| 00:46 | I can't believe this. I wish knew what I was doing wrong, |
|
| 00:58 | moving everything around on my desktop. sometimes I can see my cursor and |
|
| 01:06 | I can't and I've done nothing Opening it up the same goopy goofy |
|
| 01:13 | . I always do. Ok. we're gonna start looking at appraisal as |
|
| 01:16 | mentioned. So once we've discovered this and gas, uh we need to |
|
| 01:23 | it. Sometimes we only have one to make a decision. Do we |
|
| 01:26 | we have enough to uh put in or whatever we might need? Uh |
|
| 01:32 | if we don't, we might have drill extra wells to figure out what |
|
| 01:37 | reservoir envelope is, in fact, the total volume of it. And |
|
| 01:45 | in the case of the Scott they drilled seven appraisal wells and then |
|
| 01:49 | got them to drill an exploration well they found it and then um in |
|
| 01:57 | fields uh like in South Marsh Island excuse me, not South Marsh |
|
| 02:01 | but South Timber 53 I had with when I was at Mobile Way before |
|
| 02:08 | merged, we drilled one well, it was so successful we believed all |
|
| 02:16 | our seismic and we were able to a fe two platforms with 25 well |
|
| 02:22 | each and uh back then that was . It would be a lot more |
|
| 02:25 | . Now that was on the shelf in 60 ft of water. It's |
|
| 02:37 | thing. If you're working offshore, always important to know how deep the |
|
| 02:40 | is because it impacts the uh cost lot. OK. So, uh |
|
| 02:50 | often what happens and I mentioned this uh with one of my exploits when |
|
| 02:55 | was uh first starting out at And that was um you get something |
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| 03:03 | the expirationist, they pass it over the uh the development people and then |
|
| 03:08 | have to get it appraised properly. of course, if you had to |
|
| 03:13 | it out to a banker for an in this case, uh Mobile was |
|
| 03:20 | was forced to uh get it appraised an outside a third party consultant |
|
| 03:27 | in uh they, um of I downgraded, downgraded this um from |
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| 03:42 | what was there from the exploration And uh and then just the uh |
|
| 03:48 | De Goyer mcnaughton, the, the that, that appraised it came in |
|
| 03:52 | even less reserves. So, um you're trying to uh be sure of |
|
| 03:57 | what your assets are, you're gonna much more critical of net pay and |
|
| 04:01 | lot of the wells you're gonna be of uh the boundaries and uh and |
|
| 04:08 | um oil water contact wedges and fault , which even reservoir characterization, people |
|
| 04:15 | totally think that's not important, which haven't, I've never been able to |
|
| 04:20 | that out. But uh but we'll have a mapping ex example, |
|
| 04:24 | kind of, uh let's just see important an oil water contact wedge can |
|
| 04:29 | in terms of overall volumes. If make a mistake, you'll really see |
|
| 04:34 | what the problem is. But uh , uh when, whenever you have |
|
| 04:39 | sandstone cut by an oil water contact , it's actually half in the resources |
|
| 04:43 | that is because it's a triangle and and it cuts off half of the |
|
| 04:48 | of the overall uh area in which , that overhang happens. OK. |
|
| 04:57 | So uh we're gonna be talking about volume and mapping the reservoir. Uh |
|
| 05:02 | we won't get to is field Uh We'll look again at some things |
|
| 05:08 | reservoir properties and reservoir quality and also the need to do reservoir characterization. |
|
| 05:14 | we, I won't teach that in . That's a, a whole different |
|
| 05:20 | a set of uh things that you to do when you uh get to |
|
| 05:23 | level of detail. And of it's, it's uh something you don't |
|
| 05:26 | unless it's required, you don't, definitely don't need to do reservoir characterization |
|
| 05:31 | you have really good porosity and especially if it's relatively consistent. So |
|
| 05:39 | , you know, we talked about . So you're looking for the |
|
| 05:43 | the anticlines definitely don't want to drill the any lines unless you think you |
|
| 05:46 | something like I drew on the board there. And uh it's really critical |
|
| 05:51 | find the faults that might the uh the boundaries of your reservoir envelope and |
|
| 05:59 | contacts are definitely part of the reservoir . And uh if you have stratigraphic |
|
| 06:07 | boundaries, you need to identify And uh and of course, you |
|
| 06:12 | to pay a lot of attention to all important concept of closure because we |
|
| 06:16 | always draw in closure with limited you can almost always draw the closure |
|
| 06:22 | the structure on a fault like a moon. When you when well, |
|
| 06:26 | might be parallel to the fault rather turning into the fault, it could |
|
| 06:30 | be parallel. OK? And so of the things that you first start |
|
| 06:43 | for is where are the closures, are the faults, where are the |
|
| 06:47 | ? And you know, you get that looks like this here. You |
|
| 06:51 | see um this is gonna be uh is kind of subsurface. Um at |
|
| 07:04 | the way we would see it in subsurface. And uh you can see |
|
| 07:11 | a, there's an a line How do I know from these |
|
| 07:16 | That that's an anticline? Ok. , one of the things that's missing |
|
| 07:28 | here that normally when you're working in subsurface, everybody knows you're working in |
|
| 07:32 | subsurface. But in this particular map a mapping book, uh maybe in |
|
| 07:37 | legend, they told you this was . But normally, normally we would |
|
| 07:42 | a minus because it'd be sub C you put a minus there. So |
|
| 07:46 | know that the bigger this number, deeper it is. Uh if this |
|
| 07:51 | on, on the surface, if were mapping a hill on the |
|
| 07:54 | uh this would be completely backwards. In other words, uh normally on |
|
| 08:03 | surface, we map feet above sea , not feet below sea level. |
|
| 08:07 | normally when you don't put a minus , it means above sea level. |
|
| 08:10 | this case because it's in a, subsurface mapping book, they automatically mean |
|
| 08:15 | , it's down, just wanna make people understand that when you make maps |
|
| 08:20 | on your company, somebody might want to absolutely put that minus on there |
|
| 08:23 | other times they'd be annoyed by And so whenever you're working on a |
|
| 08:28 | , make sure that you have it way it is because somebody thinks that |
|
| 08:33 | the opposite of this, they'll, eyes will automatically start envisioning any clients |
|
| 08:38 | there's a sin line and vice But anyway, here's a, here's |
|
| 08:42 | uh an line here, here's an line over here in this cross |
|
| 08:47 | I'm assuming that's what this, this section is a, a prime. |
|
| 08:53 | uh yeah, there you go. down here you can't see it. |
|
| 09:00 | , um so one of the things you're looking for obviously is this |
|
| 09:05 | this four way closure, but you're looking for the anticlines. So what |
|
| 09:09 | diagrams just really underscores is that if have a small amount of data, |
|
| 09:14 | probably don't know. Uh Like for , if I just had the information |
|
| 09:18 | this line, I would see it up and I'd see it go |
|
| 09:23 | I'd see this come up and go . But we don't know where, |
|
| 09:26 | it's unclothed like this, the contours closed or it's closed like this with |
|
| 09:30 | way closure in four directions, you , it's probably closed here and there |
|
| 09:36 | that's where your line is. But this cross section, you don't |
|
| 09:39 | there's uh closure also. Without you could have a line through here |
|
| 09:44 | to give you some information and figure the same thing. But uh but |
|
| 09:50 | when you see the picture, you you're, you're probably thinking, why |
|
| 09:53 | he telling us to look for This? Because if you're mapping something |
|
| 09:56 | you don't know what it is, not obvious. And you can always |
|
| 10:01 | in closure, I could have a bunch of data exactly like |
|
| 10:05 | That looks exactly like the data over and draw the closure on both of |
|
| 10:10 | and be wrong on one, right the other. Or it's possible. |
|
| 10:14 | This would be, in other like if I had data point |
|
| 10:16 | data point here, here, here here and same over here, each |
|
| 10:20 | line, I would know there there was probably closure in this two |
|
| 10:26 | cross section and same thing with the one, but I wouldn't know that |
|
| 10:29 | was in the, in the uh other for the other two directions to |
|
| 10:33 | it foreclosure. In other words, don't know this is here unless you |
|
| 10:36 | data out there. And um it's you'll never ever have to interpret a |
|
| 10:42 | without having so much data. You know what to do with it. |
|
| 10:46 | in the event, you can end like that, it's important to remember |
|
| 10:49 | closure is extremely important to uh identify uh can make or break or totally |
|
| 10:57 | a prospect. OK. So these are the things we're looking |
|
| 11:02 | I already pointed it out, I it down a couple of times. |
|
| 11:06 | you will read it and it'll, catch the point. And here we |
|
| 11:10 | just talking about this here is, again, they don't have the negative |
|
| 11:16 | on it, but this is sub . You can see there's a down |
|
| 11:20 | the northwest fault there. It's assuming is up, which is supposed to |
|
| 11:24 | on all maps, which when you're with 3D things, you can them |
|
| 11:27 | around and do all sorts of funny to the point where no one knows |
|
| 11:31 | you're looking at but nevertheless, this is the work. And uh there |
|
| 11:36 | can see four way closure up to fault. And you also see that |
|
| 11:40 | some reason they have data that helps understand their closure here and there's also |
|
| 11:45 | over here. Yeah, see closure both sides of the pole. Why |
|
| 11:53 | they talking about both sides of the ? Yeah, quite often. It's |
|
| 12:08 | on one side. Now in the in the Scott field, there |
|
| 12:12 | there was in a lot of other , South timber 53 and lots of |
|
| 12:16 | fields I work. You can have you can have uh reservoirs on both |
|
| 12:20 | of the vault. But that's, usually when um oh the amount of |
|
| 12:30 | across the sand is here. You see I go from something right here |
|
| 12:37 | uh 21 50 I jump over in . So the sand it would be |
|
| 12:43 | to this season even on this OK? Because it's uh this, |
|
| 12:50 | jump way up, this, it's up here. And so, you |
|
| 12:54 | , there's not continuity there and uh the oil is migrating from the |
|
| 13:01 | Uh then you wouldn't expect it to coming from the southeast and built from |
|
| 13:04 | southeast. OK. And so here uh a nice little diagram uh talking |
|
| 13:17 | there's, there's different ways, you , you can say oil down to |
|
| 13:21 | oil up to and uh there's different from Europe to North America and, |
|
| 13:28 | other parts of the world. But , what you're seeing here is that |
|
| 13:34 | got a well right here and you a well, number one, you |
|
| 13:37 | it and what, what if you had, well, number one, |
|
| 13:46 | would you draw the oil water Boil down to, I just, |
|
| 14:04 | was just saying oil down to and like that. So here, here's |
|
| 14:11 | point. I'm trying to make the the slide the first. Well, |
|
| 14:14 | drill may not be at the right to see the oil here. You're |
|
| 14:23 | be, you're gonna be full of reservoir rock will be full of oil |
|
| 14:28 | going down to, to get farther in the structure. So the oil |
|
| 14:35 | contacts here and the structures like this you're up above that oil water contact |
|
| 14:42 | . You, you've been drilling it , but you're still not into that |
|
| 14:44 | water contact. The other will ask the way over here to get into |
|
| 14:48 | oil water. And if you, you penetrate all this, you don't |
|
| 14:52 | to see it work contact because this , the sand body is like this |
|
| 15:03 | you drill it through it where you through it. It's all, it's |
|
| 15:06 | lit. But if you come down the edges where the oil water contact |
|
| 15:10 | , you'll hit the oil water contact that number. Yeah. It's basically |
|
| 15:16 | dep limit of your uh and you of have to be able to be |
|
| 15:24 | in three dimension about two, 22 things. You can forget boil water |
|
| 15:32 | like this north, south and east because it's more closure on that. |
|
| 15:41 | Now again, it become like if I drill, drill well |
|
| 15:55 | OK. I see that. Worry that. So here you have to |
|
| 16:08 | over here somewhere that OK. So you see that all order contact, |
|
| 16:18 | you know where it is and it go all the way around the |
|
| 16:24 | Other thing that's important to remember we'll about the even part of this but |
|
| 16:35 | hear it there, OK? A right there. In other words, |
|
| 16:54 | this area would have the barbecue, is the whole, the whole |
|
| 17:06 | So you, you lose. this picture doesn't look. So submit |
|
| 17:16 | of the bad like we're gonna get slides to show you this. And |
|
| 17:24 | I'm just gonna draw it now. I get up, get up |
|
| 17:29 | The water contact was straight. You're at this as your whole area. |
|
| 17:40 | is a following question that is the of your whole area and multiply this |
|
| 17:45 | the thickness of the sand, you're be adding reserves that are the |
|
| 17:52 | Will they just split it in The um call this the contact true |
|
| 18:06 | here. You have a Yeah, again on the attitude of these |
|
| 18:13 | Uh will determine whether this is That's important, whether either of them |
|
| 18:18 | important or whether it all depends on the attitude of the beds relative to |
|
| 18:24 | fault and the horizontal, which is water content. Ok. Now, |
|
| 18:34 | lot of this stuff, all the we're gonna do, um, are |
|
| 18:40 | simple with one fault enclosure but fields that I've had to map look |
|
| 18:45 | this. And uh it gets very because the uh particularly the intersection of |
|
| 18:53 | of these faults could be extremely And sometimes uh the geologists can't see |
|
| 19:01 | . Besides me, can't see a of these faults. Maybe the bigger |
|
| 19:04 | they could see quite often. They see the smaller ones these things relate |
|
| 19:10 | why I have a gradable compartment in versus a compartment over here versus a |
|
| 19:16 | over here over here. In other , if, if you just have |
|
| 19:20 | faults here, this had no faults no compartmentalization, you call it uh |
|
| 19:26 | it might take a few sauce and can bring the whole. But if |
|
| 19:29 | this complicated, you have to have to get into each block or you'll |
|
| 19:33 | leaving your serv behind. And you'll have to evaluate each one of |
|
| 19:37 | blocks and decide whether it's worth drilling not. Uh later on if you |
|
| 19:42 | multiple layers in a, in a , um say this is one reservoir |
|
| 19:49 | and you have three of them above and three below it, you may |
|
| 19:54 | able to drill it deviated. we can follow this down to say |
|
| 20:00 | I just mentioned was seven layers of . You could drill it down for |
|
| 20:06 | uh sort of diagonally in this block here will migrate up, migrate down |
|
| 20:14 | migrates up this way, it will down to that way. And you |
|
| 20:18 | just have to go down sort of an alley like this, that intersect |
|
| 20:23 | one of those things and have multiple and, and produce it that |
|
| 20:28 | That gets a little bit complicated because usually only do one at a |
|
| 20:32 | That's one of the ways the companies in and start producing uh oil that's |
|
| 20:37 | left behind. So here's, here's uh what faults do again. I've |
|
| 20:44 | you this uh but a faulted section Here we have a partial con |
|
| 20:51 | So there could be a flow in on either side of it if, |
|
| 20:56 | they're that close together, uh There's been some leaking and filling so that |
|
| 21:02 | could have here's the normal fault here this. And uh you could actually |
|
| 21:10 | uh these things both structurally dipping a bit on either side of it. |
|
| 21:17 | if it had a gas, half gas, that would be right |
|
| 21:20 | then they will come in with the . Yes, to the lower |
|
| 21:33 | Ok. And here's, here's when , the displacement is, is more |
|
| 21:37 | again. You know, you use of these uh fault gouge calculations to |
|
| 21:42 | if it can leak along this fault not what the chances are. But |
|
| 21:46 | are when this happens and you go shale across from sand and shale, |
|
