| 00:17 | What happened? Ok, folks, . Um I uh had my experience |
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| 00:54 | with the uh Houston transit system. , my wife's car needed work, |
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| 01:01 | she took my car and I took Houston Metro from West Houston just outside |
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| 01:07 | loop and then we just got off bus 10 minutes ago. So normally |
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| 01:13 | can just roll out of bed and talking about this stuff because I've done |
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| 01:15 | for so long. But even having that I need a few minutes to |
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| 01:19 | of like put a plan together in head. So that's what I've been |
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| 01:23 | on a five minute walk over So if I'm a little bit |
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| 01:28 | just bear with me. Um The trips themselves were ok. Just a |
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| 01:32 | in between, not syncing up, ? So, any who um |
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| 01:41 | exam next week? Ok. Uh scheduler, you know how the new |
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| 01:48 | works. Now, there was an issue with some folks, but |
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| 01:52 | think it's all been ironed out, least, I assume I haven't gotten |
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| 01:55 | emails since last week. So, but the point is uh sign up |
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| 02:01 | a time slot. Ok. Um , usual stuff. I haven't sent |
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| 02:08 | my email yet. I'll do that afternoon. Um Canvas quiz, smart |
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| 02:15 | . Uh This canvas quiz this week one of these unit quizzes, which |
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| 02:21 | just means uh more questions. It's um call it like a tune up |
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| 02:27 | exam one if you will. So gonna cover all the material from all |
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| 02:33 | chapters. So something like 20 five so questions will be on it, |
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| 02:38 | like that. Um, uh You more time, of course to complete |
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| 02:43 | as well. Um So that's coming Friday through Monday. And uh what |
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| 02:52 | ? Uh, the lecture for So that we start unit two next |
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| 02:59 | . So obviously that stuff's not in exam. Ok? Unit two stuff |
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| 03:05 | on exam two, right? So material for exam one ends Wednesday. |
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| 03:12 | . That's the end of unit Ok. Uh Today we're gonna go |
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| 03:17 | finish, we have to finish up 14 photo trophy and then we got |
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| 03:21 | do chapter five, which is just tiny section. There is a |
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| 03:26 | Ok. Uh We'll, we'll leave , likely the 20 the ecology stuff |
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| 03:33 | Wednesday. It's not that long but it's, uh, we can |
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| 03:38 | finish that in one period. So probably just, we'll do that on |
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| 03:42 | . Ok. So, um, else? Uh, any questions about |
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| 03:51 | ? Ok. All right. it was a lot of money |
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| 03:54 | Anybody won a lot of money. . OK. Um Let's see. |
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| 04:01 | . So let's uh we ended. we're in 14, right? So |
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| 04:07 | just recap real briefly here. Um in 14, right, we're going |
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| 04:13 | um 14 altogether is about respiration. right. The uh having electron transport |
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| 04:21 | feeding it with a, taking a and oxidizing it forming those N A |
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| 04:25 | S fa DH and those groups of transport chain, right? Electrons flow |
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| 04:30 | an acceptor that energy is used to protons protons to an A tp asap |
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| 04:36 | blah blah, right? So uh we s so when switching to litho |
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| 04:44 | , so remember that with restoration, ? It can be aerobic anaerobic, |
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| 04:48 | ? What's here at the end 02 something else, right? And we |
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| 04:52 | at focused on uh different N and nitrogen sulfur compounds in the context of |
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| 05:00 | respiration using N trait or sulfate or NS compounds, right? Uh that |
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| 05:08 | still, that was focused on anaerobic . So then we flipped to lit |
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| 05:17 | , right? Uh under litho tropy , you can put hydrogen atrophy, |
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| 05:23 | methano Genesis. OK. So litho is inorganic for so now we're going |
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| 05:31 | to the front, right? An source is oxidized electrons to feed electron |
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| 05:38 | chain. OK. So, because tropy can can occur both aerobically and |
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| 05:45 | . So you can match upfront in compounds and use those in aerobic or |
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| 05:52 | or anaerobically. OK. So the there is it's kind of what's, |
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| 05:58 | feeding and what's receiving and that those be different N and S compounds. |
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| 06:04 | remember it's what form is it, it a more reduced form full of |
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| 06:10 | that can be oxidized and give those source? Right? Or is it |
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| 06:15 | that's more oxidized and can receive Right. So think H two S |
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| 06:25 | , so four N, right? ammonia at the front, right? |
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| 06:31 | oxidize that electron uh the end nitrate nitrite press per fire for that, |
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| 06:37 | ? So just make sure you get think straight. OK. And so |
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| 06:45 | uh so next we go into photo , right? So are there any |
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| 06:50 | kind of about what I just, just said, OK. So it's |
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| 06:55 | , you know, a lot of me, I know you're sick of |
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| 06:58 | thing. OK. Guess what? gonna draw a little box here, |
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| 07:04 | ? And source uh acceptor, If you see that by now, |
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| 07:11 | know, when you see that you know it's coming, right? |
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| 07:14 | electron transfers, right? Proton pumping blah, blah, blah, |
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| 07:19 | It should be automatic by now when see that, right? So what's |
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| 07:23 | here? That's the truth organo trope you, OK. Litho troph, |
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| 07:30 | like you use in organic sources and 02 respiring breathing with 02 or something |
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| 07:37 | . OK. So um as we to photo trophy, OK. Let's |
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| 07:45 | we had this question at the And uh we already answered it. |
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| 07:51 | And you said e OK. And uh so the operative terms here, |
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| 07:57 | can grow when supplied an energy That's this carbon source. That's that |
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| 08:06 | ? And nitrate as acceptor, So that's basically H two right, |
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| 08:14 | that those electrons, each electron transport . All right. And then we're |
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| 08:19 | , so to speak, respiring with , nitrate. I tried. All |
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| 08:26 | . That's basically what's going on But so remember because we're using this |
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| 08:31 | the energy source in organic, all . Lit trophy, right? So |
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| 08:36 | litho trophy checks off that box checks the hydrogen trophy, box checks off |
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| 08:41 | sea box, right? And because uses CO2 as carbon autotroph, |
