| 00:05 | Yes, hello. Hello. folks. Um let's get started |
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| 00:20 | Uh ok. Uh So let me this. Uh So we're starting, |
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| 00:31 | starting the last unit. Where's my at there? He is. Um |
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| 00:40 | the banner say? What's the banner ? Oh, wow. Homecoming |
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| 00:50 | Ok. Ok. Um So starting new unit. Last unit, |
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| 00:57 | Um Another 12, 3.5 weeks. call it, right? So we |
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| 01:06 | uh come half a week in Thanksgiving . Um So that's what 1234567, |
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| 01:16 | 6.5, I think I'll cover So, so yeah, same to |
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| 01:28 | . Um The uh All right. we're starting the last unit. So |
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| 01:33 | switching gears. So obviously the stuff week is not on the exam. |
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| 01:37 | So exam three, right? This , Saturday um chapter 7 to |
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| 01:44 | right? As always that review your guide. Um You have questions |
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| 01:51 | minute questions I'm available this week, let me know. Um The drop |
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| 01:57 | is next week. Ok. So gonna have the exam three to uh |
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| 02:04 | know, make your final evaluation, ? Should I stay? Should I |
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| 02:08 | . Ok. So, um and I'll address some of that on uh |
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| 02:28 | inaccurate. But now there's this issue Chapter 10 from smart work can transfer |
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| 02:33 | . So I, I and I those people. So there's multiple technical |
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| 02:36 | working on these things, right? because you don't see a grade on |
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| 02:40 | doesn't mean it's not there, Because I have access to smart |
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| 02:44 | I can just download directly from smart everything. Uh uh And so uh |
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| 02:49 | the clicker, the clicker points there accurate. Ok, that are on |
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| 02:54 | , the um quiz quizzes are So, you know, um but |
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| 03:00 | I don't know what's going on with the chap pretended transfer everything else is |
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| 03:03 | , that's that happened. So it's, it's all being worked |
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| 03:07 | The latest thing was video points wasn't to you or to me. And |
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| 03:12 | that's I have a temporary fix on as of today. So uh m |
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| 03:17 | technical issues going on which I So that's why I, I, |
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| 03:21 | know, I sent out the the calculation, right? So follow |
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| 03:25 | Ok, and you can go in go to smart work and get |
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| 03:30 | if you're not sure about, if still uneasy about are these grades accurate |
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| 03:33 | not? Or you can go to work and see your grades there, |
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| 03:36 | can uh uh of course your quiz and click your grades. So use |
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| 03:41 | formula to, to estimate your current . Ok. Um, there you |
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| 03:48 | , the, the curriculum, which been in place since day one, |
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| 03:53 | ? For exams each worth 17%. the, the, the smart |
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| 03:58 | the, um, the smart the quizzes the clickers, you |
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| 04:03 | that's what the grade is. There's a couple of extra credit |
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| 04:07 | right? One is target clickers. is basically fill out the evaluation. |
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| 04:11 | . So that, those are your , some are expecting a windfall of |
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| 04:16 | to come raining down from above, . At the end of the semester |
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| 04:21 | get them over the hump or whatever grade is. That's not happening, |
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| 04:25 | . Ok. So really think hard , you know, after you take |
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| 04:31 | three, whether to stay in or out. Ok? Everybody here is |
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| 04:42 | the boat. Ok? And in boat, everybody is evaluated the same |
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| 04:48 | . Ok? There's, there's I cannot, I will get emails |
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| 04:55 | long right toward the end of the . Relaying all the trials and tribulations |
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| 05:00 | person has undergone. Ok. I'm . They want points for this, |
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| 05:06 | and the other. Ok, to . I've had people not graduate because |
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| 05:10 | didn't get what they needed in this . That's nothing new to me. |
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| 05:14 | ? It's not a lot over 20 but it has happened. Ok. |
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| 05:19 | that could be the stark cold Ok? So just preparing you for |
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| 05:25 | stuff, right? It's not just class you, you're taking other classes |
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| 05:28 | well or it's, it's, it's the brink, so to speak. |
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| 05:32 | . So um give this person 50 gets into the like out of |
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| 05:50 | What about these other people? They would rightly create, yell at |
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| 05:57 | , right. Which they should because not being treated the same way. |
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| 06:02 | ? So while I sympathize with and realized shit happens during the semester, |
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| 06:07 | ? Happens to me too. But you know, that's why communication |
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| 06:12 | so important. Ok, email me something happens and then I can maybe |
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| 06:16 | with you. But when I hear and that and I, then I |
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| 06:20 | something on December 10th, there's nothing can do. Ok. So everybody |
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| 06:27 | evaluated by that same curriculum that I . Ok. And so that, |
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| 06:34 | what the greatest cap and that's what will be. Ok. There is |
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| 06:37 | a curve possibly but historically, people make like an average of 50 in |
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| 06:44 | course, they make an average of 70 ok. Overall average is around |
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| 06:49 | . Ok? And so, you , curves as the way most people |
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| 06:54 | do them, the overall class What sets kind of the CD? |
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| 07:04 | . But yeah, you raise, curve up right to make that, |
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| 07:07 | 50 now becomes ac ok. But know, people don't, we don't |
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| 07:13 | , I don't have bad grades like . So because the overall average is |
