 withstand desiccation and they can be carried birds from one lake to the
83:47 And uh there are lakes, there ancient lakes that are um calcium and
83:57 uh sodium, um fluoride enriched with calcium in that pathway. It's like
84:05 marine setting can happen in, in particular pathway. And if birds can
84:10 uh marine micro fossils there, they . There's an area in Montana,
84:16 Mon uh basins in Montana where some the ancient Lakes were s Saline for
84:22 short period of time. And they a prolific uh uh population of uh
84:30 Ostra Cods and Estrin Foria Andr. it's from a uh sodium chloride enriched
84:37 chemical pathway that's high in calcium. It turns out for the uh for
84:43 oil industry that we're doing. I able to pretty quickly tell people these
84:47 the right types of hydro chemistries. there's no point in drilling wells over
84:51 in these inner mont basins. There's big one, the ridge basin that
84:55 told them the same thing for that . Uh You know, everybody was
85:00 for large lake deposits that were persistent sedimentation rate that might have had uh
85:06 sandstones and that sort of thing. uh if you go in there and
85:09 at the Ostra Cotti images, you tell them which ones were good and
85:13 ones were not good for the accumulation hydrocarbons. OK. Um So,
85:23 here's some of the, uh here's millimeters and here's some of the uh
85:27 cods and the pale Azo that were large. And uh when I look
85:34 the picture, I'm not so sure not clams, but uh the person
85:38 took the picture swore they were ostra anyway. Um They have a lot
85:43 different parts uh in the shell that they're used for classification, including
85:50 muscle scars and just even how the overlap uh can help. And then
85:56 ornamentation on the valves. And uh is just uh showing you some of
86:01 complexities. The simplest ones, uh if you work with mollusks or
86:07 uh particularly clams out of the the uh palesa pods or bivalves,
86:13 have complicated hinges too. But the cods have uh four major types of
86:18 hinges that are used to help classify from one group to the next.
86:23 it's important. Uh And the only I bring it up, it's important
86:26 this group because a lot of ra workers work on ostra cods, but
86:31 don't even know about this and the ornamentation of ones with hinges like this
86:38 look a lot like the ornamentation for with hinges like that and things that
86:42 totally unrelated, get grouped together. if you, if you combine different
86:48 concepts into one, just imagine if said all, all bottle caps versus
86:58 RC Cola, Coca, Cola, , you know, like if you
87:02 markers and uh in the rock record , you know, 11 emerged in
87:07 year, another one emerged another If you're doing archaeology, you
87:11 it would, it would throw you . If you said all bottle caps
87:14 the same age. It's important to able to tell the difference between uh
87:19 so that if you have uh if recognize the evolution of these things through
87:24 , uh you have a lot more than if you lump them all
87:29 So some of these features are really but they often get ignored and these
87:33 uh complex. These are the amidon that have four parts to them and
87:38 can have uh different types of And I'm not gonna ask you to
87:43 this or anything. But I I want you to know that
87:46 there's features on all of these different that we're gonna talk about. Uh
87:50 can be important and they shouldn't be and it just adds to the
87:55 Another really important thing is just like lambs that have an adu muscle.
88:00 ostrich gods have uh a doctor muscles pull their shells together when they want
88:05 protect themselves. And the patterns of can be very complicated. And uh
88:11 divisions of uh our families here, says um here poop is on this
88:18 is a suborder, but it was subclass. And the one that I
88:21 you from the beginning as we seem be elevating these things as we find
88:25 and more species and more and more of these species. Uh This is
88:30 that came from 1962. But these , uh these things would be all
88:34 way up to the uh the level a class here. And,
88:39 these would, uh in many parts be suborders or even worse.
88:45 uh, this is just showing you of the myotic co with some of
88:48 simpler ones. And, uh this what I'm talking about, uh surface
88:54 , it's called reticulation because it looks this is a good example of
88:58 It's not always, uh so uh that you have walls and pits and
89:04 lot of them have uh pores inside pits because to make it simpler for
89:11 , I'll just call them hairs, hairs stick out. And uh this
89:17 up here. What do you This is? What did you
89:30 Yeah, I have it up Yeah. So they're, they're eye
89:34 and it's not, this is not the eye, this is like a
89:38 . Uh it's a calcium, calcium lens that's uh used for it so
89:46 it can see it. Now, you have an animal that has eye
89:51 , you have a forearm, doesn't eyes at all, right? But
89:54 you have animals and their shell will these eye spots. Uh And so
89:59 soft body part inside is gonna be eyeball. What do you think it
90:03 mean if you had an assemblage that lots of ostro cards with, with
90:08 spots versus an assemblage with no eye ? What do you think that could
90:13 from a paleo environmental aspect or interpretation the eye spot. You guys know
90:25 oceanography. How deep does, how does light penetrate the water column can
90:35 that far, but most of it , you know, goes goes out
90:39 50 but there's still, there are with eyes but they're, they're gonna
90:45 , their eyes might actually get bigger , because they need to, you
90:47 , they need to uh absorb more to actually recognize anything. OK?
90:57 We're not gonna see, I'm not show you the picture of these,
91:00 some of the myotic co as I talked showed you their, their muscle
91:04 but they, uh they're swimming as gods and they swim in schools and
91:11 very voracious. And uh, all can tell you is if you go
91:17 in um, offshore Japan and you feeling funny itches all over. Could
91:23 these little guys trying to figure out way to chew you. They're not
91:27 hurt you but they might be attempting . But, uh, but it's
91:33 very amazing uh veteran that um uh kind of hunt together and everything.
91:40 when something uh dangerous shows up, um they become bioluminescent and they light
91:49 the water and, uh, and don't have any of the videos but
91:55 videos of uh, of Oster cards up because I think there's a danger
91:59 on once one lights up, they light up and an another uh professor
92:04 uh in Japan kept them in tanks you watch them feed on,
92:10 um, a dead lobster or something they're all just trying to figure out
92:14 to get into the soft body And one of them just kind of
92:18 it at the, uh, some the eye. So it's, it
92:22 have been an octopus but they start at the eyeballs and all of a
92:26 some fluid comes out and, and one or two doing it,
92:30 then there's 1000 on it. The they see a soft spot it's been
92:34 . So it's pretty interesting these little . And uh this is uh this
92:41 a cost that's related to something that saw a lot called Hermens. But
92:46 this just shows you that instead of all that obvious articulation, you may
92:51 have some ridges. Uh This one has a ridge here, you
92:55 there's a whole bunch of them that three ridges and uh to the untrained
93:00 , anything with three ridges is the thing which happened a lot with four
93:03 , four M workers working on these . Here's another one that shows uh
93:08 reticulation and uh this little area right , uh it's, it's not the
93:17 scar, but when you see these things about the center of uh one
93:20 these osos, you know, the scars on the other side of
93:24 And here you can see a smaller here. And uh this is the
93:31 and this is the posterior and this the dorsal and the ventral of
93:37 There's another one and you can see a lot of uh uh perforations in
93:43 and you can see uh some of things you get down into these,
93:48 it's sort of like a wall and hole in there. But down deep
93:52 , there's a little tiny uh perforation all the way through the shell where
93:56 of these sensory hairs would come help it feel its way around
94:01 and uh sense another Ostra Cot or something that might be dangerous or
94:05 find the sea floor or move around the sea floor. And uh,
94:10 do have, um, these are entertaining. Um, here's the eye
94:17 the soft part and uh a lot people that don't work on them like
94:21 call them water fleas because the soft part looks kind of like a flea
94:27 , uh, and they'll call them flies. Uh, but this is
94:32 female and this female has, has . You can see the eggs are
94:36 here and you know, these things only, this one's probably only a
94:40 long. And it's got those uh large eggs and the uh the male
94:47 um uh testes and when you cut these things of your, um you're
94:59 uh cut into the testes. it's the sperma are actually wrapped
95:05 like, have you ever seen a ball and cut it open? You
95:08 how it just spreads out like These things are just exactly like
95:12 And, uh, so if you the testes, the, uh
95:17 just kind of e even in a specimen, if, if it has
95:21 dead too long, it'll just it'll come flying out. And,
95:26 , uh, at one point in , uh the people at the Ostra
95:31 Ostracon meetings were really proud because Ostra were known to have the largest Burma
95:36 in the animal kingdom. And uh later on, some barnacle workers found
95:41 barnacles actually have longer ones. And you ask the question, why are
95:46 so long? Nobody knows. But but they have for the size of
95:51 organism, the eggs are relatively large the spermatozoa are very big, you
95:56 , they're, they probably get that , but looking down in a
96:00 they're just wrapped up like that really , like a, a go.
