| 00:03 | Okay, let's see how we can done today. We have a lot |
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| 00:07 | do. What we're gonna do is gonna cover the smooth muscle. We're |
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| 00:10 | move from smooth muscle back to skeletal . Talk about some features of skeletal |
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| 00:15 | . And then when we're done with , we're gonna look at the central |
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| 00:18 | system. We're gonna start looking at protections of the central nervous system. |
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| 00:21 | lots of ground to cover. When look at smooth muscle, structurally, |
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| 00:27 | very, very different than skeletal All the state materials is there are |
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| 00:31 | But they're organized in a very, different way. And so you can |
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| 00:34 | here, first off, the skeletal the smooth muscle is an individual |
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| 00:38 | It's single nucleus. In other union nucleus doesn't have the multi nuclear |
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| 00:43 | nuclei, it's much much smaller. think of it like little tiny cells |
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| 00:47 | you'd expect. All right. It has this weird spindle shape to |
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| 00:52 | There are no sorry, I'm ears it instead. What you have Or |
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| 00:54 | have these structures that are dense These dense bodies are the same proteins |
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| 00:59 | make up the uh uh the Z in the saarc amir, But it's |
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| 01:07 | organized differently. And so what that is is that if these are the |
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| 01:11 | structures these little black lines that are the cartoon represent where those Maya filaments |
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| 01:18 | going to be located. All And so you still have thick |
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| 01:21 | you still have thin filaments. You have some intermediate filaments that kind of |
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| 01:25 | arrange things. But you can see the arrangements create this kind of weird |
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| 01:30 | . Alright, so the thick and thin filaments are still there and they're |
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| 01:34 | this lattice work. And so when thick and thin filaments cause a |
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| 01:40 | what ends up happening is that the shrinks in this weird way? |
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| 01:44 | Kind of looks like a bound of . You know what I'm talking about |
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| 01:49 | ? All right now, what I'd point out is just just some features |
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| 01:52 | , is that the acting doesn't have ? Alright. So, if it |
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| 01:56 | have troponin, that means it's going behave slightly differently. All right. |
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| 02:03 | In terms of let's see here some features that are necessary. They're gonna |
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| 02:10 | connected to each other by mechanical And really what that means is that |
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| 02:15 | one cell contracts, it's pulling on cell. When we look at skeletal |
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| 02:19 | , all the skeletal muscle cells are moving in the same direction. |
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| 02:22 | when you look at a muscle, know, the the the head of |
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| 02:26 | muscle, basically what you're seeing or belly of the muscle, What you're |
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| 02:30 | is all the muscle fibers moving in same direction, They're all parallel with |
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| 02:34 | other. So here, what we is we have them all kind of |
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| 02:37 | gathered together in this census um That's special word that just means sheet. |
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| 02:42 | , since Isham And when one pulls pull on the other ones. And |
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| 02:47 | you'll see these contractions that occur where cell contracts and the next sales contract |
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| 02:52 | the whole sensation moves together. It have a cytoplasmic articulate, it does |
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| 02:57 | calcium. But most of the calcium gonna start from uh entering into the |
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| 03:03 | from the outside rather than from the particular. Um There are no T |
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| 03:07 | . You don't need them. because you're getting primarily your calcium from |
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| 03:13 | external environment. Now. Typically what gonna see is that you'll find smooth |
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| 03:18 | located in your hollow organs. When think of hollow organs, we primarily |
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| 03:23 | of the digestive tract. But you think of structures in the respiratory |
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| 03:27 | You can think of structures in the . You can think of structures in |
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| 03:31 | cardiovascular system that includes the blood So, basically, anything that forms |
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| 03:37 | tube in the body is going to made up or have within it, |
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| 03:40 | smooth muscle and typically the smooth muscle going to be in these sheets. |
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| 03:44 | what they're gonna do is they're gonna arranged in two different directions. You |
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| 03:48 | one group of sheets that are going the circumference of the hollow organs. |
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| 03:53 | , they're basically moving around in this . Alright. The second sheet is |
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| 03:59 | to be moving parallel to the length the organ. All right. So |
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| 04:04 | have one coming out towards you. have one going around this and what |
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| 04:07 | does is when you get a contraction you're surrounding something. What's going to |
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| 04:11 | if you get a contraction, what's happen to the circumference it's gonna get |
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| 04:15 | . So it's gonna see constriction when relaxes, it dilates and then when |
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| 04:20 | have a contraction along the length of organ, what's gonna happen to the |
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| 04:24 | of the organ it shrinks. so the smooth muscle is going to |
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| 04:31 | in those two ways. Now we here, it's typically arranged in two |
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| 04:34 | . There are some organs like the and the uterus that actually have three |