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| 07:23 | 7234 somewhere in there. Ok. don't rely on having a big curve |
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| 07:30 | help you out either. Ok? you know, you want there to |
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| 07:35 | a really low class average, you a lot of help and we |
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| 07:38 | I just don't have that. so again, I'm just preparing you |
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| 07:42 | what's coming up. Ok. So know there's gonna be some panicky |
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| 07:46 | Ok. So let me just give reality check. Ok? And I |
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| 07:53 | , he may go, yeah, guy is really an a hole. |
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| 07:56 | . No, I just have everybody, I have 400 people in |
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| 08:00 | . Everybody's got to be treated Ok? And yes, that happens |
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| 08:04 | these people and doesn't happen to these a whole range of things. |
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| 08:09 | But I can't, you know, I, I can't give points for |
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| 08:15 | , right? Because if I if effort was all it took, |
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| 08:19 | be one bar on my curve. makes 100. Ok. Has everybody |
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| 08:24 | seen a great distribution curve with just bar that everybody made 100? I |
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| 08:28 | think so. Ok, so, know, yes, I assume everybody |
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| 08:33 | makes a good effort but it, ends up where it ends up. |
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| 08:39 | . So again, hey, I , I've been here since day one |
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| 08:43 | help. Ok. Come to the if you need help. Not a |
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| 08:48 | . Ok. I can probably count two hands. The number of people |
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| 08:51 | seen this entire semester. Ok. not sure I can, I can |
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| 08:56 | help with the remaining, you exam, what's up with exam |
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| 09:00 | That's right. I can help you exam four stuff material. Absolutely. |
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| 09:05 | . But, um, I can't once we get to December, |
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| 09:10 | November 30th right after that. Not I can do to help you with |
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| 09:15 | four. Ok. So, that's, you know, and I |
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| 09:21 | having said that I'll still get emails that's fine. I expect it. |
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| 09:25 | know that I can't lift you up you need to go necessarily to |
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| 09:30 | just based on having a good effort just not having a good semester. |
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| 09:36 | . Is that, does anybody else with that? Yeah, I got |
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| 09:42 | gonna be treated the same. So, and yes, there are |
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| 09:46 | where things happen but, you you may have to just either take |
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| 09:51 | the drop or you can have, the medical, um, withdrawal is |
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| 09:57 | option that's through e colon building, that. Uh, because that, |
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| 10:01 | know, you may have a legitimate concern that I did your entire |
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| 10:05 | So certainly take advantage of those things will help you out that way. |
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| 10:11 | . And if you're not sure I , I might be able to lead |
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| 10:13 | to the right resource for that. , um, anyway, so, |
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| 10:19 | , so, you know, think these things if you take exam three |
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| 10:23 | , and, you know, really Ok, so if you want my |
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| 10:29 | , that's fine too. Ok. , um, so let me get |
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| 10:33 | soapbox. Any questions about anything? . Any questions? All right. |
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| 10:41 | , um. Ok. Uh, see, the usual stuff, |
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| 10:45 | We have a weekly quiz this Yes, I know you got the |
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| 10:49 | just, just do a weekly quiz , on Monday. Ok, after |
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| 10:53 | completed the exam, um, so gonna finish up to 23. So |
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| 10:59 | kind of a what we've been talking 7 to 10 gonna be really changed |
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| 11:05 | , in terms of what we're doing . So we're focusing on uh aspects |
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| 11:10 | , I guess clinical slash medical And uh so we look at it |
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| 11:24 | from the body's perspective, OK? immune system, right? Um Then |
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| 11:30 | look at the pathogen, right? we see how the body's various defenses |
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| 11:36 | , you know, can, can help to overcome an infectious disease. |
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| 11:50 | then finally, it kind of kind all comes together. At the |
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| 11:55 | we look at different microbial diseases, ? And there you see kind of |
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| 12:00 | . Here's what your body does. how they respond in these particular |
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| 12:04 | OK. And so chapter 26 there's a, there's like a select number |
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| 12:12 | diseases we look at, OK. If you, if you look ahead |
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| 12:18 | look at the lecture notes for 26 see a list, there's a list |
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| 12:22 | pathogens to know um to me that's of really heavily memorization of stuff is |
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| 12:28 | part? Ok. And, um, but, you know, |
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| 12:33 | things to know like a pathogen and disease does it cause? What are |
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| 12:36 | of the features? Yada, yada , we'll, I'll talk more about |
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| 12:39 | as we get closer. Ok. , um, ok, where are |
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| 12:45 | starting here? Right here. innate immune system, right. What |
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| 12:51 | are born with? Right, right of the gate, right? You |
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| 12:55 | the ability to fight disease. Although a newborn baby, you don't have |
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| 13:00 | same level as you know, as will when you develop a little bit |
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| 13:06 | , but you do have of a skin obviously that that's a |
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| 13:10 | Um but the uh in terms of , right? One's own immunity is |
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| 13:18 | whole host of factors, determine, know, your resistance or susceptibility. |
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| 13:24 | . So you got your innate immune , your adaptive immune system, which |
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| 13:28 | your microbiome, right? Um How you are a number of factors, |
