| 00:07 | Okay, wow. Yeah. Okay , um I just wanna mention one |
|
| 00:38 | only because I got an email right class, um if you're in here |
|
| 00:48 | a clicker or mobile app. Um do check that you were seeing |
|
| 00:54 | points, so because the email was to use my clicker all semester and |
|
| 00:59 | realized I'm not saying you're great on . Okay. So um do |
|
| 01:05 | Alright, if uh that issue is a me issue because I'm just upload |
|
| 01:11 | automatically with a button push from the point site to blackboard, so that's |
|
| 01:16 | issue of registration or something. All , so you can go in person |
|
| 01:24 | see BB building which is actually close here um that they have a |
|
| 01:28 | support person or persons there, so you need to get that fixed |
|
| 01:34 | So it doesn't mean that your points not there is just if you're not |
|
| 01:41 | or or have a subscription, it's going to be uploaded. Um so |
|
| 01:49 | know, again, just check back and make sure you're seeing your points |
|
| 01:53 | ? If not run the Cbb not today, there will be closed |
|
| 01:57 | the time we're done, but tomorrow least. So, uh let's see |
|
| 02:02 | else, um what is the, did you have for lunch today? |
|
| 02:10 | . They didn't have any electrons in . No electrons to supply your how |
|
| 02:13 | alive, you have stuff stored, ? We can use that. |
|
| 02:23 | so um Alright, uh usual So bike board quiz opens tomorrow. |
|
| 02:32 | smart work. Uh we're gonna finish , well we're gonna we're gonna have |
|
| 02:37 | little bit left because I'm just gonna on pace with what the Tuesday thursday |
|
| 02:42 | doing. And we finished at if look at look at the notes, |
|
| 02:48 | metabolism of aromatic compounds, we're not to get to that today, it's |
|
| 02:52 | fairly brief but we'll do that Monday then start with chapter 14 um likely |
|
| 03:00 | it all up next week. So then we'll have when it comes to |
|
| 03:05 | break, Then we come back that the 21st. That's one of those |
|
| 03:12 | days. And so anything left over You know, the part two will |
|
| 03:17 | up so it likely won't be a class, I'm I'm assuming. And |
|
| 03:22 | then the exam is later that Okay, so you've got a pretty |
|
| 03:27 | , you know, chunk of time between the end of next week and |
|
| 03:32 | an exam is to, you study and you know, you have |
|
| 03:36 | questions about unit two? Certainly uh me know. So we're only covering |
|
| 03:42 | of the three chapters this time. So anyway uh the so let's go |
|
| 03:50 | uh I just kind of put together of the things we talked about last |
|
| 03:55 | . Okay, so so kind of and so we're looking at the beginnings |
|
| 04:01 | so 13 and 14 And really the part of unit three Okay covers |
|
| 04:09 | Okay, so how you know specifically terms of how life obviously we're focused |
|
| 04:17 | precarious, but of course it's applicable all living things how um food was |
|
| 04:24 | in how energy is is uh it available to produce from that we can |
|
| 04:33 | so we of course are aerobic aspire okay. That's what us mammals |
|
| 04:40 | Um we can do some fermentation in muscles. Okay. Um but uh |
|
| 04:47 | course precarious have very diverse range of . So we're focusing 1st and 13 |
|
| 04:54 | on metabolism as it relates to um crops, right? Like us alright |
|
| 05:00 | complex organic molecules, breaking them down getting energy from them. Okay. |
|
| 05:08 | um and so the term delta, talked about delta G last time, |
|
| 05:13 | of that as kind of the the that can be used to do stuff |
|
| 05:16 | do work um whether it's carrying out reactions moving a flagellum uh maintaining a |
|
| 05:26 | , right? These are all forms energy. Okay? And so um |
|
| 05:33 | terms positive and negative DELTA G. ? So this concept of combining a |
|
| 05:41 | releasing process negative delta G. To energy requiring process positive delta. |
|
| 05:50 | happens all the time. It's how how things can can happen. That's |
|
| 05:55 | reaction can go that wouldn't go Okay. And so um the the |
|
| 06:03 | and so we kind of focused on you know, a lot of stuff |
|
| 06:06 | threw at you last time. What see in the slide here diagram at |
|
| 06:10 | bottom there. Um We're gonna go those things in a little bit more |
|
| 06:15 | but explain a little more explanation on of the parts. So this part |
|
| 06:20 | talk about proton motive force right? later on next week or next week |
|
| 06:29 | a little bit about electron transport So we look at look at the |
|
| 06:31 | parts individually in a little more but overall I just get an overall |
|
| 06:37 | of how this thing fits together. , so again, we're looking at |
|
| 06:43 | is reparation. Okay, it's a of energy production is through oxidative phosphor |
|
| 06:51 | . Okay, so these two things tied to each other go hand in |
|
| 06:56 | , respiration. Oxidative fermentation just like fermentation wouldn't would not be go hand |
|
| 07:04 | hand with that. Okay, fermentation energy in a different way. |
|
| 07:09 | Or in a in a in a http producing way. Let's put it |
|
| 07:17 | way. Okay, we'll talk about and a little bit and so uh |
|
| 07:23 | with with this process it's sustaining, a proton gradient. Okay, because |
|
| 07:30 | that is a negative delta G. , as it goes down its |
|
| 07:37 | Right? Making a tps is a delta G. Okay to make them |
|
| 07:44 | the ADP that takes energy. And protons going down, we can couple |
|
| 07:48 | together. Okay, proton gradient. going down https or http. That |
|
| 07:57 | release is used to produce a Tps in itself requires energy. So we're |
|
| 08:01 | these two things together. Um the pumping of protons out is actually a |
|
| 08:11 | delta G process that it's an active active transport. We're pushing protons from |
|
| 08:19 | to high concentration. Okay. That energy. And so the energy comes |
|
| 08:23 | electron transfers which is a negative delta . So again, coupling these two |
|
| 08:28 | , right, transfer of electrons um energy. And that could be used |
|
| 08:34 | and that is used to pump protons . So uh remember that The thing |
|
| 08:40 | keep sustaining this has a couple of . Right? It's all about |
|
| 08:45 | Okay. Um and maintain that We have to have a source of |
|
| 08:52 | . Okay. So remember the It's not So think about it. |
|
| 08:57 | keep it simple banana. Right? banana can be an electron source. |
|
| 09:00 | right. But the banana is not to come down and fiddle with the |