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| 04:39 | . So they have one that's kind at an oblique angle, but we |
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| 04:42 | need to worry about that until you to those structures. Alright. It's |
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| 04:46 | these are the two that are we memorize them when they're weird. |
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| 04:50 | . Now, where do we see ? It's going to be in terms |
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| 04:52 | involuntary movement. Alright. And what gonna do is we're gonna regulate blood |
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| 04:57 | , will move materials along the digestive . And so you can see for |
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| 05:01 | , what am I doing when I'm ? I'm kind of making the tube |
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| 05:04 | . So that kind of pushes material to one side, right? I |
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| 05:08 | change resistance into the airways and with to the uterus, the uterus is |
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| 05:14 | we'll see contractions during labor and So smooth muscles in all these different |
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| 05:21 | of organs and the way that a is done is different than what we |
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| 05:26 | in a skeletal muscle. Remember in muscle? Very, very simple. |
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| 05:30 | have that neuro muscular junction action potential release of locally made locally causes an |
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| 05:36 | potential in the muscle cell. So different action potentials that that act potential |
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| 05:41 | along the surface of the cell, down the T. Tubules causes the |
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| 05:44 | of those D. H. Receptors which causes the opening up of |
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| 05:47 | ridin receptors which causes calcium to flood the cell. Right, calcium floods |
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| 05:53 | the cell, binds to troponin pulls mice out of the way the thick |
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| 05:57 | thin filaments can interact, thereby creating contraction as long as a T. |
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| 06:00 | . Is available to break the bond them. Right. So it's a |
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| 06:06 | simple thing. We spent almost two talking about something that took me less |
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| 06:10 | a minute to explain. Right. is the joy of going to |
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| 06:17 | All right, so those that framework just described isn't going to be the |
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| 06:24 | muscle but there's parts of it that going to sound a little familiar. |
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| 06:29 | going to see calcium moving into the . So as a result, an |
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| 06:33 | potential is going to travel along the of the cell that's going to cause |
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| 06:35 | opening of voltage gated calcium channels so so good. Alright, that sounds |
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| 06:41 | calcium floods into the cell that calcium also trigger calcium being released from the |
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| 06:46 | . A plasma critical. Um So say calcium goes into the cell. |
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| 06:51 | . But what happens here is calcium bind a troponin. Why doesn't it |
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| 06:55 | a troponin? What did I say the first slide? There is |
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| 06:58 | So, we can't bind it What calcium does is it binds to |
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| 07:02 | molecule that's found inside the cell called module in Now Call model is all |
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| 07:08 | the place in the body. It's of the single it's one of the |
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| 07:11 | common types of regulatory molecules. All . It's part of a signal transducer |
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| 07:17 | cascade. So remember we learned back unit one. The signal transaction cascades |
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| 07:22 | said we don't need to know what little players are. Here's one where |
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| 07:26 | seeing what the players are. calcium binds cal modular. When that |
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| 07:32 | that activates cal modular, modular. does a whole bunch of stuff in |
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| 07:36 | cell. But one of the things it does is activates another molecule called |
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| 07:40 | light chain keens. Now a keenness an enzyme that phosphor relates other |
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| 07:48 | All right. And so what it's is when it becomes activated by cal |
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| 07:53 | in it's gonna go and foss for another molecule and it tells you always |
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| 07:57 | its name, what that kindness is . So in this case it's myosin |
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| 08:01 | chain and we have a myosin we really talk about the structure of |
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| 08:07 | But that little tiny head that's the chain. And what it does is |
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| 08:13 | relates that and it causes that head become mobile. So remember what we |
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| 08:19 | in the last case we had ATP along and activating the mice and light |
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| 08:24 | so they could break and make the . So here what we have is |
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| 08:28 | have a signaling cascade that does it . Now there's more complexity going on |
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| 08:34 | with a D. P. That want to go into. I don't |
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| 08:36 | to confuse you but I want you understand this concept. The idea is |
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| 08:40 | is working through a signaling cascade that in the phosphor elation and activate ovation |
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| 08:46 | the thick uh thick filament. All . And as a result what you're |
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| 08:52 | do is you're gonna start getting a , right? And when calcium is |
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| 08:58 | there are molecules that inactivate this and activate this. And when you inactivate |
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| 09:04 | then you stop the contraction. Do you think this is a fast |
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| 09:07 | slow? Slow relative to the other is kind of slow. And think |
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| 09:13 | your smooth muscle. Think about when digesting food. Is it fast or |
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| 09:17 | it slow? It's like very And so this is what it's doing |
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| 09:22 | . Slow is a relative term. didn't say speed. What is the |
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| 09:25 | ? Which is how fast is it ? It's kind of slow and blood |