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| 13:35 | ? What's your health at the time have underlying medical conditions? Do |
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| 13:39 | do you um many infectious diseases you know, can vary depending on |
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| 13:45 | gender, male or female. Um occupation. Ok. You can be |
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| 13:52 | predisposed to certain diseases. Uh The of the year or respiratory infections occur |
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| 13:58 | winter months. Um uh uh Have traveled somewhere? Right. So a |
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| 14:04 | of different things, there's just a a lot of different things play |
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| 14:07 | you know, when you come down something or not. Ok, age |
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| 14:11 | well. Like young versus young and . Whenever there is a, some |
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| 14:16 | of disease outbreak, the ones inevitably first die are those that are either |
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| 14:22 | old or very young. Right. of, most of humankind in the |
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| 14:28 | , you know, uh, relatively , have a better chance typically. |
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| 14:34 | . And so we know that just you get affected, you don't necessarily |
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| 14:38 | down with disease, right? A carriers, right? Those people, |
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| 14:43 | right, are carrying uh, the and don't have any signs, symptoms |
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| 14:48 | disease. Ok. So, so we have to deal with those |
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| 14:53 | well. Ok. And a number human diseases outbreaks that occur, you |
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| 15:00 | trace back to a human who's carrying . It has no symptoms of the |
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| 15:05 | , meningitis, what you got, , vaccinated for before coming to school |
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| 15:10 | , right. That's one of those where half the population carries it in |
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| 15:15 | throat. And if there is an of meningitis, it's somebody some human |
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| 15:21 | in the vicinity, it was the . Ok. So let's look at |
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| 15:25 | question. This is any kind of that one of those before and |
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| 15:29 | right? We're gonna see it again the end, but just see if |
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| 15:33 | as you look at this material. , at all. And so basically |
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| 15:38 | bunch, a number of terms will through, we'll get through all these |
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| 15:42 | , right? I mean, c neutrophils, lymphatic tissue mucociliary can say |
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| 15:51 | escalator. What in the heck is , you know, uh natural killer |
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| 15:56 | , third line defense opportunistic path. . Is there something here that might |
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| 16:03 | false? Ok. So your best . Well, there has to be |
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| 16:11 | false when there's no other option here it because here you said. |
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| 16:34 | Mhm. Ok. Let's count down 10 Smith. Do do do. |
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| 16:52 | , let's see the picture of that . Ok. So let's move |
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| 16:58 | We'll come back to this one in few, well, several minutes. |
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| 17:05 | . Ok. Wrong way. Here go. All right. So one |
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| 17:11 | I mentioned over and over again this and at various times was Chipotle. |
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| 17:17 | . So there's a nice, would that be a readable? I |
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| 17:23 | know. Anyway, nice looking avocado top of that. Ok. |
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| 17:28 | but as we know with Chipotle, this can happen to you, |
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| 17:33 | Ok. So that's why they came with this phrase. You can't spell |
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| 17:39 | , right? Cio le spells. . So, um, so with |
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| 17:52 | it was, and more than once bone outbreak related to, uh, |
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| 17:58 | , you know, you might think , uh, wouldn't it be like |
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| 18:01 | meat or something like that? uh, no, actually with the |
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| 18:05 | , we'll talk about that later. , um, and again, it |
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| 18:10 | more than more than one time. . And not most recent outbreak wasn't |
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| 18:15 | long ago. OK. So this , this is just an example scenario |
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| 18:21 | a infectious disease. We could look any infectious disease, you know, |
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| 18:27 | , and we're going to see a of similarities, right? So we |
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| 18:30 | a person who's sick, right? this person ate a burrito bowl and |
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| 18:35 | four days later with severe diarrhea. . So she's uh been experiencing bloody |
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| 18:42 | , telltale sign of an E coli . Dual sample tested positive for Shiga |
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| 18:48 | E coli. That's the uh OK. And so like with any |
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| 18:53 | signs and symptoms, right? So can be uh measurable, right? |
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| 18:59 | a fever, you can measure a uh or more subjective like you feel |
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| 19:04 | , right? You really can't put , put a number on that, |
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| 19:08 | ? So there's always gonna be those of things with any, any infectious |
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| 19:12 | . Ok. Uh Of course, any kind of G I tract infection |
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| 19:17 | we've all experienced at one time or . Um You know what the symptoms |
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| 19:22 | you get, you know, um diarrhea, typical, right? |
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| 19:27 | it can get more severe, Is we do see blood, |
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| 19:31 | So that's typically when toxins produced or cells in the intestinal wall, your |
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| 19:37 | have a lot of blood vessels associated it, right? Because that's where |
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| 19:42 | body picks up nutrients to feed your your cells. So you have |
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| 19:46 | lot of blood vessels there. And toxins that are produced can affect them |
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| 19:52 | you can get um uh uh blood . Uh and you know, the |
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| 19:58 | symptoms of these kind of diarrheal diseases if you have severe stomach cramps, |
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| 20:03 | know, abdominal pain, right? things like dysentery, right, |
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| 20:09 | can induce those real severe symptoms. . Um So the uh cause, |
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| 20:16 | etiology, right? So, remember Coke's postulates, right? So uh |