96:06 here's what I was talking about with we call in stars. The A
96:13 juvenile, a one in star is next step before it gets to become
96:18 adult. The A two is two before, but we can get to
96:22 seven where it's very far removed from adult. Uh Why do you think
96:28 would be a good paleo environmental reason uh to look for. Well,
96:33 this way, if you get one , that means that at least seven
96:39 from that living adult are deposited somewhere it. And of course, the
96:44 ones probably if there's any kind of , uh, high water energy level
96:49 all, the smaller ones are gonna broken up and that kind of
96:52 So they won't get that much But from a paleo environmental perspective,
96:59 , the, I saw a sum that just have the little ones or
97:05 that just had the big ones. do you think that would make?
97:13 other words, it looked like one was preferred over the other in
97:17 in a, a sedimentary deposit. could that mean? Or let me
97:25 the question to you this way. if an assemblage had lots of adults
97:32 lots of juveniles? What would that worth uh uh as opposed to if
97:40 had an assemblage, that was all size has to do with the energy
97:52 the environment. Yeah. But what exactly would be happening that we
98:01 words for that? Couple of Well, one of them is winnowing
98:05 another one is reworking. So if just like sand on a beach gets
98:11 to a certain size because the energy at a certain size and uh the
98:17 take a greater amount of energy to eroded, but the sands don't.
98:21 the sands move around a lot because in that threshold from Hilton's diagram.
98:26 , uh, and of course, cobbles and boulders won't move either until
98:31 gets to be a lot more than sand. And if you got to
98:33 energy level for sand, the sand be gone. Right. So,
98:37 you see well distributed populations, it that you've got an in situ assemblage
98:44 the energy level is low and there wasn't a lot of reworking. There's
98:49 thing you can do. Um the and the right valves are actually different
98:53 , a little bit different shapes and little bit different density or excuse
98:57 mass because one is always bigger than other. And when those get
99:02 so you have a lot of left versus a lot of right valves or
99:05 other way around, you know, is going on and some reworking has
99:10 in the assemblage if you get. again, if you get lots of
99:13 and right valves, it's a, a uh more like a biosis than
99:19 , than aosis, two big words we brought up uh last week.
99:25 . And this is just some of internal structures. And I'm not gonna
99:28 you to memorize this at all, just again, showing you the complexity
99:33 um it does have an inner which is what this structure is.
99:39 inside of that, there's actually soft tissue and organelles uh inside here.
99:45 that support uh the animal uh that like that inside. So, uh
99:54 there's like, there's like a, um flap of skin comes out on
100:01 sides of, of the back and calcium uh carbonate is deposited inside of
100:08 . So there's so there's a different of the, of the, of
100:12 an epidermal layer outside of it and of it and here there's a calc
100:19 section. And so you have uh same kind of uh epidermal like layer
100:26 of this and one on the outside this as well. So they're probably
100:32 little slimy to touch like a um some of the other things that we
100:38 eat like crawdads and stuff. But is kind of what that structure looks
100:44 . So uh I'm just, just , you know, give you a
100:47 that there's a lot of uh different features that we can use to differentiate
100:54 from various families, various uh And also uh definitely what's most important
101:00 that we can see different species. um here's uh some that just uh
101:11 relatively smooth in the marine. The reason I bring that up is because
101:15 lot of times when uh uh for workers see smooth, they think that
101:20 lacure, but they're not all call smooth ones aren't Lacure, but
101:24 this is an eye spot. So is detail, there are these
101:29 you can see that there's an inner on the inside, just by the
101:33 , this is a flattened margin and sort of thing too. Here's some
101:37 , very smooth, uh, marine and, uh, here's some fresh
101:42 , we ones, uh, that structure and these are some of the
101:46 ones and these are from, if I remember correctly, I got
101:49 from Lake Turkana in the East African Lake, one of the East African
101:54 Lakes. And, um, and , uh, here's just,
101:59 some more of, uh, of that could either be, uh,
102:05 of these are nam marine, but of them are in, uh,
102:09 Lakes. Here's one where you can the ovary scars where the eggs were
102:14 a, in a female. uh, these are some brackish ones
102:19 are highly, um, highly These are some funny ones that,
102:25 , these are from the, cretaceous in the giraffe, lower Cretaceous
102:29 Jurassic all around the world. And have like a, like a little
102:34 nose to him called a rostrum. , uh, they had a thing
102:39 kind of helped him spring off the , the sea floor rather.
102:44 um, looking at this one, wanna get, I used to usually
102:51 this. So anybody wanna guess which is the male, which one is
102:54 female? What do you think the on the left or right is female
103:08 the right? Ok. You think female? Do you think that's
103:20 That's a even? And uh this actually has all the nodes, you
103:26 , this is the male and uh got all these funny things on
103:31 But these nodes actually, you can that the shell grew out and the
103:38 nodes are part of its gene. uh you know the node, all
103:42 nodes that you see here are represented the smaller nodes but, but the
103:47 posterior is inflated because the uh the is in there. And but in
103:53 one, in particular, some of rather than have eggs in there,
103:56 larvae actually start to grow inside It's called a brood patch. And
104:01 this in this one, this is the brood patch more or less where
104:06 young would be in there, protected the mother uh until they're, they're
104:10 enough to try to survive on their . Ok. So online, this
104:18 , this is the female and this the male. He has no reason
104:23 expand his posterior to hold the uh in in them. But you can
104:28 like here's, here's a node here a node here. It's not as
104:33 here but there it is and there is. So you can tell that
104:36 is actually the same species. But um but the broad pouches has grown
104:42 and it's calcs, it's a hard . And when the adults,
104:47 if I had a a female it would look just like this.
104:52 when it, once it gets to an adult, uh this brood pouch
104:56 have developed uh before it started to and it would calcify around that brood
105:05 . Ok. And this is, is that same thing. Uh,
105:10 females, two males and these are juveniles. This is a left valve
105:15 right valve of uh probably an, one juvenile. And, and
105:21 this could be male or female. can't tell until uh that last,
105:26 last uh uh evolution of or uh change in this thing from, from
105:34 juvenile to a female or a juvenile a male. Again, you can
105:39 from this thing. Here's, here's node, here's a node, there's
105:43 there, there's one there, this here is right there and then
105:48 three down here, 123 down they're in the, they're in the
105:52 position and the same number, it's just random, it's genetic.
105:58 So I just thought it would be to look at the Austin.
106:05 um one of the things about bio is the micro fossils that we look
106:11 clearly are uh highly variable and they're actually like works of art when you
106:16 when you start looking at oh, about the orange, what about?
106:31 you see the, the, the how so and I see
106:40 Yeah, programs are really good for the dry. But you, but
106:43 was trying to point out too that are also useful in ways they're
106:47 And uh just because you have a the same species, like I could
106:53 those were the same species into the view and set some, some
106:57 And so came the summer. And you'd be able to count, you
107:02 , you'd be able to develop ratios , to figure out if there was
107:05 or not. And also the level it, you might see a little
107:08 of winnowing and a lot of winnowing anything in between. Uh OK,
107:20 did, I answer your question. . And then, but the four
107:26 s one of the things about the MS uh with this group, you
107:31 do exactly the same thing with water . But the forums, there's in
107:35 , there's more forums in, in wells and there's more, there's,
107:40 thousands of Fore andif workers and there's limited number of people that work
107:45 So it's um so the, the one thing that we use for
107:50 the paleo, the symmetry is um gonna be uh the foraminifer and that's
107:58 they live on the bottom. And we have all these water depth
108:03 and uh and I'm not gonna talk it now because we'll get to
108:08 but uh what you might want to about before we get to it is
108:13 is it. What do you think control is on water depth that makes
108:19 forms controlled by water depth? Ok. So, now we're gonna
108:26 at, uh, something that's did to me again. Ok. I
108:41 know why it does this, but found a workaround to get over
108:44 There's a, there's a button that's to work but it doesn't always show
108:48 and, um, down here in part you can't see it yet.
