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00:01 | Oh. Mhm. What most Uh huh. Okay. Yeah. |
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00:23 | you got plus. Mhm. It conducting. And I've been to I |
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00:35 | see true because he can graduate. that's right. Yeah. Right. |
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00:59 | sure election hey from uh Okay. yes he's talking a maturity levels and |
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01:18 | the. Uh huh. Thanks. . Color changes, interesting activity, |
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01:32 | Timex etcetera. What about timing timing human generation? Since thermal maturation depends |
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01:50 | much on generation for exposure of sediments the given temperature. Then it is |
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02:08 | simple matter to be able to determine time of generation and expulsion. If |
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02:16 | know what the sermon maturity are and we know something about the burial history |
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02:26 | history barely two mature Asian history So here's an example from the georges |
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02:41 | . Uh This is a sermon maturation going through the tertiary cretaceous all the |
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02:48 | down to the lower Jurassic. Um strong is expressed by this hatchet and |
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03:02 | . And the maturation profile is depicted the straight line. Together with the |
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03:10 | in these dotted better. I can that hatch shirt. Nine het your |
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03:21 | and exposing to temperature over time. would be the situation sermon operation history |
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03:37 | that richard. Sure. Okay so base of the lower Jurassic. If |
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03:47 | if I assume that my social is lower Jurassic then the base of my |
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03:52 | rock has entered zone to at this has entered. You sure at this |
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04:09 | . Um Sure I constrained the entry the bottom and the entry for the |
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04:19 | of the zone by these times I So the base of the unit 22 |
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04:27 | about 230 million years ago. The . Yeah. Yeah the base of |
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04:49 | Had the lower Jurassic entered into Zone at this time. The top 2 |
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05:02 | 23 at this time. Keep This thing represents he expulsion. Generational |
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05:19 | timing. Yeah. Yes. This another example from the Green River |
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05:34 | This is the maturation profile, This is the theoretical model. It |
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05:42 | observed data. So using a this constraining history, I depicted The time |
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05:57 | entry into doing three At the time exit from zone three into the room |
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06:05 | the the carbon degradation zone. Yes . Oh Frankie can can you all |
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06:19 | It's who wants to tell me something uh this julie the base of this |
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06:29 | . Can you describe to me what see happened for the base of what |
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06:37 | to this basis, this unit over . We're going to do that. |
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06:56 | no that's the base of the This was a police officer section. |
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07:05 | sunny. Oh these are maturation parameters and and the important thing is that |
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07:13 | represents. Yeah, that kind of . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. |
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07:21 | is this that sometime sometimes it's tom's Texaco's organic maturity scale but the |
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07:33 | Okay, so that's a maturation So we're not getting deeper. So |
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07:49 | a geologist described to me what you . So what's it. Okay. |
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07:59 | base of the bill is no Top of the Panasonic section etcetera speak |
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08:06 | that describe what happens to the base the paleozoic section property. Mm |
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08:20 | Entered into the initial generation zone at . Okay. The liquid window. |
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08:41 | . Mhm Yeah. Mhm Yeah, million years ago. More or less |
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09:01 | light. Right? India 40 million ago. The base he's gotten into |
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09:14 | 4, 3. Mm Hmm. , yeah, the base yes. |
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09:28 | . Mhm Right. So the so unit itself for the unities this much |
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09:41 | . That's the thickness of the So base has entered into Zone three this |
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09:49 | introduce his own food at this time now it sends on four stop center |
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09:56 | is only free. Right? And is in the degeneration window now, |
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10:12 | , everybody can read the maturation history this pattern respect. Yeah, |
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10:31 | the money first again, this is community, this is the So shrunk |
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10:40 | need situation profile for this area. this line Cambridge is in big generation |
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10:54 | . Right. So when did it into big generation the base of the |
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11:06 | anybody. How many the beast. is this is the community, |
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11:20 | The base of the Cambridge entered into generation at this time. 16 for |
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11:29 | . Right. Went into pre generation of Yeah, whatever that time is |
