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00:01 Oh. Mhm. What most Uh huh. Okay. Yeah.

00:23 you got plus. Mhm. It conducting. And I've been to I

00:35 see true because he can graduate. that's right. Yeah. Right.

00:59 sure election hey from uh Okay. yes he's talking a maturity levels and

01:18 the. Uh huh. Thanks. . Color changes, interesting activity,

01:32 Timex etcetera. What about timing timing human generation? Since thermal maturation depends

01:50 much on generation for exposure of sediments the given temperature. Then it is

02:08 simple matter to be able to determine time of generation and expulsion. If

02:16 know what the sermon maturity are and we know something about the burial history

02:26 history barely two mature Asian history So here's an example from the georges

02:41 . Uh This is a sermon maturation going through the tertiary cretaceous all the

02:48 down to the lower Jurassic. Um strong is expressed by this hatchet and

03:02 . And the maturation profile is depicted the straight line. Together with the

03:10 in these dotted better. I can that hatch shirt. Nine het your

03:21 and exposing to temperature over time. would be the situation sermon operation history

03:37 that richard. Sure. Okay so base of the lower Jurassic. If

03:47 if I assume that my social is lower Jurassic then the base of my

03:52 rock has entered zone to at this has entered. You sure at this

04:09 . Um Sure I constrained the entry the bottom and the entry for the

04:19 of the zone by these times I So the base of the unit 22

04:27 about 230 million years ago. The . Yeah. Yeah the base of

04:49 Had the lower Jurassic entered into Zone at this time. The top 2

05:02 23 at this time. Keep This thing represents he expulsion. Generational

05:19 timing. Yeah. Yes. This another example from the Green River

05:34 This is the maturation profile, This is the theoretical model. It

05:42 observed data. So using a this constraining history, I depicted The time

05:57 entry into doing three At the time exit from zone three into the room

06:05 the the carbon degradation zone. Yes . Oh Frankie can can you all

06:19 It's who wants to tell me something uh this julie the base of this

06:29 . Can you describe to me what see happened for the base of what

06:37 to this basis, this unit over . We're going to do that.

06:56 no that's the base of the This was a police officer section.

07:05 sunny. Oh these are maturation parameters and and the important thing is that

07:13 represents. Yeah, that kind of . Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

07:21 is this that sometime sometimes it's tom's Texaco's organic maturity scale but the

07:33 Okay, so that's a maturation So we're not getting deeper. So

07:49 a geologist described to me what you . So what's it. Okay.

07:59 base of the bill is no Top of the Panasonic section etcetera speak

08:06 that describe what happens to the base the paleozoic section property. Mm

08:20 Entered into the initial generation zone at . Okay. The liquid window.

08:41 . Mhm Yeah. Mhm Yeah, million years ago. More or less

09:01 light. Right? India 40 million ago. The base he's gotten into

09:14 4, 3. Mm Hmm. , yeah, the base yes.

09:28 . Mhm Right. So the so unit itself for the unities this much

09:41 . That's the thickness of the So base has entered into Zone three this

09:49 introduce his own food at this time now it sends on four stop center

09:56 is only free. Right? And is in the degeneration window now,

10:12 , everybody can read the maturation history this pattern respect. Yeah,

10:31 the money first again, this is community, this is the So shrunk

10:40 need situation profile for this area. this line Cambridge is in big generation

10:54 . Right. So when did it into big generation the base of the

11:06 anybody. How many the beast. is this is the community,

11:20 The base of the Cambridge entered into generation at this time. 16 for

11:29 . Right. Went into pre generation of Yeah, whatever that time is

11:40 Yeah, maybe 50 million years. , Is that clear? And it

11:47 in big generation now? So huh visualize how we use this burial maturation

12:17 information to tell when the expulsion stage . If the expulsion stage starts before

12:28 is a reservoir and trapped in what happens to the hydrocarbons? They

12:37 to blue sky right? Just Well if if they're exposed to meet

12:48 recorder. No. Yeah the important is you can time the expulsion instinct

13:06 function and then if there is a at that time then the whole thing

13:14 going to be trapped. If the is late, how how late is

13:20 ? How much of the hydrocarbons going blue sky before whatever is whatever potential

13:27 left is able to accumulate. That's whole yeah, time during which educators

13:39 expelled. What opportunities do they have be trapped and accumulate. Mhm.