| 21:50 | from the other sand, there's not be any flow over there. And |
|
| 21:53 | this case, you may find that oil is isolated this side and there's |
|
| 21:58 | over there because maybe the, there's little bit of a dip kind of |
|
| 22:02 | this. And so the oil on side drained off to a trap to |
|
| 22:08 | to the left side of the page it's getting trapped over here on the |
|
| 22:12 | side of the ball. OK? then here is the, uh I |
|
| 22:19 | you this earlier too. This is a repeated section is gonna look |
|
| 22:23 | Oh see the section and this block identical to the section. You see |
|
| 22:30 | , in that block, this you see on that block. And |
|
| 22:34 | you don't see on this block where overlap uh the same section. You |
|
| 22:40 | a, again, there could be across something like that on that, |
|
| 22:44 | that reversible. And here is uh thrust sheets are a lot like |
|
| 22:52 | You'll see a thrust sheet with the section here as you see down there |
|
| 22:56 | the thrust that over top of the one. OK. Again, just |
|
| 23:02 | make sure everybody's on the same This is that he, in other |
|
| 23:14 | , the heat in this direction, the, the throw, here's the |
|
| 23:19 | of the bed, here's the dip the policy. So uh these things |
|
| 23:25 | , can be uh you know, it was a flat line thing, |
|
| 23:29 | would be simpler to draw you. is draw for you, but this |
|
| 23:31 | kind of showing you um that the section of, of the missing section |
|
| 23:39 | be greater than what this would be terms of the throw. It's just |
|
| 23:43 | straight bit of like this, the of the fault and the uh and |
|
| 23:48 | vertical separation of the something formation top be grid, right? If this |
|
| 24:06 | dipping the opposite way, it would less maybe that's obvious to you. |
|
| 24:14 | ? And so um if we have 45 degree angle, the heave and |
|
| 24:21 | throw are gonna be exactly the So uh this is what I'm showing |
|
| 24:28 | . Now, when we do our exercise, I'm gonna suggest that |
|
| 24:32 | you're gonna, you're gonna do a plane, you're gonna calculate a fall |
|
| 24:37 | . I'm gonna suggest that, you , go ahead and map the throw |
|
| 24:42 | he um space right here. This distance right here is gonna be missing |
|
| 24:55 | the map. If you map the of this formation, the top of |
|
| 24:59 | formation is there the top of the two points. You're not mapping this |
|
| 25:05 | anywhere in this unit is the top the top, this top will be |
|
| 25:12 | by that same, same as if it's 45 degrees, if the |
|
| 25:18 | is different from 45 it'll change a bit but not much in the Gulf |
|
| 25:22 | Mexico. Most of them are actually 50 degrees. And uh you might |
|
| 25:27 | in your exercise that it's not, not either of those, but it's |
|
| 25:31 | to those. Uh But when you drawing your map at the scale, |
|
| 25:35 | , your pencils almost big enough to up the difference. If it was |
|
| 25:40 | say it was 47 versus 52 you might not even be able to |
|
| 25:44 | it when you draw it with your . OK. And uh I doubt |
|
| 25:48 | even notice it on a computer OK. So one of the things |
|
| 25:58 | we worry about with volumetrics are these I need to know top of the |
|
| 26:06 | , the bottom of the sand and need to make a nice attack of |
|
| 26:11 | . The thickness in the West. that is a pack has to take |
|
| 26:15 | account not just the thickness of the , but like I grew over there |
|
| 26:19 | the wedges are. In other using a section of a bear. |
|
| 26:29 | here is the thinner of a bear this, it stays pretty consistent in |
|
| 26:34 | certain, here, here's a way way of name with a dog. |
|
| 26:50 | you look, if you're looking in cross section, it must be. |
|
| 27:00 | you have a phone number here. have the oil water on like |
|
| 27:08 | You have the top of your, face of your sand like this. |
|
| 27:16 | have the top of your sand like . So from this perspective for the |
|
| 27:31 | six, you're saying in this face your, with this, this, |
|
| 27:45 | this, this is so you need know where the problem is. You |
|
| 27:52 | to know where the contract is. need to know where the pace and |
|
| 28:00 | next time you can find uh the and different things can happen in different |
|
| 28:10 | . So here is, here's an and uh we need a better |
|
| 28:27 | See that is that easier to forget about this nonsense. I was |
|
| 28:32 | lazy to fix this but uh it go off into oblivion. But |
|
| 28:37 | if you had an oil reservoir that's and a 45 degree, well, |
|
| 28:45 | um the water contact witch might not sold for or the fo excuse |
|
| 28:51 | I'm talking about the uh fault the fault witch might not be sold |
|
| 28:57 | . Gotta make sure I'm explaining the thing with the right slide. |
|
| 29:02 | if you change the angle of that it works. So the smaller the |
|
| 29:11 | between this this angle and that the formation and the fourth, the |
|
| 29:17 | that gets, the longer this gets . So if I, if I |
|
| 29:26 | in other words, if, if made this a shallow or the fall |
|
| 29:33 | lower and pull this down even tighter this, this would become a longer |
|
| 29:38 | . Other words, if I, I took the, you know, |
|
| 29:40 | fault, actually, yeah. And , and I spread it, it |
|
| 29:45 | pull this fault down here, the would be a smaller angle, but |
|
| 29:49 | would stick farther out like that. , it's not sticking up and it's |
|
| 29:53 | 45 degrees like this, it's getting and closer to equal to. So |
|
| 29:59 | angle of this is getting closer to angle of that, that fall wave |
|
| 30:04 | bigger and bigger. So where you a lot of structure and um in |
|
| 30:11 | compressive uh places that, that fault can become very, very important. |
|
| 30:22 | , um with a um with a contact, if you have a relatively |
|
| 30:32 | line death, that oil water contact be very, very, very, |
|
| 30:37 | long. In other words, it so long, I couldn't even draw |
|
| 30:40 | on this picture because it would have , it would have been way out |
|
| 30:44 | here. So you can lose a amount of your reservoir. In other |
|
| 30:49 | , from a blob map or an map from above of the, of |
|
| 30:53 | extent of your reservoir, this whole is half, this is gonna be |
|
| 31:00 | of the volume uh that, that have been if the spoon spoon and |
|
| 31:11 | is kind of a joke, but , I think it's worth mentioning if |
|
| 31:15 | if you have dipping vs set of vents like a vertical bed, then |
|
| 31:23 | is no uh wedge at all. because this whole thing is still, |
|
| 31:30 | it's still on a vertical plane to up a horizontal plane. So I |
|
| 31:37 | that makes some sense to you. ? The oil water contact is always |
|
| 32:05 | be flat. OK? So the the bed is to flat, the |
|
| 32:11 | the impact it's gonna have on on your bed. In other |
|
| 32:15 | if, if the um if the is actually flat, I was showing |
|
| 32:20 | a bed that was just like wasn't flat. But if you have maybe |
|
| 32:34 | week when we're not here, I'll out. So, yeah. And |
|
| 32:39 | example, I have that one guys this, have an oil water contact |
|
| 32:52 | in here that oil water contact is be in here and it's not |
|
| 32:55 | you know, it may uh it take up half the volume, all |
|
| 32:59 | the volume or note that that's gonna really what I showed was if, |
|
| 33:05 | it was slightly tilted but almost the closer to the flat it |
|
| 33:10 | the bigger the switch area would the more significance it is reducing. |
|
| 33:15 | you're putting on a lot of the that we look at in the Gulf |
|
| 33:19 | Mexico are relative. OK? So of you have had um some form |
|
| 33:47 | mapping. But when you map in subsurface, it's a little bit |
|
| 34:07 | And um but nevertheless, these, are the things uh that we look |
|
| 34:13 | um contour lines on any type of or lines of equal values on a |
|
| 34:18 | map. It's uh equal elevation relative some plane like sea level. And |
|
| 34:27 | and on Isopack maps, it's relative uh net thickness or uh could be |
|
| 34:34 | or gross thickness, but it's In the case of um a |
|
| 34:42 | What you're trying to map is the of the rock that has oil in |
|
| 34:47 | versus water or gas in it versus . So you're looking at the net |
|
| 34:54 | thickness, there's other things that you map. And of course, this |
|
| 35:03 | , this is a simple um diagram you if you're gonna draw a line |
|
| 35:09 | a feature that looks like this and flying plane, uh you're gonna see |
|
| 35:13 | things here. And of course, this one actually has negative numbers in |
|
| 35:20 | of it, its subsurface. And it's showing you that that plane in |
|
| 35:24 | subsurface is dipping like that. And when you see a map like |
|
| 35:32 | if you look at maps enough, you often do in the oil |
|
| 35:36 | um you see a map like that you automatically see, you know the |
|
| 35:40 | dipping down that or up that way that's what you're looking and this is |
|
| 35:51 | , a nice little thing to show this. So like if you're looking |
|
| 35:54 | the contour lines and they're spread apart this, they're flat. You |
|
| 36:00 | if they're crunched up together like they're steep because the rate of change |
|
| 36:06 | really close, same amount, same vertical distance over a short, |
|
| 36:14 | uh lateral uh distance uh in indicates inclined plane. And this is just |
|
| 36:23 | you some of the patterns you can out of the famous Tear and Whiskey |
|
| 36:28 | subsurface mapping book that's been uh I think the, I think this |
|
| 36:34 | out of volume one, but this still be in volume six or |
|
| 36:38 | whatever number it's on now. But they keep updating it and they still |
|
| 36:42 | some rotten mistakes in it. But ever asked me, let's see. |
|
| 36:48 | This is kind of poorly drawn here . But what they're trying to show |
|
| 36:52 | is um the side view of a that looks like this and is defined |
|
| 36:59 | this inside. You will look kind like this. They're, they're kind |
|
| 37:02 | trying to put a three dimensional perspective this which which uh it's not |
|
| 37:08 | it's still a two D. So looks a little bit weird but, |
|
| 37:12 | here they're um they're making things change in, at distance uh somewhat so |
|
| 37:20 | it looks like it's three dimensional a bit. Uh in theory though, |
|
| 37:25 | see these lines, they spread out you were to do just a straight |
|
| 37:29 | . But because it's farther away, thinning because of that distance, which |
|
| 37:33 | it look curved like that. And also pulling the structure of. |
|
| 37:38 | And here's a, a sort of to what we just saw in the |
|
| 37:42 | one, um, uh, showing a nose with another little pinnacle out |
|
| 37:49 | front of the nose and a saddle between it. And, uh, |
|
| 37:54 | this shows you kind of what those look like. Ok. And then |
|
| 38:00 | you're mapping depressions, you put little marks in hashi remarks in, |
|
| 38:05 | in like this, uh, so people visually know that it's going down |
|
| 38:10 | at Subsurface. So it's deeper. , I've never actually seen in |
|
| 38:16 | I've never seen a map like that if somebody's experienced at looking at contour |
|
| 38:25 | , all they have to do is this and they know exactly what's going |
|
| 38:33 | . So anyway, uh, what gonna be doing, what you're gonna |
|
| 38:36 | and just to make it easier, don't worry about the, um, |
|
| 38:41 | , uh, lines, um, to be, uh, you |
|
| 38:51 | focused on the fact that, we're subsurface. So higher numbers as |
|
| 38:56 | , lower numbers are shallow. uh, and this is kind of |
|
| 39:00 | you draw them. Kind of put in here. I don't think in |
|
| 39:04 | 20 years I've been teaching this, don't think I've gotten anybody to draw |
|
| 39:08 | books like this, but I keep you, uh and what you need |
|
| 39:13 | do is put a gap in here uh and put the, uh the |
|
| 39:17 | in there makes it real easy to it. Most people will draw a |
|
| 39:21 | line because they're because they're having But, but uh a lot of |
|
| 39:25 | it's very useful to just draw one these lines, uh draw the lines |
|
| 39:30 | and then maybe erase a little bit line in pencil. It's always good |
|
| 39:34 | draw maps with pencil. Put put the depth here, maybe skip |
|
| 39:38 | once. So this is 7674. one will be 75. We used |
|
| 39:44 | do this a lot because when we almost all of our maps by |
|
| 39:47 | we had to put uh chart pack letters in here and we had to |
|
| 39:51 | a press pencil to, to put lead numbers on here. And at |
|
| 39:56 | end of the day, it looked than something that was printed. It |
|
| 39:59 | uh the, the maps that we to make by hand were works of |
|
| 40:03 | . And uh they're, they're pretty . Uh But here's what you need |
|
| 40:09 | do when you're mapping something here. you have, uh you know, |
|
| 40:15 | , I don't know who would be something with 5 ft intervals, |
|
| 40:21 | but this just kind of shows you you're doing it. And uh here |
|
| 40:25 | can see there's penetrations here. There's lack of penetrations. Over here. |
|
| 40:30 | your example, you'll have less density this because you rarely have this kind |
|
| 40:34 | density in the map. But you try to draw your contours to fit |
|
| 40:40 | you have most of the samples. then over here where you have a |
|
| 40:44 | of samples and then you try to make that structural, whatever the pattern |
|
| 40:50 | like, it looks like it's gonna down like this and maybe dip down |
|
| 40:54 | see here, here's the 25 this has to come down. So |
|
| 40:58 | there's like a little bit of a coming through your gear and so you |
|
| 41:01 | come up through like that. So you do is you, um |
|
| 41:06 | you draw the, you draw the contour lines where you have the greatest |
|
| 41:10 | like here and here and then you the dots uh later on. And |
|
| 41:16 | and that helps you kind of get idea of the style of the |
|
| 41:19 | In other words, is it Is it just straight uh like a |
|
| 41:24 | plane or uh something something like this be like a little, little valley |
|
| 41:32 | two highs? And uh because it's, it's deeper right here than |
|
| 41:37 | is right there. So, um that's kind of how you do |
|
| 41:44 | look at your areas of control and push it on here is an example |
|
| 41:50 | what smooth contouring bits of like and is undulating contours uh kind of recognizing |
|
| 41:59 | a lot of times uh high structures got little valleys in them and uh |
|
| 42:05 | and whatnot. And which one of looks like uh a more realistic |
|
| 42:13 | right? So uh when you're, you're mapping, it's always good to |
|
| 42:18 | to honor the data. But also geoscientists, you wanna try to honor |
|
| 42:23 | we know about. And if you , for example, if you're modeling |
|
| 42:28 | like a channel sand or something, already have an idea what it should |
|
| 42:31 | shaped like. And that can help uh the Isopack map or the structure |
|
| 42:37 | that you're drawing on the top of sand. OK. And uh here's |
|
| 42:45 | thing with the data that you're seeing . I made this one, they |
|
| 42:52 | all these belts are here. It like you have all this in |
|
| 42:58 | It looks like you have all that here in reality until you have some |
|
| 43:02 | of seismic or well data to the and west of these maps, there |
|
| 43:08 | be no closure at all and your would still honor that data. That's |
|
| 43:14 | I mean by closure is really hard catch. In other words, you |
|
| 43:19 | , if you had a seismic they would just like this two D |
|
| 43:23 | like this, you wouldn't know. if you had a two D line |
|
| 43:26 | went like this and it went like , you'd be able to figure out |
|
| 43:30 | closure was there. So that's why really important to think about closure when |
|
| 43:34 | trying to get seismic data, especially it's maybe spec data and you don't |
|
| 43:38 | 3D yet. Again, if you 3D data, as long as the |
|
| 43:43 | is uh is sufficient and the imaging good, um then you should be |
|
| 43:50 | to uh to see it pretty But if you can't, you need |
|
| 43:53 | fall back on what, you when you're hit. OK, there's |
|
| 43:58 | types of contouring styles. Some of in these examples actually look like they're |
|
| 44:03 | the same thing. But, but they're trying to show you is there's |
|
| 44:07 | mechanical one, uh it tries to sort of a uniform dip between |
|
| 44:15 | those uh points that you would have sometimes you have to twist it to |
|
| 44:20 | it to fit and uh down here that's similar to equal space, but |
|