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| 08:47 | So checks all those boxes. So using the energy from this primarily |
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| 08:54 | fix CO two, right? That's a auto trope does. OK? |
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| 08:58 | so we kind of go, so all the trophy now because now we're |
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| 09:01 | kind of doing a photo trophy. . Let's look at what encompasses |
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| 09:07 | So here's a question you can OK. So which of A to |
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| 09:14 | is not applicable to all uh triple, underline, all types not |
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| 09:29 | at all. OK. And um , don't pick e there is, |
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| 09:36 | gonna be ABC or D, there one, there is one that is |
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| 09:39 | applicable, right? So take that . So remember I'm being kind of |
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| 09:54 | when I'm saying photo trophy right? I could be more specific there, |
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| 10:02 | ? But I'm not for a specific . OK. Hint, hint. |
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| 10:21 | . Any Stranglers jump in now. . 21. OK. Correct. |
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| 10:31 | B is not applicable because I made hint of I'm not being specific, |
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| 10:36 | could say photo header, trophy, water trophy, right? So photo |
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| 10:43 | doesn't fix CO2, they can use but they don't fix CO2. So |
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| 10:47 | always uh if you're just saying photo , remember there can be two |
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| 10:53 | photo auto trophy or photo row. ? And always it's this part you |
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| 11:04 | pay attention to. All right, that tells you kind of carbon is |
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| 11:08 | used, right? So um all . So we're gonna look at a |
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| 11:15 | bit about photo trophy here, So we're looking at um fixing |
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| 11:21 | right? Which is a very energy process, right? And a little |
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| 11:26 | blocks, right? And making these organic molecules like this, right? |
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| 11:31 | to make bigger molecules that's anabolism that energy, right? And so the |
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| 11:37 | in the in the photo trophy comes light, obviously. OK. And |
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| 11:44 | typically, but not always OK, have what's called this photo sis |
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| 11:50 | OK. That's the actual reaction using . And then that's the reaction that |
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| 11:58 | the so to speak, takes the from the molecule, the source electron |
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| 12:04 | , OK. Uh which can be , OK? Your water or something |
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| 12:12 | . OK. H two SHS iron . So the light reaction splits, |
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| 12:18 | those electrons out of those molecules and into the system. Right? So |
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| 12:22 | , light driven, a light Um but we actually start with a |
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| 12:28 | that is not like that. So it's we differentiated between uh chlorophyll |
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| 12:35 | , which is what you're familiar with , algae chlorophyll, right? |
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| 12:42 | Those three come uh right here, three fix the same way, |
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| 12:49 | The, the, the process you , I'm sure that they call it |
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| 12:53 | scheme water PS two PS one N P. Um that's what they |
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| 13:00 | OK. Uh they have two photo . So uh so chlorophyll based, |
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| 13:06 | , either chlorophyll like you see in or bacterial chlorophyll, which are other |
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| 13:10 | types that um and so those are auto shows, right? They use |
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| 13:16 | energy to fix CO2. OK. , photo hetero trope down here. |
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| 13:23 | . Uh There's one type that's chloral , one type that isn't and that's |
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| 13:27 | we start with first is this OK. This one right here. |
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| 13:35 | . So you see the the light , the light receiving ones are this |
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| 13:42 | thing called rhodopsin and not chlorophyll rop completely different, right? Um |
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| 13:51 | So the other thing here is, focusing on, on um these |
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| 14:02 | And this guy one right here, . Those are all Kor based. |
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| 14:09 | . And you differentiate the basic differentiation in the photo system. So the |
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| 14:15 | you learned it with plants and And now cyanobacteria is they have both |
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| 14:20 | systems, one and two and the of those of that second group and |
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| 14:26 | one here, right? This and is, it's chlorophyll based, but |
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| 14:34 | only have one or the other. don't have both together. That's the |
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| 14:38 | differentiation because as we, because what need to know about this again, |
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| 14:42 | not going into the weeds and going the different steps. It's literally just |
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| 14:47 | the overview. OK. What separates from that was the basics. |
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| 14:53 | This is what we'll go through Uh And, and again, it's |
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| 14:56 | that lengthy. OK. But let's so the um so in just uh |
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| 15:08 | in terrestrial ecosystems on land, plants are the biggest um uh in |
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| 15:16 | of quantity producers, right? Fixing absorbing light, fixing co2 photosynthesis, |
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| 15:22 | ? When you go into oceans, environments, right? It is primarily |
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| 15:28 | . OK? And these cyanobacteria OK. And that's what you see |
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| 15:37 | these pictures here. They're all different of cyanobacteria, very diverse group, |
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| 15:44 | different, you can see different uh shapes and sizes and forms, |
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| 15:50 | cetera uh present in the oceans. Obviously, it's those in allergy that |
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| 15:59 | the bulk of the, right, think of the vastness of the |
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| 16:03 | right? And that photosynthetic activity, . Um Anyway, so what we're |
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| 16:09 | start with here is kind of the that's different from all this and that's |
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| 16:15 | non chlorophyll based, right? So it just kind of summarizing here |
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| 16:19 | Um obviously, phototropic, the operative photo, right, using light energy |
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| 16:25 | than chemo chemo trophy versus a photo , right? Using light energy as |
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| 16:31 | um driving force. Um what, all these systems have, right? |
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| 16:37 | matter what type you are, non chloral base, whatever you're gonna |
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| 16:41 | something that absorbs light, obviously, ? You have to have something that |
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| 16:45 | convert that into a chemical energy or energy to chemical energy is what we're |
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| 16:50 | here. And um a uh and have a specific molecules to do |
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| 16:56 | And then again, like with restoration , right have the membrane there because |
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| 17:03 | do uh remember it serve as the the place to stuff all these molecules |
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| 17:09 | , right? Your pigment molecules that gonna absorb light and you can fold |
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| 17:13 | membranes to even stuff in even more there. Um You can have specialized |