|
| 09:05 | transport chain and give electrons to it first to break down that banana right |
|
| 09:11 | to individual molecules that then go to . And then it's those, you |
|
| 09:16 | , banana has lots of carbs. assume, different types of sugars and |
|
| 09:21 | . Those are the molecules that will broken down Okay. Oxidized. |
|
| 09:27 | And then in the process of doing will generate these. So these are |
|
| 09:32 | actual molecules interacting with electron transport chain they're not the source. Right? |
|
| 09:38 | source is this? It's our Okay. But it's the the the |
|
| 09:44 | carriers that are formed as a result this source being oxidized. They're the |
|
| 09:48 | that actually interact with the components Okay. And so um so it's |
|
| 09:54 | uh reduced compound becomes oxidized oxidized compound reduced. And so you see here |
|
| 10:03 | source initially reduced becomes oxidized, N D becomes reduced as it picks up |
|
| 10:09 | electrons and then becomes an nth becomes as it gives up those electronic electronic |
|
| 10:15 | chain. So these all alternative, know you never have in reduction without |
|
| 10:18 | oxidation and vice versa. Okay. her hand in hand. And so |
|
| 10:24 | then again the flow. Right so have a source of electrons feeding this |
|
| 10:29 | electron carriers. Then we have an right? That will that's this is |
|
| 10:37 | be the the accept reform. Is one the oxidized form? Okay, |
|
| 10:42 | up electrons. So think of a form a molecule as being electron rich |
|
| 10:48 | of electrons. Right. Oxidized form electron poor. Right so it's capable |
|
| 10:54 | receiving electrons. Okay so you're more forms are what will what will be |
|
| 10:59 | except er and so you're gonna put molecule at the end there. That's |
|
| 11:02 | super duper electron grab it. Um An auction is one of those |
|
| 11:08 | anaerobic respiration nitrate is one of Okay so it helps. That's what |
|
| 11:12 | the flow going. So you have on this side components on this side |
|
| 11:18 | here. Okay. On the That are more better at giving up |
|
| 11:24 | as we progress to the right More and more. They're better except |
|
| 11:31 | better grabbers of electronic welcome. And so that those features maintained float |
|
| 11:38 | enables to float occur and sustained approach Grady which sustains an ADP production. |
|
| 11:45 | ? So you're you're forming and your formula https and hide rising a DPS |
|
| 11:52 | of times. Okay, while you're there and so of course you need |
|
| 11:57 | keep supplying that right through the food eat or you stored right, mobilize |
|
| 12:02 | too metabolized, oxidize it and keep going. Okay. So um so |
|
| 12:10 | then identification of certain metabolic types We can look over here at the |
|
| 12:17 | organic inorganic, that's your head. trophy wife. Um little trophy |
|
| 12:24 | Okay, um a little trophy. if it's using an inorganic source, |
|
| 12:31 | will still have these these same components . It'll have electron transport chain proton |
|
| 12:38 | and etcetera etcetera. Okay, It's the the energy sources of inorganic versus |
|
| 12:43 | . Okay, um and then on side of course is looking at the |
|
| 12:50 | er internal accepted tells you every Okay, now everything you see |
|
| 12:58 | uh none, none of which, of what you see there applies to |
|
| 13:05 | . Okay, um the uh there electron source for fermentation of course. |
|
| 13:15 | . And it doesn't involve N A N A D. H. But |
|
| 13:20 | doesn't involve a terminal accepted. It involve electrons. None of this |
|
| 13:25 | 80%. Okay, completely different Okay, so, um, so |
|
| 13:35 | , we're gonna go through this and it's kind of starting to sink |
|
| 13:38 | But if not, we're gonna keep happiness in different ways. Uh, |
|
| 13:43 | rest today and next week. um, but at this point, |
|
| 13:48 | any questions. Okay. Yeah, don't know what it's called. All |
|
| 13:59 | , mm hmm. Yeah, you get that one too. Hmm, |
|
| 14:04 | , yep. And I kind of go to that view when we get |
|
| 14:10 | 14. They're actually next on On monday. Well, I kind |
|
| 14:14 | president that part of it. But right. Yeah. Um Okay. |
|
| 14:20 | , again, it's gonna seem like very basic question. But judging by |
|
| 14:24 | response yesterday. Not to this but the next one that follows. |
|
| 14:29 | . It needs it needs to be needs to be put out there. |
|
| 14:32 | . So can diabolic process is just cellular respiration, release him. |
|
| 14:38 | Based on the information below, there's boxes you can assume the energy released |
|
| 14:44 | metabolism could be used for the purpose forming a Tps. So, is |
|
| 14:51 | a a accurate assumption or false And I understand this could be very |
|
| 15:05 | , but it is to make a . Mm hmm. Mhm. Good |
|
| 15:46 | . Will. Right. You can the energy released from metabolism could be |
|
| 15:51 | for the purpose of forming a Right, Okay, lets go |
|
| 16:05 | Okay. Alright, so let's look the next question and we'll come back |
|
| 16:12 | that. Okay, so here's the one and put in a couple of |
|
| 16:21 | that may help. So here a delta G. Metabolic process. Annapolis |
|
| 16:31 | is one that could be linked to teepee formation and your faults. Thank |
|
| 16:53 | . So, could be linked linked coupled to Okay, in conjunction with |
|
| 17:08 | , so it's not saying a positive is one that is a teepee |
|
| 17:14 | saying could be linked to that process be coupled to it. Okay. |
|
| 17:24 | . Mhm. Better than yesterday. was like almost 50 50. |
|
| 17:29 | so um Oh, I don't want . Alright, so um back to |
|
| 17:36 | first one. So certainly um having talked about it and showing the diagram |
|
| 17:42 | to this, that um that's you know, when you eat, |
|
| 17:47 | know, you're breaking down that food those molecules um that process releases |
|
| 17:56 | Right? And you use that to sustain that proton gradient to that then |
|
| 18:02 | you a bunch of bunches of Okay. So of course that's a |
|
| 18:06 | a true assumption. Okay, that a correct assumption. Um Now, |
|
| 18:14 | let's circle that the um the next . Positive delta G process. |
|
| 18:23 | so metabolism. Okay, let's start way. So uh so as it's |
|
| 18:31 | up here, it's just telling you that's what positive or negative DELTA |
|
| 18:36 | Right. It's negative delta G. , so, alright, so what |
|
| 18:45 | a teepee formation negative or positive DELTA . Right, okay. So again |