| 44:28 | uh less conservative and uh and it assume one tip for the whole |
|
| 44:34 | So you're trying to get, keep dip from changing at all from |
|
| 44:38 | In other words, you're mapping a area. So it's odds are |
|
| 44:42 | the dip has a lot of, , but if the regional dip is |
|
| 44:48 | of like this, then you might to get things to try to line |
|
| 44:51 | like the fingers, but the geology a little bit more complicated and things |
|
| 44:57 | going on, then you might, do that. Uh uh this uh |
|
| 45:02 | thing is that they were showing you the undulations, you could be doing |
|
| 45:05 | parallel that tries to keep the contour parallel even though can imagine it sometimes |
|
| 45:27 | happens when you're doing parallel, the discs can change dramatically like |
|
| 45:34 | And so the parallel, so the they may vary but that they look |
|
| 45:43 | closely uniform overall, this one equally , they're actually kind of to stay |
|
| 45:51 | close as you can all the way . So a lot of these things |
|
| 45:55 | a lot of like and the problem when you use a computer, it |
|
| 46:01 | to pick a routine and it has mapping process and uh and it, |
|
| 46:05 | it, and it can be So here is just an example of |
|
| 46:10 | uh contouring. And when I ask to do a map, I would |
|
| 46:15 | that you do a map on the where you have, where you think |
|
| 46:19 | have a pretty good line on the , try to get that and then |
|
| 46:24 | how this. And here you can as we get farther out here, |
|
| 46:28 | contours are spreading apart. And part the reason is because you're getting closure |
|
| 46:32 | here and this is, this is up now here. So you have |
|
| 46:37 | bending this way and spending less that over here on the uh if you |
|
| 46:43 | this exactly right, this line should been up there. That's one of |
|
| 46:49 | mistakes in their drawing. But uh I, I have to point it |
|
| 46:54 | in case you look at it and see there's something wrong and you think |
|
| 46:57 | it's right, it's not right. just, you know, it's just |
|
| 47:01 | way it worked out here's parallel And again, you can see the |
|
| 47:06 | look very parallel, but you can that he did a better job than |
|
| 47:11 | did at. I think here you see the dip is a lot less |
|
| 47:18 | . It spread apart, the dip greater as you come in here spreads |
|
| 47:22 | . So they're not forcing the dip try to be the same regional |
|
| 47:28 | But keeping an eye on regional dip really, he is really helpful. |
|
| 47:33 | you can get a regional structural map the map library and you get an |
|
| 47:38 | of the regional dip and then you some well data in the middle of |
|
| 47:41 | and you can start figuring out where closure is and make sure that you're |
|
| 47:46 | some attention to that regional dip while doing it, keep you from getting |
|
| 47:50 | of control with your closure like Um But I think it's interesting, |
|
| 47:59 | of these wells are in the But when you, when you have |
|
| 48:02 | computer uh doing, doing anything, gonna be, look, it's gonna |
|
| 48:08 | a lot of weight in the points you do have this, this actually |
|
| 48:13 | some insight into how the contours should away from the data set, not |
|
| 48:20 | it, but a lot of times with um parallel, you end up |
|
| 48:29 | a lot of these uh bubbles like , you get all these isolated four |
|
| 48:32 | closures and the isolated 44 way closures often around each. Well, in |
|
| 48:39 | words, there may not be any in here at all, but because |
|
| 48:44 | doesn't have a lot of data, can draw this all these little bubbles |
|
| 48:49 | what would have been. I'm trying tell you is normally what would |
|
| 48:52 | You'd have a well, right here be a bubble and you would have |
|
| 48:55 | , well, right here, there be a bubble and uh a lot |
|
| 48:59 | times you don't see a map like where, where the um you see |
|
| 49:05 | , none of these wells are in middle of those bubbles. I've seen |
|
| 49:12 | really strange computer generated maps in my . And here is equal spaced. |
|
| 49:21 | um again, it's, it's trying create that equal space. And in |
|
| 49:28 | , the dip gets where you have sharp boundaries, the dip flats out |
|
| 49:35 | it spread apart and it gets We're gonna have to, it's very |
|
| 49:41 | to I think to uh parallel. , but um my rule of thumb |
|
| 49:47 | you do this is that you start with mechanical, look at the mechanical |
|
| 49:53 | where you have good data And then after that, try to use the |
|
| 49:57 | contouring. In other words, try respect the, the dip that you |
|
| 50:01 | where you see it, the dip change from one part of the map |
|
| 50:04 | the other because because of the mechanical is following what the data is trying |
|
| 50:09 | tell you and then the equal spacing help you keep, will help you |
|
| 50:13 | it right in the areas that, uh where you don't have any |
|
| 50:18 | you're basically assuming that where you do the data is controlling what it should |
|
| 50:22 | like where you don't have the But just still be uh more than |
|
| 50:26 | other method honoring this by starting out mechanical and then try to do equal |
|
| 50:32 | contour with a tiny, little bit what they call interpretive. Now, |
|
| 50:42 | when you do your equal space, can use a ruler like this. |
|
| 50:46 | of course, it's not gonna fall exactly one inch and three inches, |
|
| 50:49 | you'll, you'll be able to measure distance on the map. And uh |
|
| 50:54 | example, if this is 200 and 400 somewhere in the, in |
|
| 51:02 | in the middle of this, it be 300. OK? And that's |
|
| 51:06 | best you can do. Unless you another data, you know, you |
|
| 51:09 | to assume this the s will You also can do that on the |
|
| 51:15 | of a fault. And here's the contouring And uh again, I |
|
| 51:28 | I like the mechanical then in the try to use parallel and then get |
|
| 51:33 | from it and draw something that's sort interpreted what's really going on here. |
|
| 51:41 | , rather than pick a method, like to combine methods and I don't |
|
| 51:47 | the computer routines do that. It's been, it's been a few |
|
| 51:52 | , but probably around 2010, we a student. I created the reservoir |
|
| 51:59 | you're gonna be plotting. I created model and their model. The reason |
|
| 52:07 | used a model, I like to real data like the correlation exercise. |
|
| 52:12 | when you do, when you when you're looking at a reservoir |
|
| 52:16 | you never know exactly what it is you've got like 3000 wells in |
|
| 52:21 | So there's always a question about, know, is there another fault |
|
| 52:24 | Is there another compartment there? Does sand thin here or thicken there? |
|
| 52:29 | the shale go up or down over and over there? So I created |
|
| 52:33 | model that was a homogeneous reservoir and poked holes in it and wherever I |
|
| 52:43 | a hole, I got, I a well, I got well data |
|
| 52:45 | you. And so I know exactly it should look like. So when |
|
| 52:53 | was doing my interpretive stuff, I able to know exactly how it should |
|
| 53:00 | uh on top of using the mechanical the parallel and the parallel uh the |
|
| 53:05 | space contouring in between. And then interpretive, my interpretive helped me blend |
|
| 53:10 | into what I knew about that What I thought I knew. And |
|
| 53:15 | course, if you're doing uh petroleum and you have a reservoir of body |
|
| 53:19 | you have an idea of the shape the orientation of it, uh you |
|
| 53:23 | also take that into account. So how I did the is a pack |
|
| 53:28 | that's also how I did the uh contour maps on the top and the |
|
| 53:32 | . And we came up with a and that number is as close as |
|
| 53:38 | can ever get to being right? we knew what we were mapping and |
|
| 53:41 | into. Then we put the same into the four top top mapping |
|
| 53:50 | And uh and they all have like , you can pop down, you |
|
| 53:54 | use this method, that method, method, that method. And that |
|
| 53:58 | be in every one of these four . There was like different methods for |
|
| 54:04 | none of the methods got closer than or minus 25% of the reserves. |
|
| 54:12 | uh and then many of them were or minus 50% of what the reserves |
|
| 54:17 | were. And so uh we probably have published it because it was something |
|
| 54:23 | should see and uh see the view kind of get an idea how important |
|
| 54:28 | is to draw things by hand. lot of the geologists from this group |
|
| 54:33 | were at Hillar Corp, they, , they, they never use computer |
|
| 54:40 | . They always drop it by hand to make sure they can get it |
|
| 54:44 | . And, uh, they've just experience and, and I think probably |
|
| 54:48 | what, what happened here and hearing the study that we did back in |
|
| 54:53 | , they knew that it was something needed to do. So, |
|
| 55:00 | these are just some instructions, this how you can measure it. |
|
| 55:04 | um, the faults that we're gonna at, there's only one fault in |
|
| 55:09 | field. Yeah, you're gonna have of that, you're gonna have to |
|
| 55:13 | a fault map. And from that cleaning mask, you'll be able to |
|
| 55:18 | out the, and, uh, also be able to figure out the |
|
| 55:22 | . The strike is relatively simple. dip is a little more complicated. |
|
| 55:29 | can, you can almost figure out , um, the strike from |
|
| 55:35 | two wells but it, it's, better if you have three wells. |
|
| 55:39 | anyway, I'm, I'm gonna give three fault cuts. And, |
|
| 55:45 | and so again, it's important because trying to figure out with the envelope |
|
| 55:52 | your, and you need a fault to get it right and, and |
|
| 55:57 | overlay it underneath or over top of , um, your top of |
|
| 56:04 | base of sand. And then that you develop what the envelope is and |
|
| 56:07 | the Isopack map should look like. here's how you do it. This |
|
| 56:15 | a graphical method for doing it and in a minute we'll take a |
|
| 56:22 | But uh and I'll, I'll go some uh paper that you can |
|
| 56:26 | but he won't, he won't map in the class because we've got some |
|
| 56:30 | uh things to talk about. But just want to go through this with |
|
| 56:33 | really quickly. And um there, are different ways of doing it. |
|
| 56:39 | in the subsurface, this is, is sort of a heuristic way of |
|
| 56:43 | it. Kind of helps you see you actually develop the dip. Uh |
|
| 56:48 | out what the dip is and uh figure out what the strike is uh |
|
| 56:53 | a subsurface problem. So the first you do is you have, you're |
|
| 56:59 | have three wells, you're gonna have deepest one, the shallow is one |
|
| 57:08 | you're gonna have one in between. what seals. Yeah, deepest |
|
| 57:15 | is a, the shallowest is B uh the one in between is C |
|
| 57:22 | they don't have to be exactly in arrangement and they won't be. So |
|
| 57:25 | not gonna end up with the same drawing is what you see in this |
|
| 57:31 | , but you're gonna go through the motions I tell you to go |
|
| 57:37 | OK. So on, on the that we have, it's gonna be |
|
| 57:40 | three, excuse me, number 86 two. And this would be |
|
| 57:52 | And so the first thing you if you draw a line, draw |
|
| 57:59 | line between A and B, then the difference between these two, take |
|
| 58:09 | line, you draw it from A you draw it out away from that |
|
| 58:13 | over there and it could be here obviously you could move in the way |
|
| 58:20 | thing works. If you move the up, it will adjust it. |
|
| 58:22 | you move it down, it will adjusted because we're gonna do a tray |
|
| 58:26 | solution and it'll sort it out. have a parallelogram that sorts it |
|
| 58:31 | Oh Whatever you do to this angle change the angle of another line you'd |
|
| 58:37 | to draw, that will make it . Uh But just kind of draw |
|
| 58:44 | uh to scale 1000 ft out of . Now your fall cuts are gonna |
|
| 58:49 | different. So it won't be 1000 . It will be the difference in |
|
| 58:51 | fall cuts. Excuse me, not fault. That would be the difference |
|
| 58:57 | elevation of the. So you got , this is a 2000, we |
|
| 59:01 | hit this well, at 2000, well at 3000. So obviously just |
|
| 59:06 | those two wells, which way is be more or less, right? |
|
| 59:14 | dipping that one. OK. So already know that. So that kind |
|
| 59:17 | helps if you know that. And you think that, so you know |
|
| 59:21 | kind of dipping in that direction. You don't know if it's dipping that |
|
| 59:26 | or this way or whatever, you know, it's dipping to the |
|
| 59:31 | , south, southeast, west or plain south or south, southeast, |
|
| 59:35 | , southwest. We can go on on. So anyway, you draw |
|
| 59:40 | one out to here, then the line you, you do is you |
|
| 59:47 | connect B to B and this is of the geometry of it. If |
|
| 59:57 | move this down, it changes the . If you move it up, |
|
| 60:01 | changes the same, it changed So you can figure it out. |
|
| 60:03 | no matter what you do with this animal right here is gonna be |
|
| 60:13 | . And uh when you start doing exercise, just follow the steps and |
|
| 60:18 | about what you're doing when you're doing and, and you'll, you may |
|
| 60:22 | an epiphany, maybe just a I don't know, but something will |
|
| 60:29 | to your head and you go, , this is pretty neat. |
|
| 60:36 | Then you go to the next Here's where it's drinking. Um You |
|
| 60:43 | to come up with a rule somehow , and uh one of the things |
|
| 60:47 | a lot of times you can take straight edge and just go like this |
|
| 60:50 | it comes out to be just Sometimes people have all things that are |
|
| 60:55 | , like we used to use in Navy um to figure out where we |
|
| 60:59 | going on the same course. But , the, um, try to |
|
| 61:05 | a line parallel down here to So you have a line that's parallel |
|
| 61:10 | it, and it, and it's this and you bring it down and |
|
| 61:15 | intersects here and here and that's, that's, and except for Stephanie, |
|
| 61:25 | think everybody has these slides. Let do it right. Ok, |
|
| 61:33 | I'm glad I asked. I, funny because 17 didn't load up the |
|
| 61:40 | time. I tried to load OK. You know, you, |
|
| 62:00 | , like there was something, oh mean this mean B to D? |
|
| 62:07 | mean this no, at this angle come out here, wherever it is |
|
| 62:12 | you draw it to there and this you the angle that this has to |
|
| 62:17 | to come out with the right No matter where you put, this |
|
| 62:22 | matter. Well, it has to the right link and it has to |
|
| 62:26 | kind of off in that direction. if you, if, if d |
|
| 62:30 | a little bit lower, this step correct that if he was a little |
|
| 62:35 | , this step would, would correct , it gets it to the right |
|
| 62:40 | . Um You may not want to any time but you could play with |
|
| 62:42 | and you can see that, that that it would just work out, |
|
| 62:48 | ? OK. Then the next thing do is so got enf from drawing |
|
| 62:54 | line, there was a, a line coming down here. So you |
|
| 62:58 | , you have this ruler and you it down like this and you process |
|
| 63:02 | and here. That's your, your do you draw F to uh and |
|
| 63:07 | didn't draw it perfect. It should been dead center, but you draw |
|
| 63:10 | here and guess what? This is , this is finding this point in |
|
| 63:18 | well, is equally at equal depth the plane coming down here. So |
|
| 63:26 | fault plane is coming down here, hits here, lower, it hits |
|
| 63:30 | , higher, it hits here in middle and that's the middle point. |
|
| 63:35 | therefore you can figure out this, , I probably should have twisted the |
|
| 63:40 | around or something. But it, pretty simple uh even when you draw |
|
| 63:44 | map, but uh that this is be your strike right here and |
|
| 63:51 | this also is gonna be the first of your fault plate and your fault |
|
| 64:00 | . It's actually gonna go up people because it's a plane and it's gonna |
|
| 64:04 | down. So you don't have a change, you don't have a rate |
|
| 64:08 | in the uh in the plane, just goes up and down. |
|
| 64:19 | Then you draw that just the L um if this, if this line |
|
| 64:29 | the stripes, then you just have draw a perpendicular line to just to |
|
| 64:33 | the kill. So it dips in direction if for whatever reason, this |
|
| 64:38 | was up here and you drew a here, then my, my stripe |
|
| 64:45 | dip would be in different directions, ? So it may not be perfectly |
|