13:53 . Yeah. So this first mhm chose a simple burial girl, simple

14:11 history, ensuring the 100 degree, just turned 150 degree ISIS term,

14:18 degree ISIS term. And uh the the barrier profile is in the blue

14:27 and basically it's saying that the time entry into zone three for that unit

14:33 12 million years before present. This other scenario you got burial.

14:47 then uplift then bury it again. interpret that data by saying that the

14:55 of entry into zone three peak generation was six million years before present.

15:03 the that rock unit is now at maturation level about 0.8 Today. In

15:17 other scenario here, medium click in in The time of entry into Zone

15:34 , About 15 million years before And the veteran native activity attained by

15:42 rocks is about 0.8 six and Mhm. So the areal extent the

15:58 basis true over there. Mhm. is a depth to basement man for

16:10 Sumatra. Yeah, this is the field. Is that the refill?

16:16 are giant fields in central, so these two fields. These are other

16:22 in the area, but this is depth to this mid nap. So

16:29 your fundamental information. That's the date minutes recently. Get it. This

16:42 the calculated regional reflectors base of tertiary an assumption of constantly thermal grade into

16:51 Very nice quality. If I make assumption then my liquid window is confined

17:00 this zoom right. Yeah. 0.4 0.60 tonight, so 0.7 which night

17:09 0.68 tonight will be roughly in this . Yeah, very small area of

17:22 is within the generation window. okay. Let's assume that my gradients

17:33 changed or that now I have instead using a few simple ingredients of

17:40 See look how much or volume of strong is now in the liquid

17:56 You see the significance of the internal on the economics, it determines the

18:06 of hydrocarbons valuables when it happened. therefore the economics of the pregnant Is

18:17 fact 3.7 100 ft. So now areal extent is even much much

18:27 But that's assuming given a determined regions of the time I have it is

18:37 I know that you turned my gradient the region using that I can calculate

18:43 maturation level. It's original scale. by applying them variable juice ingredient.

18:56 window. That's the .7 control. the .7 and two. So now

19:03 this area is now within a liquid . Okay. And these maps can

19:15 very different depending on digital ingredient subsidence and therefore the economics any play.

19:28 depend very much on the geologic Yeah. The boundaries of the different

19:43 again need to dwell on that timing petroleum generation. This is this I

19:53 I'm ready. Sure. So you realize how to interpret this data.

20:18 . Everybody. Okay. Mhm. think I really covered that.

20:39 Why I have these slights repeated so times. He's a repeat someday.

21:05 were organized today guys. Sorry um would have picture okay the direct industries

21:37 maturity are accompanied by lots of Why? Because we depend on the

21:52 . Yourself do it simply because it a fluid is my great. So

22:02 can have migrated fluids trump. A sermon maturity level 22 yellow circle maturity

22:12 have to recognize how to go with issue. Issues with the direct indicates

22:20 on mobile components and vulnerable to non indigenous staining flux by my greeting

22:29 , contamination by drilling influence. Mm So the fact is controlling how

22:53 carbon judicial expansion information of organically sediments , dialing rich organic matter, thermal

23:01 of the organic matter. The function on generation of a critical amount of

23:08 to overcome the retention capacity of the and generating of excessive more precious to

23:18 fracturing of the social. I have have those two conditions satisfied adequate content

23:29 comprehension capacity and quantities that create Overpressure is what they use fracture

23:37 Practice systems cause his departure and my avenues for migration. Okay, so

24:04 then requires continue compaction of the source . These hydrocarbons in quantities exceeding the

24:14 capacity of the carrier system. Can system not only the sword carrier system

24:21 consists of more rocks so they are to a pure some of the thanks

24:31 double hydroponics. So at least I'm exceeding the retention capacity of the carrier

24:39 and prisons of course, permanent career adjacent short space ST geographic structure,

24:46 relationships to provide barriers, migration. other words, traps. It's conceptually

25:03 history of unit volume of foreign from trucks. This is deep more pressure

25:11 you go you get these houses of you carbon expulsion when we exceed this

25:22 . Then the system locks up. . To depth where the hydrocarbons are

25:29 cracking into gas. And you get pulses again. And this would be

25:36 hydrocarbon generation image. Okay, the is expelled from compacting. So struck