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| 17:19 | to hold them. So this term , you've heard um plants algae have |
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| 17:26 | and where this all occurs, They're all stuff full of these |
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| 17:30 | Um But then also remember the membrane that purpose of the proton gradient, |
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| 17:34 | ? You can shove protons on one and you get that whole came osmosis |
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| 17:39 | working. OK. And because plants and photos photos have that OK. |
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| 17:46 | um uh and the membrane facilitate OK. So uh most will have |
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| 17:54 | PSIS reaction, not all. Uh The first group we're gonna talk |
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| 17:59 | doesn't have this, but most right? For plants, algae |
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| 18:04 | right? Water is the source. energy is the one that strips the |
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| 18:09 | from it to then feed, feed . OK. Other systems have um |
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| 18:16 | sources. And so this also differentiation is um if you use water, |
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| 18:23 | where uh 02, let me write correctly. Um That's where the 02 |
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| 18:30 | from, right? When you use um as the source, OK? |
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| 18:38 | two H two of these. So that's where the oxygen comes from |
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| 18:44 | you basically oxidizing water, but using to do it. OK. And |
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| 18:49 | so that's what we call oxygen right? So things like plants, |
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| 18:54 | and bacteria produce oxygen as a result their activity, photosynthesis, pipes that |
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| 19:01 | things like H two S oops, . Um H two S as their |
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| 19:10 | or iron um or things other than , you don't get oxygen from oxidizing |
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| 19:21 | things. OK. So that's what have, we call that group, |
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| 19:24 | oxygen photosynthesizes. So it's all really on this 02 being formed or |
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| 19:29 | right? So that's another thing to . OK. So um all |
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| 19:38 | So this is the, we start the one that's kind of doesn't have |
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| 19:42 | of this stuff, right? Not . OK. Uh No photos. |
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| 19:48 | . So uh it's actually a very system. It's not to be uh |
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| 19:53 | maybe the first photosynthetic system to evolve earth. Um and it uses and |
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| 20:01 | , the, the ones that do are photo hetero approach. OK. |
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| 20:06 | they don't fix CO2. This mechanism basically a light driven proton pump. |
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| 20:13 | . Solely to pump protons but then to an A TP A, |
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| 20:17 | So the whole chem osmosis mechanism, fact, it's been studying these types |
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| 20:21 | that chem osmosis mechanism was figured OK? Because that's what they |
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| 20:27 | they absorb light and use that to a TPS. But they can only |
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| 20:32 | get their carbon from eating things like fats, right? Is more |
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| 20:38 | They don't fix CO2, right? uh we find it since the property |
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| 20:44 | found in IKEA, OK. These loving types, that's what halo IKEA |
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| 20:50 | , is one of these salt loving . But since it's been seen in |
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| 20:53 | as well, so the adoption molecule very similar if you took uh a |
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| 21:01 | maybe or uh it a bio I we talked about this in there. |
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| 21:05 | how the eye, uh eye right? Rods and cones and absorption |
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| 21:10 | you have a option. And there two options in there, right? |
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| 21:13 | this, there's some similarity to that uh with this type and uh because |
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| 21:19 | both absorb light, I which is yours does. And so uh but |
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| 21:24 | light they absorb is much different, absorb green light, right? So |
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| 21:29 | it produces kind of these uh purple purple patches on the cells because where |
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| 21:35 | have the, the, the um now pigments, they absorb green, |
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| 21:41 | then that means they reflect um a purplish color. OK. Um |
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| 21:49 | the colors you see of anything is , but it's not because of the |
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| 21:52 | they absorb, it's what they right? So plants are green, |
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| 21:55 | because they absorb green light because they blues and reds and then reflect |
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| 22:00 | OK. So here is kind of opposite. So it's absorbing green light |
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| 22:05 | reflecting kind of these bluish reddish that together to make a purplish kind of |
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| 22:09 | . OK? And in the waters these are pretty much uh marine organisms |
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| 22:15 | you find them in these bio of , the water is literally like a |
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| 22:19 | color because it's full of these that um OK. So the light absorption |
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| 22:28 | conversion thing, OK. So in membrane again, it's all happening in |
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| 22:33 | membrane, right? So the red swirlies are the structure of the um |
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| 22:43 | uh protein portion of the molecule. . And then connected to that is |
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| 22:49 | retina. So uh you can't, can see it kind of embedded in |
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| 22:57 | uh right here. OK. Right . So it's covalent bonded to the |
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| 23:03 | . So, and that's, and because of that, when it absorbs |
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| 23:07 | as you see here, OK. configuration around this bond, right changes |
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| 23:17 | . Configuration confirmation. That's what I'm to say. So, confirmation changes |
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| 23:22 | as that group turns basically from a cyst, a trans to cyst |
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| 23:29 | OK. And so the point of really is that change in shape because |
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| 23:36 | connected to protein results in a expelling proton. OK. And so, |
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| 23:43 | as it absorbs light, you get rush of protons going out. |
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| 23:48 | And then that of course, is to an A TPATP ace A T |
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| 23:53 | ase right out here as part of membrane where the protons will then um |
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| 24:02 | through. OK. That's tied to P and phosphate make a TP. |
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| 24:09 | . The same thing we s seen . OK. It's just here, |
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| 24:14 | , it's light that's driving. So the other thing is there's |
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| 24:20 | this is this is not a electron change or it's not electrons feeding |
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| 24:24 | it's photons of light, right? is no, there's no electron |
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| 24:30 | there's no photos for that reason, simply photons of light in a |
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| 24:34 | OK. And then that's the energy pump the protons up. OK. |
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| 24:40 | very different from what you're gonna see what you're used to seeing. |
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| 24:44 | Um What else here? The uh like it says they're a light driven |
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| 24:51 | pump and solely for making a Um And they're photo heer pros. |
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| 24:57 | they, they have to eat these complex organic forms like we do |