| 64:53 | like this. This is almost, know, East west strike. And |
|
| 64:59 | yours might be a little bit off that or a lot depending on |
|
| 65:04 | how poorly you uh do this or well you do it. Ok. |
|
| 65:09 | once you have this one stripe line out, um How did I tell |
|
| 65:16 | this step? Yeah, then this , I, I keep looking at |
|
| 65:27 | , I have two slides out I keep looking at the moment. |
|
| 65:30 | am, what's the 400 ft What's the difference between A to C |
|
| 65:51 | their fault codes? 2,603,400 ft. you draw, draw from here to |
|
| 66:03 | and this is actually the angle of , this is the direction of your |
|
| 66:08 | this with the angle of the. if you folded it over, you'd |
|
| 66:13 | it and fed this back into the . Um It would make it, |
|
| 66:20 | might make a little bit more OK? So once you have your |
|
| 66:27 | and this is a B plane so it's playing, you're mapping the |
|
| 66:31 | based on the data that you have uh lots of faults. I showed |
|
| 66:35 | some examples in the exploration, um simulated 3D model and how a lot |
|
| 66:42 | the folks were just playing. A of times they are and, |
|
| 66:47 | or they're close to planes where they be slightly offset, but they're usually |
|
| 66:51 | close to planes. So, here I haven't drawn this perfectly. I |
|
| 66:55 | to, but, you know, point really is it tough to |
|
| 67:01 | you know, I kept pushing this down and it kept popping up, |
|
| 67:04 | it down and popping and, I could have blown it up but |
|
| 67:08 | just, I got tired of tired it. So, um so this |
|
| 67:13 | be equally spaced because it's a plane that the dip is not changing. |
|
| 67:18 | that fault plane intersects on this map about here and uh and it comes |
|
| 67:25 | and it goes down and uh so coming up for here. So this |
|
| 67:29 | 2625 24 23 22 21 2000. ? And that's all you need to |
|
| 67:38 | to make that. And then a of times people just draw this for |
|
| 67:42 | map, you may need to um know, draw contours down here. |
|
| 67:48 | , you know, this is gonna your 3000. So you need to |
|
| 67:50 | uh this would be 26 25 24 . Uh Excuse me, this is |
|
| 67:59 | 27 28 29 30. And then have there, you have your fault |
|
| 68:13 | map, but again, you need make it a little bit include more |
|
| 68:17 | lines relative to the data. That get. So then you end up |
|
| 68:22 | that thing. So, um, gonna, you're gonna have a |
|
| 68:28 | it looks like this and I told that you're gonna be using. I |
|
| 68:33 | it was this, well, well, that and 86 and |
|
| 68:38 | I think they're the ones with the plane cuts. In other words, |
|
| 68:42 | geologist was able to find a fault cut there. I'm not saying that's |
|
| 68:47 | only place the fault hits, but where the geologists, like you guys |
|
| 68:51 | able to find the fault cut by . OK. So the first thing |
|
| 68:59 | do is you start making your contour like this. And uh and I'm |
|
| 69:08 | tell you the reservoir is sound of fault. There's no resorts in the |
|
| 69:13 | of the, you do not have create closure north of the fault, |
|
| 69:18 | follow the contours uh that you should . But if you have a |
|
| 69:24 | you know, it's in this The first thing you wanna know is |
|
| 69:28 | the fault intersects this surface. If has closure, it's current. If |
|
| 69:34 | fault of the the structure top structure , it has flo it's a curved |
|
| 69:40 | , it drops like this. So the ball plane comes through, it's |
|
| 69:45 | hit it at different places because the is a straight line, this is |
|
| 69:51 | curved surface. So it's gonna hit different depths coming down your contours. |
|
| 69:56 | that's why you have the closure, in other words, it wraps around |
|
| 69:58 | like this. In other words, have a perfectly straight plane but you |
|
| 70:03 | up with, you end up with curve, uh the surface, the |
|
| 70:11 | of where that top is, is loop curve because it's curved around and |
|
| 70:16 | a plane that looks like this, was no closure, it wouldn't |
|
| 70:25 | OK. And then, um, you kind of line it up on |
|
| 70:32 | and there's your fault plane map, stick it on there and you can |
|
| 70:35 | where the contours hit it and you to make sure that you get the |
|
| 70:39 | plane map in the exact right spot lining it up with the, with |
|
| 70:43 | three wells, make sure the three are perfectly lined up. You can |
|
| 70:47 | that by, you know, just of holding it up like this to |
|
| 70:51 | light. Uh You can put, can create a light table. Um |
|
| 70:57 | But I don't know, you might a lamp that's so big in |
|
| 71:02 | in the top of you have a and you just sit it over top |
|
| 71:04 | the shade, don't leave it It'll catch fire. But you |
|
| 71:08 | there's different things you can do. have a, I have a little |
|
| 71:11 | light table myself. So it makes real easy for me to uh to |
|
| 71:16 | what you did wrong when you uh in your, your uh your maps |
|
| 71:22 | so then you end up with something looks like that. And then, |
|
| 71:27 | here's, here's the intersection of your plane with your. So for |
|
| 71:32 | headphones, it's a plane but because is current, it's hitting lower, |
|
| 71:40 | , we're lower and lower. It the curve surface. Ok. And |
|
| 71:47 | you see lots of curved surfaces and wonder how he claims that they're all |
|
| 71:51 | , the faults not curve, the is curved, the top of the |
|
| 71:55 | is the faults like a break like . It just cuts across the, |
|
| 72:08 | . Then you'll have uh one thing have to throw and you actually can |
|
| 72:17 | on the other side of the Remember, don't draw your contours north |
|
| 72:21 | the fault until you know where the is. Once you know where the |
|
| 72:25 | is, you know what the throw . I forget if it was 250 |
|
| 72:29 | 200 ft, I think it's 250 . So you measure 250 ft actually |
|
| 72:36 | tip like this and that's where the is gonna be on the other side |
|
| 72:43 | the fault. And so even though don't have wells here, if |
|
| 72:48 | if you map it out right, uh this is the uh fault throw |
|
| 72:55 | heating distance between the top of the here and the top of the sand |
|
| 72:59 | here. And so this is this is missing on the net that's |
|
| 73:04 | you leave the plane. It's a space. Uh But it also, |
|
| 73:14 | also gives you whatever this is you um you're going up in sections |
|
| 73:22 | you subtract uh the 250 ft or the throw is from here, map |
|
| 73:28 | out to here. And that's, now a new point on your |
|
| 73:32 | It's 200. Say it was, if it was 2000 and it was |
|
| 73:36 | left, then you would have 17 500. That point right there |
|
| 73:42 | 17 500. You don't have it a well, but based on your |
|
| 73:46 | plane map, that's where it would . You can see here, this |
|
| 73:51 | showing 200. So we go from to 1800. You see that this |
|
| 74:00 | map, it's 2000 and the throw 200 ft. So the intersection on |
|
| 74:06 | side of the, the sand top this side of the fault is up |
|
| 74:10 | . In other words, we're like and the faults gone like this and |
|
| 74:14 | top is missing here because it's off the diagrams I showed everybody get that |
|
| 74:24 | are you just bored to death? . And here um the isopack maps |
|
| 74:32 | very similar. Um I don't ask to do net versus gross, but |
|
| 74:36 | what it, but uh what you normally do because I just give you |
|
| 74:41 | uh what, what the uh what sand thickness is I just make it |
|
| 74:46 | thing. And Aros is one thing , I'm trying to do this so |
|
| 74:50 | it makes it easy for you to uh uh how to make one of |
|
| 74:54 | maps and not be confused by how the data can get or be. |
|
| 74:59 | this is showing you uh cross sections Isopack maps related to those cross |
|
| 75:06 | And uh here's another one that's got way closure. But here is the |
|
| 75:13 | , this one looks an awful This looks an awful lot like the |
|
| 75:21 | you're gonna be drawing that. There's dramatic mistake in this. Did anybody |
|
| 75:26 | the dramatic mistake? This is out a book. This is out of |
|
| 75:40 | world famous book and students turn in that look like this and there's a |
|
| 75:48 | problem with this map. OK? guys obviously need a break. But |
|
| 75:59 | this should be at least a revelation not an epiphany. Notice how you |
|
| 76:07 | a, you think of a top a sand as a flat surface, |
|
| 76:10 | it's not its curve, you it's bent and it's curved when it |
|
| 76:15 | a flat plane, it makes the line, you have a plane, |
|
| 76:20 | another plane, then you get a line. But if this is occurred |
|
| 76:27 | this is occurred, there's gonna be curve on it. If this, |
|
| 76:30 | this gets curved with closure like then this curves back like that then |
|
| 76:36 | gonna start but it's a plane intersecting curve between the black plane intersecting a |
|
| 76:43 | surface. So again, what's wrong this map? OK. If there's |
|
| 76:53 | trap there, there has to be coming around this fault claim. If |
|
| 77:03 | this surface is curved, the fault be flat as an expression on that |
|
| 77:11 | mat. Again, this is three , just not looking at penny plan |
|
| 77:16 | anything like that, you know, in the surface and seeing what it |
|
| 77:19 | like because when you do that, go from one surface to another. |
|
| 77:23 | this is a top that's curved and hits a flat plane. This line |
|
| 77:28 | to be curved. So this diagram completely wrong. So check her but |
|
| 77:36 | the curve is gonna, the curve be like this because because in this |
|
| 77:49 | , I'm showing you the top of sand is not a, is not |
|
| 77:52 | flat plane. Where am I I'm going backwards. Sorry, it's |
|
| 78:10 | a black plane. It's um the way it could be flat is if |
|
| 78:16 | if the contours came out like but the contours have closure. So |
|
| 78:23 | bending around to hit this fall, don't bend around and hit the ball |
|
| 78:29 | there's no trap. So guys, . So this, this map is |
|
| 78:37 | completely drawn wrong. I scratched my when I first saw it and then |
|
| 78:45 | scratched it some more. And then noticed I was gone bald right up |
|
| 78:49 | . So I, I just drew couple of cross sections and figured out |
|
| 78:53 | they did wrong. OK. um, so this is a perfect |
|
| 78:59 | of what you're supposed to do except it's drawn wrong. OK. And |
|
| 79:04 | part that's drawn wrong is this fault needs to be heard. Then you're |
|
| 79:11 | have another unit over here in your and you, and you've gone |
|
| 79:16 | you go up 250 ft to match thing. And so on your |
|
| 79:20 | you'll know that this is 250 ft than whatever that is. And it's |
|
| 79:24 | gonna be zero across like this because those curves are, the structures |
|
| 79:30 | are hitting it at different points. . Well, like this, it |
|
| 79:41 | look like this. Yours is gonna more like this and you can see |
|
| 79:50 | contour lines are hitting, you the, the deeper contour line |
|
| 79:56 | is hitting the fault at a deeper because that's why it's a contour |
|
| 80:01 | It's a deeper point hitting the fault . This, this is always gonna |
|
| 80:06 | 2400 ft in this map and it's hit the 2400. That's where it's |
|
| 80:11 | hit the fault. The fault is this with that contour is curving around |
|
| 80:15 | hitting it lower than the contour above . The map, the way the |
|
| 80:20 | is drawn, they're all hitting it the same point. And they, |
|
| 80:23 | not the same depth. Oh I'm starting, I'm, I, |
|
| 80:28 | gotta stop thinking about how bad that . So anyway, here is, |
|
| 80:35 | where the top is. You figure like what I just told you how |
|
| 80:38 | get this line. Once you get line, you actually have points that |
|
| 80:42 | can take advantage of knowing that this offset 250 ft. In your |
|
| 80:47 | it's 200 ft on this, but ft in your example, that point |
|
| 80:52 | right there on this. So So whatever, whatever this this number |
|
| 80:57 | , it's gonna be, you so many 1000 ft plus or minus |
|
| 81:03 | ft and uh then you'll have data up here. You can look at |
|
| 81:07 | points and they will help you draw better conform map above the because you |
|
| 81:13 | , define, define that block, block and you know what the offset |
|
| 81:18 | on the ball. So you know that line or you, you, |
|
| 81:22 | would be able to use the depth this or the height of this above |
|
| 81:28 | block all the way around here is to help you control how you draw |
|
| 81:33 | closure or lack of closure above And if, if you don't do |
|
| 81:37 | step, you're gonna, you're almost gonna draw closure, but there is |
|
| 81:42 | there. Um It opens up just this. In other words, this |
|
| 81:47 | spreading out like this, you across the fault, it's still spreading |
|
| 81:51 | like that. It's the same. , you don't look at this, |
|
| 81:56 | might look at some point, someone do something completely different. You wanna |
|
| 82:00 | turn it into a four way closure a but you don't have to do |
|
| 82:05 | and you'll see it when you, you do it right. OK. |
|
| 82:11 | you'll need to draw the water contact uh this is trapped envelope on the |
|
| 82:30 | and the trap envelope on the top gonna be up here. Excuse |
|
| 82:35 | it's gonna be down there. Uh , and, and uh see if |
|
| 82:40 | can uh get through here. um, yeah, here, here |
|
| 82:51 | is, this shows it more This is the all what contact down |
|
| 82:59 | . This is the base of the which is over there and this is |
|
| 83:02 | top of the sand. It's like picture I drew over here, face |
|
| 83:21 | the sand is here and the face the sand is here. That's the |
|
| 83:25 | circle. This is the Anderson. true. So, um this is |
|
| 83:37 | the base of the sand hits the . This is where the top of |
|
| 83:40 | sand hits the vault, the base the sand is gonna be deeper. |
|
| 83:43 | it's gonna hit it there. So gonna hit it. In other |
|
| 83:47 | the fault's gone like this. So gonna hit down there just like the |
|
| 83:50 | , wrap around and then this, is gonna be where you have water |
|
| 83:57 | and I still see it out here . It's here, the center on |
|
| 84:04 | top, top of the sand, the, uh, the sand on |
|
| 84:09 | top of the. So this is base of the sand up here. |
|
| 84:15 | me, this is the base of sand on the fall, the base |
|
| 84:19 | the sand on the um, water . This is the top of the |
|
| 84:26 | on the, the top of the , on the oil water contact, |
|
| 84:34 | ? So this gamble and anything the is, I forget what the sand |
|
| 84:45 | . But I think it's 250 or like that. This will be approximately |
|
| 84:53 | . OK? This will be, this will be another way of looking |
|
| 85:02 | it. I have this area and just create this. I was here |
|
| 85:11 | . Tell me exactly the Children. me exactly what. Yeah. |
|
| 85:34 | So, um, I'm not gonna through this, but you can read |
|
| 85:36 | map exercise, which originally was set so people could just read it and |
|
| 85:40 | out how to do it. But found that it helps to go through |
|
| 85:44 | . And uh one of the things is when you make your, is |
|
| 85:48 | map, it's gonna look, it's gonna be a circle, it's gonna |
|
| 85:54 | a semi circle. But you can of it as this is the filled |
|
| 86:03 | . First you fill in your, instructions, I tell you to layer |
|
| 86:07 | like we would do in the oil , we do ers and layer |
|
| 86:12 | But what I'm trying to tell you now to, to cut to the |
|
| 86:15 | and get it done faster, you out this area, you figure out |
|
| 86:21 | area and then you have and then multiply it by the, the total |
|
| 86:28 | and divide it by, by you get half of it, we |
|
| 86:35 | it by 1.5. Can you do over here? And this is |
|
| 86:40 | This is, this is your uh area times your total height. Everybody |
|
| 86:47 | that. OK. And uh this telling you exactly how to do the |
|
| 87:02 | . Calculate the reserves. Here's the right here and I I give you |
|
| 87:06 | numbers that you're gonna have the, gonna have the pro C times the |
|
| 87:13 | , which is one minus the water . So I'll give you the water |
|
| 87:17 | . So like if the water saturation 20 the oil saturation is 80 and |
|
| 87:22 | know, it's one minus. And our case, the recovery factor includes |
|
| 87:27 | tank for drink. So you don't to figure out what that is. |
|
| 87:32 | so you're gonna, so it's gonna um it's gonna eat well acres that |
|
| 87:39 | times the net times the ferocity times oil sun saturation time, the recovery |
|