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| 20:20 | coli, so you have to, know, detect, right, detect |
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| 20:24 | uh with e with this uh E , you don't necessarily have to culture |
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| 20:30 | identify but you can use immi right? Um Ogen, right. |
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| 20:35 | that, look for that um duration severity, right? Any disease has |
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| 20:41 | duration, um severity of disease. and you know, with this one |
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| 20:49 | course, can last for several Um now we can have the pathogen |
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| 20:55 | the virulence factors, right? So goes to, to determining severity, |
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| 21:02 | . And uh the collection of virulence , how dangerous is it is a |
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| 21:08 | to think of virulence. Ok. so the um uh these are the |
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| 21:14 | of different things, right? It could be flagella, it could |
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| 21:18 | FMRI it could be a capsule, could be a number of things, |
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| 21:22 | ? Anything that enables it to cause , whether it's sticking to your |
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| 21:27 | whether it's um uh um damaging cells to get into your body and hide |
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| 21:35 | from your immune system. Many different of factors. Go ahead the |
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| 21:40 | that's where you go to find Right. I mentioned mumps, |
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| 21:45 | um meningitis. These can be found other humans. Humans can be the |
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| 21:49 | for many diseases. OK? Um it can be many other things as |
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| 21:55 | . Air water, soil, Transmission you gotta get from the reservoir |
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| 22:00 | you, right? Insects is often a uh vectors. Insect vectors are |
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| 22:06 | transmit uh or the mode of transmission the air through the water, |
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| 22:12 | Depends. OK. So when we at the, and this is kind |
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| 22:15 | what we'll talk about in chapter 25 microbial pathogenicity is the route all about |
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| 22:24 | pathogen. So there's a source for . And so just think of the |
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| 22:29 | as OK. I want to study . X. OK. Where would |
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| 22:33 | go to find it? Right? could be another human or could be |
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| 22:39 | , air uh um not air, not that often but water or |
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| 22:46 | OK. Um Animals very common. . So whatever it is, there |
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| 22:51 | to be some way of transmitting it you in various ways. Sneeze |
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| 22:55 | Um um um the uh an what have you to a susceptible |
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| 23:02 | right? And you of course, various innate and adaptive immune systems to |
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| 23:09 | against it. OK. So the , if it's successful, we'll have |
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| 23:15 | obviously answer you, maintain itself there your body. Replicate and more than |
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| 23:22 | um and cause damage. Right. course, this is all due to |
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| 23:27 | V factor. Ok. And so seriousness of any disease really relates to |
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| 23:32 | the pathogen, what are three And what's your level of immune health |
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| 23:39 | you will? So all of that to determine the seriousness? Ok. |
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| 23:44 | so again, pathology is really the process. Ok. Um Pathogenesis is |
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| 23:54 | the micro pathogen causing disease and the factors. And of course, with |
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| 23:59 | disease process, you have changes to body, you know. Not. |
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| 24:06 | uh yeah, in terms of um mild symptoms, maybe very severe symptoms |
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| 24:11 | depends. OK. So let's look this question. OK. So |
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| 24:18 | what I've just gone through, you pretty much use to describe any infectious |
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| 24:25 | , right? So it will be associated pathogen, viral material protozoan. |
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| 24:32 | . And it will have its mode affection, produce symptoms of different |
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| 24:38 | Whatnot. OK. So we're basically start with as humans and our innate |
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| 24:47 | system. OK. So it is which responds faster. OK. |
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| 25:13 | Mhm. Mm OK. So the immune system responds faster because it's simply |
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| 25:30 | , right? We're ready to your is here a physical barrier, mucus |
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| 25:35 | lining your body cavities. It's, there doesn't have to do anything. |
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| 25:40 | . Um That immune system requires more , let's say, OK. And |
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| 25:47 | will explain why here in a OK. So the specificity versus the |
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| 25:53 | . OK. That relates to uh the, in the innate adaptive immune |
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| 26:01 | relies on recognition. So you have detect and recognize antigen. OK. |
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| 26:08 | that's not a, something that happens . OK. So there's gonna be |
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| 26:14 | time component certainly for adaptive immune system respond and do something. OK? |
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| 26:21 | of that specificity. Um, the and the immune system doesn't have that |
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| 26:26 | . So you can uh break it into two lines of defense. |
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| 26:33 | In your innate imm system, I of the pathogens out here and it's |
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| 26:37 | into you, right? What are various various um barriers it's got to |
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| 26:43 | ? OK. So obviously, all right, if you inhale it |
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| 26:48 | through mucus membranes, right? It's become a contact to that or you |
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| 26:53 | , right? Either of those is be in involved in associations with your |
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| 26:58 | membranes. OK. Normal microbiota, things you already have in and on |
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| 27:03 | body, right? Your own those provide a definite um defense because |
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| 27:08 | very well adapted to your body to particular micro environment that they inhabit in |
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| 27:16 | body, you know, in and your body. OK. So for |
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| 27:21 | just to come in and get them of there, it was not an |
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| 27:24 | thing. OK. So their presence you. OK? Um Second line |