|
| 18:52 | these two things together. Okay, in this question All right, A |
|
| 19:01 | metabolic positive delta G metabolic processes. that could be linked to a teepee |
|
| 19:05 | . You just said a teepee formation what lt G. Okay. Does |
|
| 19:15 | make since then the with the metabolism to link that to that? |
|
| 19:25 | Why would you think of an anabolic ? You wouldn't want to link a |
|
| 19:30 | formation to that? It wouldn't just making it more positive delta G. |
|
| 19:36 | , so the energy release from this http hydraulics sis is what you would |
|
| 19:47 | to perhaps make them make the positive the process go okay. We had |
|
| 19:53 | question. No, not question. was uh we looked at the |
|
| 19:57 | you know, the ad activity activity of of reactions. Right? The |
|
| 20:02 | G. of one add to the G. Of another. If the |
|
| 20:06 | result is a negative delta G. then it's theoretically a process can |
|
| 20:10 | okay, so as written here, false. Yeah, a positive delta |
|
| 20:19 | . Process is one that would be to a teepee hydraulics. Sis. |
|
| 20:24 | . one makes the other go, . Um so let's look at more |
|
| 20:31 | at this diagram here. Okay, um Examples of catastrophes um and algorithms |
|
| 20:42 | starting on the left side 1st. where you're going to use as our |
|
| 20:49 | something? We'll see over and over . Okay. Not that. |
|
| 20:53 | Uh So psychologist and cell respiration. So complete breakdown of glucose test |
|
| 20:59 | 02 and water. Um The obviously breaking down larger, more complex organic |
|
| 21:07 | to simpler and products co two and . Okay. That will release |
|
| 21:14 | Jack. Now the role of a . Right. So we have anabolic |
|
| 21:21 | . Alright. Can be making Making making D. N. |
|
| 21:26 | Right DNA replication is an anabolic process you're building something. Taking smaller units |
|
| 21:32 | putting it into to make a bigger . Okay so that's a process that |
|
| 21:38 | require energy input. Okay so the between these two metabolism metabolism it's often |
|
| 21:47 | exclusively but often is a teepee. . And whether it's an embolism Orca |
|
| 21:53 | ism he believes is always a part well but a teepee. Right? |
|
| 22:00 | ADP and phosphate to form a TPS energy. Okay. Energy can come |
|
| 22:07 | the release you get from metabolism. And there we go. Okay this |
|
| 22:14 | what we saw in the diagram. . We had um proton maintaining a |
|
| 22:19 | gradient protons go down their gradient release that's coupled to make a teepee. |
|
| 22:26 | ? Um then these can be used do to help out anabolic processes and |
|
| 22:33 | them go because they require energy. so ADP hydraulics releases energy that can |
|
| 22:42 | that process go okay so that's how T. P. Is kind of |
|
| 22:48 | something called the energy currency if you kind of a corny term but but |
|
| 22:53 | cycles between you know hide realizing at . And forming at PS. One |
|
| 22:58 | takes energy to do it. Um formation their hydraulic sis releases energy. |
|
| 23:05 | again you're forming and reforming ATP's um of times a second while you're sitting |
|
| 23:12 | . Right? Especially your brain Brain tissue is the most energy using |
|
| 23:17 | in your body. Okay constantly going A. T. P. |
|
| 23:20 | Okay. Um Any questions? Yeah they calculated it. There is |
|
| 23:30 | static I sure they have but I know for sure. I mean what |
|
| 23:39 | used in in in And Selves measuring p. is ADP ADP ratios. |
|
| 23:47 | so typically a healthy healthy functioning cell like a 1.5 ratio of 80 |
|
| 23:54 | t. a. d. And so when that kind of changes |
|
| 23:58 | can sense that to kind of ramp metabolic processes and stuff like that. |
|
| 24:02 | don't have to answer your question. that's that's kind of my knowledge of |
|
| 24:07 | . But so your question specifically. not sure. But I wouldn't be |
|
| 24:12 | . Yeah. Question the last questions was talking about. Let's see this |
|
| 24:24 | . Okay I guess the question was so asking like what would. |
|
| 24:38 | Right. That's exactly what I Well the question was up there. |
|
| 24:41 | kept saying coupled to link to. exactly. And I said it doesn't |
|
| 24:47 | it's it is it's linked to. yeah, couple linked to couple to |
|
| 24:55 | insert your favorite. Okay. So you're saying is it's not that |
|
| 25:01 | but it's something related. Yeah. one that could be linked to, |
|
| 25:07 | ? When you're doing one here and there, you're coupling them. You're |
|
| 25:11 | them. You're I don't know how to say it. If somebody else |
|
| 25:14 | say it better. Let me Please. Please that. How is |
|
| 25:23 | not linked to? Or a couple ? Um yeah, I I guess |
|
| 25:34 | don't know how you can interpret linked make the leap. That's saying it |
|
| 25:39 | a teepee formation that I can't I see that. All right. |
|
| 25:48 | Yeah. So, let's read this a million times before you go to |
|
| 25:51 | tonight, linked to coupled to I'll think of some other ones. |
|
| 25:59 | , um All right. Is there other questions? Yeah, mm |
|
| 26:04 | Um okay. So, okay, , let's go to this question. |
|
| 26:11 | is so since uh, you we're doing nothing but redox reactions pretty |
|
| 26:18 | in respiration. Uh, fermentation, . Uh let's make sure we understand |
|
| 26:29 | . Okay, so, which is regarding this redox reaction. Okay. |
|
| 26:34 | common one. Um and this is a fermentation process. This is what |
|
| 26:44 | on in your muscles. Right. they're fatigued using lactic acid. Um |
|
| 26:52 | in biological reactions, it's although in electron transport chain components are of course |
|
| 27:00 | naked electrons if you will And reactions this, it's very often that it's |
|
| 27:06 | . Alright, so hydrogen is equal course to one proton. When electrons |
|
| 27:10 | transferring hydrogen, you're transferring electrons as . Mhm. So that that question |
|
| 27:36 | linked to a couple too. I I'm gonna do is that there's a |
|
| 27:40 | like that on the exam. I'm put it in parentheses, you |
|
| 27:45 | couple to link to write in So you don't misinterpret because it's a |
|
| 27:51 | a the pain in the butt when know what the you know the |
|
| 27:55 | But then that trips you up. , so yeah, exactly. |
|
| 28:13 | Okay. Alright. So if you to be you are correct. |
|
| 28:22 | Yes. Okay. Um Alright, a couple of things you can |
|
| 28:29 | The the transfer of electrons. You the molecule box here and then lactate |
|