| 87:46 | . That will be true for this for these areas. It would be |
|
| 87:51 | same thing, but you have to sure you have this part of it |
|
| 87:55 | have that apartment. You can figure that area, that area, this |
|
| 88:00 | , this is 100% this is That is the quickest way to help |
|
| 88:12 | . Um so that you can change to barrels of oil, 70 7700 |
|
| 88:18 | 58 barrels of oil, um per of peat. Therefore, you multiply |
|
| 88:27 | per acre feet times the number that end up here, which is gonna |
|
| 88:31 | an area that's gonna cross out the and you're gonna end up with |
|
| 88:39 | take your feet. But yeah, acre feet is a volume. So |
|
| 88:43 | gonna, you're gonna, you're gonna out the volume. It cancel out |
|
| 88:47 | , in this form because you're gonna an area and you're just gonna have |
|
| 88:51 | times those numbers and it's gonna it's gonna be, it's gonna give |
|
| 88:58 | how many girls it is, but area times, site would be acre |
|
| 89:06 | times, site times. Um, and you end up with the top |
|
| 89:18 | . You can always send me an and ask me if you get stuck |
|
| 89:20 | something and, uh, I have the, um, the stuff that |
|
| 89:24 | need in here. Uh I'm I'm gonna take a breakdown. I'll |
|
| 89:29 | uh, 1/10 inch grap paper, , which I'll provide so you can |
|
| 89:33 | you can even xerox it and do again. In fact, you could |
|
| 89:36 | that page uh and, and plot uh data points on it. And |
|
| 89:42 | would make it really easy for you measure what the A P and |
|
| 89:47 | the way you figure out the acre as you overlay, you ever lay |
|
| 89:54 | squares. And um it's called the boy, a poor boy of ply |
|
| 90:02 | here's the data set. Um The square is 2500 square feet. In |
|
| 90:18 | words, on the graph paper, everybody see that? But I have |
|
| 90:29 | turn my face of the um it's , the small one. So if |
|
| 90:43 | look at the graph paper, you something that looks like this. And |
|
| 90:52 | so each little one is 2500 square . The border ones are 62 50 |
|
| 90:59 | on the scale of your map. have to be working on your map |
|
| 91:02 | the big one equals 2500 or 250,000 feet. So if you have a |
|
| 91:10 | comes across your four points in like , that's what's cool. Then you |
|
| 91:19 | to get part of the other one then, then you can just take |
|
| 91:22 | part of it like this is almost quarter. You could just knock off |
|
| 91:26 | bit of a quarter where you could figure out what a would be kind |
|
| 91:31 | about it in here or some little and from it. And, |
|
| 91:36 | and that way you're doing a way them instead of having something, take |
|
| 91:40 | , uh, perimeter and put in seal and figure out how big it |
|
| 91:45 | . You've got, basically got graph and the graph paper, all these |
|
| 91:50 | 10 of them all the way across with that in this way. |
|
| 91:58 | uh, we'll be able to figure exactly how many feet is. |
|
| 92:02 | It's a little bit halfway over the . You know, it's more than |
|
| 92:08 | , half of the box is in now and it's less than half the |
|
| 92:10 | in it. Don't have no average sell that. They don't, don't |
|
| 92:14 | a lot about getting it. Absolutely . You know, like out of |
|
| 92:19 | little boxes and it's like this or like this should be 80% 50%. |
|
| 92:26 | , just do kind of what I . If it, if it, |
|
| 92:28 | the line overlaps and ones that are than 50% count of this, |
|
| 92:33 | ones that are smaller than 50% they really, they pretty much, this |
|
| 92:42 | is very small to this. don't worry. And, uh, |
|
| 92:48 | I, and I'll just tell you is exactly how I did with the |
|
| 92:52 | field, came up with 90 million of oil and they've got 80 |
|
| 92:56 | Yes, they had all these uh, the odds are the recover |
|
| 93:03 | was just a tiny, little bit . Than they thought it was gonna |
|
| 93:07 | . They would have got more. . Ok. With that, we'll |
|
| 93:13 | a break. Hm. Ok. , um, the obvious things that |
|
| 94:09 | were just looking at in the we kind of covered one of the |
|
| 94:13 | appraisal points were for, uh, trap envelope. And, uh, |
|
| 94:18 | gave you, uh, information on to figure out petroleum in place and |
|
| 94:23 | the reserves are gonna be. I'm giving you the net sand so |
|
| 94:27 | don't have to figure that out. I give you the sw I give |
|
| 94:31 | a recovery factor which, which takes account the stock tank barrel factor. |
|
| 94:40 | when you do this exercise, you'll able to kind of go through all |
|
| 94:42 | points on your own. Um One that's pointed out in the book in |
|
| 94:48 | different books, actually, including uh uh Blues and Spar brick is |
|
| 94:55 | you know, when you have well , it's like a needle point uh |
|
| 95:01 | , in a huge vast thing. actually to, to get the kind |
|
| 95:04 | information you need to uh to really characterize a reservoir, you would have |
|
| 95:10 | almost bring the uh thing back to lab, which is why in your |
|
| 95:15 | , I've given you a model because know what the model is supposed to |
|
| 95:18 | . I have defined what it And when you do this map, |
|
| 95:22 | will be mapping out the model that created. I also uh used to |
|
| 95:27 | a, I still have it but don't show it to students, but |
|
| 95:30 | had a 3D model built. So can kind of tilt it and look |
|
| 95:33 | it from all different directions. And far as I can tell that just |
|
| 95:37 | everybody. I don't know why. I don't show that anymore. Uh |
|
| 95:45 | uncertainty between wells and seismic control be be very large and uh some of |
|
| 95:51 | things that we do um you are these things like uh we look |
|
| 95:56 | the lowest case, the most likely , that kind of thing uh you |
|
| 96:01 | do um uh you can create a , a digital realm where you can |
|
| 96:08 | all these different factors uh where it's a whole bunch of different uh |
|
| 96:16 | parts of these curves for each one these you see here in the |
|
| 96:19 | you know, it's pretty straightforward oil , but a lot of these things |
|
| 96:24 | um uh the porosity of course, gonna is gonna be uh something that's |
|
| 96:30 | . Uh The net degross could be . Uh oil saturation generally, it's |
|
| 96:37 | be the same, but this is part of what makes up that |
|
| 96:41 | The other part is, do I a seal? Do I have |
|
| 96:44 | do I have um closure, those of things? And those things are |
|
| 96:48 | . So, so when you do uh probability that I showed you before |
|
| 96:53 | doing binary factors or either that they're present or they're not present. You |
|
| 96:57 | have a reservoir rock, you don't a reservoir rock, that kind of |
|
| 97:01 | . If you have a reservoir then you have to worry about these |
|
| 97:04 | of details. So um there's ways um Monte Carlo simulations that you |
|
| 97:10 | that you can look at a, bunch of different variables uh in different |
|
| 97:15 | . You know, if this if this number was high, that |
|
| 97:18 | was low, vice versa, what I end up with? You can |
|
| 97:22 | this deterministic thing where, you in the worst case, you |
|
| 97:26 | my process is here. In the case, my process is probably |
|
| 97:29 | Uh But do I have closure? don't have closure. That's, |
|
| 97:33 | that's binary. It's either it's either or it's not, there have to |
|
| 97:37 | really careful. But what I like thing is scenario, um you think |
|
| 97:41 | different geological models and you plot the geological models that you can think |
|
| 97:46 | And that's where your geological insights from at depositional models in carbonates. And |
|
| 97:54 | Solas becomes really important to help you what kinds of things you're looking |
|
| 97:59 | For example, we had one student looked at the, that the upper |
|
| 98:04 | end of the backside of a barrier . He used that to turn the |
|
| 98:08 | on to him. There was a , there had to be a barrier |
|
| 98:11 | in front of that, it was switch and it was 100%. |
|
| 98:16 | Uh But at the same time, you said, well, you |
|
| 98:19 | it may be there, it may be there. You might not have |
|
| 98:22 | the, well, you know, have to look at these things in |
|
| 98:25 | of it's a, a discrete thing either there or it isn't there versus |
|
| 98:32 | , you know, the amount of you have, uh it's something that |
|
| 98:37 | be variable on a, on a . But uh in other words, |
|
| 98:41 | a continuous variable. But if you're in a, in an area, |
|
| 98:45 | you're working in a play, you already know in that play the, |
|
| 98:48 | process somewhere between 28 and 26% every we've ever drilled. And so a |
|
| 98:54 | of this stuff gets tied down. there's a lot of statistics you can |
|
| 98:58 | on this uh and some of it and some of it doesn't work. |
|
| 99:03 | uh but I think developing geological scenarios , is one of the best ways |
|
| 99:07 | do it. And that's a lot , of what gets done when you're |
|
| 99:11 | um uh any kind of modeling uh geophysics, but also uh with reservoir |
|
| 99:18 | . And here again, you here's values and, you know, |
|
| 99:21 | have these expected things and uh this this is sort of the likelihood the |
|
| 99:28 | frequency of it hitting this mean. again, that works for continuous variables |
|
| 99:33 | ferocity. But again, in, reality, if you're in a certain |
|
| 99:37 | , you already know what the range . You know, you know, |
|
| 99:40 | cementation causing a problem or there is cementation causing a problem, all sorts |
|
| 99:44 | things like that, uh are discrete that come up. Uh And they're |
|
| 99:48 | on a con continue at all. , you know, they're isolated mostly |
|
| 99:53 | or mostly there, wherever you would up with this curve at the end |
|
| 99:57 | the day, one of the things you like to do is come up |
|
| 99:59 | probability of success and of course, probability of success is usually the smallest |
|
| 100:07 | because you're risking the least amount of and uh in the highest total volume |
|
| 100:13 | is gonna be a low probability because has to be right to get |
|
| 100:18 | Again, this whole thing is I think on negativity because uh and |
|
| 100:26 | the luau structure and what was the of success uh for, what was |
|
| 100:33 | P 90 would have been a small ? What would have been A P |
|
| 100:38 | would have been a huge volume, it was a huge volume. So |
|
| 100:41 | do you find something that's not really parametric statistic? Uh and, and |
|
| 100:47 | probability at the same time, I a another way of looking at it |
|
| 100:52 | it, then that's when you start at those lists of the fields and |
|
| 100:56 | plays and what kind of properties they because that removes a lot of this |
|
| 101:01 | , you know, that, um this process is 26%. Some of |
|
| 101:08 | plays may be between 24 and 26% . You don't need to do this |
|
| 101:13 | of product. You don't need to a continuous variable. And you |
|
| 101:18 | the variable in that field for that is, is already sorted out. |
|
| 101:23 | Another thing they go in the book to this day, I still don't |
|
| 101:28 | understand the center line here. The um somehow I feel like it should |
|
| 101:34 | close to the middle all the But uh here is um your |
|
| 101:41 | your lowest optimistic, the low And uh and here is the highest |
|
| 101:51 | well, excuse me, this, is low probability, most optimistic. |
|
| 101:55 | is, this is high probability, conservative. In other words, we |
|
| 102:00 | be able to at least find a of oil versus 100 million barrels. |
|
| 102:06 | . So this might be a drop oil just 100 million barrels. But |
|
| 102:10 | you start out in exploration, you a really broad range of probability. |
|
| 102:15 | as you start narrowing down that and of course, you can narrow |
|
| 102:19 | down right up front. If you something about the plant, you can |
|
| 102:23 | it down up front and you have in other parts of that place. |
|
| 102:27 | when you get into exploitation just from it narrows it down quite a |
|
| 102:32 | And then when you get into you're getting more wells and you're getting |
|
| 102:36 | variables and getting more definitive uh ranges things. In other words, uh |
|
| 102:42 | porosity range across that field is gonna limited. Now, if I go |
|
| 102:46 | a barrier island to a termite turbo nature, Turin is gonna have a |
|
| 102:52 | of variability and that's when you have really the variability that you even in |
|
| 102:59 | face and make your decisions. But you get into development, you're drilling |
|
| 103:03 | and more and, and you're uh amount of uh uncertainty becomes less and |
|
| 103:09 | . And so, uh when I working in, in the uh the |
|
| 103:16 | years of we work in the oil , exploration is miss, they |
|
| 103:21 | they drill dry holes all the time they were kind of uh one of |
|
| 103:25 | things they were supposed to do is , have the courage to drill a |
|
| 103:29 | . And uh and the problem with is, is you're missing things. |
|
| 103:33 | when you get down to this end that uncertainty is disappearing, I was |
|
| 103:38 | a development group and I would, was hitting 100% of my wells when |
|
| 103:42 | was in development and people working next me were lucky to get 50% of |
|
| 103:47 | wells. But when you get, you get down here and the probability |
|
| 103:51 | gets crunched down the expectation of success much, much greater uh when you |
|
| 103:57 | more information about it. And one about, um and I think if |
|
| 104:01 | look at this in terms of oh place, you almost started this in |
|
| 104:12 | then you start looking to the the north and the east and the |
|
| 104:15 | . And this thing could fan really think to be very improbable or |
|
| 104:19 | more improbable. So it's almost like looking at the problem from a different |
|
| 104:25 | . In other words, if I 100 miles to the north in the |
|
| 104:29 | , is it gonna have the same of productivity as where we're working right |
|
| 104:34 | ? And in other words, we're away from it, we're moving away |
|
| 104:39 | what we know down here. We almost everything at that end. We |
|
| 104:43 | very little with conventional. We kind start over here, unconventional. We |
|
| 104:49 | start over here. We start from best and the most uh obvious uh |
|
| 104:56 | um areas that uh we know we're get production. That's why, that's |
|
| 105:01 | the, the drill is already there it's usually associated with, with reserves |
|
| 105:08 | um conventional resources. And uh and this is just kind of showing you |
|
| 105:16 | things uh work in terms of uh know about where you are within that |
|
| 105:23 | , from exploration all the way back here to uh reservoir management and how |
|
| 105:28 | gonna try to get more oil out the ground, OK. To uh |
|
| 105:34 | do the trap envelope, you one of the things that's most important |
|
| 105:38 | to know where the top of those are the base of the sands. |
|
| 105:41 | even sometimes as I've shown you the , one of the things that comes |
|
| 105:45 | in this chapter in the book is start talking about how important the velocity |
|
| 105:50 | is. And uh uh looking at , you know, here is um |
|
| 105:57 | people will plot their size and it on the whole well average, which |
|
| 106:01 | right down the center here. So just saying the velocity of the rocks |
|
| 106:06 | the same from top to bottom. one where they look at intervals, |
|
| 106:11 | You can see there's definite breaks, you kind of average that interval and |
|
| 106:15 | there's instantaneous averages where you're looking kind at almost any point in it where |
|
| 106:22 | average is. And of course, is the best one and even better |
|
| 106:26 | that. Uh You can do things VSP where you can put a source |
|
| 106:33 | a well and uh try to see the uh seismic responses the velocities |
|
| 106:39 | Uh obviously, if you get a here and the direct line here, |
|
| 106:44 | here, direct line here, uh able to get an idea of exactly |
|
| 106:50 | each of the formations in here, the velocities of those different formations |
|
| 106:55 | And uh you can have a single with uh receivers that move up and |
|
| 107:01 | or you can have something like this away right here where uh you, |
|
| 107:10 | , um you've got one receiver and moving your sources like this and in |
|
| 107:19 | ways that's a little bit like a but it isn't. And I've shown |
|
| 107:24 | this before and here is a syn curve from the sonic log which is |
|