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11:40 | Yeah, maybe 50 million years. , Is that clear? And it |
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11:47 | in big generation now? So huh visualize how we use this burial maturation |
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12:17 | information to tell when the expulsion stage . If the expulsion stage starts before |
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12:28 | is a reservoir and trapped in what happens to the hydrocarbons? They |
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12:37 | to blue sky right? Just Well if if they're exposed to meet |
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12:48 | recorder. No. Yeah the important is you can time the expulsion instinct |
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13:06 | function and then if there is a at that time then the whole thing |
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13:14 | going to be trapped. If the is late, how how late is |
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13:20 | ? How much of the hydrocarbons going blue sky before whatever is whatever potential |
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13:27 | left is able to accumulate. That's whole yeah, time during which educators |
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13:39 | expelled. What opportunities do they have be trapped and accumulate. Mhm. |
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13:53 | . Yeah. So this first mhm chose a simple burial girl, simple |
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14:11 | history, ensuring the 100 degree, just turned 150 degree ISIS term, |
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14:18 | degree ISIS term. And uh the the barrier profile is in the blue |
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14:27 | and basically it's saying that the time entry into zone three for that unit |
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14:33 | 12 million years before present. This other scenario you got burial. |
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14:47 | then uplift then bury it again. interpret that data by saying that the |
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14:55 | of entry into zone three peak generation was six million years before present. |
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15:03 | the that rock unit is now at maturation level about 0.8 Today. In |
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15:17 | other scenario here, medium click in in The time of entry into Zone |
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15:34 | , About 15 million years before And the veteran native activity attained by |
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15:42 | rocks is about 0.8 six and Mhm. So the areal extent the |
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15:58 | basis true over there. Mhm. is a depth to basement man for |
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16:10 | Sumatra. Yeah, this is the field. Is that the refill? |
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16:16 | are giant fields in central, so these two fields. These are other |
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16:22 | in the area, but this is depth to this mid nap. So |
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16:29 | your fundamental information. That's the date minutes recently. Get it. This |
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16:42 | the calculated regional reflectors base of tertiary an assumption of constantly thermal grade into |
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16:51 | Very nice quality. If I make assumption then my liquid window is confined |
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17:00 | this zoom right. Yeah. 0.4 0.60 tonight, so 0.7 which night |
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17:09 | 0.68 tonight will be roughly in this . Yeah, very small area of |
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17:22 | is within the generation window. okay. Let's assume that my gradients |
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17:33 | changed or that now I have instead using a few simple ingredients of |
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17:40 | See look how much or volume of strong is now in the liquid |
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17:56 | You see the significance of the internal on the economics, it determines the |
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18:06 | of hydrocarbons valuables when it happened. therefore the economics of the pregnant Is |
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18:17 | fact 3.7 100 ft. So now areal extent is even much much |
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18:27 | But that's assuming given a determined regions of the time I have it is |
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18:37 | I know that you turned my gradient the region using that I can calculate |
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18:43 | maturation level. It's original scale. by applying them variable juice ingredient. |
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18:56 | window. That's the .7 control. the .7 and two. So now |
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19:03 | this area is now within a liquid . Okay. And these maps can |
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19:15 | very different depending on digital ingredient subsidence and therefore the economics any play. |
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19:28 | depend very much on the geologic Yeah. The boundaries of the different |
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19:43 | again need to dwell on that timing petroleum generation. This is this I |
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19:53 | I'm ready. Sure. So you realize how to interpret this data. |
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20:18 | . Everybody. Okay. Mhm. think I really covered that. |
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20:39 | Why I have these slights repeated so times. He's a repeat someday. |
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21:05 | were organized today guys. Sorry um would have picture okay the direct industries |
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21:37 | maturity are accompanied by lots of Why? Because we depend on the |
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21:52 | . Yourself do it simply because it a fluid is my great. So |
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22:02 | can have migrated fluids trump. A sermon maturity level 22 yellow circle maturity |
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22:12 | have to recognize how to go with issue. Issues with the direct indicates |