| 28:36 | here. We've added electrons there. definition uh Michael accepts electrons becomes |
|
| 28:46 | Right? So pirates becoming reduced in process uh and A D. |
|
| 28:52 | Up here. Okay, electrons are their electrons here being transferred to power |
|
| 29:03 | and then we have an A. . H. Okay, so any |
|
| 29:07 | oxidized private reduced. So a couple things um like for example, D |
|
| 29:12 | it says D lactate is oxidized. , so both lactate in this reaction |
|
| 29:18 | N A. D. Are simply end products of the reaction there. |
|
| 29:24 | oxides are reduced. And so they're the end products of this reduction |
|
| 29:29 | The reduction of pirate bait and products this through the occupation of N. |
|
| 29:34 | . D. H. D. products in A. B. |
|
| 29:37 | It so you don't so don't say in this. Okay for example um |
|
| 29:46 | I just want to make that point some people think that. Okay but |
|
| 29:51 | not the case. Okay so um okay so let's look at a little |
|
| 30:01 | about energy capture so again electrons or represent energy of course and capture |
|
| 30:09 | That is a potential energy. We do something with it when we saw |
|
| 30:14 | know that that can be used to gradient and then get energy from |
|
| 30:19 | So in the reaction we'll see time again it's glucose plus oxygen to give |
|
| 30:25 | two and water. There's a lot energy. Okay uh just remember that |
|
| 30:30 | course glucose is always the example for things. But you can insert thousands |
|
| 30:35 | different sugars, uh lipids, what you into that slot. All of |
|
| 30:41 | geometry will change. It will still to see. Okay and lots of |
|
| 30:48 | . So in terms of oxidation So you can see of course the |
|
| 30:54 | here representatives H. Right are no in C. 02. Obviously they've |
|
| 31:03 | two oxygen. So you see the of water often reduced to water. |
|
| 31:11 | um now the uh chemically right looking the chemical formula chemical structure. So |
|
| 31:23 | glucose molecule here has related energy by it energy is in these bonds. |
|
| 31:31 | , so if we take off some these electrons, okay we will then |
|
| 31:38 | that a series of steps. So black colossus it's a pyre of eight |
|
| 31:44 | one of those molecules that's you one of the fork in the |
|
| 31:48 | If you will. Okay get the bait then you can go a couple |
|
| 31:52 | different routes to fermentation or respiration. that that part of black colossus is |
|
| 31:58 | uh is actually what sustains um it's fermentation actually realize on this part. |
|
| 32:08 | , it's it's a way of making , right? It doesn't have the |
|
| 32:11 | of it. The um so certainly carriers are important and the main ones |
|
| 32:16 | in A. D. For the part but F. A. |
|
| 32:19 | H. To some degree. Um of course the in this represents metabolism |
|
| 32:28 | as we go to C. so C. 02 is very |
|
| 32:31 | Okay, you cannot break down 02 to further products. Okay. |
|
| 32:38 | you can only use it as a block. Okay. And that's what |
|
| 32:42 | autotrophs would do is take that and it up into larger, more complex |
|
| 32:49 | molecules it needs. Right? So an apple is um Okay so that's |
|
| 32:54 | uphill climb which of course means lots energy and you can see you |
|
| 32:59 | all the bonds that have to form do that, you can take a |
|
| 33:04 | amount of energy to do that. , so if you look at glucose |
|
| 33:08 | , glucose compared to SEO too, know, all those, all |
|
| 33:14 | It's not showing like the bond angles things. Remember that. You |
|
| 33:17 | you have electron clouds around these atoms creating repulsion negative charges that create different |
|
| 33:24 | bond angles. But it does represent an unstable molecule full of potential |
|
| 33:30 | Right, glucose does. Um And that is what we capture when we |
|
| 33:36 | it, producing these electron carriers that then get energy from. Okay, |
|
| 33:41 | SEO to write very stable. And two it takes a lot of |
|
| 33:49 | to put into that process to to it up into a larger model. |
|
| 33:54 | . Um so it may seem on that, you know the glucose to |
|
| 33:59 | to that that co two fixation is the reverse of of black costs. |
|
| 34:06 | so respiration. It's it's not it's completely different components involved, et |
|
| 34:11 | Uh and certainly in terms of Okay, so um let's see. |
|
| 34:19 | , so a couple of things. so electron carrier is obviously important in |
|
| 34:24 | process of oxidation. Um and reduction and so just one point here on |
|
| 34:31 | A D. Agh when it is electrons, it's always drawn and kind |
|
| 34:39 | written in that kind of a formula you have the end product being in |
|
| 34:43 | D. H plus H. And so the reason for that is |
|
| 34:48 | portion that is involved in the in electron um acceptance appear in the box |
|
| 34:57 | this kind of chemistry where um So hydrogen is equated to electrons and |
|
| 35:04 | But the ring connect in the ring the in the market can accommodate both |
|
| 35:10 | . Okay so both electrons will be here and so there's a property called |
|
| 35:16 | residents. Okay that the electrons can around in that ring but it can |
|
| 35:22 | accommodate one of the hydrogen. there's two. Right. Only one |
|
| 35:28 | those is able to fit in there then the remaining one is out here |
|
| 35:35 | it doesn't become part of the molecule instead it's just a proton. Okay |
|
| 35:39 | hence the term in A. H. Plus H. Okay. |
|
| 35:44 | but again in A. D. universal. Universal among all living things |
|
| 35:48 | it's universal electron carrier. Like T. P. S. A |
|
| 35:52 | kind of energy molecule as well. But of course participates in lots of |
|
| 35:59 | redox reactions. Okay, now, generating 80 P. So three basic |
|
| 36:07 | you mentioned. He's already kind of Um the part of the most Basic |
|
| 36:13 | is a substrate level phosphor relation. . Um you simply it occurs in |
|
| 36:21 | couple of steps in the process. look at it like causes and |
|
| 36:26 | Um but you have a phosphor related and it's simply just hands off the |
|
| 36:31 | to ADP to make a teepee and it. Nothing more complicated than |
|
| 36:36 | Okay. It is how a fermenting produces energy. Okay. Is through |
|
| 36:43 | through this mechanism. Okay. Um other two weeks we mentioned oxidative foster |
|
| 36:51 | . Right? That diagram we saw . Um the involving you know obviously |
|
| 36:57 | comparison is a substrate level false Much more complex. Okay, involving |
|