108:56 here, there's a button that's supposed keep it uh in the right
109:01 But it, but on, on particular uh system, it, it
109:07 give me the option to have both same on each screen. OK.
109:13 uh the construction of time scales is important. But uh I think you
109:18 me mention that uh most geologists geophysics often glib, you know, they
109:28 really take it seriously about how important is to build the timescale. And
109:33 and then also uh what goes into up with that time scale. And
109:37 trying to help you understand some of and um the uh a lot of
109:49 are taken by people that don't know they're actually built and they think that
109:53 they're built, uh they're built the way that they build them, but
109:58 not. And I'm gonna give you examples of, of how things can
110:02 messed up. Uh But we were about uh this thing um uh Arthur
110:10 uh thought that these, these chrono charts were important to place all the
110:15 pages of earth history in their pro chronological order, which is by no
110:21 an easy task. But I showed kind of how it was done in
110:24 , in the uh at the end the last lecture that I showed you
110:29 stratigraphy. And they come up with things now that are called global Strat
110:34 sections and points and they're called GS . And they're ben benchmarks in,
110:40 the fourth dimension essentially, which is . And uh uh so a lot
110:49 different ways of measuring the lapse of in the rock record have been,
110:52 been used in the past and uh if I thought I went into
110:58 Yeah, I'll get into it. But this is, this is similar
111:03 the chart I showed you before. uh what I was trying to point
111:09 before and I'll point out one more is that traditional Strato types, traditional
111:22 types like these uh are often And it's interesting to note the Barton
111:32 here is almost one of the But uh you can see here,
111:38 The relion is a very small the, the type section for that
111:43 very small compared to the overall uh of time that it's supposed to
111:49 And so that's why folks had to all over the world and, and
111:53 getting different uh type sections. And , I'll point out again, these
112:00 places where we haven't absolutely come up a good boundary strato type that uh
112:07 we can use, we have things might overlap it, but we're not
112:10 sure uh where that boundary should be . What's the balon and what's the
112:17 and the reason times scale change every to uh you authors that do it
112:23 lot will update their timescale every four . That's usually the most frequent.
112:29 a APG will grab one of those publish it maybe every 10 to 12
112:34 . And, um, all the will use that one that may be
112:39 years old before there's a new And uh the reason they changed is
112:47 like what I was trying to draw the board is that we're, we
112:50 always have all the time uh until we can get those things that
112:57 or fill in the gaps. We're absolutely certain where that boundary really is
113:02 the rock record. Once we know it is in the rock record,
113:06 can tie it to all other And so from say this 2012
113:14 they came out with another one in and another one in 2020 the one
113:18 2020 16, a lot of these , these golden spikes didn't have to
113:25 , but some of these other a couple of more golden spikes were
113:28 , but some are missing and other of the geological column had some
113:35 But I can tell you um this in here had a lot of
113:40 even though they had uh golden they actually found time, ti time
113:47 was, they found rock units that overlapping. Uh they were called the
113:52 stages. So they had to make bigger like this. So there's some
113:56 in the scale. That's the important is shifting in the scale. Um
114:02 really have to be able to tie physically to the rock record like this
114:07 come up with one of these Because if it's um if it's not
114:12 tied to a point in the rock , you, you can't calibrate everything
114:17 to it from another part of the record. In other words, these
114:24 are put together and built those pieces I showed you earlier are put together
114:29 by piece. And uh you have have some overlap for them to connect
114:35 it has to be some physical overlap , because the time record, we
114:40 extract the time record from rocks. can only, we can only interpret
114:45 in that rock section and we have interpret what's missing and what is
114:50 Uh If I, if I were correlate another section of this to see
114:55 there's actually missing time in here. example, if I went to another
115:00 and I saw all the fossils in . They were identical to this
115:08 But when I crossed the boundary in news section, I found a
115:13 a, a one, B, , one C A, one D
115:17 were still younger than this. Then would have to, I'd have to
115:22 my cross section. I couldn't just it by shifting it. I have
115:26 do it uh in some uh mathematical way of uh calibrating that missing time
115:34 this section to figure out how far stretch one unit, one from this
115:40 down here. And uh you, may have to take a look at
115:47 . I, I don't know if set up so you can move
115:50 Um Let me just see and uh , I'm making it small on purpose
116:13 not go any bigger for me. um see if I can do
116:28 OK? If this, if this a Microsoft computer, I'd have,
116:32 have it figured out, but these group, what I was trying to
116:36 ta was uh un group it. uh I don't wanna waste any time
116:42 to figure out how to, how do that on this computer. But
116:53 this whole column right here, it come up, it will come
117:01 there you go. This whole uh over here. OK? Here's a
117:15 scale and uh this oil company got time scale like this. And they
117:22 their timescale in zones like this and they did was they, they grab
117:28 end and they grab that end and stretched it like this to make it
117:36 . So they took a publication and made this bit. And um one
117:44 the things that you can see is here's p 15, see it doesn't
117:53 line up, you see how that line up, you have to be
117:57 to tie it to a time That's equivalent. Um in terms of
118:03 understanding. In other words, this is representing when they stretched it
118:09 , it's now representing too much And uh and now it's offset,
118:15 boundary is offset. And here we P 14 and P 13 is not
118:20 in the right place. And people go to different publications and they know
118:29 these zones are, they know what zone number is and they have it
118:35 a 1995 chart and they will take and try to make it fit the
118:42 the, uh 2012 chart or the chart and it'll be wrong. It's
118:47 like trying to average average dates when , when once from a 20 2012
118:57 the most part of 2012 to a a 2016 is gonna be pretty
119:02 But the spots where it's off, gonna be dramatic and you're gonna be
119:07 correlating things left and right and and you'll have all here, you
119:12 in the, the, uh, early part of the, uh,
119:20 Damien is, uh, is sort underrepresented here on this one because they
119:24 couldn't get it stretched the right And, um, and again,
119:30 , somebody publishes a paper in 1995 a 1995 scale and he looks at
119:36 outcrops and he ties them to the as they're tied with the other geo
119:41 tools that we have. Uh then they can make it work.
119:45 this is just a graphical stretch, cordon stretch and it happens and lots
119:54 dissertations, lots of thesis and lots lots of publications and it drives some
120:00 us crazy. Excuse me that the . Yeah, this is this,
120:09 column right here is Planktonic Forum. These are the uh nominal species and
120:16 are the zones that are, that often used P 11 P 10,
120:21 nine, P seven P five. , I don't know why they put
120:26 zero in, but this would be one. You gonna get down in
120:31 day and it really touch you with . But, but you can see
120:35 it's, there's P one and this really P A and there's actually a
120:40 and a PC that, that's showing . And this, they did this
120:47 that they could fit the letters in PC is actually just this P A
120:55 be that in, in that particular , OK. Around too. In
121:03 case, it uh yes, this for failure to this is NANO
121:10 this is Nan Plankton and PN Nan . Pale nn would be Nan Plankton
121:23 . So the zones these zones were um with, with different uh different
121:32 of zones. OK. And uh I mentioned early on, but I
121:48 the slide was coming up was that they first started to put AIDS to
121:54 rock record, they would uh try find a place that had the maximum
122:03 for that rock unit that they thought similar and they would try to subdivide
122:07 time of that based on rock Well, what, what they would
122:12 sedimentation rate, but in fact, rock accumulation. OK. Um I
122:20 even even in the uh the late century and even today, uh a
122:27 of people uh where they don't you know, they don't have the
122:32 floor spreading model as, as uh developed for the, for the Jurassic
122:37 they do for the Cretaceous. The some people would just use ammonite zones
122:43 make all the ammonite zones 1 million . And it, and uh the
122:50 that do that will write in their and there's trust me, there's hundreds
122:55 publications with this in it. They they'll say there's no reason to believe
123:01 each ammonite zone is 1 million But we have nothing else to go
123:06 and uh with graphic correlation, you tie it to anybody's time scale
123:12 Uh And that's one of the reasons I kind of lean heavily on that
123:15 try to get the students to uh up on that. I know a
123:20 of oil companies are, are doing now. Uh which is a good
123:24 and of course, it helps them the stratigraphy better, which helps them
123:29 different reservoirs from other reservoirs, rate uh radioactive decay and unstable isotopes.