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22:20 | on mobile components and vulnerable to non indigenous staining flux by my greeting |
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22:29 | , contamination by drilling influence. Mm So the fact is controlling how |
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22:53 | carbon judicial expansion information of organically sediments , dialing rich organic matter, thermal |
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23:01 | of the organic matter. The function on generation of a critical amount of |
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23:08 | to overcome the retention capacity of the and generating of excessive more precious to |
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23:18 | fracturing of the social. I have have those two conditions satisfied adequate content |
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23:29 | comprehension capacity and quantities that create Overpressure is what they use fracture |
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23:37 | Practice systems cause his departure and my avenues for migration. Okay, so |
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24:04 | then requires continue compaction of the source . These hydrocarbons in quantities exceeding the |
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24:14 | capacity of the carrier system. Can system not only the sword carrier system |
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24:21 | consists of more rocks so they are to a pure some of the thanks |
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24:31 | double hydroponics. So at least I'm exceeding the retention capacity of the carrier |
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24:39 | and prisons of course, permanent career adjacent short space ST geographic structure, |
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24:46 | relationships to provide barriers, migration. other words, traps. It's conceptually |
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25:03 | history of unit volume of foreign from trucks. This is deep more pressure |
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25:11 | you go you get these houses of you carbon expulsion when we exceed this |
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25:22 | . Then the system locks up. . To depth where the hydrocarbons are |
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25:29 | cracking into gas. And you get pulses again. And this would be |
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25:36 | hydrocarbon generation image. Okay, the is expelled from compacting. So struck |
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25:55 | a continuous hydrocarbon phase. A long Karajan networks, mobilization will take place |
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26:05 | after enough head recoveries have been formed satisfy the retention capacity of both the |
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26:12 | network and the mineral matrix. Transient fractures induced in the sources as results |
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26:24 | internal pressure this studio, how can expulsion evidence for the Pedro crafts to |
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26:45 | source system can be envisioned as in pressure cooker. You include generation still |
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26:56 | system source works performed much like pressure . Generation. Experiment cooking of the |
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27:03 | matter causes fruit pressure increase best dilation , safety valves, open fluids are |
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27:13 | . Pressure drops, the cookery As the reasons pressure increases to a |
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27:23 | point causing fractures, fractures. School's and the cycles are repeated. So |
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27:32 | continues through the liquid will increase to . Oil expansion requires who were pressuring |
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27:45 | requires pressure ceilings, pressure ceilings consists place play size minimums that right and |
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27:55 | like that. Social systems are self and self open. Yeah, self |
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28:07 | . The virtue of the generation mechanism some receiving because he. Mhm. |
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28:32 | . Internal migration through the source system involves movement of oil laterally along party |
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28:38 | surfaces where all the generation happens towards fractures and falls intersecting the parties. |
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28:47 | the expansion happens. Uh This is mm they came showing she literally night |
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29:00 | and I Satrapi. Uh huh. this is a color of a source |
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29:08 | showing these migration directions. Hydrocarbons are in these carriages along with the bedding |
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29:26 | . Hydrocarbons move along these building planes they intersect a vertical fracture system. |
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29:35 | intercepting the vertical fracture system and the can move vertically. Source system to |
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29:43 | for sections. Okay, this is because conceptual pressure history, the thermal |
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30:10 | thermo chemical pressure related to hydrocarbon generation carbon generation allows the pressures within the |
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30:22 | to see the static you get expansion relaxes seals. Mm generation continues |
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30:36 | relax. Sponge, relax, relax. So this is oil window |
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30:44 | a series of expulsion at this. cumulatively, that's the only window that's |
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30:52 | duration of time. Mhm. In Iraq's are generating and expelling hydrocarbons. |
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31:10 | , so yeah, charge factor. talk about migration and raided style vertical |
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31:19 | systems and lateral trade systems. Again, very obvious statement migration is |
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31:41 | by pressure differentials using move no pressure high pressure to low pressure. Just |
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31:50 | you see, just like magnetism, potential to look at it. |