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| 27:32 | . OK. So I look at as more specific cells that come into |
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| 27:37 | and processes inflammation fever compliment. Uh are all processes that occur, complement |
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| 27:45 | . Ok. Um What involves And the other thing that shown |
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| 27:51 | but what's a vital component, a of in different ways are what we |
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| 27:59 | uh cytokines? Ok. The cytokines here are chemicals, generic name. |
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| 28:09 | describe the various chemicals that tell different system cells to do stuff, |
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| 28:15 | That relate to these processes, So, inflammation is brought about by |
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| 28:21 | cytokines and then they do certain things the process. So uh so you're |
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| 28:26 | see that a lot in the section cytokines. OK. Um Guess how |
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| 28:32 | get your cells to do stuff. don't do it on their own. |
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| 28:34 | have to talk to them through right? Cytokines is how you talk |
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| 28:38 | your immune system. OK? And adaptive immune system. So the third |
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| 28:45 | of defense, OK. So T and your B cells and B cells |
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| 28:52 | antibodies. T cells are kind of different types. Uh certain of them |
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| 28:58 | of control the overall adaptive immune OK? And antibodies are certainly part |
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| 29:05 | that. OK? But there's also functions beside that. OK. And |
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| 29:11 | , uh but first and foremost is doesn't work unless they detect an |
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| 29:18 | That's what starts the whole thing. ? Um Detect it and then |
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| 29:24 | that's why you get the specificity comes the binding, specific binding to |
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| 29:28 | OK. That triggers a bunch of steps OK. So, um |
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| 29:36 | So that's kind of the overview Uh we're gonna take each one in |
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| 29:41 | little more detail, some more than . Um And we'll go first |
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| 29:47 | second line, next week is third . Um Chapter 24. OK. |
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| 29:54 | , is that immune system? So look at this question here. So |
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| 29:58 | relates to your microbiome and its role your immune system. OK. So |
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| 30:07 | can thank your who for providing your . OK. That's an easy |
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| 30:22 | Yeah. You OK. All Yes. These people oops. This |
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| 31:05 | , this one and she's, those the mothers, right? Mothers? |
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| 31:10 | you're that, you get your micro through that birth canal. OK. |
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| 31:16 | , once you're out in the universe you begin to inhale, you need |
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| 31:20 | eat food uh et cetera, then micro bota builds up. OK? |
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| 31:27 | uh just gives you an idea of here, right? So um you |
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| 31:33 | need to memorize that table, but the amount of microbes you have in |
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| 31:38 | skin mouth gug I tract you see in the fourth to sixth uh |
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| 31:44 | So CF us is basically they call forming units. Um But for |
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| 31:50 | I just think of that cells. ? So 10 to 4 CS per |
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| 31:54 | land, right? That's per sweat . OK? G I tract not |
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| 31:59 | , you know, 10 to the per cubic centimeter, that's astronomical. |
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| 32:04 | tell you how loaded your gut is microbes. Ok. Um So |
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| 32:09 | you see the, the, the source here at birth canal, birth |
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| 32:14 | , uh gut track, um surrounding environment G I tract baby formula, |
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| 32:20 | , you know, you're drinking mother's , um the uh uh you |
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| 32:26 | contact with, um, you ingesting looking food and whatnot. |
|
| 32:30 | So, um, so you're set , you know, with a good |
|
| 32:34 | of microbes and they've done studies on studies, you know, uh raising |
|
| 32:40 | completely devoid of any microbes, You can put them in these settings |
|
| 32:45 | they, they're on antibiotics, they have any con any microbes inhabiting them |
|
| 32:51 | inside them. Of course, in laboratory setting, obviously, and those |
|
| 32:55 | are sickly, they're not, they live very long. OK? And |
|
| 33:02 | the point is that they have a , right? Because they interact uh |
|
| 33:06 | , with your immune system cells boosting in different ways. Um Now, |
|
| 33:12 | we'd say they're found everywhere, you shouldn't have microbes in your brain |
|
| 33:17 | in your liver or other b organs signals something is not, right? |
|
| 33:22 | obviously, they live in other spaces and on your body. OK. |
|
| 33:27 | so it can vary throughout life. may move somewhere geographically that can change |
|
| 33:32 | microbiome, uh you know, periods you're sick and maybe you're on antibiotics |
|
| 33:37 | maybe chemotherapy that can change the balance microbes. So there's different things that |
|
| 33:42 | occur that can kind of change the sometimes. And um uh you |
|
| 33:48 | but you do kind of have a group of microbes that are with you |
|
| 33:53 | much throughout your life. OK. so this, this is an ecological |
|
| 33:58 | here, right? You may have , well, actually this is the |
|
| 34:01 | term competitive exclusion, right? The thing we look at microbes means the |
|
| 34:08 | thing, right? So you have two species can occupy the same niche |
|
| 34:14 | like the textbook definition, right? so uh one gets kicked out or |
|
| 34:21 | , right? And so same microbial antagonism is that so no two |
|
| 34:26 | species are gonna be in the same . Um It's in competition, |
|
| 34:31 | So you have, you know, you look at your body, you've |
|
| 34:36 | lots of little micro environments, Your teeth, in your, in |
|
| 34:40 | mouth, your teeth and your skin microbiome here versus what's in your |
|
| 34:48 | is gonna be a little bit right? Because the environments are slightly |
|
| 34:51 | little different. So, and and microbes are kind of adapted their particular |
|
| 34:56 | environments. OK? And so that itself helps keep unwanted things out, |
|
| 35:02 | ? Because it's gonna take a lot kind of outcompete them because they're they |
|
| 35:08 | create their own micro environment, To be anaerobic um particular uh ph |
|
| 35:13 | whatnot. And so it's not an thing to be an outsider and kind |
|
| 35:18 | sort of shop there. OK. we look at symbiosis in different |
|
| 35:23 | I'm sure you're familiar with this, relationship between the two. So, |
|
| 35:29 | and, and for the most your microbiome is comprised of commences and |
|
| 35:36 | types. OK. Mutualistic types, , where you both benefit, there's |
|
| 35:42 | of benefits of uh your microbes. um um uh can digest certain foods |
|
| 35:48 | you couldn't, otherwise they can produce acids and vitamins that you wouldn't otherwise |
|
| 35:54 | . Uh That's just a very small tip of the iceberg a lot more |
|
| 36:02 | they do for you. Um Commences much are just you try them at |
|
| 36:08 | more or less. Uh They, don't uh you don't really benefit from |
|