123:38 You're gonna hear a lot about that Peter Copeland. Another thing they do
123:45 tuning with cyclic sequences related to uh timescale. One of the uh worst
123:54 about that and I'm gonna go move to the chalk board and try not
123:59 step out of the picture zone. threw a line over here to make
124:06 I didn't cross this line. The line here is where it can
124:11 So now I need you and um don't realize how much trouble I've gone
124:20 try to get this to work. we even tried just putting it on
124:24 whiteboard over there and just have one right there. So we'll have to
124:29 over your ankle th and even with small amount of light in the
124:35 that light on the camera looks like blood like you can't see anything which
124:41 wrong with you. See if you see a reflection of my here if
124:46 camera picks up the reflection as a light contrast against the heart where it
124:53 . It's, that's, that's So, what was I talking
125:01 OK. You might remember what I said. I said it.
125:11 That's, that's what it was. just wanted. OK. So
125:16 here's what um a um do, you look at he R A in
125:28 John Field? The chalk like Yeah. OK. And then the
125:41 level, something like that. Thanks living here. If, if,
125:54 we had a plastic section might have like like hips in the plastic
126:13 we could see the pulses of sedimentation periods of cessation. Uh This would
126:20 slow marine childs, we quickly deposit say it's here and sometimes there,
126:26 know, this, this might this might actually be um a long
126:32 of time in here and this might be a short period. Yeah.
126:38 the cycles photographers came in took these . Of course, c was considered
126:46 able to spend all time with them they looked at the astronomical scale to
126:55 out, you know, OK. me one day and I can figure
126:59 the so they gave the babe and they looked at the uh a global
127:06 and they tied all of these wells uh the, the Z I
127:11 but they didn't recognize the as It was not confirm it wasn't a
127:27 nevertheless, they, they tied their . And what I'm trying to tell
127:33 is that this might have action for that section right there. This
127:41 is this OK? Another, during the advance normal F that's
127:51 So this is really equivalent to this of here, this is equivalent,
128:00 know, to a section that's down . So the opposite of the fall
128:09 times in this. But nevertheless, they did the cyber computer, it's
128:14 real cycle computer is a great idea the building. I try because there
128:23 isn't enough care. And uh some the characters in here could have been
128:29 a little, a little switch in of fluid concentrations, you know,
128:34 blood fluid concentrations and what the chemicals in it because there's just not that
128:40 of it. So, cycle photography a great thing if, if you
128:46 good handle on the control. Uh we did a tr study with the
128:50 strap, um there was a if there was a big fault like
128:55 , you could see it in but we, we found um 30
128:58 faults in the chalks. They actually uh reservoirs in the chalk. And
129:06 and it's rare that you'll see a ft fall in seismic, but you
129:11 out some of the attributes, you pick these things up and figure it
129:14 . Seismic has gotten better than Was uh 20 years ago but uh
129:19 in some cases, it might have 25 years ago. But, but
129:23 there, there's a, there's a limit of resolution in seismic.
129:30 really good at getting the big falls even some moderate ses. OK.
129:38 Here is um equal duration of sub to scale stages, you know.
129:44 so they, they did all sorts things and uh they are, they
129:49 been doing chemo stratigraphy and uh something we'll see examples of are called
129:57 And uh there are these sapper pells the Mediterranean, the organic deposits during
130:05 periods of high insulation of sun energy be tied to the cycle strate the
130:12 , the yet as astronomical cycles. um and they were deposited in an
130:19 where it wasn't disrupted that often and weren't faults, stuff like that,
130:22 it's a short period of time. uh and I'll show you some data
130:26 that on it. And of uh Zircons are really big.
130:31 one thing you have to remember about is they are just like the
130:38 they are reworked, they're reworked from where they came. And uh
130:44 are very, very good for helping figure out drainage systems in the rock
130:49 and drainage systems are important, you , river drainage, what does river
130:53 control in the rock record? And , and I don't just mean the
131:01 park, you know, you have go without the tools you guys thought
131:13 was bioy and I'm talking about So um all this uh an
131:27 yeah, found in the system or , whatever you call it. And
131:34 and you know, you have a up here, do it this
131:42 There's my hand, here's where you the delta. So you get these
131:47 that are formed in the Zus masses a certain point in time. And
131:50 , there's more details to learn I'm not gonna give you all the
131:54 on that, but those zircons get down here like this like this.
132:01 now when they get to the delta and adults, so when they formed
132:12 an aus mass, we know what they were, we can figure that
132:16 . But then when they get here's the shelf first got a
132:26 the river systems are going to create big wedges of sand. And uh
132:32 course, the sand is there, is there and the blazer. And
132:39 so if, if we can figure where the drainage systems are and where
132:44 went and how they're interconnected, it help us figure out where uh trends
132:51 sand deposits that we haven't drilled perhaps exist by mapping out all these
132:57 In other words, if I, I know where that it came
133:00 the Mississippi River, and I know that it came from the Paleocene,
133:06 it's gotta be at least paleocene in . Yeah, if it's, if
133:12 rock, uh it has to be than paleocene, but it can't be
133:16 than paleocene. If that, if particular paleocene, uh the tral Zircon
133:22 that spot and you can kind of out the um the pathway of the
133:29 . So, um river distributions and uh channels and, and um even
133:39 uh abyssal channels, you can map out and connect the dots with
133:44 If you look at zircons that are of the same age coming from the
133:48 blith, more or less it was at the same time. OK.
133:56 Here is um uh some high resolution stratigraphy with nano fossils. Here are
134:12 these black dots on this chart, tiny little chart. They're um those
134:17 the nano fossil bio evens or marker . Mccain is in um the lines
134:26 , these are eye cycles, these insulation cycles. These are periods of
134:31 that we know knew the height, uh the sun and the earth,
134:35 orientation of the sun and the with earth. Uh we were getting high
134:40 of isolation and that's what these events . And so they were able to
134:47 them the, the fossils in the to the time scale uh over
134:55 And so uh that's kind of how get we go from relative age.
135:01 other words, when we see, we see this fossil and then followed
135:06 that fossil in a sense of relative , we know that this one's
135:11 that one's older than eight, that older than nine, that sort of
135:14 . But when we're able to tie in a rock section like this uh
135:21 to a time scale such as we can actually make those marker
135:27 high resolution bio geo Crinology tools. other words, their, the,
135:34 uh bio evens, but they've actually calibrated directly to um a time scale
135:43 on the isolation events that occur above . And below, in this
135:48 there's one right above it, one , here's one where there's one just
135:52 that one. Um Here, you see two bio events just below.
