| 00:10 | Yeah. Hey looks um let's get here. Um Let's see. So |
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| 00:31 | sent an email yesterday basically telling you to do. So we got weekly |
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| 00:39 | again this week Mastering next Monday, gonna finish up 16 today. Um |
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| 00:48 | the second part of the innate immune , Thursday is uh that system that |
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| 00:54 | do a bunch of questions around that . We'll do, we'll start with |
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| 00:59 | very beginning of Chapter 17 at the today just to kind of go over |
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| 01:06 | . Um The schedule, remember the opens this friday. Okay, so |
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| 01:13 | a spot. Um exams still still couple weeks away, two plus weeks |
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| 01:20 | . So um certainly we got questions , you know, material, obviously |
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| 01:26 | me know combining office hours, email have you. Okay? Um Then |
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| 01:34 | let's see. Next week we'll finish Um you get three and start, |
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| 01:41 | know, for the following week. . Although we may may start some |
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| 01:48 | it here, depending on, you , I'm thinking that we only have |
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| 01:53 | come, so class ends on thursday 1st I think. So we may |
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| 01:58 | have to have class that day if keep on schedule. So um |
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| 02:04 | um the other thing was midterm so I have calculated that will be |
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| 02:12 | in the morning. Um I'm just that, but will be posted in |
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| 02:16 | morning. So I didn't do all heavy lifting, I would do if |
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| 02:20 | was a final grade, but it's fairly close estimate. Okay, I |
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| 02:26 | go through. And so it's like the forget the top the top |
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| 02:33 | clipper sports or what are averaging, didn't do all that but it's still |
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| 02:37 | gonna be close enough estimate for what need, what you need. And |
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| 02:42 | it also includes the extra credit from I assumed I was gonna fill out |
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| 02:46 | survey last evaluation til you get expert that so that's figured in. Um |
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| 02:51 | the kicker is appeared in it but can always just add a point or |
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| 02:55 | too great. So a little bit estimate for now and uh and you |
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| 03:00 | look on, I'll put it in email ahead of time where I |
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| 03:04 | Um but it's just it's really like exactly in the syllabus just taking your |
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| 03:10 | on blackboard and just fall in step . Okay. Um And uh the |
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| 03:20 | um remember but uh um oh the , so we described as a numerical |
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| 03:30 | obviously. So you're gonna compare that to the scale. It's in the |
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| 03:34 | on where it talks about the all to that scale in the email as |
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| 03:40 | . So that's what you're gonna compare two to get a testament of your |
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| 03:43 | grade. Okay. Um Alright. yeah so watch out for that and |
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| 03:48 | guess I'll send an email out ahead that in the morning. So um |
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| 03:55 | see. So I don't think the is the 16th, is that |
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| 03:58 | I think the 16th don't hold me that but I just want to give |
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| 04:03 | that information to make a decision if if you're thinking about dropping. |
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| 04:09 | Um and so you can easily figure because the question then becomes what do |
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| 04:15 | need to make an exam? Three four blah blah blah. Right so |
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| 04:18 | can do that yourself. Just plug the plug in 100. Right? |
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| 04:22 | that will give you at least the upper range. Right? So that's |
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| 04:27 | enough to just follow the steps that in the that are in the |
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| 04:31 | I mean in this office. Okay um the okay questions just let me |
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| 04:39 | . So let's uh we're gonna do start with two questions and then a |
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| 04:48 | bit of a recap of last Okay so let's start here. So |
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| 04:55 | talked about all of these last Okay so take a look. Um |
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| 05:04 | is the true statement. Okay and not A. D. D. |
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| 05:11 | it's uh F. If and on . On F. There you're not |
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| 05:49 | see that on an exam where you to identify visually what cell type but |
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| 05:53 | just threw it in for grins. captain down. MS. All |
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| 06:40 | calm down from six 54. Yes is. See uh so bas a |
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| 06:55 | the primary of Vegas an excel type neutrophils initially then followed up by |
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| 07:04 | Um Two like receptors, they don't anything right there, not a cell |
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| 07:10 | , a surface molecule that binds to champ. Right and that initiates cytokine |
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| 07:16 | . And the alarm bell. So receptors are the alarm system so to |
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| 07:21 | . Uh pam's is correct. That's that is. The person's that's involved |
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| 07:30 | think of that as facilitated Figo So it's 20 past was coated with |
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| 07:37 | are complemented and that's taken in for that pathogens that aren't easily oxidized. |