| 37:03 | uh membrane involving proton gradient involving a and etcetera electron transport chain all these |
|
| 37:11 | . Okay. But you do get much larger quantity of HTTPS compared to |
|
| 37:18 | we see in fermentation using substrate level relation. Okay. And so um |
|
| 37:25 | fox relation has has these same Okay. Except it's light. That's |
|
| 37:33 | driving force. Okay. It has produces a proton grading. It has |
|
| 37:39 | transport chain, it has an T. P. S. It's |
|
| 37:42 | that light is what's the driving Okay. So for the false correlation |
|
| 37:47 | oxidative false correlation, mechanistic lee and components are the same. Okay. |
|
| 37:56 | now we'll see when we compare different forms of respiration and fermentation which |
|
| 38:05 | they compare energetically in terms of amount produced. Okay. That we'll see |
|
| 38:11 | . Okay, so here's a table shows different carbon sources left. Okay |
|
| 38:20 | and those carbon sources being oxidized with um terminal acceptance. Okay, oxygen |
|
| 38:29 | nitrate or via fermentation in one Okay. So of course what we're |
|
| 38:36 | here is looking at different carbon sources our flask are medium and we're gonna |
|
| 38:40 | gonna lead to production themselves over. , and remember the term biomass agency |
|
| 38:46 | biomass up here. This is simply of living material that's present in that |
|
| 38:51 | that growth medium. Okay. Of , represented by cells that have |
|
| 38:55 | Okay, so um so the I this kind of basic diagram a lot |
|
| 39:03 | to kind of show the respiration Right? So this would be a |
|
| 39:09 | here electron transport chain. We have source and an acceptance. So, |
|
| 39:12 | terms of the table, Alright, here is the source of electrons carbon |
|
| 39:18 | electron source and then the oxidant. an oxidant gets reduced. Right? |
|
| 39:23 | these will become reduced oxygen, water to nitrite. Okay, um and |
|
| 39:30 | of course blue represents aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and green fermentation. |
|
| 39:38 | so fermentation has certainly a electron source in this case, but just know |
|
| 39:45 | accepted. And that's why it's Okay, uh and of course it's |
|
| 39:50 | that reason anaerobic. Okay, so so we look at uh ethanol because |
|
| 39:58 | is represented in each type. So here and here and here. |
|
| 40:09 | , so we have a representative for respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation using |
|
| 40:15 | as a source. Okay, so one thing that is glaring speaks right |
|
| 40:20 | you is the energy output of right? Compared to respiration whether anaerobic |
|
| 40:29 | is the body. Okay, because that energy production equates directly to |
|
| 40:36 | how much how much biomass you'll Okay so with uh so you see |
|
| 40:41 | biomass yield of 3.5 g per mole ethanol compared to in the mid twenties |
|
| 40:48 | respiration. It's just simply a fact how much https you get with each |
|
| 40:53 | . Right? And so that equates to more growth or less protect. |
|
| 40:59 | So then the other thing to see that aerobic and anaerobic respiration can be |
|
| 41:08 | similar. Okay, um aerial respiration wins. Okay but it doesn't always |
|
| 41:17 | win by a big margin over anaerobic . So anaerobic respiration, it depends |
|
| 41:22 | the travel except er nitrates probably among best in terms of alternative to |
|
| 41:29 | Okay, but that can vary um uh you know, respiration in general |
|
| 41:36 | just good. Alright. Certainly more than fermentation in terms of energy |
|
| 41:40 | And the other thing is um if look now just at um within the |
|
| 41:48 | process, so aerobic respiration, you get ethanol versus glucose. Okay, |
|
| 41:54 | you see a almost threefold increase in over ethanol. Okay, so why |
|
| 42:03 | that be? I don't think this better than ethanol. Is there a |
|
| 42:10 | between because ethanol molecules my energy actually glucose molecule prepared to Vietnam right, |
|
| 42:20 | . C. Two H 402, C six H 12 0 two. |
|
| 42:30 | So you can put uh fat liquid even more. They theoretically could give |
|
| 42:35 | more more yield. But um but also issues with lipids dissolving in um |
|
| 42:44 | medium but we don't get into That's when you talk about that. |
|
| 42:47 | um but like a non paper exercise comparing carbon sources and size that there's |
|
| 42:55 | more energy in a bigger carbohydrate molecule example. Okay so um anyway the |
|
| 43:04 | I think what we have here. . Any questions? Alright so let's |
|
| 43:12 | over to part two which is basically cover getting kind of into the process |
|
| 43:18 | what causes so aspirations. So I to say that thank you Because I |
|
| 43:25 | to ask what do we know about causes and cell respiration. Right. |
|
| 43:29 | said you don't know that 60 plus are involved. Okay. It's more |
|
| 43:34 | stages. Right? As you see . Okay so certainly you should be |
|
| 43:38 | with these terms right? Somebody's our . Some of them are really just |
|
| 43:41 | of molecules. Okay. But you're to see them in the process of |
|
| 43:45 | we go through this. So first like colossus, what goes in what |
|
| 43:50 | out. Okay so you may find helpful also to kind of keep track |
|
| 43:55 | carbons. Right so six carbon glucose three carbon pyre of eight and actually |
|
| 44:01 | of those. Okay two of these then we get some energy um energy |
|
| 44:10 | a T. P. A. . H. And then um pirate |
|
| 44:15 | again. Is that fork in the ? Right so we go to fermentation |
|
| 44:19 | respiration. It all depends. There's some bacteria are strictly only for |
|
| 44:25 | . Some are much more versatile. coli can can ferment it can re |
|
| 44:30 | aerobically occurrence prior and aerobically. So can do all three. It all |
|
| 44:35 | on what is the environment they're Is aerobic anaerobic. Is it? |
|
| 44:40 | they have the right molecules to serve a terminal except er and so |
|
| 44:45 | Okay. Um And they can switch conditions change. They can switch from |
|
| 44:50 | to the other. Okay so um in fermentation, okay that remember gives |
|
| 44:58 | um we call it an incomplete We don't go to C. 02 |
|
| 45:02 | water we go to Molecules that still some energy left in them. So |
|
| 45:06 | small organic acids, alcohol, C. Four. Specifically the max |
|
| 45:12 | . So formic acid uh acetic acid . Nick acid, butyric acid, |
|
| 45:19 | kind of As big as they get . four. Um And you do |
|