135:58 38. And uh here number 12 really close to 130 so on and
136:04 forth. So when you do the proper way you pull together all
136:13 these chronometer tools uh that relate to geo chronology and also, and the
136:23 that are helping you define the stages build the stages and you can actually
136:29 a time scale that has them all . In other words, I got
136:35 zonal fossil out of the bed right uh cycle 30 38 red in a
136:43 there. And so it's just a of millimeters below 30. So,
136:51 it's you can do, it's not a linear regression, but you can
136:55 something like uh interpolation between them, in a linear aggression uh between these
137:01 and figure out exactly how they would . Not by, not by having
137:07 these zones set up and trying to them fit the scale to the
137:11 but actually tying them physically to the to the left. And uh and
137:19 and these are all the tools that can use. And when, when
137:22 uh get the graphic correlation, I'll about the different types of composite
137:27 You can build uh one of the that I did was po polar reversals
137:34 our composite standard uh where we had data and we had fossils occurring uh
137:42 with that um uh the pol polar , we were able to tie the
137:49 to the ra the actual geo chronological that these things had been tied to
137:56 uh radioactive tools and uh like uranium that sort of thing. So you're
138:02 tying physically tying the things from, a relative scale to an absolute
138:13 And um so when, when we composite standards, we had polar reversals
138:19 the places where they were most useful significant and we could see them and
138:23 could get data and then we put all the fossil data if, if
138:28 could get back then I don't think they were doing zircons when I did
138:32 . But if we had Zircon we would put it there's a project
138:36 I did in uh chant to pick , I did graphic correlation and someone
138:42 a Zircon from there and it fit on my gra graphic correlation plot that
138:46 been calibrated to these other tools. I think it was really remarkable that
138:51 that I could crudely draw just from fossil database and tie it directly to
138:59 like a out of the blue, know exactly what it was. It
139:03 right on the right on the numbers my uh graphic correlation plot was.
139:10 uh and this is just showing So this is, this is a
139:14 the geo chronology together with the chrono , which includes those relative markers we
139:20 bio fossils. Uh And then you up with something um that's a little
139:27 better than just either one of the you act. The thing about the
139:32 photography is where we have it. much more prolific and robust than the
139:37 dates. You know, we get radiometric date here, we get 1
139:41 ft down. But with the, the uh it's um like even with
139:47 um the sap propes, this is unusual thing, but you can see
139:51 have things that could subdivide uh some the events we didn't see in that
139:57 section uh from the sapper pts, were unable to uh to calibrate
140:04 OK. Then Jim Ogg and uh Gradstein are two guys that developed this
140:10 . I bring this up because uh of you are geology students. Uh
140:15 you go on and get a job ? There's this thing called Timescale Creator
140:21 . You can load it, download for free. If you work at
140:25 company, you could get a Um If you work for a university
140:30 I did, I think I'm the one from a university that got
140:33 got the full scale thing because they a lot of biomarkers built into
140:38 Because when we were building our composite , this guy Jim Ogg was building
140:43 timescale database that, you know, had hundreds and hundreds of thousands of
140:50 points and he had even more than . But he had, when
140:57 when you go into this thing, can go in and you find out
141:00 about any point on here, you have it, tell you what the
141:04 zones are. Uh For example, could ask that the plot uh one
141:10 the latest and these may have been . Uh But these global reconstructions uh
141:16 you're working on a project anywhere and say it's in the relion, uh
141:22 could pull this up right next to , you could build your own time
141:27 to use for your thesis or pull up this from this system.
141:32 will tell you what that was. also uh here tell it's, it's
141:37 you the um yeah, this is oxygen isotope rate, stable oxygen isotope
141:45 here. Um which relates to um would be warm on this side,
141:52 cooling on this side. Uh But certain uh points of interest in
141:59 Uh Yeah, this, this part have the pe tm which is the
142:07 maximum. Uh in the uh the boundary is the thermal maximum for the
142:15 Cenozoic. And uh and, and plots that out. You, you
142:20 um you can get a whole lot other types of background information. So
142:23 you're doing, you're working on a , say at any point in
142:27 you can pull up a whole bunch information on what might have been impacting
142:31 from a paleo climatology standpoint. And it's really easy to operate. Um
142:40 may have a newer version but this one's I think pretty active still
142:45 you just tell it what part of column you want. For example,
142:50 I go back to here, you , I could, so I'm looking
142:54 some reservoirs that are in this period time. So I could sit there
143:00 uh have it do uh the top , of the legacy to the top
143:06 the relion. For example, I tell it in words, or I
143:09 look at the scale over here in of years and give it a million
143:13 uh interval that I wanted to work . And then, then you wouldn't
143:18 to go to a publication from 1995 get one to cut and paste it
143:22 make it fit, especially if you find some of the data in there
143:31 would help it, help you tie you were doing directly to that
143:36 And this is the kind of list things that you can put in
143:39 Standard chrono stratigraphy, planetary timescale regional , geomagnetic polarity, marine macro
143:47 micro fossils, marine mac macro fossils be uh useful sometimes that's like uh
143:55 when you get in the Mesozoic and paleozoic, you've got aminos and ammonites
143:59 things like that, that you would able to pull those zones in.
144:04 uh and they've been tied to a scale, not given uh 1 million
144:09 intervals. And uh there's all sorts other stuff in here. Here's one
144:19 the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary and uh just that in there to uh to show
144:26 another example of what the uh the looked like at the KT boundary.
144:32 uh that would have been roughly about time uh that the Chu crater was
144:39 from the bulle that hit it. uh I expanded that a little bit
144:48 put the four M markers in Um Here's other, this has probably
144:54 uh these are probably plank and these probably benic over here. And uh
145:00 are the sub topic uh excuse subtropical, uh, plan forum
145:08 the, in the warmer waters, subtropical waters, uh, you're gonna
145:12 a slightly different Zon nation than you have in the cooler waters,
145:20 which we would call the boreal realm something that's a subtropical and of
145:25 in the Cretaceous and Jurassic, you , there was the boil and the
145:30 because the tean ocean was really Uh, when you get a little
145:34 older, this ocean opens up in teh uh realm shows up. Let
145:38 see if we have one in We don't. Uh But just so
145:42 can see um what's really nice about thing and you can look at it
145:48 year just to get a general But uh w walking over there,
145:53 can look at, at this but you can also blow up any
145:57 of it in the uh resolution is good. You're, you're, you're
146:02 up digital data, you're not blowing um a picture. OK. And
146:10 here, what have we got over ? Just again here. Um These
146:14 the transgressive regressive events uh over this of time. Uh And then here
146:25 the R these are the, they the tr cycles. Here's the R
146:28 , regressive uh tr cycles of uh PM. This is another person and
146:36 a uh the global on lapse Uh It's from SE PM but it
146:43 here, it's uh you know, was hack and the la uh,
146:47 in the, uh, in the century. But now in the 21st
146:51 , this is 2008, there may something newer. It would be on
146:55 if it's new, it's in And, uh, this database started
147:01 a, as a big spreadsheet. any one of these little units would
147:10 a cell in the spreadsheet and that would divide into additional cells to tell
147:14 what else was in it. It's amazing what this guy did. And
147:22 I don't know if you want to this but uh Jim August from
147:24 which is a pretty good university and renew ko went to Purdue by the
147:30 , but not in our sciences. everybody made it Purdue these uh uh
147:35 these days. I heard there was OK, you got, I'm not
147:40 mention it to you. Things happen campus that some of us never know
147:45 and don't want to know about, they had a little bit of a
147:50 event and um, but uh and especially since I'm being recorded,
148:00 think renew cou has done an excellent of uh of building the infrastructure of
148:06 university. I don't know. You noticed but uh you probably didn't know
148:10 but before she came, we didn't any parking lots. We had no
148:16 . It's just big open fields, know, if you make a parking
148:21 , those open fields, gonna have for another building. And she figured
148:25 ways to get other building is there , you know, the,
148:28 the buildings out in front of, , um, science and research
148:34 you don't even know this, that to be the faculty parking.
148:42 uh, and it actually, it went down, I had to fill
148:45 in with a lot of dirt. actually was like a, um,
148:49 , what do you call those Um a little area in case it
148:54 , you know, would fill up water and float the faculty cars uh
148:59 it would keep the campus from Ok. We always have fun
149:09 This looks like the end. I want to do that. So what
149:24 is it? Ok. It's four . You guys wanna take another short
149:36 , stop share do. Mm Well this is the lecture I really
150:22 to get to. I have to this work around. Sometimes the buttons
150:52 from this, these things. So everybody's here. I hope everybody is
150:57 . Um Those of you online might have not might, might not have
151:04 able to, to hear me because stuck this in a in a little
151:09 , the microphone that is, we hear you. Good. You
151:23 Oh Can you see the screen? , it is. Oh, it's
151:27 shared. OK. Huh. Thank . Thank you. Thank you.