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| 07:44 | Estonians are made to them and makes melon killed. So that's that's your |
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| 07:50 | on your cells and tissues. It's self. Okay so we'll touch on |
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| 07:55 | again here in a second. Just a recap lymphocytes these are actually um |
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| 08:02 | . They have that weird lobed um . Okay so those purple blobs are |
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| 08:10 | D. N. A. Um But again I'm not gonna just |
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| 08:15 | this in it's not gonna see images you have to identify the cell type |
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| 08:22 | on just the email so don't worry that. But uh maybe a nursing |
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| 08:27 | . You have to do that but here. Um Okay one more question |
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| 08:31 | we do some content here. So virus infected cells might be dealt with |
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| 08:37 | . So I remember the exercise packages patterns and systems. Systems to deal |
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| 09:12 | . Mhm. Okay. Timer Okay counting down six. Okay it |
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| 09:54 | going to be natural killer cells. so those and cell type we haven't |
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| 10:02 | talked a little bit about it but t cell types what are called site |
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| 10:11 | toxic T cells put them in natural cells deal with infected cells. Um |
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| 10:19 | , so a little bit of recap . So in the community. So |
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| 10:23 | what we're doing. Talking about Right? So think about its 1st |
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| 10:26 | 2nd line defenses. First line physical barriers to remember your physical barriers of |
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| 10:32 | skin. Because membranes also secrete secretions those service chemical barriers that can take |
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| 10:40 | . I'm is very common. Um simply the nature of the secretions may |
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| 10:46 | sold to the city that that it be a deterrent. Um second line |
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| 10:53 | but also the first thing I remember is your microbiota. So that also |
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| 10:57 | part of second line are typically cell processes um So inflammation. We'll talk |
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| 11:04 | today fever. These are processes of can involve cell types for sure. |
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| 11:11 | but uh specific cells uh that things that. So various types of um |
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| 11:24 | to to counteract pathogens. So we in a question about champs. |
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| 11:30 | So these are these are the peripheral of pageants out of membranes. So |
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| 11:39 | the gel. Um so things on external part of pathogen. Okay. |
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| 11:46 | combined uh manufactures to contradict the cytokines sells, they're gonna bring themselves to |
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| 11:54 | site of infection. They can have defects. Okay. Um uh we'll |
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| 12:01 | a lot about cytokines today in the of inflammatory response. There's a lot |
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| 12:05 | those uh here in the inflammatory response do different things. Okay? Um |
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| 12:14 | there's okay, different stereotypes going through types. Each have different roles and |
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| 12:21 | skills are mostly kind of releasing release different types of chemicals inside of kinds |
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| 12:27 | in inflammation and other processes used to figures of times, but their role |
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| 12:33 | also toxin producers, but to work really deal with large pathogens. Modern |
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| 12:41 | , differentiated macrophages, uh panic The lymphatic system is about protecting its |
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| 12:49 | ingested microbes. Um your tissue can quite dense in certain parts of your |
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| 12:56 | , and these are full of B cells, T cells to help |
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| 13:01 | infection. Um and then uh let's here. So then uh because a |
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| 13:09 | this optimization. Right, So, talk about these today. We haven't |
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| 13:12 | there yet, but just quickly on . So this is important because it's |
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| 13:21 | ability to recognize something as an entity be in your body can only occur |
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| 13:30 | your body knows to differentiate between what's and what shouldn't be there. And |
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| 13:37 | course, occurs through everything occurs through occurs through molecules of some type. |
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| 13:42 | so self antigens are kind of like barcode to identify yourselves as europe. |
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| 13:48 | , so if something comes in that have that same barcode and that's a |
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| 13:52 | . Okay, And that's what can the immune system cause different effects. |
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| 14:01 | you have, that system is broken into two types, depending on the |
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| 14:06 | type. Okay so I always do first because it's the easiest it only |
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| 14:11 | three types. Right? It has cells macrophages and dendritic cells. So |
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| 14:16 | just cell types that are called antigen cells. They show energy to the |
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| 14:22 | . Okay. That can then Different cells respond to them. Uh |
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| 14:27 | everything else that's not in that group A. M. A. |
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| 14:31 | One is basically all your body Okay not red blood cells. They |
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| 14:36 | their own system. That's the EOS their hand system. Okay. Everything |
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| 14:42 | that's not the type to is a one. Okay. And so um |
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| 14:47 | so we'll see as we get into adaptive immune system you have certain of |