| 45:24 | energy not as much but you do some 80 P. Para. |
|
| 45:29 | Does he look away? So she away two of these. OK uh |
|
| 45:34 | there's a two carbon molecule. So gonna lose some of the C. |
|
| 45:40 | in this stage here. Okay and and then the process from an Nth |
|
| 45:47 | silica way funnels into the Krebs Okay. Where we'll finally complete the |
|
| 45:54 | of glucose. We lose all the co two and then produce of course |
|
| 45:59 | energy. Okay. And then all these electron carriers here here and |
|
| 46:10 | We'll follow themselves down to the electron chain. Okay. That's when that's |
|
| 46:16 | sustains the proton gradient and the whole production. Okay, So again, |
|
| 46:23 | knowing these stages what goes in what out. Okay. And you |
|
| 46:28 | I have an idea of and that energy that's being produced. Okay, |
|
| 46:33 | hmm. Um All right. So start with glycol ISIS. Okay. |
|
| 46:42 | the pathway that we have all living have bacteria habit, but not all |
|
| 46:51 | are. Some have some different but the MBI is a historic ancient |
|
| 46:56 | . Um And so one of the is that it can be a sticking |
|
| 47:06 | because we've been saying, okay, calls this respiration is all metabolism its |
|
| 47:11 | release. Right? So, I use this analogy or example of |
|
| 47:20 | we are on top of the Okay. And here's our rock. |
|
| 47:25 | it can be glucose if you want to be. Okay. So remember |
|
| 47:30 | potential energy. Look at that as energy a molecule has as a result |
|
| 47:36 | its position or state. Okay. so up the top of the hill |
|
| 47:42 | to here. Right, There's more energy on the top of the hill |
|
| 47:47 | there's more capacity for it that caused . Right? You can roll |
|
| 47:52 | Right? I can be standing here go get splattered by the oncoming |
|
| 47:57 | Right. That's certainly creating causing Right? Compared to if it's down |
|
| 48:01 | bomb the Hillary. Okay, but even with that, so this |
|
| 48:06 | can be will be a negative delta right here. That that still needs |
|
| 48:16 | roll downhill. Okay, So you have to put in a little bit |
|
| 48:20 | energy. Okay, So I have go up here and wedge a two |
|
| 48:24 | four and here to get the ball . Okay, But once I do |
|
| 48:28 | get a surplus back. Right. I got a net energy formation even |
|
| 48:34 | I have to put in a little the same thing that happens in |
|
| 48:38 | Right, So the glucose is the investment. Okay, so we do |
|
| 48:42 | to put in a little bit of . Okay, And that has to |
|
| 48:46 | with kind of the inherent energy and glucose molecule uh to make a little |
|
| 48:52 | reactive, we have to basically pump up a little bit of energy, |
|
| 48:57 | to speak. Right, so that's a teepee comes in to do that |
|
| 49:01 | phosphate groups to it. Right to in the process. Right here and |
|
| 49:07 | . Okay, so um so as as it goes through and don't remember |
|
| 49:14 | memorize these these names. Ok, no glucose and no pirate bait. |
|
| 49:19 | , But um so we go through energy investment phase down to producing actually |
|
| 49:27 | of these glycerol 93 phosphates that then the start of the energy harvest |
|
| 49:33 | Okay, Because they're going to capture here. A net increase. |
|
| 49:40 | So a net of uh two https uh two and a th Okay, |
|
| 49:49 | couple of things about the pathway. one here here you're forming a |
|
| 49:58 | that's the substrate level of phosphor Okay, So you have a phosphor |
|
| 50:03 | is the donor? Okay. Um anaerobic. So um it doesn't uh |
|
| 50:12 | though oxygen may be present, of . Right. It doesn't use that |
|
| 50:16 | need that to be there for the . That does not have a requirement |
|
| 50:20 | oxygen. Okay, um the a , of course, that's all it |
|
| 50:27 | is glycol is is to to produce . Okay? Um so again, |
|
| 50:35 | little bit of energy investment in the , then we can get the ball |
|
| 50:38 | , so to speak, get a of energy back. Okay? And |
|
| 50:43 | occurs again. So you see, , you can kind of so at |
|
| 50:48 | bottom. Right? So now we're here. Right, so here's a |
|
| 50:53 | using the same analogy. Right, we got the ball rolling, negative |
|
| 50:57 | G. Okay. And we made teepee. But now look where we're |
|
| 51:06 | . Right, So here's para mate the bottom of the hill. |
|
| 51:12 | so now we actually have to pump beta. All right, you have |
|
| 51:16 | energize pirating and that's what the next is about as we'll see. |
|
| 51:21 | not yet because we're gonna go into but before we go into fermentation um |
|
| 51:27 | look at some a couple of alternative to the E. M. |
|
| 51:31 | So there there's what we just saw M. B. Pathway energy |
|
| 51:37 | The other two don't give quite as energy yield. But um one of |
|
| 51:42 | pathways called the E. D. . Number one. Most bacteria that |
|
| 51:52 | the E. D. Pathway and . We'll also have this okay this |
|
| 51:59 | typically their primary pathway that they use . M. B. Pathway but |
|
| 52:05 | can in certain times use that one well. Okay so the easy pathway |
|
| 52:11 | about metabolizing the sugar acids. Okay all they are is they have a |
|
| 52:17 | things like glucose for example have an hide group at the end. Right |
|
| 52:23 | the ch, oh okay. Make calvados sugar we call it okay group |
|
| 52:31 | the end. Makes it a sugar . Okay and those are processed a |
|
| 52:35 | bit differently. You can see sugar here are going to this intermediate gluconate |
|
| 52:41 | so forth. Um So what's the deal about that? Well that sugar |
|
| 52:48 | are plentiful in the mucosal secretions of intestine. Okay so actually the bacteria |
|
| 52:56 | have this pathway or things like Coli and other gut bacteria. Okay |
|
| 53:02 | so it enables them to use that sugar acids in in the gut as |
|
| 53:08 | carbon source where others may not be to do this unless they have the |
|
| 53:12 | . D. Pathway. Okay so provides an alternate way to to get |
|
| 53:17 | basically to get energy from a different but like I said of course those |
|
| 53:23 | have E. D. Typically also the BMP pathway as well. Okay |
|
| 53:29 | the third one is more for the of bio synthesis. So the pintos |
|
| 53:33 | shunt which we have as well is for bio synthetic purposes. Although in |
|
| 53:40 | of stress um where it needs to can get some energy from it But |
|
| 53:46 | primarily for making these different size You see 763 for carbon long that |
|
| 53:54 | were then used as building blocks to things like nucleotides um amino acids and |