151:36 you. So everything's there. Now gonna have to do this little dance
151:48 . Step one, step two. , we'll see. It's being shared
152:19 , right? OK. Uh Can online see it? No.
152:34 Uh Let's go to share screen We can see it. OK.
152:52 . I have a really good question that I can hear you. Why
152:57 it not echoing? Normally we get huge echo. You have the microphone
153:07 on the microphone camera for the the chalkboard. Do I?
153:22 OK. Let me, I'm well, I, I'm learning some
153:25 here. Let's see. Let me this one more time. OK.
153:52 is it cherry? If slow there be here. OK. They can
154:33 this now. Can't they have shared ? Yeah, I've shared it three
154:38 . I don't have this one. one. Well, I was up
154:41 , oh rather than that one. . Well, I'm a slow learner
154:54 . Is it working then? I to do this dance? Yeah.
155:16 it working now? Yeah, we see it. Thanks. Yep.
155:26 let me see if is that microphone right now? Say something over
155:37 Can you, can you hear isa just speak over there by the
155:47 Did anybody hear Isa No, It looks like she just turned off
155:55 turn the microphone on then turned it for a second or it's showing on
156:01 our screen that you turn on the . Yeah. Now it's on Can
156:06 hear? Can you hear me Can you hear that? Very
156:16 You can hear, hear me when get close to my computer now,
156:20 ? Yeah. Why is it not author? Well, um just so
157:18 so we can OK. It's now working over there. Say something isa
157:29 is a speak. Did you hear ? Uh now that microphone is
157:40 it, it says on our Can you hear me now?
157:46 OK. So I have to leave one. This is coordinate. Can
157:59 hear me now? Yes, we're really hard to get to the 21st
158:13 here. Yeah, I think maybe the trick you guys have. The
158:19 our it guy says he can't understand anybody would have so much trouble with
158:22 webcam. I can't understand it Neither can three other it people.
158:31 . So moving along now, I'm actually start talking about uh graphic correlation
158:40 composite standards and it's um OK, everybody can see everything and uh I'm
159:04 talk about the origin of this Uh There's different types of composite standards
159:12 kind of uh say a little bit with details on the precision of
159:21 And uh there's a lot you can with the graphs that you create from
159:25 correlation. And uh and I'm gonna you exactly how it works and uh
159:30 its role has been in bio, chronology and bio, bio geo chronology
159:36 that's what we do with it. . OK. So it's um the
159:46 correlation method is a process of interpretation recalibration. And I will tell you
159:55 if anything in geology is like um learning, a composite standard is an
160:04 , an analog example of machine It's exactly what you do in machine
160:10 , you take data, you put in the system and it, and
160:12 grows its total understanding. So every you graph a new well into a
160:19 , you're actually expanding your understanding of ranges of the fossil. And uh
160:27 I knew somebody that was really good A I and machine learning, uh
160:31 could pull some databases together and try try to help them grow from each
160:36 . In other words, we could data from several uh reputable sources that
160:44 from people that had never worked together pull all of their data together to
160:48 up with a single unified database that's than what they had. And uh
160:54 be more precise and more accurate. um often when you do this kind
161:03 thing too, um you realize that lot of the ST people that work
161:12 in, in bio strate gray will on one fossil group versus another
161:16 And the people in one fossil group up zones to fit their fossil occurrences
161:22 the group in another discipline we call like nano fossils versus Spori An
161:28 they will move from one to another zonal scheme and they always get into
161:35 about what the age of the rocks . And when I was supervising 12
161:41 S and a handful of uh masters bias photographers, it was really annoying
161:50 that they, that they didn't understand rock we're looking at. It's only
161:56 . It can't be this age for fossils and that age for forms,
162:00 has to be one age. So you can integrate those two databases,
162:06 like in machine learning, you're pulling information that's been kept apart from people
162:12 you're turning it into a better You're, you're just, it's adding
162:15 on the other and you'll, you'll probably see this as I explain
162:20 . I hope so. It's often a theoretical model. Uh And that's
162:27 we use a tiny, little bit math, not much, a
162:30 little bit of math to make it . And uh it's not even linear
162:36 but our, our sticks if you , the are depositional events uh will
162:44 hh excuse me, there'll be diagonal that can uh can be saved as
162:50 , as a line defined like a repression, the fossil data will be
162:57 to it. And uh when we a composite standard and push the button
163:02 says, add this information, it just exactly like mach machine learning.
163:09 uh so it's really rather than a model. It's an empirical model.
163:15 based on data from our crops, from wells. It's an empiric,
163:21 , it's taking empirical data and creating model of all of that data from
163:27 sources so that it's totally integrated. once you do it with, with
163:33 wells and you're putting fossils in a lot of these wells, we
163:38 have radiometric dates from different sources. might have polar reversals. You can
163:45 that directly to the fossil occurrences and there thereby you get a better understanding
163:52 what the real true ranges of the are in the best circumstances. And
163:58 also um how they relate to all geo chronology. And you and you
164:03 do come up with something that you call bio geo chronology and this is
164:12 evolution of it, of course, started past the middle of the 20th
164:17 . Uh But a uh really well paleontologist at Amaco wrote a book called
164:23 and Stratigraphy. And um there's, are things about it. Uh the
164:31 of it uh is really part of beauty of it, but trying to
164:36 people to understand exactly how to use has always been a challenge. Some
164:42 think it's a linear regression, but you make it a linear regression,
164:46 actually destroying the value of the tool . And part of the reason for
164:51 is is bio stratigraphic data is not data it's punctuated data and that punctuated
164:59 has all these different errors that we talking about. And if you build
165:04 standards, you can get past that . Uh thinking of bio stratigraphy in
165:10 traditional way. But you can also that very same error into a signal
165:16 you why the fossil top did not where it was supposed to occur.
165:22 that's uh part of what's really, good about this. But all through
165:27 the end of the 20th century, are a lot of people uh doing
165:31 and Amaco did research on it between and 1999. At one point in
165:38 , we had over 80 paleontologists in country. Uh Excuse me, the
165:42 uh working on uh uh this um . We weren't actually doing it every
165:49 , but we were, we were data to uh those that were actually
165:54 the composite standards. And uh one my task was to build some of
165:58 global standards which incorporated a lot of um um geo Crinology data as
166:08 So, uh but ever since 1987 2024 people continue to do basal applications
166:17 this. And uh everybody doesn't like tell you what they're doing uh when
166:22 work for an oil company. But do know uh Chevron's a big user
166:26 of this particular tool uh in certain of their company. Uh You don't
166:32 it everywhere. But in places where , I think the place where it
166:37 the best is where you have trouble good geophysical data, which could just
166:43 be anywhere in the, in the coastal plain of Texas. But
166:48 unfortunately, we don't have a lot good bio Strat democratic data compared to
166:52 we've seen offshore uh done by a of major oil companies. OK?
167:00 There are alternate methods to it and correlation routines and the constrained optimization is
167:09 taking some of these uh things and , you do multiple interpretations and try
167:14 pull them together. Another one added boxes to it. Um One was
167:22 average the composite standards, but a composite standard is exactly like averaging
167:27 . You can't average time uh when a gap, you need to recognize
167:32 gap. You can't just try to I was trying to show you a
167:36 stratigraphy. You can't just make the continuous when it's not. And
167:43 um if a section of rock is , the fossil top can't get to
167:48 top if it was in that missing . And so it's gonna pop up
167:54 in the record or older, you , earlier, earlier in the earth's
167:59 or a older period of time than would normally expect that top of cup
168:04 appear. And that's not an it's a signal, it's a signal
168:09 section is missing. And uh and who also did some other these other
168:15 . And one of the biggest problems people cannot get away from parametric statistics
168:21 , in science. For some they constantly wanna do things that are
168:25 like parametric statistics where you have to continuous variables. Uh You expect something
168:32 I don't know if you remember me you the abundance curves last weekend,
168:36 the abundance curves were drawn like parametric . And that isn't the way living
168:42 uh express themselves either in space in of bio faces or vertically in time
168:52 as in a timescale or temporary. um this uh rasp uh this thing
169:03 Adeberg is really complicated. And um again, here, I'm, I'm
169:10 out some of the other ones with constrained optimization from people a little bit
169:16 than these earlier ones. But uh , a lot of it, except
169:21 this Rass cast one, uh it misses some points even though it's a
169:27 parametric statistic. And uh and then thing that Gradstein did with Aberg uh
169:38 with smooth, smoothing and cubic spline event wave. The minute you start
169:44 wait an event, you're, you're ignoring the fact that you could have
169:53 wells and the top should be a place and the ones that are closest
169:59 you might wait because they should be consistent like we do in reservoir characterization
170:05 creaking. And, and that kind thing. But uh it's really a
170:10 level of math that doesn't really, fit this non parametric statistic, which
170:16 the occurrence of fossils through time, which disappears because of a faces or
170:22 could disappear because of an un conforming it could disappear because of a
170:29 And uh when you draw a you can see what's happening.