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| 25:03 | So um so it's basically AAA um extra metabolism they have on top of |
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| 25:13 | , on top of them being a crow like us, right? They |
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| 25:16 | have this ability to also absorb light energy this way. OK. But |
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| 25:21 | , it's simply just photons of light this, OK. But if they |
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| 25:25 | light, um then they will, know, the en the energy will |
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| 25:29 | back down and then revert back to um to the uh cis form. |
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| 25:35 | then they're able to then absorb light . So this happens zillions of times |
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| 25:40 | second. OK. Where a cities absorb light and they'll come back down |
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| 25:45 | wise and then able to absorb So off and on, right? |
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| 25:50 | in a similar way like how your work when you absorb light. |
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| 25:55 | Um I think it was the main . Was there any questions about |
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| 26:00 | the main things photo heterotrophic, Number two, no chlorophyll number |
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| 26:09 | a uh a a it's, it's a setup of electron donor and electron |
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| 26:13 | chain. None of that. Should be full tons of light. |
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| 26:18 | . That light is what causes the of protons. That's it. |
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| 26:24 | So uh so having said that as go to the next, the rest |
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| 26:29 | this talk really, it it does those things. It does, it |
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| 26:33 | involve uh photos and uh uh electron , et cetera. OK. But |
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| 26:41 | not this system, right? as I mentioned earlier, oxygen and |
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| 26:48 | types, right? So it's all what is the electron source feeding the |
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| 26:53 | ? Is it water? That's gonna oxygen? That's your plants allergy cacia |
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| 26:58 | it's something else? Ok. So um chlorophylls themselves, of course, |
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| 27:07 | big molecules um manganese in here is of the electron um except in |
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| 27:15 | Uh don't worry about the structure Uh Like many of these things that |
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| 27:19 | in membranes, you have a portion very hydrophobic here because they fit into |
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| 27:26 | membrane. All right. So can loaded up with these things. And |
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| 27:30 | so it's chlorophyll very similar to the thing as what plants have. So |
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| 27:36 | then a bacterial allergy have chlorophylls. other group to look at here on |
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| 27:40 | slide are bacterial chlorophylls very similar in uh but not identical. So just |
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| 27:47 | little bit of struct structural changes OK. But in any case, |
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| 27:52 | whether it's bacterial chlorophyll chlorophyll, you these things to maximize light absorption. |
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| 28:00 | think of these things as a um satellite dishes. OK. Uh satellite |
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| 28:05 | absorb uh radio waves, sound Um the these absorb light. |
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| 28:13 | And so you arrange them a combination chlorophylls and protein and what we call |
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| 28:19 | pigments to kind of expand a little the range of wavelengths they can absorb |
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| 28:24 | you put them in these complexes OK. So it's like little funnels |
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| 28:30 | light if you will. OK. light hits here absorbs and of transfers |
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| 28:38 | because they're all connected, right? will transfer energy to each other and |
|
| 28:44 | to the central core here, What's called a reaction center? |
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| 28:50 | So that's how that's holding a pair electrons. So you can imagine that |
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| 28:54 | the outside as it goes in, you transfer more and more energy, |
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| 28:59 | mean, you lose energy. So the initial absorption and you transfer that |
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| 29:04 | the next guy and next one, next one you keep losing. All |
|
| 29:07 | . So finally get to the it the core where you have that pair |
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| 29:12 | electrons that um once that energy gets them, then they are knocked |
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| 29:19 | And that's really, this is about light energy is absorbed and that energy |
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| 29:25 | enough to knock out these pair of in the reaction center. And that |
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| 29:30 | to a series of electronic carriers. ? Um And that's a kind of |
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| 29:36 | the whole process. So of what you need then OK, if |
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| 29:39 | what's happening, OK. That light is used to knock out electrons, |
|
| 29:47 | that's where you have to have a to feed it because now it's |
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| 29:52 | it's been, they've been mocked out the light reaction. Now it's saying |
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| 29:56 | , feed me I need more. ? And so that actually makes the |
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| 30:02 | a really strong oxidizing agents. So agents like to be reduced, |
|
| 30:08 | reducing agents wanna be oxidized. So it, it, so it's |
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| 30:14 | combination of that plus the light reaction what feeds it the electrons as |
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| 30:20 | as it knocks them out from light . OK. Uh So the PSIS |
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| 30:25 | is a part of feeding that um . OK. So, um, |
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| 30:31 | again, these things are stuffed in membranes. Uh and we call that |
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| 30:37 | membranes. But don't because I know , I know you're familiar with the |
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| 30:41 | thyroid if you study chloroplasts and this that right in for bio and other |
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| 30:47 | . But um we're not talking about here because remember their bacteria, we're |
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| 30:52 | on bacteria here. OK? They're gonna have a chloroplast. OK? |
|
| 30:57 | can fold up their membrane, Their cytoplasmic membrane and, and fold |
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| 31:04 | up and crunch it up, The stuff is full of these chlorophylls |
|
| 31:09 | , and antenna complexes. OK. , and, and that creates a |
|
| 31:15 | chord membrane because it contains those OK? But it's not an |
|
| 31:20 | it's not a membrane bound chop right? So you kind of have |
|
| 31:24 | , you have to remember you, looking at bacteria here. OK. |
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| 31:28 | we call it fo membranes because it stuffed its membrane full of those components |
|
| 31:32 | photosynthesis. OK. Um And because that, you can get the proton |
|
| 31:38 | uh going but it's, it's a driven gradient. OK. So let's |
|
| 31:46 | so here looking at bacterial chlorophyll in the bacterial world, right? |
|
| 31:52 | ones with chlorophyll that you're familiar right? The A and B that's |
|
| 31:58 | in cyanobacteria. OK. So the bacterial types, we look at |
|
| 32:05 | non sulfur, they call them uh sulfur bacterium, these types um um |
|
| 32:12 | what's called bacterial chlorophyll, very close chemical structure, but nonetheless little |
|
| 32:18 | OK. And that difference is what a difference in the kinds of light |
|
| 32:24 | absorb. OK. So that's what absorbs from the spectrum is meant to |
|
| 32:28 | you, right. So we have on this axis, um y axis |
|
| 32:34 | wavelength on the X axis that and um chlorophyll of course, peaks in |
|
| 32:42 | this um purplish bluish range uh near range, they call it uh over |
|
| 32:52 | that's kind of where these other types bacter chlorophyll absorbs light. So, |
|
| 32:58 | that kind of fits with the environments live in. OK. So if |
|
| 33:01 | look at a, a water let's say um your cyto types, |
|
| 33:08 | will be near the surface or closer the surface, but there's more oxygen |
|
| 33:12 | that's where the oxygen um mixes in water mo mostly at the upper um |