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| 14:53 | cells interact with these types of self . Others interact with these. Okay |
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| 15:00 | that's what kind of differentiates their function . Talking about different types of t |
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| 15:06 | interact with these two. Okay so know I'll keep repeating this and it |
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| 15:11 | become clearer as we go through. So that they may see engines here |
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| 15:16 | just on the surface of the The originally inside the cell of course |
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| 15:21 | can then they can make the molecules that are synthesized and they combined a |
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| 15:30 | piece. Right? That's a piece a virus or of another bacterium. |
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| 15:41 | bacteria can enter into the cell and out. So maybe it's a piece |
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| 15:44 | that and it goes to the surface ? And now the immune system can |
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| 15:50 | A G is for an engine can oh here now it goes to the |
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| 15:55 | and now it's shown to the body it's inside is invisible from the outside |
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| 16:02 | other system cells can respond. The cell can respond what have you. |
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| 16:07 | . And that's how you can find what's going on in terms of your |
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| 16:11 | system or you can have cells like . Right. And so um you |
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| 16:17 | infected cells cancer cells can have different on their surface. Okay. Maybe |
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| 16:23 | lack MHC molecules altogether. That's what killer cells. So because that tells |
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| 16:29 | body it's it's not normal it's abnormal to have MHC antigens on the |
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| 16:34 | So sometimes infections like a viral infection all. But some can cause these |
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| 16:40 | to the surface. Certain cancers. cancers can do that. And so |
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| 16:45 | what a looks for. Uh there's type. Don't worry about this |
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| 16:51 | What was called the side a toxic . Cell. Okay, these two |
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| 16:58 | for uh infected cells are actually And again okay through their MHC one |
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| 17:08 | that's the energy in there. And it varies and in effect itself can |
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| 17:16 | on the viral type and it will different responses. Some maybe like this |
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| 17:23 | and sort of toxic natural killer cell be on the lookout for or maybe |
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| 17:27 | doesn't have that response and it and does have MHC engines on it. |
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| 17:31 | they show a Part of that affecting as an on the surface. So |
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| 17:39 | have T cells can recognize that. talk about that in 17. But |
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| 17:44 | from while we're here worth mentioning to point is, you've got multiple ways |
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| 17:48 | deal with different types of infections. , so this is a that's an |
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| 17:54 | sailor cellular. Yeah. So, on the inside in try cellular |
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| 18:13 | So you have to have a way deal with those and those that are |
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| 18:15 | the outside. So when you call here, foodborne illness, right, |
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| 18:21 | . So you have both obviously both affect you and ways to deal with |
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| 18:26 | . And we do we have specialized that can deal with each type. |
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| 18:29 | , so you do have a lot defenses. I mean, have you |
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| 18:35 | earlier the physical chemical barriers accepted. , we got a lot of stuff |
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| 18:38 | on that can that happens. Uh gonna happen that can be triggered in |
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| 18:42 | course of an affection. Ok. is all good for you. Um |
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| 18:47 | questions about this self engines. All right. Um okay, so |
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| 18:53 | lastly optimization. So remember a nutritional as part of the process can also |
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| 19:04 | . So this is a kind of writing, but that's a total like |
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| 19:08 | T. L. R. For . Right. And so that can |
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| 19:13 | cannot only engulf and ingest and break down. But in the binding part |
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| 19:19 | can you have a times to alert cells infection. Um these uh once |
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| 19:28 | gets crunched up right? So there's fake ozone refuses with a nice |
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| 19:33 | Right? And so then it gets that material can exit. So but |
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| 19:39 | we have this will have MHC Okay, a macrophage if that's what |
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| 19:44 | is would be a type two. so it will bind to some of |
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| 19:49 | particles. Okay then show it C , Auntie Gin and then this would |
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| 20:00 | um the part of a virus or crunched up in there and show it |
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| 20:06 | the body and now it's visible to cells of the immune system. |
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| 20:12 | That's what that's what engine presenting cell . Okay shows whatever digested to the |
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| 20:19 | to the immune system can respond if . Maybe it's nothing. Maybe it's |
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| 20:23 | there's no response because it's not a but maybe it is. So that's |
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| 20:28 | to be determined by the cells that with. Okay and then here is |
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| 20:32 | optimization right? We have the pathogen and it's coated little y y shape |