| 36:12 | but they're not harming you and that's commenced relationship. They do benefit. |
|
| 36:17 | But you know, a parasite that may have, obviously, it's not |
|
| 36:22 | you, right? So that's that minus uh relationship. OK. |
|
| 36:26 | so again, it's these commences and types that are pretty much your |
|
| 36:32 | but sometimes some, the members in group of your microbiome can become |
|
| 36:41 | OK. And that's generally when um , when they get access to parts |
|
| 36:49 | your body, they don't normally c . Classic example of that Staph |
|
| 36:56 | right? Staph live on your skin mucous membranes in your nose and maybe |
|
| 37:00 | have a cut or something punctual and they can get in there and that |
|
| 37:06 | lead to a infection, OK? a gut uh a gut microbe, |
|
| 37:12 | have some kind of a issue in gut and maybe they gain access outside |
|
| 37:18 | gut and then they cause infection. it's typically when um they're in a |
|
| 37:23 | environment through some means or um you're compromised, you, maybe you're on |
|
| 37:30 | and you kind of upset the balance . And so maybe that can cause |
|
| 37:34 | to uh be more disruptive if you , than they normally would be |
|
| 37:39 | So, but again, the opportunistic are already on you. OK? |
|
| 37:43 | only show, show themselves under certain . OK? Normally they're kept in |
|
| 37:50 | . OK. But the primary that's not something that's not gonna arise |
|
| 37:55 | your, from your microbiome. That's that you acquire, right? It's |
|
| 38:00 | to cause problems. OK. extreme example, right? You Ebola |
|
| 38:07 | not gonna be part of your micro , right? You're gonna have required |
|
| 38:10 | and it's, it's there to cause . That's the nature of a primary |
|
| 38:15 | . OK? Um OK. So we get into these uh barriers, |
|
| 38:25 | like basic, it's a little bit because the physical barrier also has serves |
|
| 38:33 | a chemical barrier. OK. for example, right, your |
|
| 38:37 | OK. Um obviously is a actually pretty formidable barrier. You have keratin |
|
| 38:47 | and protein that's part of that Along with your skin cells, skin |
|
| 38:52 | are very tightly packed together. You see that here. All right, |
|
| 38:57 | full of just epithelial cells. Top , sloughs off dead skin cells, |
|
| 39:02 | off together all the time. Uh you do have natural openings in the |
|
| 39:06 | where pathogens might be able to get like sweat glands, hair follicle, |
|
| 39:11 | kind of thing. Ok. Um subcutaneous infection of course is when the |
|
| 39:16 | is broken and the infection results but your mucus membranes because of course, |
|
| 39:23 | can s you ingest food, you breathe in, right? So that's |
|
| 39:29 | contact mucous membranes, OK? And um the in the mucous membranes, |
|
| 39:36 | course, you have different types of . So mucus is there to kind |
|
| 39:39 | keep tissues moist. Um the um but they can also act to trap |
|
| 39:46 | that are there, OK? Your and saliva, tears, you're constantly |
|
| 39:52 | tears over your eyes, that kind mechanical action can kind of sweep stuff |
|
| 39:58 | . Um saliva, you're constantly, swallowing stuff is washing over your |
|
| 40:04 | So that kind of mechanical action can disrupt something that's trying to colonize |
|
| 40:10 | hairs in your nose and Celia uh your throat. Uh again, |
|
| 40:16 | trap uh microbes, trap particulates containing , uh your mucociliary escalator, |
|
| 40:25 | That's actually a very important defense you when you, when you contract things |
|
| 40:30 | pneumonia, um whooping cough, uh respiratory illnesses is is because that becomes |
|
| 40:38 | . Ok. So it's really a defense against respiratory microbes, ok? |
|
| 40:43 | really a combination of both the mucus produce uh as well as Celia that |
|
| 40:49 | constantly moving in your trachea. And the mucus traps microbes. |
|
| 40:55 | Celia just to expel them out, ? And things can go wrong if |
|
| 41:01 | Celia themselves are impaired and now can't . And the, the, the |
|
| 41:07 | you produce is not of the right . If you will thickness, if |
|
| 41:13 | will, if it gets too, dehydrated, right, it becomes very |
|
| 41:19 | and it doesn't work as well. ? And so those are kind of |
|
| 41:23 | that can happen if you have an that can, that can uh affect |
|
| 41:28 | . Ok. So um other things the um epiglottis, earwax and |
|
| 41:36 | right? E even earwax has a right? To trap microbes in your |
|
| 41:40 | on obviously, uh epics covers your um digestion. So your intestinal wall |
|
| 41:47 | constantly uh contracting, moving material OK. Now, so again, |
|
| 41:55 | mentioned, so skin and mucus membranes be a physical barrier, but they |
|
| 41:58 | secretions as well, right? And the skin typically oily kind of |
|
| 42:04 | right? Uh low ph that that itself is an environment that's not hospitable |
|
| 42:10 | many things. Um mucous membranes of , gastric juice, low ph force |
|
| 42:18 | , slightly acidic. Uh But what's among a number of these is this |
|
| 42:25 | ? OK. You see this in number of different secretions that degrades cell |
|
| 42:31 | . OK. Specific for cell wall peptic I can OK. Um The |
|
| 42:37 | the defenses So this is kind of catch all name where you peptides that |
|
| 42:44 | act like straws to kind of poke into the membrane contents leak out. |
|
| 42:51 | that's uh and if you do something , I don't know, hundreds of |
|
| 42:56 | things, there are hundreds of different of these, various of your cells |
|
| 42:59 | them and release them uh to The net result is to basically kill |
|
| 43:06 | path. OK. Through, OK. Um OK. So um |
|
| 43:16 | . So, chemical physical barriers. this is a feature of various of |
|
| 43:25 | immune system cells. All right. this term mps used to be called |
|
| 43:30 | , right? It's kind of a term. Um these are basically uh |
|
| 43:38 | on the periphery of the pat. . What you see on the outside |
|
| 43:43 | flagellum cell wall, a cap and are what bind to specific receptors. |
|
| 43:57 | here you can see one that's part a a cell here. OK. |
|
| 44:02 | the pathogen and these TLR um right. TLR is toll like |
|
| 44:11 | NLR nod like receptors. So these just names that they he's been |
|
| 44:17 | Uh they were found uh in function , in a different um different |
|
| 44:23 | but they're also involved in this process well. Think of this as pulling |
|
| 44:30 | fire alarm, these alarm system. . So these receptors don't kill |
|
| 44:45 | OK. But they bind to these , OK. That are part of |
|
| 44:50 | periphery of the pathogen. OK? the binding. So TLRS are on |
|
| 44:56 | surface. OK. NLRS are OK? Because pathogens, obviously |
|
| 45:05 | a viral infection is an obvious one they go inside yourself. But we'll |
|
| 45:10 | learn that bacterial types can do that . OK. Um They can produce |
|
| 45:17 | as well internally. And so and put them inside of cells. |
|
| 45:21 | so these are things that can be by these internal receptors. OK. |
|
| 45:27 | whatever the case of activation. So one, the net result is |
|
| 45:34 | it triggers formation of cytokines. And, and the cytokines are of |
|
| 45:41 | types. OK? This is just a few functions you associate with |
|
| 45:48 | OK? To keep attractants, brain system cells to the site of |
|
| 45:56 | basal active factors, manipulating blood vessels the area. Uh We'll see in |
|
| 46:03 | inflammatory response, you need to get stoy cell types out of your blood |
|
| 46:09 | the surrounding area. You gotta manipulate vessels. That's what vasoactive factors |
|
| 46:14 | OK? Activate T cells that their system macrophages. So and again, |
|
| 46:21 | could add several more things to the , but they all work in, |
|
| 46:26 | , in really activating cells or immune . OK? Get them going. |
|
| 46:31 | , hey, I'm detecting something. get, let's get going. Um |
|
| 46:47 | let's see here. OK. Any at this point like chemical barriers, |
|
| 46:52 | barriers um to like receptors, not receptors. OK? So again, |
|
| 46:58 | is the alarm system. OK. next we'll get into kind of the |
|
| 47:06 | , 2nd layer. OK. Second , different cell types. OK. |
|
| 47:10 | look at this question. Adaptive immune . Cell types are that um looking |
|
| 47:30 | the cells of the, of the immune system or representative? Ok. |
|
| 48:12 | down. OK. Mm. it's gonna be lymphocytes. OK. |
|
| 48:30 | T and B cells. Ok. actually um natural killer cells are in |
|
| 48:37 | too. No. Um so we'll at uh we're focused on adaptive immune |
|
| 48:49 | in chapter 25. So now we'll on or 24. Excuse me. |
|
| 48:52 | we'll focus mostly on these types OK. Um OK. So when |
|
| 49:01 | look at blood and we centrifuge spin it right in a centrifuge, |
|