| 107:30 | to tide the actual velocities that we you see in the, in the |
|
| 107:36 | well, uh to uh the wave that we're expecting to see. And |
|
| 107:41 | , then you can compare them. this, this is a walkway of |
|
| 107:44 | walkway trace. It's kind of showing what it looks like uh by, |
|
| 107:49 | coming at it from different angles. uh you can see here something's dropping |
|
| 107:54 | a little bit because there's a change velocity. And uh and um, |
|
| 107:59 | this helps you calibrate a two-way travel signal, the, the so and |
|
| 108:07 | itself. And uh and that's, how you get a really good uh |
|
| 108:12 | moment. And that velocity model is makes these things looks, this, |
|
| 108:19 | this isn't plotted without taking into account variable velocities. And we showed you |
|
| 108:26 | before where, you know, you don't even see a trap. This |
|
| 108:30 | looks like the luau structure, but in Russia and it's uh not |
|
| 108:34 | it's not a carbonate. And uh uh reprocessing and um trying to get |
|
| 108:43 | a better velocity model for the differences the densities in each one of the |
|
| 108:48 | . You can see there's a big in the middle of it uh right |
|
| 108:51 | here. Yeah. So the other that we're looking at is assessment of |
|
| 109:00 | trap. And again, I showed this earlier and again, we're trying |
|
| 109:04 | , we're trying to figure out where have the best data sets. Um |
|
| 109:09 | a data 3d data set like this me this kind of curvature often reflects |
|
| 109:14 | fact that something is going like On the other side of this halfman |
|
| 109:18 | that you can see at some point time, uh that curvature is gonna |
|
| 109:22 | and closure is gonna disappear. Uh just the fault terminating, but uh |
|
| 109:28 | know, the lines can start, regional dip might be like this so |
|
| 109:33 | the lines on a regional chart are this. But you have these curved |
|
| 109:37 | every now that respond to the And uh you, you end up |
|
| 109:42 | seeing something that looks like that with at some point in time, the |
|
| 109:47 | lines are just gonna go straight out this and follow the regions. And |
|
| 109:51 | there's a, a lot of statistics , on working with um and math |
|
| 109:57 | working with regional dip versus local dip math and things like that. |
|
| 110:07 | OK. So uh another thing that's little bit more complicated is zoo all |
|
| 110:10 | contact. The example that you It's a pretty uh straightforward uh oil |
|
| 110:18 | contact, so you don't have to about that. Um And of |
|
| 110:23 | the mineral, the petroleum components can different from different compartments. Uh |
|
| 110:29 | I don't know if uh we uh to you about uh doing fingerprints from |
|
| 110:35 | reservoir to another like compartments. The just because fractionation happens any time you |
|
| 110:43 | secondary migration, you can leave some the heavies back and there'll be less |
|
| 110:47 | in the next one or the other around, depending on what's going |
|
| 110:51 | And you can actually fingerprint the oil one, from one compartment to the |
|
| 110:55 | until they're isolated. In other all the oil in here is |
|
| 110:59 | I have almost exactly identical compounds. re the reservoir across one fault |
|
| 111:05 | could have fractionated a, a certain in, in uh uh if the |
|
| 111:10 | was going in this direction, it have lost a lot of the larger |
|
| 111:13 | chains. And so it's, it's lighter, a lighter crude than the |
|
| 111:17 | right next to it. And uh specific compounds that they look at for |
|
| 111:22 | that as well. So it's all of things like that that you can |
|
| 111:26 | in detail and we, we talk this oil down to. Um and |
|
| 111:30 | I put LKO is the lowest known in the, in the, in |
|
| 111:35 | United States. And uh that's something uh that's critically important. Is to |
|
| 111:44 | , uh the good thing about having down to our lowest known oil |
|
| 111:48 | you know, the reservoirs, at that big, it should be |
|
| 111:52 | So, you know, drill down find that a little bit of in |
|
| 112:01 | of these uh lectures, these last lectures are, are really kind of |
|
| 112:07 | uh interrelated uh except uh the very one which is kind of focused on |
|
| 112:13 | variety of uh conform, unconventional And here you can see, |
|
| 112:23 | oil down to our lowest known And here you can see, uh |
|
| 112:27 | is an interesting thing. You have here. Let see, you don't |
|
| 112:30 | butter over top of it. You oil here, but you don't have |
|
| 112:34 | over top of that there. Uh there is some kind of balancing between |
|
| 112:39 | seals and the pressure system right So they almost have a similar, |
|
| 112:45 | though one's a little bit higher and out far. Uh You don't really |
|
| 112:49 | butter sitting on top of, on top of the oil, the |
|
| 112:57 | . But in, uh, the shale in the North Sea is a |
|
| 113:01 | resistant thing like this and oil and lower one comes down here and you |
|
| 113:07 | water sitting on top of it and , it's not, it's not causing |
|
| 113:10 | imbalance at all. And that's, would have to, that could only |
|
| 113:15 | if you had a really, uh, um, pliable or flexible |
|
| 113:21 | what, I forget what the exact was that I was using yesterday. |
|
| 113:24 | uh elastic, it has to be very elastic uh a seal. And |
|
| 113:32 | diagram is just trying to show Um uh here, we've got |
|
| 113:44 | this is pretty much all oil and we're getting, you know, this |
|
| 113:48 | showing you uh a fluid contact uh you can see a gradation from one |
|
| 113:52 | the other. And uh and that's of been uh this is a possible |
|
| 113:58 | and you can, and you can this with using the pressure graph |
|
| 114:01 | Like I was showing you some of other other diagrams that you have pressure |
|
| 114:06 | in the well, pressures in in well are often really good tools because |
|
| 114:10 | you're grading uh two separate compartments and is dropping pressure and the other one |
|
| 114:15 | dropping it a little bit slow and little bit or uh then you know |
|
| 114:20 | those are probably separated compartments too. uh doing these, uh these pressure |
|
| 114:26 | can cost a lot of money because have to uh shut things in to |
|
| 114:30 | this. But, but they can uh be useful in figuring out where |
|
| 114:35 | uh potential fluid boundaries are in certain . When uh when you, when |
|
| 114:40 | don't have a, well, you have this well, uh and |
|
| 114:44 | have a separate, well, maybe went through the whole thing down |
|
| 114:47 | You could see some of the, pressure of uh related to uh what's |
|
| 114:52 | on in the section. And uh , looking back at capillary pressure, |
|
| 115:01 | you have have a homogeneous, a homogeneous sandstone where the grain sizes and |
|
| 115:10 | are about the same, you're gonna this one or this one or this |
|
| 115:14 | depending on what it is. Uh if you have a mixture of corporate |
|
| 115:22 | , you well contact uh something like of this at one point. In |
|
| 115:26 | words, um at a certain uh you're getting a lot of this |
|
| 115:31 | then in another part of the best , uh you may have the contact |
|
| 115:36 | higher and, and higher and you know, so it's kind of |
|
| 115:40 | fluctuating thing. So we've got bigger over here and uh so it's down |
|
| 115:46 | lower smaller pores here. So it be up and you can sometimes see |
|
| 115:51 | in a lot of the turbo sands they uh can often have a graded |
|
| 115:57 | and graded uh uh sizes and, know, it's, it's a vertical |
|
| 116:03 | , you tilt the bet on its and it's gonna impact that, that |
|
| 116:07 | to a certain extent. Um I , I never uh really worked anywhere |
|
| 116:14 | you have, um, something much than, you know, pretty much |
|
| 116:19 | straightforward within a couple of feet. oil water contact was the same everywhere |
|
| 116:26 | , but in some of these fields , um, where the grain sizes |
|
| 116:30 | a little bit more variable. You have a, uh, a |
|
| 116:36 | uh, swath of places where, , you actually have a real clear |
|
| 116:41 | oil, water content right away. where it's 100% water. And, |
|
| 116:48 | , and above here, uh, still getting, um, 100% water |
|
| 116:53 | , but you're getting a little bit oil in there, but it's immovable |
|
| 116:57 | . Then when you get up here breaking down from 50% to 8% to |
|
| 117:01 | oil, you're kind of following along curve. So there's, there's a |
|
| 117:06 | amount of irreducible oil in the column there's a certain amount of irreducible oil |
|
| 117:10 | the column. And, uh, so, uh, you go |
|
| 117:15 | uh, all water except for which can't produce. And then you're |
|
| 117:22 | uh, almost, uh, more more oil and less and less |
|
| 117:27 | Uh And only the, uh, this case, the irreducible water that |
|
| 117:32 | up here along the, in other , if it's a water, wet |
|
| 117:37 | , you're gonna have a certain amount , of water that can't be removed |
|
| 117:40 | the forest base because it's, it's the rocks themselves. And, |
|
| 117:45 | but then you have a certain amount will, they can't get through those |
|
| 117:49 | throats and that's immovable. And, , so on one end, uh |
|
| 117:54 | all, all water, the other , it's all oil. But this |
|
| 117:58 | be a significant or it could be a at the most. And uh |
|
| 118:04 | gets to be more and more of uh depending on the, the variability |
|
| 118:10 | your for thrust can have an in impact on what this transition does looks |
|
| 118:15 | is basically all I'm trying to I know it can be more complicated |
|
| 118:20 | that, but that's what I want to understand is it's not always a |
|
| 118:25 | uh 100% water, 100% oil across boundary. OK. And we've kind |
|
| 118:31 | talked about this a lot comp compartmentalization the fields. And um here you |
|
| 118:37 | see that uh well, but our are being talked about here. But |
|
| 118:41 | are also other things like if we pressure data, we can do it |
|
| 118:45 | pressure data. If we have um printed oils, we can do it |
|
| 118:49 | the, the fingerprinted oils. What was trying to say earlier was if |
|
| 118:53 | you have oil in this compartment and oil in this compartment to the |
|
| 118:58 | of secondary migration from this reservoir to reservoir uh or somehow where it's uh |
|
| 119:05 | up here and separating into this this versus that compartment. Uh There can |
|
| 119:11 | some of that um uh fractionation of compounds like I was showing you earlier |
|
| 119:18 | in Venezuela uh where you can get heavier crudes and one lighter crudes and |
|
| 119:22 | other one. And that will kind help you understand that these compartments exist |
|
| 119:27 | if you're not sure where these faults . This, this looks a little |
|
| 119:33 | like the Booker on field that I showing you earlier. OK. And |
|
| 119:39 | another product, a production profile. can see this is a compartment where |
|
| 119:45 | fluids are in communication. And as producing it, you're seeing the same |
|
| 119:50 | in pressure over here. The the production, the pressure level is our |
|
| 119:56 | level. The um rate of production dropping off faster than it is over |
|
| 120:00 | that one. So uh you can that they're in separate compartments. |
|
| 120:07 | you may not even know these faults here. And a lot of times |
|
| 120:10 | we get into development, geology and geology, we actually draw faults in |
|
| 120:15 | we know they're separated compartments and we assume it's a small fault that's creating |
|
| 120:20 | a uh a barrier to flow. , and there's separate flow compartments as |
|
| 120:25 | to being the same flow compartment with curves. It's obvious that they must |
|
| 120:32 | in the same compartment to these It's obvious that they're not. Excuse |
|
| 120:43 | . Oh no, this isn't a log. This is production. |
|
| 120:49 | this is well, they, they , they have different tools that they |
|
| 120:53 | use. But also this is a profile which is a separate, a |
|
| 120:58 | one, a separate type of where know your um the rate at which |
|
| 121:03 | produce and then maybe at the same and you know you know, the |
|
| 121:11 | of production goes down sometimes it, uh the rate of production pops up |
|
| 121:17 | that kind of thing. And here's like, you know, you're |
|
| 121:20 | about producing nothing. So the reservoir is just about going. This |
|
| 121:25 | you can see there's some fluctuations. If it's a water drive, these |
|
| 121:30 | can be, you know, water moving into it and lifting it |
|
| 121:34 | This could be uh water came into and displaced it and all you're |
|
| 121:40 | but they have to be separate compartments that to happen and be that close |
|
| 121:44 | each other. So, so there's like uh you know, |
|
| 121:50 | 15, 20 different ways, you sort things like that out. |
|
| 121:56 | Um This, the, all of things become very important and this is |
|
| 122:02 | looking at depositional environments becomes extremely important it helps you with reservoir correlation. |
|
| 122:10 | It helps them with uh with the of uh processes and permeability. You |
|
| 122:17 | expect the shape of the rats or bodies and the uh where you can |
|
| 122:23 | have con flow and uh in different in the internal structure of the sand |
|
| 122:30 | . And um and so uh what of the things that we started doing |
|
| 122:36 | using objects or geological models, you , from uh from geological models, |
|
| 122:43 | created all these different uh uh things called objects which had shapes and sizes |
|
| 122:50 | three dimensions. And uh he uh looked at at all these uh different |
|
| 122:58 | uh to in terms of the internal . And I think the easiest way |
|
| 123:02 | uh to show you that is show a diagram like this and all the |
|
| 123:07 | from the big scale to a smaller . Um For example, um this |
|
| 123:16 | at one scale, these are map units at another scale. Here we |
|
| 123:21 | at something inside of these flow units you can see uh these lamination and |
|
| 123:28 | one of these can be baffles to in certain directions. And maybe there's |
|
| 123:32 | along this lag here, it could a barrier. So you know, |
|
| 123:36 | have a rough idea from a diagram this. What kind of uh low |
|
| 123:41 | we have start mapping it out at scale. Then we get start looking |
|
| 123:45 | the detail, then we look at in here what this looks like. |
|
| 123:49 | starting to look at ripples and then get down to the size of, |
|
| 123:53 | a corn that you can see the of the grains and the orientation of |
|
| 123:57 | flow. In other words, the isotropy of flow in different directions. |
|
| 124:04 | uh and then uh we can look the for scale what's going on in |
|
| 124:08 | pores are there so that so much or the pores open, what do |
|
| 124:12 | po uh throats look like and what their shapes? So we can go |
|
| 124:16 | the way down to that detail. what we're gonna do is look at |
|
| 124:19 | , uh just an example of looking it somewhere around, around this |
|
| 124:25 | And uh we're gonna look at a , that example, so that there's |
|
| 124:32 | levels of looking at things. And of the things that, um, |
|
| 124:37 | you grow, well, one of things that you have, uh, |
|
| 124:42 | is the fitness of, you so, um, so one of |
|
| 124:47 | things that you're trying to do is get an idea of I drill into |
|
| 124:51 | channel or a channel. It's this , how far it is? I |
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| 124:58 | I said that the trails can be extensive. The channels on the other |
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| 125:04 | , um are not, the sandstones not. And there's sort of an |
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| 125:07 | limit of how far they can If you have a channel, something |
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| 125:12 | developed as a channel sand, it's have uh dimensional controls and there's different |
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| 125:18 | you can do this, you can at them and measure them in |
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| 125:21 | Uh There's uh various empirical equations that have looked at where they look at |
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| 125:27 | whole bunch of uh channels in a area and figure out what the width |
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| 125:33 | the height. In other words, the width of the channel versus the |