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| 09:29 | when you visit constrict and dilate. faster than your digestive system right? |
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| 09:34 | it still uses the same sorts of . So, you're gonna get those |
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| 09:39 | bridges just like we saw. And that's going to be the contraction. |
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| 09:44 | remove it. Then everything is just to cause relaxation. So basically the |
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| 09:51 | sort of rules apply if everything is and you're activating stuff, you're going |
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| 09:55 | continue the contraction. But if you at the top, there are mechanisms |
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| 09:59 | move things along the way that cause . Alright. And again, this |
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| 10:04 | be a slow process. Yes, . Yes. But remember. |
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| 10:10 | what we're dealing with is we're dealing that head interacting with a thin |
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| 10:14 | Right? So, what we're doing we're making the bond we're pulling We're |
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| 10:18 | the bond. Yeah, That's that's we're referring to. That's what that |
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| 10:21 | relation is doing. Now. The is there is a TPS activity and |
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| 10:26 | other stuff in there. Please do write that down because I don't want |
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| 10:29 | confuse you with the difficulties that that along with that little thing. The |
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| 10:35 | thing here is that we're using a signaling cascade as opposed to the one |
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| 10:41 | we learned in the skeletal muscle. right. So, some unique features |
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| 10:49 | smooth muscles. One is that has stress relaxation response. How many guys |
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| 10:54 | thanksgiving and eating. Thanksgiving. All right. How many plates can |
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| 10:58 | go for you stop it too? . Four proper thanksgiving. Play |
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| 11:09 | Right. I mean, you just going and going. It's like the |
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| 11:11 | you're you know, you can just expanding basically what it is. Is |
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| 11:15 | when when smooth muscle gets stretched it goes through relaxation response. In other |
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| 11:21 | , what it does is it accommodates stress as opposed to resisting against |
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| 11:26 | All right. And so in the example, the digestive system, it |
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| 11:31 | for greater volume. So this allows to put a lot of food into |
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| 11:34 | stomach until you're like, I can't it anymore. Then you unbutton your |
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| 11:38 | if you didn't properly wear your stretchy right now, the reason this is |
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| 11:44 | , remember we talked about that that tension relationship and skeletal muscle. We |
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| 11:50 | said there's a there's an ideal right? We said we don't care |
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| 11:54 | the edges are. It's just like this ideal length for muscle to work |
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| 11:59 | , smooth muscle doesn't care so It can actually be still efficient if |
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| 12:03 | stretch it even further. Right? or compress it down. And |
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| 12:09 | it has to be a little bit do with the structure. The other |
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| 12:13 | that's really interesting is that some smooth in the body is hyper plastic. |
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| 12:18 | hyper plastic means they have an ability multiply and divide. Now the easy |
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| 12:24 | to think about that does this is uterus. All right, everyone hold |
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| 12:28 | your fist. That's the ladies. the size of your uterus before you |
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| 12:33 | get pregnant. It's actually little bit than that. Alright. And then |
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| 12:38 | about full term pregnancy. We're talking , I don't know a £9 |
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| 12:44 | That's on the big side, write £9 child plus about £13 of placenta |
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| 12:50 | amniotic fluid. Alright, so we're like two basketballs worth of size. |
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| 12:55 | , so that's the size of your . After nine months you give birth |
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| 13:00 | then you actually go through a process bringing your orders back down to the |
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| 13:05 | and it takes about two weeks. the smooth muscle accommodates that because it's |
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| 13:11 | of being hyper plastic table will Yeah. Two. That's exactly |
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| 13:28 | Just because it's right. So because the arrangement of how those thick and |
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| 13:36 | filaments are using those dense bodies as to the Z lines, right? |
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| 13:40 | allows for these cells to actually be . Right? Think of your |
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| 13:46 | write your bladder starts off. Itsy , teeny tiny, like a deflated |
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| 13:50 | . And all day long you're making about a mil per minute, |
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| 13:55 | And then what happens? It fills , fills up, fills up and |
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| 13:58 | smooth muscles are getting stretched and stretched stretched and if we stretched too far |
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| 14:04 | would think that I wouldn't be able get the force to be able to |
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| 14:08 | that fluid out when it's time to the bathroom. But no smooth muscles |
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| 14:13 | accommodate that because of that arrangement. now, I point out the hyper |
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| 14:20 | because skeletal muscle is not remember what said when you work out and get |
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| 14:24 | , you're not building new muscle, making the muscle itself bigger. All |
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| 14:33 | . Now, when we talked about muscle, we said here's our muscle |
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| 14:38 | . And what we did is we put a neuron associated with each of |
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| 14:42 | individual muscle cells. And what we is a neuro muscular junction. So |
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| 14:47 | muscle cell in your body, skeletal cell is associated with a neuron. |
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| 14:53 | ? Smooth muscle on the other isn't like that. What happens is |