| 49:08 | get uh fractions of plasma fraction that your proteins, antibodies compliments and lots |
|
| 49:16 | other stuff. To be honest. your uh what we call formed elements |
|
| 49:23 | basically cells in uh red blood Erythrocytes is the formal name um |
|
| 49:32 | these aren't cells but rather fragments, involved in clotting. And um then |
|
| 49:41 | of course, are your leukocytes, blood cells. And so the term |
|
| 49:48 | sites, a granular sites. So still use, it's really just that |
|
| 49:55 | comes from the appearance of these cells a light microscope. OK. Um |
|
| 50:02 | just means that these three neutrophils, , eosinophils have you see these little |
|
| 50:09 | dots, basically lots of them in cells that represent these Granules and the |
|
| 50:13 | contain different chemicals that they release. . They're not as visible in these |
|
| 50:21 | . Although they, although they do , they have granular, they're just |
|
| 50:24 | visible like they are in this So that's, that's where the terminology |
|
| 50:29 | . Ok. So a granulocytes are which develop in the macrophages, dendritic |
|
| 50:35 | and lymphocytes. Ok. So, OK, so we'll start with the |
|
| 50:42 | granular acidic types. Uh So, are kind of your primary infection fighters |
|
| 50:51 | on in an infection. Ok. Pig cytosis is their thing. |
|
| 50:58 | Um This term polymorphonuclear, you can the, this is the nucleus and |
|
| 51:03 | broken up. It's one continuous thing , but it's nucleus, it's a |
|
| 51:09 | that's kind of it has different lobes it's all connected, right? So |
|
| 51:13 | a very weird looking nucleus. Uh that's the nature of these kind of |
|
| 51:18 | , right? Hence this term Ok. It's a very weird looking |
|
| 51:24 | there. Uh Anyway, they, are of course high percentages in your |
|
| 51:28 | . Ok. Um And this mentioned , basal active factors and they blood |
|
| 51:37 | . These are what you're trying to out of your blood to fight an |
|
| 51:41 | . Ok. Um Basophils, their is not pig cytosis. Their thing |
|
| 51:47 | releasing chemicals with different types. If you have allergies, you can |
|
| 51:53 | these cells and mast cells, we of giving a hyper response to different |
|
| 52:00 | . Ok? Because they release different types, chemical cytokines might involve |
|
| 52:05 | inflammation, et cetera. Ok. in low quantities in your blood. |
|
| 52:12 | . The Ain fills a little bit . 3 to 5%. But |
|
| 52:15 | um, they're p acidic. but their job is really dealing with |
|
| 52:20 | , pass by large. What do mean? I mean, like something |
|
| 52:25 | a worm. Ok. A parasitic , right? Wouldn't have an eyeball |
|
| 52:33 | that or even a mouth. But large, there's a large kinds of |
|
| 52:38 | kinds of um uh parasitic worms uh there uh even large protozoans. And |
|
| 52:45 | they do is they collectively come are to the large pathogen. OK. |
|
| 52:55 | these are eosinophils. OK? And are brought actually brought there through the |
|
| 53:04 | of antibody. OK. And so , we, we write like that |
|
| 53:11 | the letter Y, OK. That be an antibody and A B is |
|
| 53:16 | for antibody. OK. And so a cell type that can interact with |
|
| 53:25 | . OK. And so that's how get these ails to the site, |
|
| 53:30 | bind to antibody and antibodies is combined two ways. They can buy |
|
| 53:38 | The antigen A G is short for . But then the here to the |
|
| 53:46 | and eosinophil, a macrophage, a cell, they can also buy |
|
| 53:52 | But it's a way to get the types. You want to two the |
|
| 53:59 | , right? Because they're now binding antibodies that are stuck to the |
|
| 54:03 | So now you've got all these eosinophils and then they can collectively dump out |
|
| 54:09 | chemicals, their toxins and kill the . Ok. So that's what, |
|
| 54:14 | why we say they deal with large types that requires a collective effort. |
|
| 54:20 | the Ain is not gonna do you're gonna get a bunch of there |
|
| 54:22 | you can do that through the action antibodies. Ok? We'll also see |
|
| 54:27 | macrophages and dendritic cells also work with too um in a different way. |
|
| 54:36 | so uh so you're a gran acidic we'll talk about this will come up |
|
| 54:43 | with eosinophils in chapter 24 uh in context of antibody engine interactions. |
|
| 54:52 | Um And so uh your monocytes, . So these are in your blood |
|
| 55:02 | then they come out of your blood lymphatic tissue. So your lymphatic |
|
| 55:08 | yeah, fluid, your lymphatic fluid moved through gravity and muscle contractions and |
|
| 55:22 | vessel contractions, right arteries, for . Um uh but the macrophages, |
|
| 55:29 | cells, T cells B cells, environment is really lymphatic tissue. |
|
| 55:37 | And so monocytes come out of the into lymphatic tissue and they develop into |
|
| 55:44 | cell to macrophages. So, these a type that work with the adaptive |
|
| 55:50 | system. OK. And so this here of being for short, we |
|
| 55:56 | that a PC antigen presenting cell. . And that's how dendritic cells and |
|
| 56:06 | work with the adaptive immune system. . Um We just saw how eosinophils |
|
| 56:13 | that on a limited basis. But macrophages and dendritic cells, it's a |
|
| 56:19 | part of their function to work with the adaptive immune system as well. |
|
| 56:25 | . But they are major phao cytic types, dendritic cells, macrophages and |
|
| 56:33 | . Phagocytosis is their thing. Um And so lymphocytes, um so |
|
| 56:42 | killer cells are in there uh as as T cells and B cells. |
|
| 56:48 | this concept of different types of you gotta fight, right? You |
|
| 56:55 | that right here, intercellular and So your immune system, it's gotta |
|
| 57:03 | a way to deal with both OK? And so uh natural killer |
|
| 57:10 | can also deal with these types as . They attach to a host and |
|
| 57:24 | inside to replicate. OK? But too do different bacterial types, do |
|
| 57:30 | not for the purpose of using the to replicate themselves, but using the |
|
| 57:36 | to hide out, right? To be seen, you know, in |
|
| 57:41 | extracellular environment, right? That's, much less uh it's harder to find |
|
| 57:47 | if they're hiding inside of a right? Versus walking around outside. |
|
| 57:50 | that's what the strategy is for some patterns. OK. Um So you |
|
| 57:57 | to have a way to find OK. And so of course, |
|
| 58:00 | c patterns, they do their whole outside the cell, of course, |
|
| 58:05 | ? And so you have antibodies and phytic cell types, they take |
|
| 58:09 | of them. OK. So you to be able to handle both |
|
| 58:13 | OK. So this will bring us to this topic. Um So natural |
|
| 58:24 | cells are a type that look for cells. Uh They can be cancerous |
|
| 58:31 | . Um What happens is an infected can have changes to the surface. |
|
| 58:39 | . The surface molecules, the infection can cause changes on the surface. |
|
| 58:45 | all infected cells respond this way, many do. Ok. And they |
|
| 58:54 | will these changes? Certain cell types programmed to see these changes. |
|
| 59:01 | And to have a response to OK. And one of those is |
|
| 59:07 | profile of MH C molecules on the . OK. They will change. |
|
| 59:13 | so that's what a natural killer cells the lookout for. OK. So |
|
| 59:18 | cells also produce these changes. And we can, and so what |
|
| 59:24 | do is in response, they buy it. So, so if |
|
| 59:29 | if they're seeing this, it's like get it out no good. It's |
|
| 59:33 | fact, we gotta get it out the population. So they kill it |
|
| 59:37 | um secretion, oops through preference. , perforin perfer. So the perforate |
|
| 59:44 | means to basically put a hole in , contents leak out cell dies. |
|
| 59:51 | ? And so grand enzymes similarly have these digestive enzymes. Apoptosis is a |
|
| 59:57 | . Your cells naturally do as they and they accumulate mutations, other |
|
| 60:04 | You wanna just get them out of population, they're no good. So |
|
| 60:06 | the apoptosis is the textbook definition is program cell death, right? So |
|
| 60:13 | a, it's a the natural thing occurs, but you can have processes |
|
| 60:17 | induce it to occur and this is way to do it. OK? |
|
| 60:24 | When you get, if you've got sunburn and you turn red, your |
|
| 60:29 | is turned red and eventually the skin off, that's essentially apoptosis. Your |
|
| 60:35 | is getting rid of those sun damaged cells because they've mutated, get them |
|
| 60:41 | . And so you, you induce cells to undergo apoptosis. OK. |
|
| 60:47 | uh back to this MH CCS So if um one who gets a |
|
| 60:59 | tissue graft uh receives uh an organ , what have you, you will |
|
| 61:06 | an analysis of these molecules between donor recipient. OK? You have um |
|