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31:55 | so for high pressure to low pressure , this movement may be either parallel |
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32:01 | vertical to normal tibetan. If there fracture systems or if we can use |
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32:09 | systems to the consequence of increased This is a uh that dramatic expression |
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32:24 | the fluid flew from high energy to energy. So consuming this party flowing |
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32:34 | still in the migration stuff. It not the energy barriers, but it |
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32:46 | the buoyancy factors. So the hydrocarbons moving by buoyancy up in the face |
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32:57 | . This is a low closure So they'll bypass this zone and they |
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33:03 | end up trees. Sure. So would allow the hydrocarbons to move in |
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33:09 | vertical sense till they meet an energy when they're going to be trapped. |
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33:28 | of course, seems important. Here a static system. There's no water |
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33:37 | . So the hydrocarbons are going to trapped in this can't decline with the |
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33:47 | you're lying oil in this case where is water flow, it will be |
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33:55 | on the oil leg. And in case where the water flow is very |
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34:03 | we can move the oil column almost out of the structure in west |
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34:13 | We have many, many antique lines have no oil at all. And |
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34:18 | down deep somewhere as a consequence of regime. Yeah, carrier systems are |
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34:33 | high permeability avenues, focused migration depends very much on business structural |
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34:40 | Through the internet and ingredients and distribution force peacefully, structures. Are you |
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34:51 | up down or or did I send these slides or radio white? How |
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34:55 | you get these slides? Good. . Yeah. Oh, and sent |
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35:09 | to them already. Okay, thank . I didn't need to come |
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35:18 | Mm hmm. Uh huh. Uh . So carrying systems are simply poorest |
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35:26 | beds, lenses and channels fractures and force enforcement structures. Service. |
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35:38 | Uh, this is the northern basin because I worked on the northern basin |
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35:47 | easily generator parts and this would be migration directions. Okay. So if |
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35:59 | was to be modeling, I say , yeah, is much of the |
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36:04 | rock. It's going to send its here, this much of the source |
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36:10 | . It's going to send this side gardens here. This much of the |
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36:13 | , strong singing these hydrocarbons into this . It's the focused migration one. |
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36:26 | . In this case here only this contributes to that play. This piece |
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36:34 | to anything. Any structure closures And this piece contributes to this nose |
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36:42 | . So, this nose is getting from this parcel. His nose is |
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36:47 | hydrocarbons from this parcel. Peaceful. the game is simply by selecting your |
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36:56 | into pieces and figuring out from the maps where these hydrocarbons are going to |
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37:05 | into focal points. You calculate then amount of the hydrocarbons that the basin |
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37:13 | generate. We'll go where within the . That's how the volumetrics game |
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37:20 | It's very simple, almost simple so much repetition into my homework last |
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37:58 | . Internal migrations. Resource systems mainly movement of oil laterally along party building |
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38:05 | where all generations occurs. Uh open fracture and false. They're setting |
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38:12 | parties the fractures, right? Two points he went on to Yeah, |
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38:34 | 10 13 shoots. Okay. If were dealing with this basin in central |
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39:05 | matter again and you have, this a general response. This is a |
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39:12 | part. This is change part listen that simply by sect these general parts |
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39:20 | pieces. So this piece, if so shark, it's going to feed |
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39:28 | one, this piece, the social in this one, we go to |
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39:33 | one, this feeds that and so and so forth, redundant. Based |
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39:41 | that exercise. I can then drink prospects by saying how much each of |
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39:50 | prospects is going to have terms of based on this flu migration. Better |
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40:01 | man in a very simple minded way northern basin tried and tried all these |
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40:15 | and I put hydrocarbons in them two extents. So this would be the |
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40:23 | lucrative prospect. This would be the interesting prospect. And this would have |
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40:31 | volumes has lifted. Yeah, this is migration. You know, |
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40:44 | said, oh, migration can happen very long distances. Well, migration |