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| 14:58 | , and we're gonna see the example this is not true. All |
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| 15:02 | Typically what you have is you have of the autonomic nervous system. |
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| 15:06 | again, we're going back to that or flight thing that we haven't really |
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| 15:11 | yet. And instead of having a muscular junction, instead these sorts of |
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| 15:17 | have little kind of bulges or bulbs the Teledyne Andrea. And what they |
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| 15:22 | is they kind of act like a system. So instead of talking directly |
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| 15:26 | the cell and saying, I want to contract right now, it sends |
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| 15:30 | kind of this generic message. It all right, all your cells around |
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| 15:34 | . I think it's time for you contract. And what they do is |
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| 15:38 | some cells will receive that signal directly some might receive that signal indirectly. |
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| 15:46 | . So, that relationship is going be one where it's not direct always |
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| 15:53 | it's it's kind of an indirect way they're not talking like this, this |
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| 15:59 | right here is not talking to that specifically. Okay. Now even though |
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| 16:05 | innovated, smooth muscles are capable of their own action potentials. Alright. |
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| 16:12 | can modify and change the rate at they're going to contract. You know |
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| 16:18 | the rate at which they contract as as the strength. So they have |
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| 16:22 | own kind of pacemaker activity which can their responsiveness or can basically decrease or |
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| 16:30 | an action potential or contraction from So there's some inherent activities within the |
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| 16:37 | that can affect this. Now typically muscle is going to be arranged in |
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| 16:42 | of two ways. When we describe , we're really describing the more um |
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| 16:50 | I've got to make sure I get right. Yeah. The single |
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| 16:52 | I always get those two things Alright. They work together as a |
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| 16:58 | . Alright. So here you can there's our there's our Teledyne dri a |
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| 17:02 | can see all the very costly as can see all the cells that are |
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| 17:05 | of surrounding it and all the cells connected to each other via gap |
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| 17:11 | Question. Go ahead. Sorry. , very Casati. So that bull |
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| 17:20 | structure is called a very Casati. about a varicose vein gross, right |
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| 17:27 | outward. Yes. So there's no inside it there would be synaptic |
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| 17:34 | So, it serves as kind of apps. But because it's not directly |
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| 17:38 | with the cell, we don't call the synapse. That's a very good |
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| 17:42 | . Thank you. So, here can see the varicose. Let's see |
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| 17:48 | it's not interacting directly with the cell the cartoon and what it's doing. |
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| 17:52 | acting like a sprinkler system. I'm releasing neuro transmitter out into this nearby |
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| 17:58 | . Some of the cells are going respond and when they begin to contract |
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| 18:01 | produce that action potential because there uh with the other cells via gap junctions |
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| 18:09 | uh that movement of ion will move cell to cell to cell. That |
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| 18:13 | be an electrical junction. All And so then that sheet starts at |
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| 18:19 | the action potential began. That's gonna the first one that contracts. But |
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| 18:22 | nearby elect cells that are connected electrically further and further away contract and contract |
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| 18:27 | contract. So, ultimately the whole will contract as a result of their |
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| 18:33 | . That's why it's called the single . It acts as a single unit |
|
| 18:37 | contract. And we mentioned, some these cells are self excitable. You |
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| 18:42 | not need to have a signal from nervous system and do so the cells |
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| 18:48 | have their own pacemaker activity and can their own action potential, thereby causing |
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| 18:55 | whole sheet to contract. All The other type is the multi |
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| 19:03 | And here it's not like this right , it's more like the skeletal muscles |
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| 19:08 | that they have neuromuscular junctions. So each cell is innovated, it |
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| 19:15 | its own synapse. So that means cell right here is going to be |
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| 19:20 | independent of the other cells. Just you saw in skeletal muscle. Now |
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| 19:25 | have motor units. Right? So can have many cells innovated by one |
|
| 19:30 | . But what you're seeing here now that neuro muscular junction, one |
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| 19:34 | one cell. Lots of cells. cell or one neuron. Okay, |
|
| 19:43 | where you're going to see? These in some really, really discrete |
|
| 19:47 | So, for example, the easy to think about is the hair |
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| 19:51 | Have you ever had goose bumps on side of your body and not on |
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| 19:53 | other? Yeah, it's like hair up over here. And it's |
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| 19:57 | what's going on? It's because those are individually innovated by or those smooth |
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| 20:05 | that caused the pili to stand up individually innovated when you talk about your |
|
| 20:11 | , for example, right? I cover up one eye and shine light |
|
| 20:17 | this eye and this live. I will dilate or sorry, will |
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| 20:22 | but this will remain dilated, Because it's they're responding to the light |
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| 20:27 | they receive. So they're working independent each other. All right. |
|
| 20:39 | that's smooth muscle. And the truth , I mean, there's like |
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| 20:42 | like 10 slides there or something like . But you're only gonna get like |
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| 20:45 | question or two. So, the here is kind of look at how |