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| 20:42 | or antibody. Okay so antibodies binding in and that's what it's doing. |
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| 20:49 | so you have these these parts of antibody bind to the pathogen. |
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| 20:59 | This part combined to a cell like macrophage to have different binding parts. |
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| 21:09 | that's so optimization accounts for those pathogens aren't easily famous, it ties because |
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| 21:15 | slippery like a thick capsule or So we have antibodies to it or |
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| 21:21 | the other one. So they're both complement and antibodies coat to sell. |
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| 21:27 | makes it easier to bring in the fight. The specific cell can bind |
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| 21:32 | the antibody and complement and bring the thing digested. Okay. Um |
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| 21:40 | I think that was most of the . Any questions? So it's a |
|
| 21:45 | of a recap. Um All so here's the first process, I |
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| 21:52 | you'd call it, we're gonna talk is inflammation. Okay. And there's |
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| 21:58 | stepwise process to that. So, a look here. So what should |
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| 22:02 | which will occur first and always occur inflammation, but there's one thing that's |
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| 22:07 | gonna happen first and it's gonna trigger of the next steps. Okay. |
|
| 22:46 | timer going Alright, Count Down From : one. Yeah, it's sort |
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| 23:23 | kind of release. It's gonna be that sets everything else in motion. |
|
| 23:27 | ? So let's see. Set of one. Any guess on number two |
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| 23:42 | let her at me deep, it's deep. Then we get |
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| 23:51 | let's see which one's next better before can exit. They have to stick |
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| 24:05 | . There's no exit then that actually actually actually contributes contributes to the swelling |
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| 24:14 | then we fix everything up repair that be like a scam or something like |
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| 24:19 | . So we'll go through this. obviously a lot of cytokines are involved |
|
| 24:25 | inflammation. Okay, And, so we look at inflammation, we've all |
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| 24:31 | this at some time or another. we have it right now, anybody |
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| 24:35 | inflammation right now. Okay. The it could be fairly simple from, |
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| 24:43 | know, you have a splinter in finger or something, or paper cut |
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| 24:46 | , and maybe it's slightly affected. so now it hurts, right? |
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| 24:50 | a red red blotch and it kind hurts. And maybe the warm to |
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| 24:53 | touch, or it's all normal part the inflammation. So, so first |
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| 25:01 | is meant to the response is meant contain the infection where it is |
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| 25:09 | Right? So, again, we an example of a splinter, |
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| 25:12 | Gets infected. So the inflammatory response meant to contain it right there in |
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| 25:17 | spot. Another spread. Okay, . Is the main infection fighting cells |
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| 25:26 | the beginning, are your neutrophils? . So neutrophils are circulating your |
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| 25:32 | So, the infecting organisms aren't going be in the blood generally, they're |
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| 25:37 | be somewhere in the surrounding tissue. , So that means you have to |
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| 25:41 | the cells neutrophils out of the blood the surrounding tissue. So, a |
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| 25:47 | part of information, is that is that to happen. Ok. Which |
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| 25:51 | you're going to um make blood vessels in the area. So we get |
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| 25:57 | local things, you're gonna make blood in that area more leaky more permeable |
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| 26:03 | they can come out. Okay, that's what contributes to a number of |
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| 26:07 | . The redness, you see the , the swelling that occurs because of |
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| 26:13 | not only the red blood cells come , but other fluid blood comes out |
|
| 26:17 | well. That's what causes a swell uh it feels warm to touch |
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| 26:22 | Often pains associated with it. So all these are all normal responses. |
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| 26:27 | , so, of course, the step is, let's depend on the |
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| 26:31 | of the damage, fix it, clot blood, Um, form a |
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| 26:36 | perhaps these kind of things. now, um, the chronic, |
|
| 26:42 | talking this discussion is about acute the response, which means, you |
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| 26:49 | it occurs over a period of 5 10 days. Okay, then, |
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| 26:52 | done. Done. The chronic is it happens over and over again. |
|
| 26:57 | , chronic like very typical is intestinal . So, if you have food |
|
| 27:03 | , um uh, these can constantly cause inflammations in your, in your |
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| 27:09 | and you get these this process it'll run over here over long periods |
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| 27:14 | time, so that that can take toll on the body, of |
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| 27:18 | Um but we're focused on the acute response here. So, among a |
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| 27:25 | of cytokines are at least um because bringing together a number of different |
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| 27:31 | You have to work on the blood to make them more permeable. You |
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| 27:35 | them bigger generally as well. You to get various cell types to the |
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| 27:40 | . So a lot of these things involved in doing that. Okay. |
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| 27:43 | necrosis factors. One of those they that's damaged, we'll release this and |