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| 125:36 | of the channel? And they come these with these um uh different |
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| 125:42 | And here you can see the channel are bigger. Channels are smaller and |
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| 125:47 | sort of thing. And that's, uh empirically, in other words, |
|
| 125:50 | can get up to be this big this particular area here is, uh |
|
| 125:55 | can look at it in and the data you're gonna be looking at at |
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| 126:00 | of these uh smaller uh particles and sort of thing. And same thing |
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| 126:04 | the scale on logs, uh you'll looking at other constraints. But |
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| 126:08 | we know that uh a channel, single channel or even a channel built |
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| 126:14 | I have um a length or a , it can have a width. |
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| 126:20 | and it can also have a And this is what we get out |
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| 126:23 | the world. You know, when look at seismic, we can see |
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| 126:27 | sometimes if we get at the right , we can see that. And |
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| 126:33 | one of the things, another thing from the uh from the various empirical |
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| 126:38 | formulas that we come up. We , we get a, we can |
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| 126:42 | what the streets link to the In other words, if I'm looking |
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| 126:46 | um rivers that are close to the , they might come up with one |
|
| 126:51 | . I look at the streams that farther away from the coast, higher |
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| 126:55 | and less uh s uh than down . Uh We'll come up with another |
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| 127:03 | other numbers for the, for the . So there's that empirical model that |
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| 127:07 | can then develop from uh lots of data sets uh that you're me, |
|
| 127:13 | can measure like real streams. So the seismic, the empirical data and |
|
| 127:19 | you can um go back on then you can also look at it |
|
| 127:24 | basically these three different ways that you kind of get what we call aspect |
|
| 127:36 | . Oh OK. So um here um here, these are some data |
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| 127:50 | that were a little bit hard to if this is uh the near shore |
|
| 127:55 | bodies is uh and I'm gonna show channel bells in a minute, but |
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| 128:01 | , this relates to your correlation You can see the aspect ratios of |
|
| 128:06 | bodies are um you know, for thickness, here's the uh the main |
|
| 128:12 | , here's the sand body width, can see these numbers down here. |
|
| 128:22 | And uh this one is a little clearer and easier to see. Here's |
|
| 128:27 | body width from um a number of types of uh depositional systems. And |
|
| 128:36 | the aspect ratio of shales look at kinds of numbers that you have on |
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| 128:40 | here is it's, it's almost, a you like a um this would |
|
| 128:50 | a millimeter down here. You you get these uh sand, sand |
|
| 128:56 | . Uh Let me excuse me, bodies that are very, very broadly |
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| 129:00 | and they can be very thin. other words, they extend, I |
|
| 129:05 | this, this these two diagrams This one versus that one. Look |
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| 129:11 | the numbers on that. Look where is on that one. There's nothing |
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| 129:15 | out there. Look at, look the scale, the scale over here |
|
| 129:21 | , I think, I think this a millimeter, isn't, it isn't |
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| 129:27 | of a um I always have trouble my zeros but uh that's a |
|
| 129:33 | right? So you have something that's millimeter thick and look at how, |
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| 129:37 | wide it can be in terms of . And uh and then you look |
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| 129:41 | the, the sand bodies, you , you're all the way up to |
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| 129:45 | meter there. Uh And uh and you know, you, the |
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| 129:53 | bodies are much, the aspect ratio much lower than the shales are like |
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| 129:57 | . The sands are like that. ? So, uh I said we |
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| 130:04 | gonna look at an analog for channel and these are channel belts in |
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| 130:09 | And uh one of my students uh out looking at this and, and |
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| 130:13 | one of these is a channel. I don't know if you noticed we |
|
| 130:17 | eight on that diagram back there. have channel we have versus uh |
|
| 130:26 | One of the things about that is the to, it has to |
|
| 130:31 | , it has to be vertical. you have to make sure you're safe |
|
| 130:35 | um the depositional is down there and got like this is gonna be going |
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| 130:42 | this and if you get enough profits this, it's gonna make a little |
|
| 130:49 | just because you're so a lot of correction had to go into some of |
|
| 130:56 | . But uh but uh this this is uh doing it in out |
|
| 131:05 | . Uh This is doing it with seismic and these are channel belts. |
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| 131:15 | And we're looking at, we're really at this from here. Here's a |
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| 131:19 | , a channel underneath this, this goes all the way over here. |
|
| 131:23 | another channel over here. This, whole thing is a channel belt with |
|
| 131:27 | total thickness to the channel belt built of channels inside of it. And |
|
| 131:33 | is an area where there's where there's a lot of subsidence, it's flat |
|
| 131:37 | a long time and things tend to out more than they normally would. |
|
| 131:41 | here's a seismic uh showing you uh where the uh channel belts are uh |
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| 131:48 | this sandstone. This is uh the I think this is the Bohai |
|
| 131:57 | And uh and yeah, that is right there probably be the, the |
|
| 132:03 | of the ball in the 11. uh and uh so anyway, you |
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| 132:10 | go do the empirical models or areas that are like this based on these |
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| 132:16 | sets. You can do out crops you can do seism. So there's |
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| 132:21 | different ways you can do it. thing you can do is you can |
|
| 132:24 | at a, well, this is it, this is how it works |
|
| 132:28 | and, but here's a well log it shows lots of sand here and |
|
| 132:33 | limited amount of sand here. And you project into the base into |
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| 132:39 | into this space. You don't have of a distribution, equal distribution. |
|
| 132:44 | would be 100% sand all the way . This would be distributed like |
|
| 132:48 | This is just showing you a model you never have 100% sand and from |
|
| 132:53 | well and the other, you're gonna the sand distributed like distributed like this |
|
| 132:58 | to um so this would be effective distribution on the model that starts out |
|
| 133:04 | that. So you're trying to keep consistent percentage of sandstone this way that |
|
| 133:12 | see verdict. And here you can uh there's a limited amount of sand |
|
| 133:18 | here, there's a lot there. it protects across and uh and |
|
| 133:22 | that's another uh statistical way that it's . But in this case, we |
|
| 133:27 | this uh this other uh uh And so you, you drill all |
|
| 133:32 | wells and your first inclination is it's the same depositional symptom. Uh |
|
| 133:37 | log curves in these are repetitive and look a lot like the log curves |
|
| 133:41 | here. And so you could theoretically they correlate to each other, but |
|
| 133:47 | on the aspect ratios in this uh they knew uh that these sandstones |
|
| 133:55 | could go all the way over across , in other words, it's just |
|
| 133:59 | big of an aspect. It's too for the thickness that we measure, |
|
| 134:06 | measure the thickness of the width. too wide versus the empirical data and |
|
| 134:10 | too wide uh versus the um oh size seismic is variable and in the |
|
| 134:27 | . So uh another thing that you is this is kind of just throwing |
|
| 134:32 | things in here. But then what try to do is you can fill |
|
| 134:35 | with. What kind of sands would have in here if I had the |
|
| 134:38 | method of gross, even though it's kind of wildly. How would it |
|
| 134:43 | for that? That's another, another of projecting it. Ok. So |
|
| 134:49 | , here's what we had. the Samsung were all uh correlated straight |
|
| 134:54 | each other, like to tell you relatively competitive, but none of them |
|
| 134:58 | exactly the same. And uh first gets correlated like that and then when |
|
| 135:07 | , and then we put the aspect in there, um This is gonna |
|
| 135:11 | a little bit confusing but uh um , because he's got these uh plotted |
|
| 135:19 | top of each other, he's trying show you that in this. |
|
| 135:23 | there's a sandstone that extends out that . Uh And then in this, |
|
| 135:27 | , we're looking at sandstones that extend just a smaller amount here. And |
|
| 135:32 | connecting them doesn't look exactly the way should look. Uh if you were |
|
| 135:36 | stretch it apart like this if you it a little bit farther apart, |
|
| 135:40 | would see some of these make it one well to the next. |
|
| 135:43 | but many of them do not, other words, um, they, |
|
| 135:47 | should have been scaled like this and the next one like this, but |
|
| 135:52 | were put together side by side on chart. So it kind of overlays |
|
| 135:58 | , uh, it was a massive to do that. So we didn't |
|
| 136:01 | them change it. But uh that have been the next step to |
|
| 136:04 | And uh I think in the paper he published that uh that we had |
|
| 136:08 | done. OK. So that's the of that one. Yeah, he |
|
| 136:47 | 18. And um I will let guys read this, but I've already |
|
| 136:53 | gone through a lot of this But uh you know, we get |
|
| 136:58 | uh production wells, we're gonna have lot of uh production profiles. We're |
|
| 137:03 | have a lot of pressure data and we're gonna have through the course of |
|
| 137:07 | production, uh we're gonna see the cut and the gas, oil ratios |
|
| 137:12 | and all sorts of things like And uh and one of the things |
|
| 137:17 | we see uh a lot of these idealized uh reservoir production curves and |
|
| 137:23 | that's what this is. But then also have real production curves and this |
|
| 137:27 | shows that uh when we're in uh in a, a reservoir uh you |
|
| 137:32 | , we reach a peak or a , then it starts to decline and |
|
| 137:36 | then we start to add reserve additions we figure out various aspects of that |
|
| 137:43 | , uh that were unknown to us . In other words, uh where |
|
| 137:46 | add some extra wells, where not add extra wells. And then of |
|
| 137:50 | , trying to get that to keep a bit longer is where we get |
|
| 137:54 | uh the stuff that we tend to production and we try to add add |
|
| 137:59 | where they would have normally been And uh you know, you normally |
|
| 138:04 | have had had this thing cut off , but you try to get uh |
|
| 138:08 | reserves and the cut off is gonna here and then you added it again |
|
| 138:12 | you get something on top of that gets cut off at this point in |
|
| 138:16 | . But the other one is still and uh you get the picture |
|
| 138:19 | of what that's trying to show And uh so um one of the |
|
| 138:27 | that's uh important, we were talking traps, but now we're talking about |
|
| 138:34 | of reservoir energy drive. And uh are basically the, the four types |
|
| 138:41 | solution drive. Yes, capac uh , excuse me, expansion, gas |
|
| 138:48 | , expansion aquifer and, or water . And uh there's also compaction drive |
|
| 138:54 | gravity drive, which is a little uh uh confusing but it's uh it's |
|
| 139:00 | a type of drive here, we see gas ol solution drive and what's |
|
| 139:05 | this is, we're, we're um oil out of this uh reservoir and |
|
| 139:12 | we pull oil out of the re , the gas comes out of solution |
|
| 139:16 | it kind of helps maintain the pressure the reservoir. Um Here we have |
|
| 139:23 | something that's a gas expansion. uh we, as we're, as |
|
| 139:28 | producing the oil and the um the starts to drop off, the gas |
|
| 139:35 | expands, it kind of pushes This is sort of a combination drive |
|
| 139:41 | where uh they're not showing it I think it's on the next |
|
| 139:46 | But uh this particular uh yes expansion . You can see that there may |
|
| 139:54 | some water drive going on there, this is uh expanding and it's kind |
|
| 139:58 | pushing the world to get down into wealth war and back up the wealth |
|
| 140:03 | . This is just a straight for drive as we um that we |
|
| 140:07 | It doesn't really show this, but water starts migrating up like this and |
|
| 140:12 | sweet, you want it to be flat as possible. Remember, I |
|
| 140:16 | showing you how uh depending on if the sandstone spin upwards, the |
|
| 140:21 | throats are gonna get smaller and the transition is gonna get bigger and |
|
| 140:25 | and you may leave some oil uh and uh and uh and here's a |
|
| 140:32 | drive, it shows you uh this what happens in the chalks. Remember |
|
| 140:36 | showed you chalks can't produce, you're only inducing, you're not only uh |
|
| 140:40 | that open framework and flattening it for drive, but you're also sucking some |
|
| 140:45 | the volume out uh with the oil terms of the uh but here you |
|
| 140:51 | see the brains are getting closer together and that would be a compassion |
|
| 140:57 | So you have um you may have to grain and it slips down into |
|
| 141:01 | from say cubic to RMB arrangement and sort of thing. And uh here |
|
| 141:08 | the one they uh they call it drive. But again, um you |
|
| 141:17 | uh the reason this is pretty much producing it from here. So if |
|
| 141:22 | producing it from here, what's happening the pressure drops out and you have |
|
| 141:25 | coming out of ol solution and uh it stays, it stays in |
|
| 141:31 | And the uh the gas, the gas oil is gonna be lighter |
|
| 141:36 | than the uh the heavier oil And you keep producing them as the |
|
| 141:42 | as the later more gas. Uh higher geo geo art will uh will |
|
| 141:50 | to the top. And then uh the other side, this is kind |
|
| 141:54 | the one that I I'm most familiar myself in terms of working in |
|
| 141:59 | He said we had some marshal 1 . Was this great was all |
|
| 142:04 | but this was uh, a gas on the top and, uh, |
|
| 142:10 | the reo about, about third of reservoirs have had this kind of |
|
| 142:15 | None of them were mostly gas just gas. And, uh, |
|
| 142:19 | so they were just producing gas and didn't have this kind of, |
|
| 142:22 | combination drive and then some of the ones had water drive than the gas |
|
| 142:28 | and one is deeper than that still just oil and, uh, gas |
|
| 142:33 | have been coming out of solution in at those higher pressures. Ok. |
|
| 142:39 | , um, with, with all , uh, different things you can |
|
| 142:43 | , um, uh, uh, know, you, you can have |
|
| 142:51 | rates of production depending on how these going up. But you can also |
|
| 142:55 | different sweeps of the water for the drive, the combination drive and, |
|