|
| 20:49 | they different from skeletal muscle? What distinguishes them or makes them unique from |
|
| 20:56 | skeletal muscles? Yeah, you have . That's good. So one of |
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| 21:06 | will only be made up. That correct. So, the question |
|
| 21:11 | is the sensation, And I look it, is it just gonna be |
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| 21:15 | single cell or is it gonna be unit? And it's typically it's gonna |
|
| 21:19 | that single unit type of structure. I mean, you can look at |
|
| 21:24 | one. It might be multi Again, multi units are very, |
|
| 21:26 | rare there in some very specific locations the body. Yeah. Yes. |
|
| 21:39 | Mhm. So what you do is the where your structure start changing. |
|
| 21:49 | , for example, um I was , oh, let me pull up |
|
| 21:54 | picture of the esophagus. I don't a picture an esophagus. So it's |
|
| 21:56 | gonna be helpful. Alright. So you're dealing with like the esophagus, |
|
| 22:00 | where that innovation occurs and where that muscle begins, that's where you're going |
|
| 22:07 | start seeing it. But where you new innovation. So let's say the |
|
| 22:10 | . Well, it does, it . I'm sorry. I'm thinking |
|
| 22:15 | I'm thinking of the trachea. Excuse . Alright, So in the |
|
| 22:19 | the you're gonna get a swallowing That's gonna be skeletal muscle. But |
|
| 22:23 | the smooth muscle begins and starts pushing down. So the esophagus is going |
|
| 22:27 | be independent of the smooth muscle that find around the stomach. And there |
|
| 22:31 | different parts of the stomach that have different purposes. And so in those |
|
| 22:35 | areas, in those different regions, gonna have unique since issue that are |
|
| 22:40 | innovated. And so that's what you'd is where you see that independent innovation |
|
| 22:45 | where a new sensation begins. right, so skeletal muscles don't form |
|
| 22:53 | issue. All right there, those typically are referred to as an individual |
|
| 23:01 | . So you'd point to and say is that muscle. So for |
|
| 23:05 | we have two esophageal sphincters. the esophageal sphincters are going to be |
|
| 23:11 | muscle. Right? So this one gonna when you swallow basically open |
|
| 23:15 | And what you're really doing is you're from that skeletal muscle that allows you |
|
| 23:19 | force the food from the back of uh Fairbanks really down into the esophagus |
|
| 23:26 | then once it gets to the it's all smooth muscle doing the |
|
| 23:30 | And what you're gonna do is basically relax that muscle. So that's number |
|
| 23:33 | , then you get to the next which is now a muscle that's going |
|
| 23:37 | constrict and push food down through the . Once you start to swallow that |
|
| 23:42 | is gonna just do its thing and going to keep pushing whatever it is |
|
| 23:45 | until it gets to your stomach. another structure that's the boundary between the |
|
| 23:51 | and the esophagus and that's gonna And that's that next sphincter. So |
|
| 23:58 | of those would be independent structures that working independently of each other. |
|
| 24:03 | the census of the esophagus that you're of, for example. So, |
|
| 24:08 | skeletal muscle would be from the Ferencz to that sphincter. And then now |
|
| 24:12 | getting the smooth muscle. All So, so, what I'm pointing |
|
| 24:16 | here is that the the skeletal muscle never the same thing as a smooth |
|
| 24:21 | . It is an independent structure All right. Yeah, that's all |
|
| 24:28 | . Not a dumb question, sensation a fancy word for saying sheet |
|
| 24:34 | Alright. So typically when you're talking smooth muscles, they form sheets of |
|
| 24:39 | . Yes. Harvest. Okay. So, when you're talking about muscle |
|
| 24:55 | , right, muscle cells work as motor unit. Right? So, |
|
| 25:00 | have a single cell or let's say cells? I'm just gonna use five |
|
| 25:04 | and one neuron. All right. within that muscle belly, I will |
|
| 25:09 | hundreds of muscle cells. So, unit is just that group of five |
|
| 25:15 | . What those five cells do is will work as a unit to create |
|
| 25:18 | certain amount of tension. If the isn't enough to to move the |
|
| 25:24 | The load being the thing you're trying to act on. Then. What |
|
| 25:27 | do is you'll recruited another motor unit you'll keep it recruiting enough motor units |
|
| 25:31 | in order to create the tension necessary move the load. Alright. What |
|
| 25:36 | census she um is is basically all cells that are available in that |
|
| 25:41 | Alright. So when we're looking at hollow tube and you're looking at all |
|
| 25:47 | cells say in the um in the census. Um When you stimulate |
|
| 25:55 | that's going to cause all those to simultaneously. It doesn't select for |
|
| 25:59 | here's just a couple. Right. , I just need to create this |
|
| 26:02 | tension. It's going to act on and the whole thing is going to |
|
| 26:06 | as a unit. So, sensation basically working as a group. |
|
| 26:12 | I will accept in that multi Which is the unique thing that's like |
|
| 26:16 | the eyes and stuff. All I'm ready to move on to back |
|
| 26:23 | skeleton mostly. I think this stuff more interesting for those of you who |
|
| 26:28 | interested in how your muscles develop and I guess is the best way this |
|
| 26:34 | going to be kind of interesting to . I think All right. |
|
| 26:40 | cardiac muscles are a census. Ium they're a unique cell type and the |
|
| 26:48 | that they arranged is very different than muscle and very different from skeletal |
|
| 26:53 | That's why we don't talk about We wait till you get to the |
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| 26:57 | system. So A. And Two. First lecture cardiovascular. All |
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| 27:04 | . Truth is not very different from muscles. Really how it's arranged. |
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| 27:11 | . Alright. So, remember what said. We're talking about skeletal |
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| 27:14 | So now from now on, it's back to skeletal muscles. When I |
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| 27:17 | muscle and skeletal muscle. All Because if I say skeletal muscle every |
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| 27:22 | it's gonna slow me down. All , muscles are going to be attached |
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| 27:26 | bones. There's terms that we We call the origin and the |
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| 27:30 | The assertion is the mobile attachment. basically where the muscle is going to |
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| 27:36 | attached distantly. Alright. The origin is the proximal attachment is where you're |
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| 27:43 | to be attached. So, that's stationary object. Alright. So, |
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| 27:47 | from the origin. You're pulling the towards the origin is the idea |
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| 27:54 | All right. Now, typically, we say that this is attached to |
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| 27:59 | , the origin is attached to whereas the insertion is attached to |
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| 28:03 | So here, we're talking epic Museum to perry Osti. Um Here the |
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| 28:09 | is actually inserted to the bone. right. And what we're doing is |
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| 28:13 | saying that's what we're pulling on and pulling that bone towards wherever that origin |
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| 28:19 | located. When we look at a , we ask what is it trying |
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| 28:26 | accomplish? All right. An agonist a muscle or it can be a |
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| 28:31 | group. But typically we're talking about muscle that is directly involved in creating |