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40:51 | happen over a very short distances limited structure striking migration is really short distances |
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41:00 | tens of miles and rift systems, margins and interpret tonic basis because the |
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41:08 | geometry and migration can be very long . Previous brushes in Portland basis such |
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41:18 | the western can enemies. Okay. , almost intuitive thinking, oh, |
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41:38 | the wrong keys. What the problem . Okay, this example is from |
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41:55 | south china sea. Uh huh. have the agency chevrontexaco block here in |
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42:05 | chemical locks here and I have my system right here. So this is |
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42:15 | general window. Hydrocarbons are generated Then my great dip into this eco |
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42:27 | site. This recommendation site eventually into speculation when we did this study, |
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42:40 | noticed that the oil in this area like this. These are the normal |
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42:47 | face. It's the normal perfect See the flat top distribution is the |
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42:57 | hydrocarbons. Yeah, in the So that's the oil chemistry. He |
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43:06 | are Mhm The biomarkers. Mhm. this is the normal turf in distribution |
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43:18 | the biometric composition. The all the in distributions about market composition. I'm |
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43:25 | a composition. The difference between this this one and that one is the |
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43:31 | with the normal. That offense to this case because it's very shallow. |
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43:38 | by degradation has happened basically destroyed normal face. Leaving the site clicks and |
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43:47 | and the fighting in higher abundance. the FBI gravity changed from 46 degrees |
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43:55 | degrees 22 degrees so that it becomes as we go tours the south |
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44:04 | She his meanest field. Again, comment on brown shame as the source |
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44:17 | . So this is with the source this is the top of the |
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44:22 | So the source in this region is to be generating and expelling hydrocarbons which |
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44:28 | going to move laterally K two And to any traps in this |
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44:44 | This Okay. Yeah. In the of Mexico we did uh study and |
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44:53 | noticed that the DNC 13 value the topic signature of the methane in the |
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45:01 | of Mexico marriage. Like. Is here? Yes, there are |
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45:08 | Is there strictly biogenic knowledge? Those have isotopic signatures of minus 50 to |
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45:18 | 80 will be by jenny gasses. that are from about 60 per mil |
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45:29 | heavier, heavier alien. I should into here here. Back in 18 |
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45:41 | will be for mechanic knowledge. Mm . This study I did many years |
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45:54 | where um there was a lot of about the origin of natural gas in |
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46:02 | gulf of Mexico basis is it all in place? Every reservoir is getting |
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46:11 | hydrocarbons from the adjacent source rocks. found out that that was not the |
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46:18 | . Most of the cases in the of Mexico even up to the right |
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46:25 | to see in section. Uh But uh I stop quickly, quite |
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46:33 | heavy -55 -55 per mil. Is heavy cast optically heavy knowing the ice |
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46:44 | signature, which depth uh At -35 mil told me that that gas came |
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46:58 | your depth roughly 38,000 ft all the up to the lifelines to see |
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47:09 | This I stupid signature is definitely not with in depth compatible with the depth |
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47:19 | 40,000 ft. 34 35,000 ft. . There was a lot of debate |
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47:30 | the origin of the guests and the of Mexico basis for a long long |
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47:35 | . When you were among the first to identify the fact that his guesses |
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47:41 | have come from. It's Higher than ft. The the guy. |
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47:55 | Um You know I'm just In this I'm just simply showing that the sin |
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48:09 | a recoil and the mesozoic oil look identical to each other. Whether they're |
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48:16 | at 1200 ft or 20 or 2000 . It's the chemistry is virtually the |
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48:27 | gee seniors only. Mrs only chemistry the same. Is this obvious? |
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48:44 | see how the chemistry is identical in senate sonic and the Mississippi in both |
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48:54 | areas. Yeah, implying that much the gas and therefore the oil in |
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49:07 | gulf of Mexico is not necessarily indigenous where he's found. Most of it |
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49:16 | not indigenous. Most of it is from create great depth. Yeah. |
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49:26 | of course the please by which you recordings from his great death to his |
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49:35 | . Death is the parents of Mhm. Soul domes and source |