25:55 a continuous hydrocarbon phase. A long Karajan networks, mobilization will take place

26:05 after enough head recoveries have been formed satisfy the retention capacity of both the

26:12 network and the mineral matrix. Transient fractures induced in the sources as results

26:24 internal pressure this studio, how can expulsion evidence for the Pedro crafts to

26:45 source system can be envisioned as in pressure cooker. You include generation still

26:56 system source works performed much like pressure . Generation. Experiment cooking of the

27:03 matter causes fruit pressure increase best dilation , safety valves, open fluids are

27:13 . Pressure drops, the cookery As the reasons pressure increases to a

27:23 point causing fractures, fractures. School's and the cycles are repeated. So

27:32 continues through the liquid will increase to . Oil expansion requires who were pressuring

27:45 requires pressure ceilings, pressure ceilings consists place play size minimums that right and

27:55 like that. Social systems are self and self open. Yeah, self

28:07 . The virtue of the generation mechanism some receiving because he. Mhm.

28:32 . Internal migration through the source system involves movement of oil laterally along party

28:38 surfaces where all the generation happens towards fractures and falls intersecting the parties.

28:47 the expansion happens. Uh This is mm they came showing she literally night

29:00 and I Satrapi. Uh huh. this is a color of a source

29:08 showing these migration directions. Hydrocarbons are in these carriages along with the bedding

29:26 . Hydrocarbons move along these building planes they intersect a vertical fracture system.

29:35 intercepting the vertical fracture system and the can move vertically. Source system to

29:43 for sections. Okay, this is because conceptual pressure history, the thermal

30:10 thermo chemical pressure related to hydrocarbon generation carbon generation allows the pressures within the

30:22 to see the static you get expansion relaxes seals. Mm generation continues

30:36 relax. Sponge, relax, relax. So this is oil window

30:44 a series of expulsion at this. cumulatively, that's the only window that's

30:52 duration of time. Mhm. In Iraq's are generating and expelling hydrocarbons.

31:10 , so yeah, charge factor. talk about migration and raided style vertical

31:19 systems and lateral trade systems. Again, very obvious statement migration is

31:41 by pressure differentials using move no pressure high pressure to low pressure. Just

31:50 you see, just like magnetism, potential to look at it.

31:55 so for high pressure to low pressure , this movement may be either parallel

32:01 vertical to normal tibetan. If there fracture systems or if we can use

32:09 systems to the consequence of increased This is a uh that dramatic expression

32:24 the fluid flew from high energy to energy. So consuming this party flowing

32:34 still in the migration stuff. It not the energy barriers, but it

32:46 the buoyancy factors. So the hydrocarbons moving by buoyancy up in the face

32:57 . This is a low closure So they'll bypass this zone and they

33:03 end up trees. Sure. So would allow the hydrocarbons to move in

33:09 vertical sense till they meet an energy when they're going to be trapped.

33:28 of course, seems important. Here a static system. There's no water

33:37 . So the hydrocarbons are going to trapped in this can't decline with the

33:47 you're lying oil in this case where is water flow, it will be

33:55 on the oil leg. And in case where the water flow is very

34:03 we can move the oil column almost out of the structure in west

34:13 We have many, many antique lines have no oil at all. And

34:18 down deep somewhere as a consequence of regime. Yeah, carrier systems are

34:33 high permeability avenues, focused migration depends very much on business structural

34:40 Through the internet and ingredients and distribution force peacefully, structures. Are you

34:51 up down or or did I send these slides or radio white? How

34:55 you get these slides? Good. . Yeah. Oh, and sent

35:09 to them already. Okay, thank . I didn't need to come

35:18 Mm hmm. Uh huh. Uh . So carrying systems are simply poorest

35:26 beds, lenses and channels fractures and force enforcement structures. Service.

35:38 Uh, this is the northern basin because I worked on the northern basin

35:47 easily generator parts and this would be migration directions. Okay. So if

35:59 was to be modeling, I say , yeah, is much of the

36:04 rock. It's going to send its here, this much of the source

36:10 . It's going to send this side gardens here. This much of the

36:13 , strong singing these hydrocarbons into this . It's the focused migration one.