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| 27:49 | can be often be the first Okay. Something's not right here. |
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| 27:53 | let's cause let's get information going. we need to take care of this |
|
| 27:58 | infection perhaps. Right? So the necrosis factor works in different parts of |
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| 28:04 | body, especially in the liver. causes the liver to produce things called |
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| 28:08 | phase proteins. Among these actually is um is one of those as well |
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| 28:14 | some others. Um And so the is right as we look through this |
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| 28:20 | dilation is the manipulation of blood Okay. To make them bigger |
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| 28:25 | Dilate increased banker uh figure site So getting neutrophils out of the blood |
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| 28:34 | the tissue to Vegas, Italians And then of course repair. |
|
| 28:39 | so a certain example and again this kind of the basic example with a |
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| 28:47 | wound splinter or something. Where are on it that are affecting. So |
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| 28:54 | call the subcutaneous um infection. Um so here's a section of the skin |
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| 29:00 | see we're gonna involve different cell Okay, so again one histamine and |
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| 29:07 | . Okay so histamine is one of that works on the blood vessel. |
|
| 29:11 | and what that means is we are to take a blood vessel in the |
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| 29:17 | that initially looks like that. so this would be the this top |
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| 29:21 | is the skin of the upper layer skin. Okay. Skin surface |
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| 29:27 | Okay, and there's a blood vessel . Okay, so the action of |
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| 29:32 | among others is to dilate it, gonna get bigger. So it gets |
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| 29:38 | to the skin surface of the skin that's where you get the reddish kind |
|
| 29:42 | color comes from and that feels warm the touch. So what it also |
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| 29:48 | is it will increase the volume of in that area. So remember, |
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| 29:53 | this is local localized response. So blood vessels in that area. And |
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| 30:00 | so think of a water hose, put your finger on top of the |
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| 30:07 | , your resistance to flow, You're decreasing examiners, the water can |
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| 30:12 | out. So if you make the bigger, if you could write, |
|
| 30:17 | be slowing down the flow of blood that area. Uh plus being |
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| 30:23 | more blood volume in the air. . And so you need to slow |
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| 30:28 | the area. Remember you're trying to out the fields that are coming through |
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| 30:35 | you want to slow down there to them. So they'll begin to stick |
|
| 30:40 | the bus alone and squeeze out. , That's reasonable for, you |
|
| 30:45 | in the local area to increase blood by making it bigger and slow and |
|
| 30:51 | slow blood flow down. Okay? facilitate the exit of these neutrophils. |
|
| 30:57 | . And so kind and self also of the process is to um take |
|
| 31:03 | cells that make up the bulk Okay. And kind of pry them |
|
| 31:09 | . Okay. Because remember that's you make space between the cells so you |
|
| 31:13 | pop out. Okay. And so what kinds do okay um you have |
|
| 31:20 | local trains and things that kind of to the same process because there's not |
|
| 31:25 | history but the other chemicals also act what we call vaso dilation factors. |
|
| 31:30 | what we're talking about. We're making big right up up here is vaso |
|
| 31:35 | history. Can do that as well other side. Okay. And so |
|
| 31:42 | prostate glands. Okay, so uh here are here, right, this |
|
| 31:49 | damaged isn't damaged cells in the area that can trigger the release of the |
|
| 31:53 | necrosis factor with them. You can getting the blood travel to your liver |
|
| 31:59 | cause the formation of these other specific . But also you may have macrophages |
|
| 32:05 | floating around here that can that combined these right the champs and that can |
|
| 32:09 | set a kind production as well. so that all to get cells to |
|
| 32:15 | site to these histamines, et And so I'm not sure your animation |
|
| 32:20 | this as well. Um So project though are released and these were my |
|
| 32:28 | and engineering because you wanted to be to that something's happened to you write |
|
| 32:33 | , you know that, oh, have an infection. I need to |
|
| 32:35 | this room where it's alert you to . There was something going on |
|
| 32:39 | Okay, then what happens is um, these uh, this |
|
| 32:49 | so not myself. But but what is, let's just show the picture |
|
| 32:54 | . Okay, so here is the vessel in the area. So they |
|
| 33:00 | have dilation. They were gonna kind pull the cells that make up the |
|
| 33:05 | a little bit so they can squeeze . As you see, this neutral |
|
| 33:09 | is rolling down along the side of vessel. There's actually uh uh, |
|
| 33:16 | of needs to help promote the release these cell surface molecules that kind of |
|
| 33:23 | like velcro to kind of stop the to slow them down. Those are |
|
| 33:27 | along. Okay. And then then other side of kind of kind of |
|
| 33:33 | apart the cells of the blood vessels that's how they squeeze through. So |
|
| 33:38 | , the uh, squeezing through is Diet Pegasus. Okay, the kind |
|
| 33:44 | slowing down while they stick to the surface before them is the margin |
|
| 33:48 | margin Nation is kind of they stick the wall and they squeeze out. |
|
| 33:53 | the diabetes is okay. Um, , so initially it's so, so |
|
| 34:00 | the neutrophils exit, right, exit blood vessel. Of course, you're |
|
| 34:04 | have other food comes with a filter only only come out other stuff with |
|
| 34:10 | what contributes to the swell. And then of course they're they're fighting |
|
| 34:16 | . You have so after a while have looking forms pus. And plus |
|
| 34:22 | basically uh your white blood cells, of which are still alive from the |
|
| 34:28 | dead cells. And so it's kind collection of all that stuff. |
|
| 34:33 | Um and then then that's followed by . You may have some depending on |
|
| 34:40 | severity of the injury. You may some lack of movement, maybe somehow |
|
| 34:45 | movements impaired in the area or otherwise impaired until prepare occurs and repaired. |
|
| 34:52 | is basically uh can be uh cell to replace. That sells blood scab |
|
| 35:00 | , these kind of things. And that leads to a what you see |
|
| 35:04 | here which can eventually gets it clears and back to normal. So let's |
|
| 35:12 | let's show this animation. Uh Come one in a second. Uh Let's |
|