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| 28:37 | . Alright. So, when I a contraction like this, my bicep |
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| 28:42 | acting as the agonist, I'm pulling arm upward but there's a muscle muscle |
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| 28:48 | opposes that movement that's called the Alright. And what it's trying to |
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| 28:54 | is trying to stabilize the joint during movement of the agonist. And so |
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| 28:59 | would be the triceps in this particular . My tricep is serving as an |
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| 29:05 | an antagonist to my agonist. Now I was lifting up something heavy like |
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| 29:09 | chair again obviously I'm going to need stabilize my body to oppose the weight |
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| 29:16 | I'm moving the chair right naturally. I'm trying to pick up this chair |
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| 29:21 | can see I'm doing, I can , this is helping to stabilize while |
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| 29:26 | do the lifting, but I have in my back that are stabilizing my |
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| 29:31 | so I can make the movement. refer to those as synergistic, they're |
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| 29:36 | involved in the movement itself, but stabilize you to allow for the movement |
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| 29:41 | occur. So no muscle is kind working by itself. There's always other |
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| 29:46 | going on around it. Now, I answer the question we finished with |
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| 29:51 | thought, when we are telling the to contract simultaneously, we're trying to |
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| 29:59 | the antagonist to relax because of both are contracting with equal force at the |
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| 30:04 | time. You're basically not going to any sort of movement right if this |
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| 30:09 | contracting and that's contracting, then I'm going to allow this muscle to move |
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| 30:13 | or this arm to move upward so that inhibition of the antagonist while the |
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| 30:22 | is contracting is called reciprocal inhibition. , So when you're contracting here, |
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| 30:29 | telling this muscle to start relaxing Alright. Now, to your |
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| 30:34 | Go ahead. Well, so it's of a general term. So you |
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| 30:43 | just think about where am I pulling ? So the origin is is typically |
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| 30:46 | to be the proximal is typically where pulling to Not always pointing here, |
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| 30:51 | I mean, we could, you , point to other but other |
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| 30:54 | but because we're not naming specific I can't show you a picture. |
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| 30:59 | the idea here origin is where I'm to insertion is what I'm pulling |
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| 31:05 | Okay. It it depends on the , depends on the muscle that you're |
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| 31:09 | at. Yes, no question. , or right, No, stretch |
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| 31:36 | are a function of your skin. growing fast enough while your muscles are |
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| 31:39 | faster. Think about women who are ladies, I'm sorry, you got |
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| 31:45 | lines in your future. I heard butter is the best. I don't |
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| 31:49 | . All right, but their bellies faster than than their skin, skin |
|
| 31:54 | actually grow. So they end up stretched lines on their bellies as they |
|
| 31:59 | . Guys who like to lift especially in their early teens, you |
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| 32:03 | , like All right, I want pump myself up. What do I |
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| 32:05 | ? I go out there and I pumping and working faster than my body |
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| 32:08 | grow. So you end up with lines. So, what you're seeing |
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| 32:12 | is when we talked about growth and , right? We talked about how |
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| 32:16 | skin and you get fibrosis, in , what you're doing is you're seeing |
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| 32:20 | nature of that epithelium trying to grow enough, but it doesn't So you |
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| 32:25 | up with this material that doesn't look that great. Again, I heard |
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| 32:32 | butter. Yes, this has to . Is it fully relaxing? It |
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| 32:42 | on what the movement is, so can be serving kind of in a |
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| 32:45 | a fashion where it's like, remember I'm trying to stabilize the |
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| 32:48 | right? So, as I'm creating contraction, this muscle is doing an |
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| 32:53 | movement that that allows for this movement occur because I'm inhibiting it, but |
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| 32:58 | just turning everything off. Otherwise be . I was going to bring in |
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| 33:04 | heavy book to kind of demonstrate this in just a moment, but I |
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| 33:07 | lazy and did not do that. let me let me show you what |
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| 33:10 | looks like. Alright, we have deal with the type of contractions that |
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| 33:15 | heard you've probably heard of isotonic isotonic contractions is where you're going to |
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| 33:21 | muscle tension, right? And while muscle tension is being produced, its |
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| 33:26 | constant. Alright. And then when remains constant, the muscle length itself |
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| 33:31 | changing. All right now lots of . Visual makes it easier here. |
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| 33:39 | got something that weighs something Not very . Right. I'm moving at is |
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| 33:46 | muscle changing its length? Yes. . So, the amount of tension |
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| 33:52 | doesn't get any heavier while I lift . Right? It's it's basically a |
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| 33:56 | weight. And so as I move , I've changed my lane similarly, |
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| 34:01 | I put it down, the weight change. But does my muscle change |
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| 34:05 | ? Yes. So here, I'm lane. So, concentric isotonic contractions |
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| 34:12 | the muscle is shortening an east centric contraction. When the muscle is |
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| 34:19 | And again, you can just just up something, pick up something |