|
| 33:20 | of water, right? So that's your, that's where your cyanobacteria algae |
|
| 33:23 | be below them, right? So light they absorb, don't absorb right |
|
| 33:30 | trickle down and that light's gonna that's what's on like the we call |
|
| 33:34 | the red range. OK. Less really? OK. So remember uh |
|
| 33:41 | n wavelength number is more energy, ? You can see blue 400 give |
|
| 33:47 | take lower energy um higher energy, me, 809 100 low energy. |
|
| 33:55 | . So, but those ones of chlorophyll are able to absorb that, |
|
| 33:59 | ? So that's kind of the niche fit in is different from your |
|
| 34:05 | OK. And so you may find lower in the water, you may |
|
| 34:08 | find them in a setting. And it just, it just depends. |
|
| 34:12 | . So um and we call them oxygen, right? Because they don't |
|
| 34:18 | these types, these types don't use water, they use other electronic |
|
| 34:29 | OK. So uh and so it them is not just that, that |
|
| 34:35 | use it something else besides the Um They either only have photo system |
|
| 34:42 | or two, right? Not both . So it's that plus either having |
|
| 34:46 | system one or two, not That's kind of the how we |
|
| 34:52 | OK. Um All right. so here's oxygen photosynth, this is |
|
| 35:01 | you probably seen a million times you know, the courses. And |
|
| 35:06 | um here was just showing you kind the, the flow of electrons, |
|
| 35:13 | ? It goes from water PS two one and ad py is two coming |
|
| 35:18 | one, that simply is because of order in which they were discovered like |
|
| 35:23 | system, one was discovered first, actually fits in after photo system |
|
| 35:28 | OK. So um so again, don't need to me, you don't |
|
| 35:32 | to memorize these names of these electronic or things or it's more like here's |
|
| 35:36 | big picture of what's going on the absorption. Um That's what knocks the |
|
| 35:42 | out. OK. But then you to feed it and now it's |
|
| 35:46 | you gotta feed it and that's where PSIS reaction comes in, right? |
|
| 35:50 | what feeds it. OK. Which why we go from water PS two |
|
| 35:55 | PS one to NDP. OK. PS two is what is associated with |
|
| 36:03 | ATP are the uh proton pumping a formation mechanism, photo phosphorylation, |
|
| 36:12 | That's associated with photos systems too. . So now the electrons from here |
|
| 36:19 | would feed PS one. OK. electron flow from PS two is what |
|
| 36:25 | it. OK. So now, course, they've lost energy, |
|
| 36:30 | Um And so light absorption by PS , knock electrons out again and then |
|
| 36:37 | start the process, of course, electron carriers here that you see |
|
| 36:43 | which can be multiple differ from OK. The point is they're transferring |
|
| 36:48 | down to A, in this the N AD P which becomes reduced |
|
| 36:53 | N AD Ph OK. So the of course, here and here |
|
| 37:02 | Uh A TP is formed here are both going to go to the CO2 |
|
| 37:10 | . Over here and maybe not 100% them. But a good portion because |
|
| 37:14 | fixation takes a lot of energy. the things you see here, of |
|
| 37:19 | are uh and this is what you with cib bacteria allergy plants. |
|
| 37:25 | Both photo systems working together the PS system up front is linked to the |
|
| 37:32 | pump A P formation. Uh paralysis feeds it. Um Those are the |
|
| 37:40 | things, right? Um I think have the overall reaction. Uh Don't |
|
| 37:47 | so much about that. I'm more about the electron flow, right? |
|
| 37:51 | how the electrons are flowing here. . Uh Water PS two PS one |
|
| 37:57 | AD P. Yeah. And here just shows you again, don't, |
|
| 38:02 | worry about memorizing these different um molecule , Plasto Cyan and et cetera. |
|
| 38:09 | . Uh But these are just the involved similar to what we saw in |
|
| 38:14 | e coli respiration just simply in terms um cytochrome, right? And, |
|
| 38:19 | these small organic molecules showing electrons. from that standpoint, you know, |
|
| 38:25 | similar to what we saw in right? Transfer electrons, right? |
|
| 38:29 | pump, right? So that's kind , I mean, obviously here there |
|
| 38:32 | different, different chemically different components, the roles are kind of the same |
|
| 38:39 | . OK. Transfer electrons pumping OK. Uh A TPS of |
|
| 38:43 | are very similar to what we have , and other things that aspire. |
|
| 38:49 | . Uh So again, the mechanism what's common here. OK. And |
|
| 38:54 | so again, uh let's see, water PS two PS one, the |
|
| 39:01 | , right? Um to an AD So uh overall reaction don't, you |
|
| 39:10 | need to memorize that. You we know that um we are forming |
|
| 39:14 | , we're using water. That's the here of electrons oxidizing it or oxidizing |
|
| 39:19 | h2o to water. OK. And electrons are feeding the system, |
|
| 39:27 | And using that to form energy. . Um Any questions? That's |
|
| 39:35 | yeah, go ahead when they're Yes. So, yeah, I'm |
|
| 39:44 | aware of an organism. As far I know, the only ones that |
|
| 39:49 | both of those together, like you here are plants, algae and cacia |
|
| 39:55 | because they're using, I don't think an o an, an, |
|
| 39:58 | an oxygen version of that. As as I know, I think they |
|
| 40:02 | use water and of course, the is what provides the 02 in |
|
| 40:06 | in the process. But I'm not , I mean, if there's something |
|
| 40:09 | there, I don't know, I'm , I'm not aware of something like |
|
| 40:12 | . I think it couldn't happen. as far as I know, as |
|
| 40:15 | as I've seen, I haven't seen counter to that or in addition to |
|
| 40:22 | , any other questions, the question here, is there there a system |
|
| 40:27 | this that basically you can use something than water. So making it not |
|
| 40:33 | and oxygen. I'm not aware of like that. So, uh but |
|
| 40:38 | now you say that I have to back and Google it. So we'll |
|
| 40:41 | , I check my sources. Uh But as far as I |
|
| 40:45 | no, so anything like this is oxygen photos, this type of |
|
| 40:49 | that you learned before, I'm sure this before. Um OK. So |
|
| 40:57 | , the la, so the other , we're just gonna look at two |
|
| 40:58 | systems here as examples of something different this. Both of these are chlorophyll |
|
| 41:04 | . OK. So again, is first ones here are the green, |
|
| 41:09 | sulfur bacteria. OK. So they use things like H two S although |
|
| 41:13 | can use other things like hydrogen uh as a source, maybe use something |
|
| 41:20 | like succinate. But a lot of use H two S. And so |
|
| 41:24 | of that oxygen is not being So it's an oxygen that um so |
|
| 41:32 | you have, if you're a type has the PS one system, |
|
| 41:36 | Which is what this is OK? that's linked to N AD H or |
|
| 41:42 | AD ph, since it varies. . So you're forming those, |
|
| 41:48 | Because you're linked to that. Uh what photo system one is linked to |
|
| 41:53 | it's photo system two, it's linked the A TP formation phos photo |
|
| 41:58 | OK. Um In this particular, particular types, they have what are |
|
| 42:03 | Chloro Zom. So you see the are again, not chloroplasts because they're |
|
| 42:10 | by like a protein layer, not are fossil lid bilayer, right? |
|
| 42:15 | not what this is. This is kind of protein is kind of surrounding |
|
| 42:19 | into a structure uh full of these pigment molecules, bacterial chlorophylls. |
|
| 42:26 | Now, you're thinking, OK. , they don't have PS two. |
|
| 42:30 | can they make a TPS? it can. Right. Because they |
|
| 42:34 | form protons and it was kind of tiny font here but from the oxidation |
|
| 42:41 | H two S, you are forming . OK. So they can generate |
|
| 42:46 | proton gradient. OK. It's just linked to a PS two system. |
|
| 42:54 | . So they can certainly still form proton gradient and make a TPS are |
|
| 42:57 | not associated with PS two, Because obviously they have to make a |
|
| 43:02 | right to, to do things fix and other stuff, right? So |
|
| 43:06 | do have a way to do that that's just not linked to um PS |
|
| 43:11 | system, right? So re Suer PS one uh bacterial chlorophyll and |
|
| 43:18 | right? Use things like H two each time. Um Those are kind |
|
| 43:23 | the main things here. And of they are autotrophs. They, these |
|
| 43:27 | photo autotrophs, right? So they the energy to fix CO2. |
|
| 43:33 | And um then the last group is questions. The last group, if |
|
| 43:41 | guys are the ones who use PS , then the other group is the |
|
| 43:44 | that has the PS two. So these uh and again, the |
|
| 43:50 | absorption here uh is on the so you see the number there that's kind |
|
| 44:00 | , and you don't need to memorize , but it's just the, the |
|
| 44:03 | of light, it's very long it very low energy. OK? |
|
| 44:07 | if it gets, if it gets uh if it gets really low |
|
| 44:13 | then that can have implications. And what you see really on this last |
|
| 44:17 | . OK. So with this OK, like energy is like |
|
| 44:23 | So we're almost at 900 that's that's like infrared light, right? |
|
| 44:28 | it's really low energy. OK. so what it means for this one |
|
| 44:33 | that's not a lot of energy to able to f fertilize a a source |
|
| 44:41 | get electrons from it. It's so . OK. What it relies on |
|
| 44:45 | really just kind of cycling the right? What we call cycling photo |
|
| 44:51 | . OK. Again, because they low light energy absorbed but not enough |
|
| 44:56 | sustain a PSIS reaction. OK. kind of just cycles them around because |
|
| 45:01 | what you see um here OK. in the box there. So you |
|
| 45:09 | the electrons here, right? We're going around like so uh of |
|
| 45:15 | light energy is what boost them up be able to transfer them, then |
|
| 45:20 | kind of come back down with energy then just cycle back, right? |
|
| 45:23 | cy like photo phosphorylation. So uh contrast to the previous ones, these |
|
| 45:29 | photo hetero propes. OK. So redo spy these are purple, non |
|
| 45:35 | types. Uh very actually kind of really some of these have really diverse |