| 35:20 | here. Okay top. There we . So here is that's gonna be |
|
| 35:32 | same splintered kind of example here. you get your capillaries in the area |
|
| 35:38 | . Super tiny one cell thick red cells and mixed in with you see |
|
| 35:45 | hills there are the white blood So here's macrovision, Here's the subcutaneous |
|
| 35:52 | pathogens. Here comes macrophages in the . Remember your fixed macrophages, |
|
| 35:57 | These these may be sitting here just out uh you have released a set |
|
| 36:02 | contracts. That's the pants T. . R. Effect. Right? |
|
| 36:06 | among the cited content will be histamines etcetera that will blow that area. |
|
| 36:13 | here's cells that make up the blood . Okay. And video cell then |
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| 36:19 | have these uh white blood cells will all cells have these kind of glycoprotein |
|
| 36:25 | on the surface and some things are to here's how it slows it |
|
| 36:29 | That's rolling along. All right. then uh you have to break apart |
|
| 36:36 | connections. Right? So don't worry the name here. Uh these are |
|
| 36:41 | molecules and they interact with blood cells that I can to kind of help |
|
| 36:47 | kind of analogous to velcro sticking sticking those cells. And then we have |
|
| 36:56 | effect of Yeah that helps break apart connections between these cells temporarily at least |
|
| 37:04 | that they can slip through. So sticking part is kind of the margin |
|
| 37:10 | that what you just saw is a or squeezes through. Okay, so |
|
| 37:14 | they can get into the surrounding tissue they can do their thing ties. |
|
| 37:21 | and then of course uh for sales out. And so you have more |
|
| 37:27 | kind of more history to kind of the dilation effect than the and the |
|
| 37:33 | they have mass cells in the area also triggered to use this to me |
|
| 37:36 | all to work on the blood vessel dilation. It's like when you see |
|
| 37:40 | background kind of fill up that's a . So it's growing up in the |
|
| 37:45 | . Um, and so the but again, this is classic profit |
|
| 37:52 | . They work on the to heighten sense of pain in the area. |
|
| 37:57 | so you get your basic sign Warm, pain, swelling. |
|
| 38:04 | so, uh, inflammatory response. , acute inflammatory response. Right? |
|
| 38:15 | , so, uh, any questions that? So, um, when |
|
| 38:23 | , this can be an issue bad you? Okay. Is if you |
|
| 38:29 | , so we talked about endo toxin gram negative infections. So it's a |
|
| 38:35 | materials release the material cause shock. , it's when you have a, |
|
| 38:42 | think that's an inflammatory response that's not just it looks like the area |
|
| 38:46 | the body wide. Right? So you have a very negative infection in |
|
| 38:49 | blood, right then potentially all the and much more cells in the body |
|
| 38:55 | respond to this thing rather than just a local effect. Right? And |
|
| 38:59 | , you know, the effects of response dilating blood vessels, right? |
|
| 39:04 | that happens in the body wide Now you have blood vessels that are |
|
| 39:07 | be, you know, being dilated included coming out every blood volume will |
|
| 39:13 | down as a result because it's happening wide, not just locally. And |
|
| 39:18 | when you're going to shot. And you're using blood volume from numerous blood |
|
| 39:23 | in your body and blood pressure goes , um, etcetera. So not |
|
| 39:29 | think so. So a body wide response is something that's very dangerous if |
|
| 39:33 | happens. Okay um And then the is one of those that can cause |
|
| 39:40 | um Okay uh fever. So fever again something we've all experienced. Um |
|
| 39:52 | it's really just a resetting of a resetting of the body's thermostat. Okay |
|
| 40:01 | hypothalamus is what controls your body And the thing that will adjust the |
|
| 40:12 | set point. So normally your set is at around 37 38 or so |
|
| 40:20 | Jeremiah's half of the year. So we're always a little bit different but |
|
| 40:26 | within that range. The and so happens is something triggers it to to |
|
| 40:35 | . Okay so pira genes are those that cause beaver. Okay you can |
|
| 40:41 | what's called endogenous or exogenous pira Okay so outside the body and things |
|
| 40:47 | bacteria, viruses, pathogens that come your body. Then they trigger end |
|
| 40:52 | endogenous pirate. So chemicals you produce introducing one. Uh I 01 please |
|
| 40:59 | directly on the hypothalamus. Okay and the set point uh Up. And |
|
| 41:07 | So a psycho typical cycle if we 37 c. as the set |
|
| 41:13 | Okay Um the presence of Pira Jin's . Oh like that. Okay so |
|
| 41:20 | we go up to say 40 give take we shift to a higher set |
|
| 41:26 | . Okay. So much like if cold and you go in the house |
|
| 41:33 | you turn the thermostat up. Okay Are you going to immediately be |
|
| 41:42 | You're gonna feel cool for a while you're until that temperature gets to tell |
|
| 41:49 | house temperature gets what you said. that right? So let me |
|
| 41:52 | So the same in your body. not instantaneous. So you turn the |
|
| 41:56 | up in your body. It takes bit for your body to catch up |
|
| 42:01 | that new set point. And so you do you're gonna feel chilled |
|
| 42:07 | Um Typically what happens is you kind oscillate between chills and sweats chills and |
|
| 42:14 | because that that set points kind of up. Okay so you kind of |
|
| 42:22 | the effects of that as it goes . Your body is not your bodies |
|
| 42:26 | this higher set point but it goes a little bit and it takes a |
|
| 42:30 | to readjust. You're gonna feel hot you get to that point. So |
|
| 42:34 | why you kind of go through oscillating and low Children chosen the and sweat |
|
| 42:42 | finally you you overcome the infection fewer and you go down to your whole |
|
| 42:49 | point. Okay? Um Now you even even though you have your uh |
|
| 42:58 | point has increased and your body catches with that temperature you still don't feel |
|
| 43:03 | obviously. Um But it is serving purpose. Okay so the most obvious |
|
| 43:09 | probably you know pathogens that affect our Bacterial pathogens um you grow them at |
|
| 43:17 | in the lab. Right? So your body type, that's what they're |
|
| 43:20 | to. So if you elevate that will affect their their growth. Okay |
|
| 43:25 | it does that but probably more importantly helps your immune system. Okay. |
|
| 43:32 | uh increases T cell activity. So of the things about your adaptive immune |
|
| 43:37 | , B cells and T cells they time. Okay so they have to |
|
| 43:46 | engine, they have to respond to and that's there's a time element to |
|
| 43:51 | . Okay. And so wherever you buy time to help them out that's |
|
| 43:58 | your favor. And so slowing down growth is one of the ways so |
|
| 44:03 | slows them down T cells and B to find them and recognize the engine |
|
| 44:09 | then do their thing. Okay so cells as well learn um a particular |
|
| 44:15 | cell type is very it's kind of master of the whole thing right? |
|
| 44:20 | the B cells that need activated by cells and B cells make antibodies and |
|
| 44:25 | cells kind of deal with intracellular So but the whole system is kind |
|
| 44:30 | regulated by certain T cell types and increase their activity to do this during |
|
| 44:36 | . Okay and then iron uh again really goes back to thinking about growth |
|
| 44:42 | ? And what's needed for growth. . Iron turns out to be a |
|
| 44:46 | essential elements for pathogens. Okay for life but I mean you kind of |