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49:45 | They penetrate section and allow for the to migrate. Who were very large |
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49:54 | His sisters. So because Mexico petroleum follow. We have primary fields charged |
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50:05 | Mrs Alexis beds in Mrs OIC, family. Mrs Doolin reservoirs and then |
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50:15 | feels in essence seeps charged from deeper . Just try and sip go into |
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50:28 | sites. Shall so much much much the gulf of Mexico consists of these |
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50:36 | fields charged from primary fields that are the seniors rule exception. Well indeed |
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50:46 | Zoellick keep Yeah. Okay. another very simple minded concept is associated |
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51:17 | reservoir systems and this has created sources our systems just as the diagram |
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51:26 | has cheated reservoirs or systems would be reservoirs receiving the hydrocarbons from source |
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51:38 | With our very adjacent, very continuous the reservoir section Associated Press Awards for |
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51:47 | where the source rocks are much greater and hydrocarbons are migrating from these greater |
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51:55 | of folds. Usually it goes from unable to, unable to available. |
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52:02 | go along ford playing like most of visualized but they go basically long probability |
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52:17 | . So the migration can be quite , simply flu is just flushing along |
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52:25 | plane, simply moving from turning, , turning and the stair step fashion |
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52:51 | , you know, again in central to promote. And ground shells are |
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52:55 | social domain source trucks. Hydrocarbons. just in these reservoirs. But the |
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53:04 | is happening in this zone three in peak generation window and hydrocarbons are expelled |
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53:11 | this carrier systems by creating laterally into traps. He the concept of focus |
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53:29 | . Again, very simple minded, logic model. Um this is the |
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53:41 | . These are highest to the The generation happens in the slow |
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53:47 | I'm depicting the generation boundary to be limits of these thinks zone. Is |
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53:53 | the source trucks fascinating guy. Hydrocarbons move bed particularly to the the truth |
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54:04 | Yeah, this de presenter into any sites on the flanks of that demo |
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54:16 | . So mm hmm. This has apparently focused migration. This is the |
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54:24 | parallel, misperceive migrations. So hydrocarbons this volume, we're going to go |
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54:30 | which way. No focus point in case I had a carbon being generated |
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54:43 | so struck migrating up them into this he that that and focused migration in |
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54:55 | structure that looks like that is much simple to depict. So you have |
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55:02 | . Mm This is the presenter to structure. High migration here is always |
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55:11 | . This is focused fish. so imagine you're basing bisect it into |
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55:25 | and drew contours apparently perpendicular to the to the structure. And that would |
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55:34 | the focused migration pattern that hydrocarbons are to go. It's a simple minded |
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55:43 | that again, you're very simple minded you thought is part of the Canada's |
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56:01 | focusing the hydrocarbons here. Hydrocarbons from zone are going to be his |
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56:07 | Their first, their first they're comments this prison and so on and so |
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56:18 | . You visualize how to do Gail, can we do that in |
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56:23 | second course. Get your peak maps that, create the migration patterns and |
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56:32 | oh you're so shocked. That's going if that much hydrocarbons to which parts |
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56:38 | the piece migration distances are limited by style. That's again a redundant |
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57:01 | relatively short in terms of minds in in passive margins, interpret sonic |
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57:06 | tragedy, long distance, in foreland . Um In your course news, |
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57:21 | peace these non programs so that you in fact calculate the migration, timing |
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57:31 | from migration and so on. Using normal grams. It calculated. |
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57:41 | So let's spend a little bit of on entrapment style. There are two |
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57:48 | of entrapment systems. When I call impedance. When I call low |
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57:56 | high impedance entrapment style versus low impedance track missiles. Intuitively I am building |
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58:03 | is very effective, seals, traps penis means where the traps I have |
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58:12 | saved adequately. So the hydrocarbons could . Are receiving calls from us. |
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58:28 | work. Come on. Yeah. fact the decision. No. |
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59:01 | Mhm. You go to one of before you this place. Mhm. |
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59:27 | huh. |
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