|
| 54:00 | forth. Okay that's primarily what its is for. Okay. Um Okay |
|
| 54:08 | any questions? Okay. Alright so look at fermentation. Okay here's |
|
| 54:19 | And as you see by comparison it's much more complicated. Right So we've |
|
| 54:25 | through uh overview fashion this process. The like causes is what starts |
|
| 54:37 | Okay and then the fork in the . Right? So if we have |
|
| 54:41 | terminal except er so if oxygen is or other terminal except er and the |
|
| 54:48 | is capable of doing this then it go respiration of course much more energy |
|
| 54:54 | . Okay so involving you know, down into some kool aid and Krebs |
|
| 54:59 | and so forth. Okay but if a if it doesn't have a terminal |
|
| 55:04 | er and it can ferment well then is the wrapped, right? No |
|
| 55:09 | and wiggle fermentation. And so the a couple of things remember. So |
|
| 55:17 | look at fermentation. Remember what you . Right? You have black colossus |
|
| 55:22 | course. And what does glycol Asus like Alexis needs sugar. Okay. |
|
| 55:28 | needs I haven't drawing out the reactions ADP but ADP plus phosphate gives you |
|
| 55:37 | teepee. Right, so you need . All right. And you need |
|
| 55:41 | . A. D. Right? you need to be just simple summarize |
|
| 55:46 | here, glucose. Okay. Oh hmm. Okay. So the glucose |
|
| 55:59 | other sugar. Okay. N. . D. And ADP and |
|
| 56:05 | Okay. So assuming bacterium has the hole's pathway. And the enzymes you |
|
| 56:12 | these three things. Right? Glucose . D. A. ADP and |
|
| 56:17 | is not gonna be an issue. it's gonna have that, right? |
|
| 56:21 | as long as you're supplying some sort sugar using the example here, it |
|
| 56:25 | be lactose, sucrose, hundreds of things again, depending on the bacterial |
|
| 56:31 | and what it can do so, then you need to keep the supply |
|
| 56:35 | N. A. D. Going . Because remember if it's fermenting, |
|
| 56:40 | , these these any dhs will be , right? Normally they go to |
|
| 56:48 | transport chain. Right. Well if not respond firing then they're not being |
|
| 56:53 | in that way and they'll just build and if they build up and they're |
|
| 56:56 | being used then that those are the redox balance out of balance. |
|
| 57:01 | And so this will actually stop all . So you gotta keep regenerating and |
|
| 57:06 | D. H. Two N D. Right? Because again, |
|
| 57:11 | one of the three components to keep going right? Sugar, N A |
|
| 57:15 | . And a. Right. So keep that up then you'll produce a |
|
| 57:20 | . Right? So, I'm not that's what fermentation is about. |
|
| 57:25 | And so um so things like lactic fermentation, ethanol fermentation purposes. So |
|
| 57:32 | the these are reactions that occur to of eight for the purpose of regenerating |
|
| 57:38 | maybe. Okay. So uh but not a lot. Right. Compared |
|
| 57:44 | respiration, you don't get the same level of energy. Okay. So |
|
| 57:52 | I mean, you can see their of two https for each mole of |
|
| 57:57 | . Right? With respiration is like https way bigger difference. Okay, |
|
| 58:04 | let's look at a couple of Okay, so this is lactic acid |
|
| 58:11 | . Um and so you see, , here is the components we |
|
| 58:17 | Right, glucose ADP and phosphate and . A. D. Okay, |
|
| 58:23 | we've got to keep those supplied. so when we do the fermentation. |
|
| 58:28 | here's a cookie cookie question. so looking at the components. So |
|
| 58:34 | have three choices, Right? You a mm hmm. B see. |
|
| 58:44 | . So which one is oxidized Which one is being oxidized in this |
|
| 58:50 | ? Mhm. Mhm. Okay, again, what's being oxidized in this |
|
| 59:22 | ? Para bait. Agh or Okay. Yeah. So if you |
|
| 59:39 | this basically, this is a different of asking the same question we had |
|
| 59:43 | . Right. So, um so can follow the electrons here and |
|
| 59:55 | So parents being reduced in A. . H. Is being oxidized. |
|
| 60:00 | . D. H. D. . E. D. Okay, |
|
| 60:03 | um and so as long as those that reduction of pirate keeps occurring, |
|
| 60:09 | forming A D. That can go top to black colleges and keep the |
|
| 60:12 | rolling. Okay, so the next , I have A B. |
|
| 60:15 | But I'm not. It's not gonna a clicker questions. Just give me |
|
| 60:18 | shout out on this one. So alcohol fermentation pirate bait again. This |
|
| 60:25 | we're gonna discard box late to go to acid formaldehyde, which is a |
|
| 60:31 | carbon molecule and then A. H. From good colleges. So |
|
| 60:36 | , it's coming. What's it's what's here? Right. And uh we |
|
| 60:41 | methanol. Okay, so which What's reduced in this in this |
|
| 60:47 | This mhm. I remember something is reduced something green oxide at the same |
|
| 60:59 | . Okay. And right, he's reduced to ethanol and a B. |
|
| 61:06 | . Being oxidized. Okay, so B that's um being reduced. |
|
| 61:16 | so you can see here and Right, electrons being added to |
|
| 61:22 | Okay, so, um, so , the point of fermentation are um |
|
| 61:29 | regenerating the N. A. Right, That's what these additional reactions |
|
| 61:33 | pirates are about. Uh you know world of a fermenter um has a |
|
| 61:39 | of dilemmas in a way the low production means you can kind of limit |
|
| 61:45 | biomass levels, although you can get lot of growth from fermenters in conditions |
|
| 61:51 | you can um uh kind of minimize effect of the end product. That's |
|
| 61:58 | other thing that limits the fermenter, the organic acids and alcohols. State |
|
| 62:03 | and products can be inhibitory to Okay. And so uh in an |
|
| 62:09 | setting where you're growing these things and closed closed tank. Okay, you |
|
| 62:15 | you can face that issue. And but there are engineering ways to kind |
|
| 62:20 | take the liquid and kind of separate the two components of alcohol, for |
|
| 62:25 | , from the rest of the Um but you can also develop strains |
|
| 62:30 | that resistance that can that can handle levels of alcohol. So in the |
|
| 62:34 | industry There used to be the only like wine that was like 8-9% alcohol |
|
| 62:40 | . But they have since developed yeast that can that can handle high levels |
|
| 62:45 | alcohol. And now you can get that are upwards of I think almost |
|
| 62:49 | alcohol. Okay, so um so the easter back firm. Can you |
|
| 62:56 | that? Okay, um now fermentation can be, you know, it's |
|
| 63:03 | what the generally what causes cavities in mouth teeth. Right, ferment fermenting |