|
| 44:52 | with them over over the credibility of right? You many different ways certainly |
|
| 45:00 | hemoglobin and hemoglobin binding option is a source of iron but also other types |
|
| 45:07 | well. So you have a definite for it and you need to hold |
|
| 45:10 | to it. So if you keep away from pathogens that infect their girls |
|
| 45:14 | well. So um so it does definitely has a role in your innate |
|
| 45:24 | system to slow down the growth and mobilize your adaptive immune system Check um |
|
| 45:32 | are too high attempt to high attempt not that is detrimental. Okay because |
|
| 45:37 | body can't sustain that but something that's one a 11 or two, you |
|
| 45:41 | that's sustainable but but not when you 104 105 that's not your body can't |
|
| 45:47 | very well like that. We need do something about that. But most |
|
| 45:53 | us that go through the typical you know it's one that uses |
|
| 45:57 | one of 112 is typical. OK so compliment so compliment um is our |
|
| 46:12 | factors that are not compliment or not cell type. Okay. They're simply |
|
| 46:17 | proteins that are floating around your Okay. And unless until your until |
|
| 46:24 | have an infection, compliment is in inactive form. Okay so there's ways |
|
| 46:31 | activate complement to make it do its . Okay and there's three ways that |
|
| 46:38 | be triggered. Now there are a of proteins that make up competent. |
|
| 46:43 | uh but it really boils down to the C. Three and C. |
|
| 46:51 | . Those when those can activate it when most of the action occurs, |
|
| 46:56 | compliment. Okay so again there's like of these things that are inactive and |
|
| 47:03 | like a cascade effect. So for C. Three you see there is |
|
| 47:09 | , it's activated by I think Two. It is formed C. |
|
| 47:13 | A. And B. Okay Then activates five right into C. |
|
| 47:19 | A. And B. And it of goes keeps going so C. |
|
| 47:22 | and activated seven and 89. So that's a cascade but it's when these |
|
| 47:29 | activated like I said that's when most the work occurs. Okay so um |
|
| 47:37 | you have certain cell types that work the adaptive immune system. Macrophages, |
|
| 47:42 | cells compliment also work with the So remember uh complement the classical |
|
| 47:51 | This is the first one. Okay simply binding to uh antibodies activated. |
|
| 48:01 | everybody's bound here. Okay and there's competent factor. And so anybody buying |
|
| 48:08 | a pathogen that activates the anybody's Now the effects of senior. |
|
| 48:15 | optimization site A'Lexus inflammation those three outcomes the conference activated are the same but |
|
| 48:24 | power is activated, those are the actors. Okay so anybody is one |
|
| 48:29 | to activate um another way is to to uh cell surface black. Oh |
|
| 48:38 | bacteria um have these or other Okay and compliment can combine these. |
|
| 48:48 | . And that in itself can trigger activation. Okay. Um and then |
|
| 48:54 | is collected. Okay so elections are of those uh mentioned earlier tumor necrosis |
|
| 49:05 | can go deliver and that contribute to to produce one of these c reactive |
|
| 49:11 | . And and uh election is one those. Okay, so elected by |
|
| 49:18 | very common manos and other types of are commonly found on bacterial surfaces. |
|
| 49:26 | , so like that's what they Okay. And so that they can |
|
| 49:32 | complement activation. Okay. So um so again the outcomes you see the |
|
| 49:38 | outcomes here optimizations that causes inflammation. it's the same, the same three |
|
| 49:43 | occur regards of how it's activated. . So what are these what we |
|
| 49:47 | the optimizations? Okay that's the it's like antibody can be so and then |
|
| 49:56 | it can take up specific cells. take it up. Okay um cytology |
|
| 50:04 | so this you see here complement proteins together to form these little channels in |
|
| 50:12 | cell membrane. Okay basically the stuff out of the cell killing it. |
|
| 50:17 | what they call a membrane attack complex have these complement proteins. Um This |
|
| 50:24 | more effective with graham uh negatives. because gram positive never have a liking |
|
| 50:34 | wall covering. Okay and so we don't really fit into a cell wall |
|
| 50:40 | fit into a memory. So remember negative having outer membrane layer. That's |
|
| 50:44 | they're more susceptible to this kind of . Okay and then uh finally is |
|
| 50:52 | inflammatory response so concrete can um bind cells involved in inflammatory response for this |
|
| 51:01 | . Histamine. So kind of enhance uh for a response by producing these |
|
| 51:07 | the formulation of these cytokines. Okay again all three of these are our |
|
| 51:14 | of activity no matter how it's Okay um and then uh let's see |
|
| 51:24 | . So interference. I think we about that in But their defense against |
|
| 51:31 | , antiviral defense and so we have classes. Type one is the one |
|
| 51:38 | anti bar. Okay and so how works is like this. Okay so |
|
| 51:45 | have a virus infected cell. And you have um that infection itself |
|
| 51:55 | what triggers the formation of interference. . Design defects and triggers that and |
|
| 52:07 | any neighboring cells. Okay so in nearby nearby will if they have the |
|
| 52:15 | for it will buy interference. Okay those cells take it up and that |
|
| 52:20 | as a activator to produce viral antiviral . Okay so again these are cells |
|
| 52:29 | the vicinity of those infected self. and um and the net result is |
|
| 52:37 | viral infection basically stops because these these cells have these antiviral proteins that the |
|
| 52:44 | comes in. They basically block the . Okay so again the cell that |
|
| 52:51 | affected is gonna like this a common but the neighboring cells and and protected |
|
| 52:57 | uh by the action of interference that take in. Okay so this was |
|
| 53:07 | I think. Um it was like of the first biotechnology products that mask |
|
| 53:12 | they appear on the antiviral drug. it didn't prove to be successful because |
|
| 53:19 | the toxicity of it. So in doses it's toxic and it's not long |
|
| 53:25 | but it is still effective um in you go to the hospital and your |
|
| 53:31 | infection they do give you a shot because it is effective in kind of |
|
| 53:38 | in that setting more local infection kind way in a uh in in administering |
|
| 53:44 | uh in small doses that works. effective but not as a marketing as |
|
| 53:49 | pill for mass consumption doesn't that doesn't work. Okay. Nonetheless it's it's |
|
| 53:55 | is effective in its control. Um The other type of interfering is |
|
| 54:03 | that activates neutrophils and macrophages. Okay what that means to activate the macrophages |
|
| 54:11 | neutrophils all is it may initially look remember the key is that um it |
|
| 54:19 | look like this initially. Okay when activated it will have the formation of |
|
| 54:30 | super parts. So that's an activated for example. Okay. Creating a |
|
| 54:42 | pods and how it helps bind the and take things in. Okay. |
|
| 54:47 | create more of those it's really through action of it acting that actually causes |
|
| 54:53 | But nevertheless that when you activate it there's different ways to activate you can |
|
| 54:56 | with interferon, you can do it certain t cells that result the |
|
| 55:01 | You create more of these super pods that enhances Vegas halitosis. Okay. |
|
| 55:09 | so the uh antimicrobial substances. Okay this is the last um so these |
|