|
| 45:42 | . They can photosynth, they, heteros, they can photosynthesize, some |
|
| 45:47 | them can be hydrogen, hydrogen they can do a lot of different |
|
| 45:51 | , these types. Uh but the line remember always is you see had |
|
| 45:56 | pro cannot fix co two, It has to have carbohydrates or fat |
|
| 46:03 | something else to eat or he can't CO2. OK? Um Let's |
|
| 46:11 | OK. So I'm gonna gonna summarize three of these kind of in one |
|
| 46:16 | here, right? So let's take look at that himself. So we |
|
| 46:21 | with right? Um plants algae and , right? Two photo systems working |
|
| 46:27 | . Uh PSIS reaction feeds photos system the A TP formation in the middle |
|
| 46:33 | with the proton gradient, photo phosphorylation the PS one light absorption and PN |
|
| 46:40 | P and ph energy is used to CO2. Then plants algae that then |
|
| 46:46 | took one of those away, Green sulfur bacteria, right? And |
|
| 46:53 | , right? They use things that form oxygen as an electronic source. |
|
| 46:58 | electrons because it's PS one electrons, N AD P we use NDP H |
|
| 47:04 | using the things other than other than as donors. OK. They are |
|
| 47:09 | heterotrophic. So the CO2 use the to fix CO2. Yeah. You |
|
| 47:15 | that third group are the purple non types, right? Cyclic photo |
|
| 47:23 | We do have the, the PS system linked to the A TP |
|
| 47:29 | OK. But they're heteros, Uh photo it's kind of a an |
|
| 47:37 | metabolism. They have to get right? But they're, they're, |
|
| 47:40 | are heteros, right? Um let's for this question. So while |
|
| 47:46 | look at this question because this group part of what we just talked |
|
| 47:51 | right? We talked about these at beginning. OK. So, so |
|
| 47:56 | what you just heard, right? chlorophyll based types is basically what we |
|
| 48:00 | went through uh in that summary at end. So this is what we |
|
| 48:04 | with, right? The these right? Completely different, right? |
|
| 48:10 | make sure you know what they can and can't do OK? And comparing |
|
| 48:17 | to these other types, these chlorophyll types, you know. No, |
|
| 48:52 | . Cough for a few seconds. . I'll help you out here. |
|
| 49:17 | not this OK? It's not that that's as far as I go. |
|
| 49:28 | . There is a true statement All right. Let's count down. |
|
| 49:42 | Yeah, they are photo header Yeah. So yeah, it's the |
|
| 49:47 | one that fits. So they don't green, they appear purplish color, |
|
| 49:51 | ? They absorb green, they absorb light and appear purplish. Um They |
|
| 49:56 | have a donor, it's all photons light they absorb, there's nothing, |
|
| 49:59 | no photos or any of that OK. So let's look at, |
|
| 50:05 | we go. That summarizes kind of they're about. OK. That bacteria |
|
| 50:10 | completely different from your chlorophyll based things . OK. Um OK. And |
|
| 50:19 | this is what we just talked OK, somewhat. This is all |
|
| 50:26 | them now, bump them all together like the other one, there's only |
|
| 50:55 | true statement here, there's only one statement. Uh Unfortunately, I can't |
|
| 51:03 | with you on the exam and do kind of stuff, cross out things |
|
| 51:06 | aren't true. So. Mhm All . Let's count down from nine. |
|
| 51:45 | . So yeah. D is Right. So uh that's incorrect. |
|
| 51:52 | part of it, right? Um part's incorrect is oxygen not an |
|
| 52:00 | Um That part's incorrect. OK. it's a bacterial chlorophyll, not bacteria |
|
| 52:08 | adoption. OK. So that's FFF. Yeah. Um All |
|
| 52:16 | Let's see if there's a summary Yeah. Any questions, right. |
|
| 52:20 | again, remember I'm gonna ask you memorize all these different reactions, |
|
| 52:25 | It's really just overview type stuff, ? Be able to look at like |
|
| 52:28 | the previous two slides. Be able compare what, how do you differentiate |
|
| 52:33 | type from that type, blah, . OK. Any questions? All |
|
| 52:39 | . So um so for many time finish uh we'll do chapter five. |
|
| 52:45 | not that not that long, it's be, it's one section um 5.3 |
|
| 52:52 | think. Um But what I did to say, although we're just gonna |
|
| 52:57 | on 02 here time. Uh just this chapter in general is about, |
|
| 53:11 | about uh environmental factors. So uh um osmolarity um temperature. OK. |
|
| 53:23 | certainly um being a microbe in the uh exposes one to various conditions of |
|
| 53:32 | can vary, varying conditions of uh concentrations. Um certainly temperature. |
|
| 53:41 | And these obviously have an effect um growth and in a nutshell, the |
|
| 53:50 | of not oxygen so much, but can, but certainly uh temperature ph |
|
| 53:58 | was molarity. Uh you know, guess you could say pressure to the |
|
| 54:04 | . It's all about what's the, goes for you too. What is |
|
| 54:09 | with all these parameters? If they're just right, they're gonna really affect |
|
| 54:15 | functioning of this class of molecules and class of molecules you depend on their |
|
| 54:22 | for basically everything that you can right? So it's really about the |
|
| 54:27 | conditions of temperature. Ph et cetera about making these happy in your |
|
| 54:33 | If they're happy, they function and do what they're supposed to do. |
|
| 54:36 | at those things, one of one of those class of molecules that |
|
| 54:41 | need to keep functioning. If you , you're gonna have problems, you |
|
| 54:47 | to pick one. It's, it's hard, basic. What are the |
|
| 54:51 | major biomolecules? Carbs? The f big as. So which of those |
|
| 55:00 | you think is the ones you want keep the most happy proteins, |
|
| 55:06 | So we know protein structure, You learn that way back uh p |
|
| 55:13 | chain, tertiary structure folding. What that together charges hydrophobic interactions, et |
|
| 55:21 | , et cetera, right. So influences that can be temperature? Ph |
|
| 55:27 | area can all affect protein structure? uh if you, if you they |
|
| 55:34 | an organism that is in extremes of conditions, it's gonna affect its protein |
|
| 55:40 | it won't, you know, it be as bad as just killing it |
|
| 55:44 | not growing very well surviving. what have you? So it's really |
|
| 55:49 | being in conditions, whatever is good whatever an organism likes in terms of |
|
| 55:54 | temperature. Ph blah, blah, , it's the one that provides the |
|
| 55:58 | conditions for its proteins, more or . OK. For the most part |
|
| 56:04 | certainly DNA can fall apart when it's high a temperature or too low. |
|
| 56:08 | you gotta keep the, you certain to keep those proteins happy. |
|
| 56:12 | ? And so there are types that the, that the happy conditions |
|
| 56:18 | their proteins are at these extreme conditions at 80 °C. If you don't |
|
| 56:24 | them grown at 80 degrees, they grow that they want 80 degrees |
|
| 56:29 | right? So these extremophiles we talked right or on the fringes. So |
|
| 56:33 | most everything you take all life on earth, it's gonna be what you |
|
| 56:38 | it's gonna be like a bell right? Most everybody is in |
|
| 56:42 | you might call norms of temperature, of ph norms of os hilarity for |
|
| 56:51 | . It, different books give you ranges but it's gonna be between 15 |
|
| 56:57 | 38 9, something like that. maybe it's kind of like the meso |
|
| 57:02 | range we call it. Ok. most are gonna be, you |
|
| 57:06 | in the middle somewhere. Uh, for ph, most are gonna be |
|
| 57:10 | seven. Right. Um uh the osmolarity. Um boy, I |
|
| 57:18 | think of an average osmolarity value, nonetheless, or when also becomes an |
|
| 57:24 | , it's generally, but it gets high salt concentration. So Halo files |
|
| 57:29 | live in 35 1015 20% salt. crazy. Ok? Um But of |
|
| 57:39 | , those that live in those extreme have evolved adaptations to counteract what they're |
|
| 57:46 | be facing in those extremes, If you're a halo file living in |
|
| 57:51 | salt, what are you constantly You're losing what water, right? |
|
| 57:58 | goes to the high salute side, ? So a a halo file is |
|
| 58:03 | fighting that having to hold on to that losing it to its environment. |
|
| 58:08 | course, it's evolved ways to deal that, right? Pump it in |
|
| 58:12 | what have you different mechanisms. That's they're geared to be able to live |
|
| 58:16 | that environment. So, and in same, same can be said for |
|
| 58:20 | other extreme of whether it's on the end, extreme acid or basic end |
|
| 58:27 | temp, low temp, they've got mechanisms to keep them happy at those |
|
| 58:33 | , right? Which mainly basically means the protein, ok, keeping them |
|
| 58:37 | up and functioning, right? um and so pressure, you |
|
| 58:45 | this, you see as an there are actually types that live like |
|
| 58:48 | the depths of ocean, you miles down or if you, you |
|
| 58:53 | we found this out by bringing them and coaching them in the lab that |
|
| 58:58 | actually have to maintain that high pressure them to grow. So there are |
|
| 59:02 | that are like that. Those aren't more common ones. More common ones |
|
| 59:05 | your temperature types, your ph Um Now oxygen is kind of its |
|
| 59:11 | unique thing. OK? Um Bacteria different responses to 02 um killed by |
|
| 59:21 | . Some are, must have it live, some are in the |
|
| 59:26 | So there's a whole range of OK. But the before we go |
|
| 59:30 | 02, the last thing I kind wanted to mention here was any |
|
| 59:37 | Well, let me rephrase uh focusing bacteria IKEA. Um They will typically |
|
| 59:44 | a range. So e coli is pretty, pretty sturdy organism, |
|
| 59:50 | You can actually, it can actually at temperatures up to about 45 |
|
| 59:55 | not forever, but for, for good while, um they can uh |
|
| 60:01 | PH changes like maybe three units. remember PH is a log scale. |
|
| 60:07 | . So three units is like 1000 fold difference in hydrogen ions. So |
|
| 60:13 | that's, that's, that's a And so they can withstand the extreme |
|
| 60:16 | ph temperature and no to a And so that's, that's what we |
|