170:35 So I'm bringing this up again and just is a better way to pull
170:40 of these things together. Imagine if someone given us an interpretation that it's
170:47 age, this age, this this age and tacking it on to
170:52 , we had as many fossil types we could collect through this and then
170:59 those fossils to this next section over . In other words, we're not
171:05 guessing and putting the pieces that we together, we're trying to pick these
171:11 things that we see in a sequence , that's based on evolution terminated by
171:19 . But it can also be uh any one of these sections, it
171:23 end because of a facie change or could end because of a normal
171:27 cutting through it and uh and all of things like that. So,
171:32 it's just a, it's a better to pull all these things together.
171:36 um when Jim Ogg started doing he was kind of doing it without
171:41 the graphic correlation, but he knew the data was uh that had the
171:45 of precision to help him put it box by box. But we were
171:49 it on a graph so that there's that you can project from a graph
171:53 you can't project from boxes uh in inside of this section eight or say
172:02 14 or whatever. On a you can see it foot by foot
172:08 annum by mega annum where these things occurring. In other words, you
172:12 thickness times, uh you plot thickness the rock unit against time. And
172:20 helps you visualize uh the impact of fourth dimension on that section that you
172:27 in a well or an acro because depth is only one dimension and that's
172:33 useful. Now, when you get wells, you add the 3rd and
172:37 dimension. OK. Um Again, come up with that same thing,
172:45 here is an example of uh uh or Asano if anybody was ever at
172:52 uh downtown, he taught at U H Downtown for a while and he
172:56 a paleo, but these are different in the world. And this chart
173:02 came with a, with a code told you where um um all of
173:11 uh these things came from. In words, we had a section zero
173:16 section one, a section two, were from different parts of the world
173:20 , and uh these were what we to pull together um to create a
173:28 standard. And you can see there's in this one, but they're filled
173:30 that one. There's breaks in these , but they're filled by that one
173:35 of the day. We had most this section. Now, when you
173:39 all of this together, as I last week, there could still be
173:44 missing time. Even after you've posted these together. It's only through careful
173:50 uh over time that you see that there's more time in the Iliac scene
173:55 we have represented by all these Uh I think the uh legacy is
174:00 pretty good in this particular standard. uh we would do this uh build
174:06 composite standard and we use composite standard instead of time. Uh But
174:13 after that, we realized we had calibrate those units to time. So
174:16 could communicate with other people in the . Somebody uh is non dimensional units
174:23 basically helped us relate um relative In other words, it kind of
174:32 kind of negated uh condensed sections versus sections. It kind of made thickness
174:40 one unit. Uh When we moved to a time scale, we
174:45 it would actually made this tool much useful because we were able to see
174:48 sections and ex and expanded sections uh rapidly. But this was all a
174:55 time curve and we were trying to it fit to this time scale.
175:01 we started to pull the geo chronology it. So there's three different,
175:09 know, you, you could probably up with a different type. But
175:12 basically when, when I was managing two thirds of the globe and a
175:17 of the people that worked on the, uh we, we decided
175:24 were really three types. Uh one global and one was local and the
175:30 one, you could subdivide into like a base like a regional field
175:37 or it could be like the whole Sea. It could be a part
175:40 the North Sea. It could be part of the Gulf of Mexico,
175:44 of the Gulf of Mexico, that of thing. So it could,
175:46 it could be a, a broad one like the southern hemisphere versus the
175:52 hemisphere or uh something that's more closer a basin that we were very interested
175:59 . And then sometimes where the fields a lot of data and uh that
176:04 of thing. So you could subdivide into major basins to many basins.
176:11 we also had these things called uh composite standards where we were able
176:16 take the relative data and tie it to uh trom meric data. And
176:25 and it helped us bridge the, composite standard system that we had and
176:33 near, near uh this is about the time when Amaco emerged with
176:39 And uh we had 97 regional And those, the locations of
176:45 if it's like we had one here , uh, in that part of
176:51 world, we had one there, there, but here we had four
176:55 , we had nine. We did lot in West Africa. Uh up
176:59 in the North Sea, we had and um I worked on a North
177:05 Jurassic Standard. Uh personally, I just overseeing it. I was also
177:12 on it, the Cenozoic Standard Um I actually was asked to work
177:17 it, but I gave it to that were better in the Cenozoic than
177:21 was and they did an outstanding So, um sometimes uh you
177:25 the best thing you can do is the work on to somebody better than
177:29 in that particular field. And that was kind of a, a
177:33 lesson for me. But then we 27 global and calibration standards and mind
177:39 uh global standards. Sometimes, you , there's places in the world where
177:43 a lot of paleozoic rocks. So Paleozoic sta uh standards might not have
177:49 as much areas. Say the Cretaceous . Cretaceous, you know, we
177:54 a lot of cretaceous rocks and, things that we've sampled in the
177:59 you get into the Jurassic, it to get kind of iffy. You
178:03 into the paleozoic, it'll be uh with you. It's very hard to
178:10 composite standards in the Paleozoic because the preservation and the number,
178:16 uh, for example, if we something like this in the Paleozoic,
178:20 would have so many gaps, you wonder if you could even do
178:24 And in fact, many times, , if, if they could spot
178:29 that was 4 million years here and million years earlier there, 4 million
178:35 above that, you know, if could get it down to 4 million
178:38 , they would have been flabbergasted. it, it's very difficult working in
178:44 uh time intervals that have less geological . Anybody in the room wanna tell
178:50 why, you know, when we to the Jurassic, uh our ability
178:55 time things in great detail becomes hampered the Jurassic. And in earlier,
179:08 think, you know, I didn't the question. It's hard hearing.
179:17 is not as bad as the other but the uh you look at sea
179:23 spreading. Where do we have the steady spreading floor centers? Uh What
179:30 of rocks do they have in When did they start spreading? Like
179:37 did like when did the, the Atlantic start spreading? Anybody in
179:41 Now, there are anybody in here , ok, well, this is
179:49 of used as a model for holder a lot because if you remember from
179:57 of your geomorphology, it's steep, sort of a steep one, but
180:02 , but it's um it's moving very . And that's, and the reason
180:09 get, you know, it's, kind of like this is because,
180:14 it's moving slower, it's cooling and and cooling and cooling. So,
180:22 to um a certain extent, you , you're increasing the basin size because
180:28 life of the ather filming, so pretty slow and because it's slow,
180:36 , there's a lot of sediment sitting top of it and you do a
180:41 lead to real uh coming out here some different ages up in here.
180:47 places you go around the morass. uh but a lot of the stuff
180:53 on at the spreading ridges there. as, as you and even near
180:57 ridge, it's a little bit But as you, as you come
181:00 the ridge, you actually have chores can go down there and you can
181:05 those chores directly to the bio And it's like the uh the magnetic
181:13 we come out of here like f . You can tie those bands laterally
181:18 terms of time and you can also in time because you have layers and
181:24 layers have fire here. So we calibrate a standard with the total reversal
181:29 really well. In the uh it spreads really fast, which means
181:34 a lot of magma and it's, uplifted quite a bit. And uh
181:39 it doesn't, doesn't have that much to it. So, um you
181:44 , you're not, you're not getting accommodation space like this is as you
181:47 further out. So let's just make long story short uh prior to the
181:56 lower Cretaceous, a lot of the um hadn't formed yet that are,
182:03 are existing. Now, the Tean , for example, is gone.