36:26 . In this case here only this contributes to that play. This piece

36:34 to anything. Any structure closures And this piece contributes to this nose

36:42 . So, this nose is getting from this parcel. His nose is

36:47 hydrocarbons from this parcel. Peaceful. the game is simply by selecting your

36:56 into pieces and figuring out from the maps where these hydrocarbons are going to

37:05 into focal points. You calculate then amount of the hydrocarbons that the basin

37:13 generate. We'll go where within the . That's how the volumetrics game

37:20 It's very simple, almost simple so much repetition into my homework last

37:58 . Internal migrations. Resource systems mainly movement of oil laterally along party building

38:05 where all generations occurs. Uh open fracture and false. They're setting

38:12 parties the fractures, right? Two points he went on to Yeah,

38:34 10 13 shoots. Okay. If were dealing with this basin in central

39:05 matter again and you have, this a general response. This is a

39:12 part. This is change part listen that simply by sect these general parts

39:20 pieces. So this piece, if so shark, it's going to feed

39:28 one, this piece, the social in this one, we go to

39:33 one, this feeds that and so and so forth, redundant. Based

39:41 that exercise. I can then drink prospects by saying how much each of

39:50 prospects is going to have terms of based on this flu migration. Better

40:01 man in a very simple minded way northern basin tried and tried all these

40:15 and I put hydrocarbons in them two extents. So this would be the

40:23 lucrative prospect. This would be the interesting prospect. And this would have

40:31 volumes has lifted. Yeah, this is migration. You know,

40:44 said, oh, migration can happen very long distances. Well, migration

40:51 happen over a very short distances limited structure striking migration is really short distances

41:00 tens of miles and rift systems, margins and interpret tonic basis because the

41:08 geometry and migration can be very long . Previous brushes in Portland basis such

41:18 the western can enemies. Okay. , almost intuitive thinking, oh,

41:38 the wrong keys. What the problem . Okay, this example is from

41:55 south china sea. Uh huh. have the agency chevrontexaco block here in

42:05 chemical locks here and I have my system right here. So this is

42:15 general window. Hydrocarbons are generated Then my great dip into this eco

42:27 site. This recommendation site eventually into speculation when we did this study,

42:40 noticed that the oil in this area like this. These are the normal

42:47 face. It's the normal perfect See the flat top distribution is the

42:57 hydrocarbons. Yeah, in the So that's the oil chemistry. He

43:06 are Mhm The biomarkers. Mhm. this is the normal turf in distribution

43:18 the biometric composition. The all the in distributions about market composition. I'm

43:25 a composition. The difference between this this one and that one is the

43:31 with the normal. That offense to this case because it's very shallow.

43:38 by degradation has happened basically destroyed normal face. Leaving the site clicks and

43:47 and the fighting in higher abundance. the FBI gravity changed from 46 degrees

43:55 degrees 22 degrees so that it becomes as we go tours the south

44:04 She his meanest field. Again, comment on brown shame as the source

44:17 . So this is with the source this is the top of the

44:22 So the source in this region is to be generating and expelling hydrocarbons which

44:28 going to move laterally K two And to any traps in this

44:44 This Okay. Yeah. In the of Mexico we did uh study and

44:53 noticed that the DNC 13 value the topic signature of the methane in the

45:01 of Mexico marriage. Like. Is here? Yes, there are

45:08 Is there strictly biogenic knowledge? Those have isotopic signatures of minus 50 to

45:18 80 will be by jenny gasses. that are from about 60 per mil

45:29 heavier, heavier alien. I should into here here. Back in 18

45:41 will be for mechanic knowledge. Mm . This study I did many years

45:54 where um there was a lot of about the origin of natural gas in

46:02 gulf of Mexico basis is it all in place? Every reservoir is getting

46:11 hydrocarbons from the adjacent source rocks. found out that that was not the

46:18 . Most of the cases in the of Mexico even up to the right

46:25 to see in section. Uh But uh I stop quickly, quite

46:33 heavy -55 -55 per mil. Is heavy cast optically heavy knowing the ice

46:44 signature, which depth uh At -35 mil told me that that gas came

46:58 your depth roughly 38,000 ft all the up to the lifelines to see

47:09 This I stupid signature is definitely not with in depth compatible with the depth

47:19 40,000 ft. 34 35,000 ft. . There was a lot of debate

47:30 the origin of the guests and the of Mexico basis for a long long

47:35 . When you were among the first to identify the fact that his guesses

47:41 have come from. It's Higher than ft. The the guy.