| 60:22 | uh is it to tolerating it or it thriving? Ok. So this |
|
| 60:27 | just looking at temperature? OK. we see three different temperature profiles. |
|
| 60:32 | looking at growth rate, right? temperature. OK. And so uh |
|
| 60:40 | X so here's X, right? in uh that, that's the |
|
| 60:45 | we're, we're meshi, we're kind in this range. That's what it |
|
| 60:48 | , right? So X and so you look at the peaks |
|
| 60:52 | right? That's optimal growth. It's the fastest at that particular temp, |
|
| 61:00 | ? But it does have a right? With it within which it |
|
| 61:05 | , it can grow, maybe not greatest, but it can still go |
|
| 61:08 | , right? Some have a wider , right? So why? |
|
| 61:14 | So X meshi Y meshi but can a higher t you see how it |
|
| 61:20 | out to here, right? Still is still viable, right? |
|
| 61:26 | if you want to grow it you wanna, wouldn't wanna grow it |
|
| 61:28 | 45 degrees, you know, but can know if you do that, |
|
| 61:33 | viable living, it's not dead. ? It's OK. That's what we |
|
| 61:37 | tolerate. OK? It's optimum, optimum is here, right? Is |
|
| 61:43 | this point that's is optimal. And so because of that, that's |
|
| 61:48 | we call it a meshi, It's in the Mesophyll range just because |
|
| 61:53 | tolerating this temperature out here. We call it a thermoph. Right? |
|
| 61:59 | the phile part of the word means loves it. You gotta have, |
|
| 62:05 | only grow in that upper range. . So it's not a thermoph thermo |
|
| 62:10 | here is Z, right? Z clearly has its best growth rate, |
|
| 62:17 | . Right. That gros optimum whatever 55. OK. And that's |
|
| 62:27 | thermo file. OK? And so range kind of falls off when you |
|
| 62:33 | plus or minus two or three degrees above or below 55? Right? |
|
| 62:38 | it's classic music, it's classic thermop , right? Um The but, |
|
| 62:44 | why again, it's a music file sure because that's where it's optimum growth |
|
| 62:47 | is in the ra music file but it can tolerate but, and |
|
| 62:51 | tolerances vary from organism or some are tolerant, some are less, |
|
| 62:57 | Um So it just depends. So just wanted to mention that concept |
|
| 63:04 | , you know, is it I see it viable at this extreme |
|
| 63:09 | . Is it really what it likes is it just tolerating? OK. |
|
| 63:14 | questions about that. OK. So visa files you can tolerate. |
|
| 63:20 | you remember the heat wave last right? Would you want to live |
|
| 63:23 | that year round? Do? So you can tolerate it. But |
|
| 63:28 | , not for long recycling, you . Um OK. So oxygen |
|
| 63:37 | So with oxygen having just talked about , ok. Uh aerobic respiration. |
|
| 63:44 | but even even if it's not aerobic , remember um the reduction potential of |
|
| 63:50 | , right? Very high super high ? Grabs electrons, right? And |
|
| 63:56 | in large part speaks to why it's it's a very react react. Option |
|
| 64:00 | a very reactive molecule, right? it can actually interact with other enzymes |
|
| 64:07 | the respiratory process and kind of uh what are called these reactive oxygen |
|
| 64:16 | OK. And so the if, one is living in an oxygen |
|
| 64:24 | right? Um whether you're aerobic respiring not, OK. That can be |
|
| 64:33 | of hard to wrap your head OK? If you're, if, |
|
| 64:37 | I'm an ana, OK? And wouldn't even use oxygen. OK. |
|
| 64:42 | I am here and oxygen's presence, ? Can I the oxygen will still |
|
| 64:50 | oxygen is reactive? It will still still affect my anaerobic enzymes. |
|
| 64:56 | And cause cause damage. OK. can still create these reactive oxygen species |
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| 65:04 | call it whether the organism is using or not. OK. It's it's |
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| 65:08 | , it, it, it can damaged by this, right? So |
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| 65:12 | anaerobes have to hide away, you to get completely away from 02 others |
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| 65:20 | actually live in the presence of OK. What it all boils down |
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| 65:25 | is do you have protection against those when they appear and there's ways to |
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| 65:33 | the effects. So the effects of are to interact with proteins and damage |
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| 65:37 | , interact with nucleic acids and damage and the accumulation effect kind of just |
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| 65:42 | itself. Ok? Your cells have against this. Right. I'm sure |
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| 65:48 | , whenever you cut you cut your or whatever or cut the abu uh |
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| 65:52 | , no body part and you put peroxide on it. What happens? |
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| 65:55 | bubbles up, right? That's because reacting with those protective enzymes. One |
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| 66:00 | them is called Kala and that's what does. It reacts with hydrogen peroxide |
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| 66:04 | form oxygen bubbles, right? So one of the protective end gun. |
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| 66:11 | so, so again, it boils to a microbe living in a 02 |
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| 66:17 | . It was gonna survive in Whether it uses oxygen or not, |
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| 66:20 | gotta have protection against these things, ? Or you will not survive. |
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| 66:26 | . So um the protective enzymes, ? I just mentioned one catalase, |
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| 66:34 | ? The super oxide radical, this of oxygen reacts uh this example with |
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| 66:40 | f ad hydrogen ase enzyme. So point is you're forming these reactive |
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| 66:46 | right? So sod for short superoxide taste is one that will take super |
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| 66:53 | um form H2O 2 which is still but not as much. But then |
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| 66:58 | can get rid of that through uh or perox space. We have |
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| 67:03 | we have all we have all these have all these and so, |
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| 67:08 | of course, water is harmless in options harmless. Right. So, |
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| 67:11 | , well, to a degree, nonetheless, you're getting rid of these |
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| 67:15 | species. Ok. Um, you have heard of, um, the |
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| 67:22 | yourselves accumulate over time. Um, heard of the superfoods, right? |
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| 67:28 | the antioxidant properties. That's, that's this is about. Right? Eat |
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| 67:33 | , right? Full of antioxidants. is just kind of helps negate some |
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| 67:37 | the effects of these things. Aging process, et cetera. This |
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| 67:41 | a this is a contributor contributor to , right? That's why it's a |
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| 67:45 | thing about eating these kind of foods antioxidant activity. OK. Um So |
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| 67:52 | do we then how do we uh , you know what, how a |
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| 68:00 | responds to oxygen? OK. How we visualize that? OK. |
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| 68:05 | it requires a particular type of gross . OK. And basically what it |
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| 68:11 | , it's a medium that um uh has components in there that bind up |
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| 68:19 | . OK. So when you make medium, it has an indicator, |
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| 68:22 | reddish, reddish color. And so there's oxygen present, it has like |
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| 68:27 | pink red color or it's not it's clear. OK. And so |
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| 68:34 | also a semisolid medium. So it's of jelly like OK. When you |
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| 68:39 | this, you you uh formulate you put in the autoclave, |
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| 68:42 | boils it. So everything all the is pushed out of it, |
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| 68:47 | Then when you let it come back temple autoclave, the the air slowly |
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| 68:55 | in. But because you have these in there, the bind of |
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| 68:59 | you basically create a gradient. Where the top is kind of really |
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| 69:04 | at the air liquid interface where those 02, right? But they have |
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| 69:09 | less and less and less oxygen in two. OK. And so you |
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| 69:14 | those different areas in your uh So what they call micro ail a |
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| 69:21 | and aerobic, OK. All relating what's the level of oxygen in that |
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| 69:27 | ? OK. So how you This is with the wire, basically |
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| 69:32 | straight wire, you take some source of a plate, OK? And |