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| 34:22 | pick up something light, You can it. Right, picking this |
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| 34:26 | My muscle gets smaller. That's a contraction. That's an e centric |
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| 34:32 | Alright, Because I'm What I'm doing I'm trying to prevent this thing from |
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| 34:36 | the floor so there is a slow while this is beginning to relax. |
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| 34:42 | right. Now, what's happening in antagonist muscle? What's this? All |
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| 34:47 | , when I go this direction, happening? Is that a concentric or |
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| 34:50 | contraction? Alright. Would be And then coming down here would be |
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| 34:56 | smaller Concentric. All right, you have a question. Okay. |
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| 35:05 | . Yeah, I just mentioned I'll back. Isometric contraction is when the |
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| 35:10 | length doesn't change. But you change tension. All right Here, we |
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| 35:16 | a wall. I'm gonna try to the wall. I'm just gonna apply |
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| 35:21 | little bit of force. All right my muscle doesn't change size, does |
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| 35:26 | ? When I push up against Just a little bit. Alright, |
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| 35:30 | if I apply more force and more and more force. More force? |
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| 35:35 | load hasn't changed. Right? But amount of tension I'm producing changes. |
|
| 35:41 | I still can't produce enough tension to the muscle to cause the muscle to |
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| 35:45 | its shape. Right? So even I'm developing more and more tension, |
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| 35:51 | muscle itself doesn't change the shape. used to be a really popular way |
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| 35:56 | work out in the 70s. They have ladies sit in chairs and |
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| 36:01 | , okay get your arms put them is on tv public access tv. |
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| 36:05 | . And he said all right, your arms together and press them. |
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| 36:10 | an isometric contraction. Right? And pushing I can create more attention. |
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| 36:15 | can produce less tension. Right? I'm working out that muscle because I'm |
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| 36:20 | producing tension in the muscles. You try that. See okay, you |
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| 36:27 | it's just not so popular anymore. the popular way to work out |
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| 36:32 | dumbbells? How about yoga pants and free weights Pilates you name it. |
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| 36:37 | you could throw a rock and you hit something new. Right? |
|
| 36:45 | Mhm. All right. So this kind of shows what we just described |
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| 36:50 | . I'm sorry. Yes, go first. Mhm. That's right. |
|
| 37:10 | the idea here is when you're dealing isotonic, right? So the word |
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| 37:14 | is so same tonic is you're dealing the tension is what it's actually referring |
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| 37:20 | here. Right? So the tonic or the tension stays the same, |
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| 37:25 | muscle length is changing. So think carrying something heavy, write your muscles |
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| 37:30 | and your sustaining that contraction contraction that be isometric. Right? But now |
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| 37:35 | have to put that item down, ? And it's heavy. You don't |
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| 37:39 | to just drop it because you'll break it is in our little scenario. |
|
| 37:43 | what are you gonna do? You're slowly put it down and you're gonna |
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| 37:46 | release the tension right? As you're , your muscle length is going, |
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| 37:51 | amount of work your muscles doing is the same because the weight doesn't |
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| 37:55 | But you're you're allowing your muscles to while you hold that thing up. |
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| 38:00 | right. So in another classroom there's things and I can pick that up |
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| 38:04 | demonstrate it better because me putting this , Right? I mean let's just |
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| 38:09 | it this way. Right, I'm this out. Right? So I'm |
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| 38:12 | with an isometric contraction. My muscles changing But when I put this |
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| 38:18 | right? I'm controlling how fast it . Right? But my muscles are |
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| 38:23 | longer as I put it down as lifted up, My muscles are getting |
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| 38:27 | . So there's isotonic movement there, ? But if I hold it straight |
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| 38:32 | , that's isometric. Where's my synergies ? Where are they? My |
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| 38:39 | yep. Where's the other place? ? That's right abdomen When you're like |
|
| 38:50 | ? Yeah, just depends on what right. So so when you get |
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| 39:01 | machines right, machines are there are specifically to work at a single muscle |
|
| 39:07 | , right? You can even see you go to certain gems. I |
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| 39:10 | a picture and they say you're working your lats, your working out |
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| 39:14 | Alright? But then there's some for example a dead lift. You |
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| 39:19 | if you do a dead lift it out multiple muscle works your core, |
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| 39:23 | your legs, works your back, ? So there's all sorts of different |
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| 39:28 | and so different exercise will do different and depending on who you read and |
|
| 39:33 | know who you want to pay attention . You know certain exercises are better |
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| 39:37 | others in terms of maintaining or keeping body in shape. You know, |
|
| 39:42 | example if you've ever done kettle I mean that does everything in your |
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| 39:47 | . So kettle swings are a good to do. But if you're trying |
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| 39:50 | build up muscle mass in your chest your arms, it's not gonna do |
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| 39:53 | for you because you're basically shifting where work is going as you do the |
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| 39:59 | right? All this is trying to you here is um what these |
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| 40:06 | Alright, so this would be concentric here, where it's like see here's |
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| 40:09 | kg stimulated. It lifts up the here, the weight is too heavy |