182:06 we had the Tian Ocean, we could have probably worked on some deeper
182:11 stuff. Excuse me, older things that were filled by the Tean Ocean
182:15 was there for millions and millions of . And uh all these, all
182:20 like the flanks of the Pacific the eastern flank is all, has
182:25 been subducted. Uh A lot of other stuff on the other side of
182:29 Pacific has been subducted. So spreading margins of that can go a
182:36 way through time, go all the back to uh you know, like
182:40 lower Cretaceous and even the upper part the lower Cretaceous at the lowest part
182:45 the lower Cretaceous. And that's true a lot of parts of the
182:50 So that's one of the reasons why have really much better data um um
182:59 do timing with lower Cretaceous and we get in the Jurassic, it's
183:03 difficult and that's of course why a of people made those ammonite zones and
183:08 1 million years because they didn't have geo chronology to tie to it.
183:12 we're getting a lot better. Uh then with the little bits and pieces
183:16 can find OK. Precision. One of the reasons why there's so
183:25 precision is, um, we look the raw data by foot. A
183:32 of times data is reported by A publication will be written, you'll
183:37 this fossil occurs in that zone. fossil occurs in that zone. They
183:41 tell you foot for foot. Maybe can go over here. Uh The
183:58 world. The sad of five of sos that were like this one.
184:05 too, or sometimes people don't report her friends as they say,
184:13 some boss know occurred like that. boss and they wouldn't even, sometimes
184:18 wouldn't even give you, you and when you do that, this
184:23 about halfway up the zone, you know what it really is. Is
184:27 really is. It really, you the time to get here just,
184:35 he plotted like this. Well, it's, if it's in the h
184:40 the zone anywhere, I think it's much more than half the departments.
184:49 mean, yeah, it might have be, that's why you have to
184:55 a day. That's not a part my feet. And you have to
185:00 that payment, uh, to help this and, and it, it
185:05 , it took 80 people and it 2030 years to do this. But
185:10 you do that, you realize that bio Strat democratic models that people built
185:16 way I just read for you. spend a lot of time on that
185:20 their crew. But if you use as a model that it works.
185:41 . Only once today. My, , my right knee felt like it
185:44 fall. I was being really careful after a, was really careful and
185:55 was involved in building these things, found out I could take one of
185:58 stupid charts. So I just told take one of the stupid tribes and
186:05 plot all these things the way they to take the tox if they bought
186:10 , whether they're right or, and could come over here and look at
186:15 of the data I have and you find a thing like this to see
186:27 data is perfectly unpaid. It's second or five degrees. This is,
186:32 is getting younger in this direction and is getting younger in this direction.
186:40 um the, the uh the advantage this is you don't have to go
186:47 the trouble of doing what we did just go into the, the build
186:53 these months. You could call this hypothetical with one of them. Then
186:57 could start putting well data against it . And I'm gonna show you how
187:02 move brains. But the, the data would actually help to readjust things
187:08 like machine learning to be in the spot. That way you don't go
187:13 the world with 20 years bigger than figured out. And uh and you
187:21 still, and even if you have own in-house system, you could use
187:26 in house system and start out with would be the model that they
187:31 And then each time you put a on there, you're testing the value
187:35 that model is a hypothesis of the . They, they need to take
187:39 real data and test the hypothesis on data that you have. And while
187:43 doing that, you're making your uh standard fit your, your values
187:51 In other words, it's becoming a standard really quick and uh and
187:57 and it usually works pretty well. , you can run into problems but
188:03 the people that have done it um they were in my class, uh
188:08 how they, they kind of did same thing because they didn't have the
188:12 or anything to, to go out do that. OK. And by
188:17 all this thing, uh Jeff Stein one of those guys that I put
188:22 the Cenozoic and he was an, PG distinguished lecturer and um I was
188:28 jealous of people that had time to to do things like this. But
188:33 but you know, this is the we all thought about it, but
188:36 all we got, we got, know, we had a great graphics
188:39 . This was done 30 years It still looks nice. But uh
188:45 , this is how um people used do it. Somebody would do um
188:56 nano, the calcareous Nan plankton, would do Paul, which is the
189:00 and pollen and someone would do micro and they would have an age for
189:08 group, an age for that group an age for that group. And
189:12 would sit there for hours arguing about stuff. We wasted so much
189:17 well, not to like it. then, uh and then the other
189:22 is you do the sie method, put all the data into the same
189:28 and things that somebody thought was a age are sitting in the same sample
189:33 your stuff. And so you can't it away. It's just like if
189:38 , if you graph against your your hy hypothetical model that you start
189:46 with, um then uh you can it. So anyway, everything was
189:53 put together like this and we never had. Um You know, just
189:58 it's in a different nano zone doesn't . And that nano zone usually is
190:02 the top of the Cretaceous. And Pallin technology actually overlapped that boundary.
190:07 one of the few groups that overlaps boundary. You know, they were
190:10 having arguments about where the cretaceous tertiary is the easiest boundary in the world
190:15 recognize with PA. And uh and , uh and we call this,
190:22 , the funnel method where we funnel together. This is the SIE method
190:26 you separate everything and leave yourself with with uh arguments. And this is
190:33 you get closer to the truth and all of these together with something that's
190:40 machine learning, made it even more . And uh this is just an
190:47 of uh uh that I already showed from Nita Cruz in the um A
190:55 Bullen at, at the year 2000 you uh the types of uh sort
191:01 the numbers of uh tops and whatnot you could see. And I showed
191:07 this thing too and I showed you uh I'm gonna get back to
191:11 And again, I normally teach this um our classes are not compressed into
191:20 weekends. Uh But again, here have, this is just 270
191:26 defining two of these zones in the . And all these different colors are
191:31 fossil groups. Some of them are paleo thetic reversals, some of them
191:37 where there, where there might be uh geo chronology markers. Uh This
191:44 too old to be the sap propel that's, that's useful. Uh
191:49 but it had all sorts of data here. And uh when you do
191:54 , obviously, I hope that you visualize that the ability to subdivide this
192:01 because each one of these bars is range of the fossil in the composite
192:06 . This is the top of those . So each one of these tops
192:11 this composite standard in this, could actually subdivide that. In other
192:17 , every one of these could incrementally it. And see here, the
192:24 are almost imp perceivable as we come here. But here, here
192:30 here's a little data gap in those fossils. I I know there's
192:39 those are the benthic forums, I . But anyway, uh you've got
192:44 Plank forums in here and uh all of other things to, to pull
192:50 database together. And so here, what I just told you on the
192:57 . You can do it section by , that's the original method or you
193:01 start with a bio stratigraphic model and have a composite standard that's based on
193:07 of experience to the guy that made standard or, or group of that
193:13 or um believe it or not. a uh one thing that bias said
193:19 they had a lot of, a of women in it too. There
193:24 always them in it. And uh , the oil companies were not 50
193:30 taking for employees but of all advisor in the world, in academia and
193:36 the industry, it's about 5050 things really, it was a discipline ahead
193:42 it. But uh like I showed over here that uh the bio photographic
193:51 that I said you could start out , you can start with that and
193:56 already incorporating a lot of work that that research group or that individual or
194:01 individuals put together. And if, somebody did one with nano fossils,
194:07 students can't see each and it doesn't if, if you do this
194:12 you get one of these models for fossils, you get one for uh
194:18 for MS and you get one for plank for MS and you get them
194:24 different s se you get them overlapping same outcrop, the same,
194:29 whatever and pull it together, you actually start building a standard from
194:34 And as you add your data, be making it more precise every
194:38 uh, you get it in there you'll also be able to see a
194:42 more in the interpretive end of it it's not about just building a
194:46 it's building a standard that will help interpret the geological history book. And
194:54 think, I think with that, , I'm gonna stop here and we'll
194:58 tomorrow at 830. And, and
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