| 55:26 | take different forms. Okay so iron proteins to remember that iron is a |
|
| 55:30 | thing in terms of keeping away from to slow their growth down. So |
|
| 55:34 | have things like transforms uh bind iron in fact but in actuality pathogens also |
|
| 55:43 | their kind of iron binding protein. what scenario for by specifically binding um |
|
| 55:54 | antimicrobial peptides. These are widespread uh cells in our bodies can produce |
|
| 56:00 | Okay. They kind of act like uh form a tunnel in the assembly |
|
| 56:08 | the tunnel in the membrane causing license of like the membrane attack complex we |
|
| 56:13 | talked about this will be the same of site. It's really widespread in |
|
| 56:18 | of what it can attack. Not just bacteria but different types of |
|
| 56:24 | um and founding like macrophages uh it other other cell types in the tissues |
|
| 56:32 | the body. So there's something like or 60 no more than that. |
|
| 56:36 | like hundreds of different varieties of these um that have this antimicrobial activity. |
|
| 56:43 | . Um so is uh recap this and talk a little bit about adaptive |
|
| 56:53 | but any questions about response amps, have you? Okay, so let's |
|
| 57:03 | at this question here. Just kind talked about I think all these things |
|
| 57:09 | . Okay, so which choice is ? Transference, remembering attack complex and |
|
| 57:19 | type one compliment. You will try again. Okay. All right, |
|
| 58:22 | down from 15 321. All So it is a choice. The |
|
| 58:45 | is Um a is true. Okay the true one. Um Remember the |
|
| 58:53 | complex, is that accurate compliment forms um It's a compliment. Can't figure |
|
| 59:01 | anything. It's a protein. Okay interfere on type one. That's the |
|
| 59:09 | amps. Are these antimicrobial peptides transfers iron binding chemicals? Um Okay so |
|
| 59:20 | are a a book uh and of in electrolytes have kind of a summary |
|
| 59:27 | here's the physical and chemical factors if like to Use that. There's also |
|
| 59:33 | of 2nd line defense. Um You the the backward quiz this week. |
|
| 59:41 | you good uh sampling the kind of . You'll see the same ones you've |
|
| 59:46 | seeing clicker questions. So um so talk a little bit. This doesn't |
|
| 59:54 | about the system. We'll get more the details about it next time but |
|
| 59:59 | for now kind of setting it So is your third line defense is |
|
| 60:05 | termed and above T cells B cells also remember that macro failures interact. |
|
| 60:14 | macrophages aren't technically part of this this but they interact with these cell types |
|
| 60:23 | dendritic cells. Okay so uh interact T cells. Okay. Um so |
|
| 60:38 | there's kind of an overview so we we distinguish these two systems by huber |
|
| 60:43 | system which is your B cells and and their cell mediated community. |
|
| 60:49 | Um and each have their roles and uh there of course are different types |
|
| 60:55 | lipid science, B. B. and T type lymphocytes um T cells |
|
| 61:03 | of mature in the they both made both but they traveled to the diamonds |
|
| 61:07 | T cells travel to the finance really uh B cells in uh panic |
|
| 61:14 | Um But in terms of their what do. Alright. So b cells |
|
| 61:21 | they differentiate into what's called a plasma and plasma cells. What makes the |
|
| 61:25 | ? Okay. Memory cells remember there's is actually memory to both. Your |
|
| 61:31 | . Doesn't really go into it but not gonna expected to know it but |
|
| 61:36 | actually memory cells that are also part the T cells. Both sides have |
|
| 61:40 | memory component. Okay I'm most familiar the b cells that have memory component |
|
| 61:47 | . You get vaccinated if the if get affected by the same and then |
|
| 61:53 | you will produce antibodies. That's the memory component. Okay but there are |
|
| 61:59 | b cells that that's what they Right? So memory cells don't produce |
|
| 62:04 | but plasma cells do Okay. And the end the role B cells deal |
|
| 62:11 | extra psychopath. Okay so antibody cannot inside of a cell and attack |
|
| 62:19 | Only combined to pathogens that are outside . Okay so um the tea's types |
|
| 62:28 | cell types they're what are called defector . And these deal with the interests |
|
| 62:33 | the path. So they recognize cells infected and they deal with that. |
|
| 62:40 | your site. A topic T Okay. Um Used to be called |
|
| 62:45 | a type called explanatory T cells. just typically called T. Helper cells |
|
| 62:51 | . Um The other cell types of . Helper cells and other types there's |
|
| 62:57 | two types of T. Helper cells one type activates um B cells. |
|
| 63:05 | another type activates Macrophages and dendritic Okay so you have a differentiation between |
|
| 63:15 | 2? Okay. Um and then cells. Okay so we'll see how |
|
| 63:24 | cell works is by being activated. not always but usually activated by a |
|
| 63:28 | type of T cells. T. cell to produce antibodies and then macro |
|
| 63:32 | and uh work with other T. cells to activate them. Okay um |
|
| 63:40 | so the so antigens antibodies. Okay is typically going to be uh it's |
|
| 63:51 | course what what binds to anybody. and so these are gonna be various |
|
| 63:56 | of typically protein in nature but they be lots of different chemical components. |
|
| 64:02 | lipids can be antigens um you know what's on the periphery of the |
|
| 64:08 | right, proteins that can be like , all can potentially be antigens. |
|
| 64:15 | , so that's the thing about the system. It is only stimulated by |
|
| 64:21 | presence of managing so it must be scene and then bound to it and |
|
| 64:28 | stuff happens. Okay. So uh in terms of the antibody, there's |
|
| 64:35 | of two ways to look at One is the epic Tope. So |
|
| 64:40 | epa Tope is the specific part of engine that is bound. Okay, |
|
| 64:46 | as an example here, this would gray. Big gray blog is the |
|
| 64:52 | . Okay, that's what's recognized in um And again, is the actual |
|
| 65:00 | . Okay, that's where the actual occurs. So antibody or anti gen |
|
| 65:08 | it is an epic Tope where the actually occurs. Okay. And so |
|
| 65:13 | there's a there's a as we'll see we don't go into the details because |
|
| 65:18 | very the immune response involving the death the system is very complicated. |
|
| 65:23 | And there's memory to it. There's a learning curve to it. So |
|
| 65:29 | cells that are formed initially in response an uh actually get better at bonding |
|
| 65:36 | action, as long as we keep exposed to it. Okay, so |
|
| 65:41 | self formed aren't isn't as strong in of their immune response, it gets |
|
| 65:46 | . So there's also a learning curve goes with it. So um of |
|
| 65:50 | it's all involved chemicals getting activated, like that, but we're not gonna |
|
| 65:56 | into complex nature of it, but of more overview. But uh I |
|
| 66:03 | the point I'm saying it's more complicated it is to hear, but, |
|
| 66:07 | know, this is this this level just fine, right? This will |
|
| 66:11 | what you need to know. Um but proteins tend to be the |
|
| 66:17 | engines in terms of there, there's large variety of if the number of |
|
| 66:23 | that tends to be a type, energy is buying tightly to. |
|
| 66:27 | less so with carbohydrates and fats, not the same variety of those types |
|
| 66:34 | there are proteins um and so determines means the same thing. |
|
| 66:43 | so um, Let's see any any , any questions. We'll go ahead |
|
| 66:51 | stop there and pick up with finishing 17 next time, |
|