| 143:00 | , and also the interaction between the mass and ex solution. It's |
|
| 143:05 | be this one in the, in the gravity drive. You can |
|
| 143:08 | that it's, it's getting fractionated where getting a lighter, more. Guess |
|
| 143:16 | higher gor is up to the top the heavier. So those that have |
|
| 143:23 | , uh, gas in it or by gravity or going down into |
|
| 143:28 | well bore there, eventually you're gonna , you're gonna leave oil up |
|
| 143:33 | uh, that's isolated. So here's , um, a typical water drive |
|
| 143:43 | , um, here we have a gas, uh, gas cap |
|
| 143:49 | This is a typical gas ol solution . And, uh, that's sort |
|
| 143:55 | a number of, uh, uh there that you can consider in terms |
|
| 144:01 | the different types of drives. and how you can see here, |
|
| 144:05 | Butter Drive is gonna last probably the , uh, the gas cab |
|
| 144:10 | uh, has less and reservoir pressure time. And this one, has |
|
| 144:15 | less the gas solution. So the drive is the one we like the |
|
| 144:20 | . And of course, when we water floods, we're kind of contributing |
|
| 144:23 | the source of water that helps sweep well, uh get that direction back |
|
| 144:29 | . Uh I put this on here so um this is not in the |
|
| 144:34 | book, I don't think this was the old book, but they were |
|
| 144:36 | comparing conventional wells to unconventional wells. uh I think the permeability uh of |
|
| 144:45 | oil and sometimes the uh the um oil can be greater and you can |
|
| 144:51 | get more production. But um but this is talking about the things that |
|
| 145:00 | impact that uh amount of production. uh I think what's really critical here |
|
| 145:07 | the lifetime of conventional wills you can here that um oh some of these |
|
| 145:16 | go on for a long, long . Uh You put some wells in |
|
| 145:20 | ground and they just keep producing their curves are, are really uh uh |
|
| 145:26 | uh impressive and you can see what look like over here and this is |
|
| 145:30 | and years. Uh This one's in and years. But when you look |
|
| 145:35 | the unconventional, you look at well, this is in months and |
|
| 145:39 | can see that the production in, a lot of the uh uh unconventional |
|
| 145:49 | can be really, really, um off really dramatically. And this is |
|
| 145:54 | in, in, in unconventional in resource plays, you need to |
|
| 145:59 | and drill and drill because you, , you evacuate what's right around the |
|
| 146:05 | bore pretty quickly and then there's nothing . Whereas the, um, you |
|
| 146:09 | , this, it's kind of a . You know, these things stretch |
|
| 146:14 | and you think they're covering a lot acres, but we're really only covering |
|
| 146:18 | really close to the wealthy. We're only bringing the soil. Whereas a |
|
| 146:23 | , well, um, you you may have 40 40 acres facing |
|
| 146:28 | it's, it's pulling oil from a distance away from the wealth. |
|
| 146:32 | uh, it doesn't pull all of right away and you choke it. |
|
| 146:36 | , uh, so that we're not over draining a one spot and, |
|
| 146:41 | , and getting water to cone and sort of thing. And we |
|
| 146:45 | uh, uh, you have a where these types of wells if, |
|
| 146:53 | they're gonna produce really high like you get this, uh, four |
|
| 146:57 | 500 girls, well, a day gonna be, be producing a lot |
|
| 147:01 | , uh, so water along with oil and that, that oil production |
|
| 147:08 | water production is gonna be part of operating expense. So it's gonna be |
|
| 147:13 | high as you, as you move this curve to get out to something |
|
| 147:19 | short as three years. Uh, within one year, 69% of that |
|
| 147:25 | production is gone and the water cut gone up. And so, |
|
| 147:30 | you know, you've just got to drilling these things to, uh to |
|
| 147:33 | the oil and that's why it's very to get, to get oil out |
|
| 147:37 | the ground. One of the things , is in a resource play, |
|
| 147:41 | almost certain to get something out of ground. The question is how long |
|
| 147:44 | how much? And uh and uh to Floyd C Wilson, he |
|
| 147:50 | you know, in the unconventional it's all about drilling, drilling, |
|
| 147:53 | , drilling, drilling, drilling because just have to keep drilling. Whereas |
|
| 147:56 | the uh conventional, you know, , we put these well bores down |
|
| 148:00 | they can keep draining for a long period of time. And uh |
|
| 148:05 | is showing you a rate of decline a short period of time. And |
|
| 148:11 | again, um this is showing you oh all the fields, uh a |
|
| 148:20 | of the production through the years, and a rate of declining uh is |
|
| 148:24 | in some of these fields where here had some of the unconventional uh that |
|
| 148:31 | way out like this, the, , the 2013, it was |
|
| 148:34 | 2014, it was here, 2015 here and here they're just declining even |
|
| 148:40 | than before. So, so what can get out of these, these |
|
| 148:44 | is, is really limited without a of, without a lot of, |
|
| 148:49 | , holes in the ground. uh, and just, uh, |
|
| 148:52 | sort of thing, I'm gonna take break here because I'm getting tired and |
|
| 148:55 | , I feel like I'm reading too through this and we are running out |
|
| 149:00 | time. How do you guys feel , um, getting a little bit |
|
| 149:07 | an online lecture on some of the parts of this? Would you object |
|
| 149:13 | that? Mhm. What I'm thinking , uh, like, is there |
|
| 149:18 | day of the week that you guys want to watch? Is that |
|
| 149:24 | I'm not gonna do this any I, I'm, you know, |
|
| 149:28 | try to explain, I think I to explain too much, but I've |
|
| 149:31 | to a point here where, you , I just did a, this |
|
| 149:33 | in a whole semester and now I'm to do it on three weekends |
|
| 149:39 | uh, and it's been a little , uh, but I think, |
|
| 149:44 | , we could use it if we a couple more hours I could get |
|
| 149:46 | the rest of the, uh, of the things. So, |
|
| 149:50 | could you guys maybe talk to each and decide what day of next week |
|
| 149:54 | be a good time for me to this online for you. What day |
|
| 149:59 | time I think? Ok. So would everybody else be willing to |
|
| 150:11 | it after five? How about, about if we have, have something |
|
| 150:17 | , say Monday from 5 to Would you guys want to do |
|
| 150:23 | And, uh, and we, way we could get it done. |
|
| 150:27 | , if I do that, I to move your your exam. So |
|
| 150:31 | it wouldn't be fair for you to the exam on Wednesday. How would |
|
| 150:36 | guys feel about doing an online You don't want to do it but |
|
| 150:45 | can do face to face. How could we could we do face to |
|
| 150:48 | somewhere on uh Friday or uh we could do it this upcoming Friday |
|
| 150:54 | John, it won't be here. you guys wanna? Ok. How |
|
| 151:07 | ? And I Oh wow. ok. Ok. How many, |
|
| 151:19 | many people want to do online? . We can do online and we |
|
| 151:24 | do you face to face, you come to my office. Ok, |
|
| 151:31 | we could do that Friday. Would be able to, would you be |
|
| 151:34 | to come to my office on Ok. That'll be for the final |
|
| 151:40 | I'll talk to Tessa and see what wants to do. So so that |
|
| 151:44 | don't forget everything because my brain is to collapse. Um uh make a |
|
| 152:02 | on this, my head is so right now. You guys are gonna |
|
| 152:14 | to help me here. Yeah. . So we're gonna have a lecture |
|
| 152:30 | Monday from 5 to 7. So gonna put this here lecture 5 to |
|
| 152:43 | . I really don't want to rush . And, uh, I hope |
|
| 152:46 | understand it's really hard to uh to the timing of this right? And |
|
| 152:51 | you guys were actually asking a lot questions and I think that's a fantastic |
|
| 152:56 | and I hate to hate to lose just because of that. 5 to |
|
| 153:01 | on Monday. Ok. The, , the study guides are already up |
|
| 153:11 | you can start looking at that. , um, so, uh, |
|
| 153:21 | Friday, we're, we'll have the on Friday and that will be online |
|
| 153:26 | 5 to 7. What would be for? Oh, you're not gonna |
|
| 153:32 | here Friday, right? Let's do Thursday. Did I say Thur, |
|
| 153:37 | , we decided Thursday, Friday, at our normal time per se, |
|
| 153:49 | like with my job and I've already on Friday afternoon, right? |
|
| 153:56 | But we can do you Thursday? . Well, if it's online |
|
| 154:06 | ok. Ok. So we'll do Friday at one. Could you, |
|
| 154:14 | you come to my office at Friday one? Ok. I can do |
|
| 154:20 | anyway. Except I can't, you wanna do it at 12? |
|
| 154:31 | , like the same format? Yeah. Yeah, it'll be, |
|
| 154:42 | be a similar format. It's gonna , it's gonna be a little bit |
|
| 154:45 | , but pretty much the same. the kind of thing you can do |
|
| 154:49 | too. Um, if I do online you're gonna, I'm gonna time |
|
| 154:54 | , you know, I'm gonna give only so much time for each question |
|
| 154:57 | then we won't even do the next until and, uh, and I |
|
| 155:02 | show you all the test questions up . I show test questions one at |
|
| 155:06 | time. So you can't be if you're sitting there waiting, you |
|
| 155:10 | go study all the other ones. haven't shown you yet, but I |
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| 155:13 | , I would hope you wouldn't turn into open book in the past. |
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| 155:17 | never had a problem with this, , uh, with this, with |
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| 155:21 | group of people. So lecture 5 7 on Monday and then on Friday |
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| 155:30 | one online or face to face. ? And you'll be, do you |
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| 155:39 | doing that? You don't, you mind doing face to face, don't |
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| 155:43 | away yet because we still got to it. But, uh, so |
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| 155:48 | , what time did you wanna do ? Face to face one? |
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| 155:56 | Ok. Online. 5 to 5 7, face to face at |
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| 156:11 | And then I'll find out what Tessa do. Yeah. So five or |
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| 156:18 | on Monday and on Friday. And that'll give you, that'll give |
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| 156:22 | a full four days to just, could, if you wanted to start |
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| 156:26 | this weekend. You could, but you'll get the end of it |
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| 156:30 | have plenty of time to add that . Ok. Here's another thing. |
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| 156:34 | do we want to turn in uh, the mapping exercise that |
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| 156:44 | You gonna have it do Friday or you like it Monday afterwards? Because |
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| 156:47 | , we want, you wanna have class, you wanna do Monday |
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| 156:52 | Ok. And there's no reason why can't turn it in ahead of time |
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| 156:56 | you want to turn it in Ok. So, well, I'm |
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| 157:02 | get terrible rating on this class. see. I'm, I'm, I |
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| 157:10 | to say it but I'm getting older I, I just, somebody said |
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| 157:14 | can't believe I can talk for eight . I think I just realized I |
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| 157:17 | talk for eight hours. Yeah. , uh mapping is gonna be due |
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| 157:23 | following Monday and we can talk about exact time later. But you |
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| 157:30 | the end of the day is fine me. Yeah, I mean even |
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| 157:34 | to midnight, if that's, if what mapping the following Monday. So |
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| 157:41 | I have all this written down. when you guys forget it, I'll |
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| 157:44 | it written down. Ok? And I'll do is I'll write an email |
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| 157:49 | let you know. Ok, because really, we really do have, |
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| 157:55 | not really difficult, but I'm so . I I'm not, I |
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| 158:00 | this is for me. This is the simplest part of it, it's |
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| 158:03 | to get complicated. And uh there's few key things that I want to |
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| 158:08 | you and, and uh before you off, um the different types of |
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| 158:19 | are important and what have I Gone backwards again? We're gonna talk |
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| 158:32 | reach and production. And, you , I want, I want to |
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| 158:34 | about uh this kind of thing where uneven permeability, which kind of relates |
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| 158:42 | that oil water thing relates to. like if you're doing a water |
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| 158:47 | but this also you can redo the if you're just pro producing oil and |
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| 158:52 | , you can have problems uh with let go, not necessarily injectors, |
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| 159:00 | it could also be just a water , the water lag coming in and |
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| 159:03 | through sooner. Uh That's one of really and I wanna get into what |
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| 159:09 | the difference is between uh initial secondary oil recovery. And this is something |
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| 159:14 | came up. Somebody asked me a uh is that bypass? Well, |
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| 159:19 | think somebody said, or somebody asked you did with it, there's residual |
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| 159:25 | I think it's important for you to that, you know, there's some |
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| 159:28 | simple things uh about petroleum geology that become important. Uh So I wanna |
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| 159:34 | sure we get through that. And I went, when I get to |
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| 159:37 | point of where we talk about OK. The unconventional thing is like |
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| 159:43 | is like a 45 minute to half lecture. But it's, it's something |
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| 159:47 | think that you need to, you , you need to learn and if |
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| 159:50 | look at the study guide, you'll kind of what it is. I'm |
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| 159:52 | be talking about. OK. And sorry, I'm uh, I, |
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| 160:02 | apologize for, for running into this , but I, I think I'm |
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| 160:07 | do you an injustice if I don't you this material and we do have |
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| 160:13 | little bit of time. There's a bit of flexibility and I hope you |
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| 160:17 | at this as a good chance to more time to learn about this. |
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| 160:24 | ? And not just uh don's so , he can't keep up with |
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| 160:29 | Yeah. OK. With that, that. Um I think you guys |
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| 160:36 | take off and uh by the we've reported all |
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