| 61:17 | are what we call self antigens. think of it as a barcode them |
|
| 61:32 | your own selves. OK? Like zip code, so to speak. |
|
| 61:37 | . So if you come outside the code, then you're gonna see this |
|
| 61:42 | seen as something that's not supposed to there. OK? You wanna get |
|
| 61:47 | of it. So that kind of sets up the, the an |
|
| 61:50 | for example, would not have a non self engine would not have |
|
| 61:57 | right barcode. So your body goes doesn't match, let's do something, |
|
| 62:02 | get rid of it. OK? , and you have to have something |
|
| 62:05 | that in place. So how else you gonna know if you're being infected |
|
| 62:09 | something that's not supposed to be there you have a system in place that |
|
| 62:15 | your cells, tissues as your right? That's what these do. |
|
| 62:20 | . So the basic surface cell surface , glycoproteins, OK? Of a |
|
| 62:28 | specific sequence. OK. And um these are heritable. So you can |
|
| 62:35 | that you're gonna have self engines very to siblings, parents, right? |
|
| 62:42 | the whole basis for you know, typing or matching up tissues in a |
|
| 62:48 | recipient kind of scenario. OK. When somebody needs a kidney, who |
|
| 62:52 | you look to first a brother or , parent, family member, |
|
| 62:56 | So more close, closer in terms self. OK. Um So what |
|
| 63:03 | different class, there are two classes . OK. So I always start |
|
| 63:07 | the second class because that's the smallest , it only has three types, |
|
| 63:11 | ? Macrophages, dendritic cells, B , OK. Mh C class |
|
| 63:17 | So these are all antigen presenting OK. Um So this works with |
|
| 63:26 | T cells, recognize class two. also have T cells that recognize MH |
|
| 63:40 | class one. OK. And so are what we call cytotoxic T |
|
| 63:47 | We'll talk about this next time. don't worry so much about it |
|
| 63:50 | but this is where it comes Uh you have what are called helper |
|
| 63:55 | cells that work with those types. ? So it kind of sets up |
|
| 64:03 | different differentiation between the T cell functions . OK. And so, and |
|
| 64:09 | actually look for infected cells. So of toxic T cells look for infected |
|
| 64:18 | , kind of like how the natural cells do it just a different |
|
| 64:22 | Ok. And so nucleated mammalian right? That's basically your body cells |
|
| 64:34 | art A B cell, dendritic cell macrophage. Ok. And are not |
|
| 64:42 | red blood cell, red blood cells have a nucleus, OK? And |
|
| 64:47 | blood cells have their own system, ? The A bo the A bo |
|
| 64:51 | system, that's the self engines for blood cells, right? For everything |
|
| 64:58 | , it's this system, the MH system. OK. So this diagram |
|
| 65:06 | is showing you just a cell, M ac ays the surface. |
|
| 65:11 | Um And again, work with different of T cells, right? So |
|
| 65:15 | example, if you have a skin , a liver cell, a a |
|
| 65:24 | uh uh a a neuron, you know, name any kind of |
|
| 65:30 | cell other than a red blood cell infected, right? Then it's possible |
|
| 65:36 | T cell type here could recognize it get rid of it, right? |
|
| 65:42 | remember this is the guy, these deal with infect cells, right? |
|
| 65:50 | pathogens, right? And so um can be virus infected, right? |
|
| 65:58 | are lacking, right? Lacking M . So you don't see them on |
|
| 66:02 | surface, but it's not a hard fast rule, not all virus infected |
|
| 66:09 | will do this. Some do some . Ok. So, um, |
|
| 66:15 | , but, but you do, can't recognize some of these and you |
|
| 66:17 | get rid of it. Ok. cancerous cells may have changes. |
|
| 66:24 | So, uh in fact, big of study right now is to, |
|
| 66:30 | to stimulate your immune system cells to recognize cancerous cells that are affected like |
|
| 66:37 | . Ok. And use your immune to better attack those those cancerous cell |
|
| 66:43 | because not all cancerous cells will do either. OK. So, uh |
|
| 66:48 | again, dealing with different types of . OK. Um Any questions about |
|
| 66:54 | MH C molecules like your self OK. The thing that is your |
|
| 66:59 | code for your cells. OK. All right, lymphatic tissue. |
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| 67:08 | So this um the system of vessels associated with your blood vessels. Um |
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| 67:20 | come together at certain parts of your in very dense structures like armpits growing |
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| 67:30 | uh tonsils, for example, in spleen are very dense areas of lymphatic |
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| 67:36 | and full of full of the cell you see here. OK. And |
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| 67:42 | those cells, cell types in those tissues come into contact with um air |
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| 67:50 | breathe, for example, in your , right? You can have this |
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| 67:53 | tissue there. Um food you ingest into your intestine, you have your |
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| 67:59 | has layers of these areas of these lymphatic tissues, right? And so |
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| 68:04 | cells there can deal with any pathogens may be present. So things you |
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| 68:09 | ingest, et cetera can be dealt that. They're in your blood, |
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| 68:13 | goes through your spleen cells in Lymphatic tissue can, can protect against |
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| 68:19 | . So, uh it's a vital . You have your lymphatic system. |
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| 68:25 | um from another standpoint, your blood are, is exchange of material |
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| 68:43 | Ok? So nutrients come in, comes out and so that fluid that |
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| 68:52 | , we call it interstitial fluid, ? But it represents fluid that's |
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| 68:58 | lost from your blood cells or from , from your blood and you wanna |
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| 69:03 | that, ok? And so you to collect that material, ok? |
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| 69:12 | it travels basically through muscle contractions. blood vessel arteries of course, pump |
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| 69:20 | well um or contract and that kind action moves it along. They kind |
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| 69:26 | feel dump, dumps back in your up here around your collar bone on |
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| 69:32 | side, collects back and dumps back the blood vessel, ok. So |
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| 69:36 | how you kind of maintain your blood , ok? But again, lymphatic |
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| 69:41 | is gonna have a lot of these types here of the skin and in |
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| 69:53 | intestinal wall. So here for tires patches, right? These purple |
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| 70:03 | , ok? Or where this dense tissue is at, ok? And |
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| 70:10 | kind of show you a different view what they do is they will collect |
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| 70:19 | . All right on these M cells on the other side, you'll have |
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| 70:25 | , et cetera that will absorb Ok. So it's a way |
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| 70:29 | to, to round up, so speak these potential pathogens. Ok. |
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| 70:36 | And you have it in your skin well. Skin areas of your skin |
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| 70:38 | the same kind of areas to, uh deal with um, pathogens as |
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| 70:44 | . Ok. Um, ok. , oh, I think we're just |
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| 70:52 | done here. So let's, let's, that's a good place to |
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| 70:56 | actually. Figure, is there any so you can come up? Uh |
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| 71:02 | can let you know, uh talk you. Uh We'll see you all |
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| 71:06 | time. Pick it up with |
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