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| 69:37 | basically just goes through and you stab and go in and out the same |
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| 69:44 | . And what you're doing is you're seeing the media that's just, it |
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| 69:48 | to throughout the whole length of the . OK. So then yeah, |
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| 69:53 | course, you have to incubate and you do that, what you're looking |
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| 69:56 | for is what part, where is going to occur. So you seeded |
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| 70:02 | whole tube. OK. Talked about part of that? The cells of |
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| 70:08 | area are gonna grow? All It's all about response to oxygen, |
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| 70:15 | ? So are the cells only at bottom we gonna begin to grow only |
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| 70:19 | ones here or maybe just the ones ? OK? It's gonna give you |
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| 70:24 | pattern. OK. Uh, a pattern that will tell you what its |
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| 70:29 | to 02 is. OK. Maybe goes throughout the whole two. The |
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| 70:32 | thing is cloudy with itself. Um And so it all boils down |
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| 70:40 | protection where they grow is based do they have protection? Ok. |
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| 70:45 | , remember, um, it's, not an all or nothing, |
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| 70:50 | You can have all the protective OK? You can have all, |
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| 70:57 | through protective enzymes but maybe not at highest levels. Maybe they're half of |
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| 71:03 | another one has. OK? Or you're missing one or two of |
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| 71:08 | OK? Or maybe none at So it can be the whole spectrum |
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| 71:13 | that's what can tell you what type uh of error tolerance is the term |
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| 71:21 | tolerance it has. OK. So look at this question. OK. |
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| 71:29 | the uh five strains were grown in media we just talked about, |
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| 71:36 | Which dream most likely has lower concentration of the um or missing one or |
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| 71:48 | of these enzymes. OK. Um . So it has oops, no |
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| 71:59 | it has. So abc theory. it does have, and it does |
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| 72:05 | the protective enzymes and just at lower or missing one or two. |
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| 72:11 | But uh so that's the point it have them. OK? It does |
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| 72:18 | , not have them, right? you're gonna get a specific pattern and |
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| 72:22 | lacking them all together. So it's that right. It's kind of |
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| 72:30 | missing or has lower concentrations of. . I can give you a specific |
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| 72:35 | . Ok. Oops. Sorry, didn't open this thing. I be |
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| 72:46 | again. Ok, let's speed this a little bit. Ok. Let's |
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| 73:32 | that here. I count down from . Ok. All right. Let's |
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| 73:42 | . Let's see. Ok, there go. Um. Ok, so |
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| 73:50 | um, let's do this. I'm come back to this question. I'm |
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| 73:55 | answer it while I'm going through the types. OK. So let's go |
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| 74:02 | and we'll go through this. So the different classifications. So your |
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| 74:08 | a robe. OK? Everything grows the top, right? Because that's |
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| 74:12 | highest concentration that goes to these these are aerobically respiring organisms sitting |
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| 74:20 | OK? Your obligate anaerobes. So go with the opposite of that, |
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| 74:25 | to speak, right? Anaerobe has , none of these effective enzymes, |
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| 74:30 | ? It has to hide in an where there's no 02 at all. |
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| 74:33 | no protection, right? The fractal aero tolerant types, OK? Grow |
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| 74:41 | the UDE. OK? Because they have protection, OK? They can |
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| 74:46 | all over the place, right? they're completely protected from 02. The |
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| 74:51 | between these two, right? You look and go, OK? Here's |
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| 74:55 | fa po of arrow and aero They look the same to me. |
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| 74:59 | ? Well, you have to zero on the top. OK. Aero |
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| 75:04 | types are more or less uniform you . Ok. Back potato types are |
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| 75:10 | well but have actually a little more at the top. Ok. So |
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| 75:15 | what you remember from respiration, Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, aerobic |
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| 75:22 | , always energy, right? So energy equates to growth, right? |
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| 75:28 | an aerobic metabolism because fractal types can oxygen, you know, and they |
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| 75:34 | get lots of energy from that produce lot more growth than the aero tolerant |
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| 75:38 | . Aero tolerant type does not use . It either ferments, respires |
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| 75:44 | You don't get that benefit of the energy, extra growth you would that |
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| 75:50 | fact of type gets OK. So simply just a product of the, |
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| 75:55 | its the fact that it can't Respi and this one can give me a |
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| 76:00 | bit more energy and more cells at top. OK? The micro AOP |
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| 76:04 | is in the middle because it's lacking one or two of the protective enzymes |
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| 76:11 | lower concentration of them. OK. they're gonna be in the micro aero |
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| 76:16 | like not, not 20% oxygen in atmosphere, 10 5% because it is |
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| 76:24 | toxic. At above that you don't the max protection against it. |
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| 76:30 | So if you look at um one to to look at this and categorizing |
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| 76:37 | is like this, OK? Uh them as aerobic anaerobic, right? |
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| 76:44 | aer robes, those use oxygen, ? They are aerobically respiring, |
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| 76:50 | They just differ in the amount of they can handle. Ok. |
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| 76:57 | difference in protective enzymes. Ok. Aeros obligate I get to. |
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| 77:07 | Um, do not use 02, one. The obligate anaerobes have no |
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| 77:15 | . Completely toxic aero tolerant a robes , they don't use oxygen but they |
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| 77:22 | the protection. Ok. So they live in that 02 world. |
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| 77:27 | They don't use it but they can because they have the protection. |
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| 77:31 | Back potato types. Your E right? They can use 02. |
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| 77:35 | don't have to, they can ferment on what's available they grow throughout. |
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| 77:42 | ? Um And they have the oxygen is not toxic to them. |
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| 77:49 | ? Think E coli when need c paper, right? And do lots |
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| 77:53 | metabolisms, right? But again with these, it's do they have the |
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| 77:58 | protection or not? And that kind differentiates them? OK. And can |
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| 78:04 | use 02 or not? Ok. we'll review this again at the beginning |
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| 78:10 | time, folks. So uh |
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