|
| 63:08 | creating acidity that kind of break down enamel on your teeth. Um |
|
| 63:15 | so fermentation. So now we're gonna into if you go from pyre bait |
|
| 63:20 | there is a terminal except er And the bacteria is capable. Now |
|
| 63:24 | can go to respiration. Okay, then we'll go from power of eight |
|
| 63:30 | a set of kuwait. Okay, I mentioned earlier that the analogy of |
|
| 63:35 | is glucose and we rolled down. put some energy and rolled downhill, |
|
| 63:40 | off energy. We've got energy Uh And now we're at the bottom |
|
| 63:45 | . So now we have to energize bait. Okay. And what we |
|
| 63:49 | for that purpose is introduced. This a molecule. Okay, so co |
|
| 63:56 | uh after written like Seiko it's actually sulfur molecule mm hmm. Like |
|
| 64:05 | Okay. Where there's a high Remember the squiggly line. Right? |
|
| 64:08 | see that A. T. Is a high energy body. |
|
| 64:11 | so this um so obviously a number a lot of these components involved in |
|
| 64:17 | that causes are many think vitamins are involved that you're you're familiar with like |
|
| 64:23 | B. One and B. Two are all involved in this process. |
|
| 64:28 | cho cho A is actually derived from acid which you may have seen on |
|
| 64:34 | cereal box label pentatonic acid goes to co a material. And uh so |
|
| 64:42 | we attach this portion into a right, that will energize it. |
|
| 64:48 | , so that's what we do in process is to to do that. |
|
| 64:52 | then the CO A C. The is what funnels into the T. |
|
| 64:57 | . A. Cycle. Or Krebs um also known as but in the |
|
| 65:02 | of forming a Sudoku way do produce energy and then th okay you do |
|
| 65:07 | card box late, you're going from to 2 carbon, so C. |
|
| 65:11 | is lost. Um But then this into, as I mentioned, the |
|
| 65:16 | cycle. Okay, so Krebs cycle one of those what's called a central |
|
| 65:23 | in metabolism. Okay, if you at a metabolic chart you would have |
|
| 65:28 | reason to but if you do you'll a little circle down in one corner |
|
| 65:33 | a bunch of arrows are going to and a bunch of arrows are going |
|
| 65:35 | from it. Okay, and that's Krebs cycle is one of those. |
|
| 65:39 | it's it supplies both to tabular ISm and apple is um okay, both |
|
| 65:46 | those uh beyond uh you know, that get that get oxidized and eventually |
|
| 65:53 | into here um proteins, fats, that are broken down for food, |
|
| 66:00 | funnel into the Krebs cycle, fats are broken down actually funnel in through |
|
| 66:06 | through here through a single core And uh so it is and of |
|
| 66:11 | many of these intermediates in the Krebs are building blocks to make things like |
|
| 66:16 | ties and so forth. Okay, like I said, it's a central |
|
| 66:20 | in metabolism. And so but you , for our purposes it's produces lots |
|
| 66:25 | energy. Okay? And so you see it in A. D. |
|
| 66:29 | . Formation. F. A. . H. To another electron carrier |
|
| 66:33 | a Tps. Remember this a teepee , it was one of those substrate |
|
| 66:38 | false relation ways to make. So now there's two ways to look at |
|
| 66:44 | production here. It's per going in you can look at as a per |
|
| 66:52 | post. Okay, So so remember for each glucose you eventually formed to |
|
| 66:59 | coa ways. Okay, so though each of you look away, it's |
|
| 67:05 | , two, three and A. . H. One F. |
|
| 67:09 | D. H. 18 ep if look at it as a per |
|
| 67:14 | Okay. It's just doubled right there twice through going through once. |
|
| 67:20 | So we doubled the number. And um uh so by this point the |
|
| 67:27 | of glucose is complete. So we've our C. 021. They're and |
|
| 67:32 | okay. And so uh the and what we're left with and well, |
|
| 67:39 | gonna write it here but don't worry it because we're gonna talk about it |
|
| 67:42 | time is we've accumulated six plus uh from here up here from para beta |
|
| 67:56 | . And then plus two from black . So we end up with +6789 |
|
| 68:01 | N. A. D. Okay And we have to F |
|
| 68:06 | T. H. Two. So these We're gonna funnel into uh electronic |
|
| 68:12 | chain. Okay. And we'll get I said paper like around theoretical yield |
|
| 68:18 | like 34 https through that. um now the complete oxidation of |
|
| 68:31 | So has mentioned we are I'm just here. Okay, so we've got |
|
| 68:43 | the overall process here and so it's stages, right? Like |
|
| 68:48 | Okay um pirate oxidation. Okay. C. A cycle. Okay. |
|
| 68:55 | then finally electron transport chain. so um capturing energy along the way |
|
| 69:02 | through substrate level phosphor relation here in and then through oxidative phosphor relation. |
|
| 69:11 | ? That's what these boxes are all . Electronic carriers here here in |
|
| 69:17 | Right. Ending up And the electron chain that's oxidative foster relations. |
|
| 69:23 | And so as a result, 34 vs 4. 30 40 pieces |
|
| 69:30 | oxidative false relations for by a substrate relation. So and so you can |
|
| 69:37 | how you're aspiring respiration mode is better a fermentation mode. For that reason |
|
| 69:41 | amount of air do you produce? , so um and so again, |
|
| 69:47 | only does this represent oxidative phosphor relation also respiration. Okay, so you |
|
| 69:54 | energy in respiration via oxidative false Okay but also as well through subject |
|
| 70:02 | false relation but just not as Okay, so um many questions |
|
| 70:10 | so let's look at a couple of and it will cover some. So |
|
| 70:17 | is kind of 11 type of question familiarize yourself with kind of the |
|
| 70:21 | right? So I said no, the stages, right? What goes |
|
| 70:24 | ? What comes out? So if had to guess here, what would |
|
| 70:28 | um away. Okay. So you a B. C. D. |
|
| 70:33 | . F. G. Choices? , one down here. Alright. |
|
| 71:17 | 2 1. Yeah, it is . Okay. These are a is |
|
| 71:27 | bait at this crop cycle. Of . Uh I'll let you this |
|
| 71:34 | You can let you figure out the of it. Okay, so one |
|
| 71:38 | one. Okay, so look at . Okay, looking for the true |
|
| 71:46 | . True statement. Okay. Mm . If there is one so read |
|
| 73:02 | , Okay Catch up and let me to go 321 all over the |
|
| 73:14 | Okay, that's uh I'm gonna say . We'll discuss it on monday. |
|
| 73:23 | . You gotta go to lab. got allowed to go to keep you |
|
| 73:26 | suspense for the next five days. do the question again on monday. |
|
| 73:32 | you have five days to see if like your answer. Thank you |
|
| 74:01 | |
|