47:55 Um You know I'm just In this I'm just simply showing that the sin

48:09 a recoil and the mesozoic oil look identical to each other. Whether they're

48:16 at 1200 ft or 20 or 2000 . It's the chemistry is virtually the

48:27 gee seniors only. Mrs only chemistry the same. Is this obvious?

48:44 see how the chemistry is identical in senate sonic and the Mississippi in both

48:54 areas. Yeah, implying that much the gas and therefore the oil in

49:07 gulf of Mexico is not necessarily indigenous where he's found. Most of it

49:16 not indigenous. Most of it is from create great depth. Yeah.

49:26 of course the please by which you recordings from his great death to his

49:35 . Death is the parents of Mhm. Soul domes and source

49:45 They penetrate section and allow for the to migrate. Who were very large

49:54 His sisters. So because Mexico petroleum follow. We have primary fields charged

50:05 Mrs Alexis beds in Mrs OIC, family. Mrs Doolin reservoirs and then

50:15 feels in essence seeps charged from deeper . Just try and sip go into

50:28 sites. Shall so much much much the gulf of Mexico consists of these

50:36 fields charged from primary fields that are the seniors rule exception. Well indeed

50:46 Zoellick keep Yeah. Okay. another very simple minded concept is associated

51:17 reservoir systems and this has created sources our systems just as the diagram

51:26 has cheated reservoirs or systems would be reservoirs receiving the hydrocarbons from source

51:38 With our very adjacent, very continuous the reservoir section Associated Press Awards for

51:47 where the source rocks are much greater and hydrocarbons are migrating from these greater

51:55 of folds. Usually it goes from unable to, unable to available.

52:02 go along ford playing like most of visualized but they go basically long probability

52:17 . So the migration can be quite , simply flu is just flushing along

52:25 plane, simply moving from turning, , turning and the stair step fashion

52:51 , you know, again in central to promote. And ground shells are

52:55 social domain source trucks. Hydrocarbons. just in these reservoirs. But the

53:04 is happening in this zone three in peak generation window and hydrocarbons are expelled

53:11 this carrier systems by creating laterally into traps. He the concept of focus

53:29 . Again, very simple minded, logic model. Um this is the

53:41 . These are highest to the The generation happens in the slow

53:47 I'm depicting the generation boundary to be limits of these thinks zone. Is

53:53 the source trucks fascinating guy. Hydrocarbons move bed particularly to the the truth

54:04 Yeah, this de presenter into any sites on the flanks of that demo

54:16 . So mm hmm. This has apparently focused migration. This is the

54:24 parallel, misperceive migrations. So hydrocarbons this volume, we're going to go

54:30 which way. No focus point in case I had a carbon being generated

54:43 so struck migrating up them into this he that that and focused migration in

54:55 structure that looks like that is much simple to depict. So you have

55:02 . Mm This is the presenter to structure. High migration here is always

55:11 . This is focused fish. so imagine you're basing bisect it into

55:25 and drew contours apparently perpendicular to the to the structure. And that would

55:34 the focused migration pattern that hydrocarbons are to go. It's a simple minded

55:43 that again, you're very simple minded you thought is part of the Canada's

56:01 focusing the hydrocarbons here. Hydrocarbons from zone are going to be his

56:07 Their first, their first they're comments this prison and so on and so

56:18 . You visualize how to do Gail, can we do that in

56:23 second course. Get your peak maps that, create the migration patterns and

56:32 oh you're so shocked. That's going if that much hydrocarbons to which parts

56:38 the piece migration distances are limited by style. That's again a redundant

57:01 relatively short in terms of minds in in passive margins, interpret sonic

57:06 tragedy, long distance, in foreland . Um In your course news,

57:21 peace these non programs so that you in fact calculate the migration, timing

57:31 from migration and so on. Using normal grams. It calculated.

57:41 So let's spend a little bit of on entrapment style. There are two

57:48 of entrapment systems. When I call impedance. When I call low

57:56 high impedance entrapment style versus low impedance track missiles. Intuitively I am building

58:03 is very effective, seals, traps penis means where the traps I have

58:12 saved adequately. So the hydrocarbons could . Are receiving calls from us.

58:28 work. Come on. Yeah. fact the decision. No.

59:01 Mhm. You go to one of before you this place. Mhm.

59:27 huh.

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