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| 40:13 | you can stimulate it and the muscle . It produces tension, but it's |
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| 40:18 | enough to lift the weight. That be a nice symmetric. So mussels |
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| 40:24 | these characteristics, their contract, I'll they can forcibly shorten when they stimulate |
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| 40:29 | . They're excitable. That means they to an electrical stimulus. I think |
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| 40:33 | the lab, I don't know if doing the mp lab. I know |
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| 40:35 | doing the physiology lab. You get muscles and you you can add electrodes |
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| 40:39 | them, you get them to contract stuff, right? Extensible. That |
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| 40:44 | you can stretch and bond beyond their length, their elastic. That means |
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| 40:50 | you stretch them, they go back the original shape. Can you imagine |
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| 40:54 | after you work your muscles and they're , meaning that they adapt based on |
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| 41:00 | . Which was what we were kind describing yesterday, which means you use |
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| 41:04 | , your body is going to respond produce the amount of muscles you need |
|
| 41:08 | order to do the job you're All right. Mhm. This thing |
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| 41:20 | this they say like you break right? So the idea is you |
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| 41:24 | micro tears and so part of this repairing the micro tears. Right? |
|
| 41:29 | kind of like the stress that we've about in bone, right? Every |
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| 41:33 | you take a step, you create stress in the bone and the osteo |
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| 41:37 | are there to detect where those stresses occurring and they direct where the bone |
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| 41:41 | to be remodeled. So it's the sort of thing. It's the micro |
|
| 41:44 | mean, we're talking when I say terry, it's not like you're literally |
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| 41:47 | your muscle. I can tell you what happens when you tear your |
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| 41:50 | Because when I was in high school did that. It's not fun. |
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| 41:53 | hard to repair. It takes forever your muscles to repair themselves. Not |
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| 41:58 | lot of fun. Alright. But you're happening is like when you're stressing |
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| 42:03 | muscles out over and over, then going to happen is is your body |
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| 42:07 | , wait a second, I'm constantly to repair this. Let me make |
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| 42:11 | side of skeleton, let me make thick and thin filaments. Now. |
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| 42:15 | can create greater forces. I can the tearing that's taking place. |
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| 42:26 | I don't know. I'm sorry. having a real hard see the truth |
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| 42:31 | when we're talking 50 yards or however , 2030 yards from each other. |
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| 42:34 | really hard to hear you liberum No. So the liberal remember is |
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| 42:41 | connective tissue that kind of holds the in place. At least when I |
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| 42:45 | of a Librium, that's what I'm of. So when you tear |
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| 42:48 | that's that's actually pretty bad. You have to rest that joint, |
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| 42:53 | And once you once you rest that it allows it to repair itself very |
|
| 42:58 | . It's hard to arrest a Right? Is that what you're referring |
|
| 43:03 | ? Yeah. Yeah. So if tear that, are you gonna be |
|
| 43:06 | to use that shoulder, know what gonna do? They're gonna bind you |
|
| 43:10 | and say let's let's let's allow that repair itself. And very often you |
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| 43:14 | to go in and do surgery. kind of like doing a meniscal |
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| 43:16 | Meniscal tear is the same thing like liberum. It's basically connective tissue holding |
|
| 43:21 | two bones together or in in socket a better way to probably put |
|
| 43:27 | All right. There's something called a shortening cycle. You'll see this in |
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| 43:31 | very specific types of movements like running jumping and what you're doing is you |
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| 43:36 | taking advantage of how energy is stored particular types of movement. It goes |
|
| 43:42 | these three phases. So the eccentric , what you're doing is you're actively |
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| 43:46 | out that agonist muscle. All And so that muscle doesn't want to |
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| 43:51 | stretched. And then what happens is go to the amortization phase. And |
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| 43:54 | energy is now stored in that eccentric . So now it can serve as |
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| 43:59 | spring when it contracts. And that's shortening. And so think about when |
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| 44:05 | running, right? I mean we run on our on our on our |
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| 44:09 | . But what we do is we downhill. What are we doing? |
|
| 44:12 | stretching that muscle, we bring our flat which now stores energy in that |
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| 44:18 | muscle and then it contracts and springs forward. Alright, so this would |
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| 44:23 | that strength. Uh shortening cycle. increases the amount of force that you're |
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| 44:29 | to do. It stimulates something called stretch reflex. We haven't talked about |
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| 44:34 | yet. Stretch reflex comes a little later. All right, there's also |
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| 44:41 | force velocity relationship and this can sound confusing, but all you gotta do |
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| 44:46 | think about what you're trying to accomplish the movement. And again, think |
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| 44:50 | lifting something and putting something down when have a concentric contraction, the force |
|
| 44:56 | going to be inversely related to That means stronger force means slower |
|
| 45:03 | Alright, so here I've got this little thing. How much tension do |
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| 45:11 | need to produce to lift this? if there's not a lot of |
|
| 45:15 | what's going to happen? I can the muscle pretty quickly. Right, |
|
| 45:21 | you just gotta think in terms of got something big, how much tension |
|
| 45:33 | am I gonna move it as fast I can move that? No, |
|
| 45:35 | can visualize it. I can't move as fast. Right, because I |
|
| 45:40 | to produce more force. So speed force. Have an inverse relationship |
|
| 45:45 | Alright, when you're dealing with the contractions. So the heavier the |
|
| 45:50 | the slower I go. All that makes sense. But that's concentric |
|
| 45:54 | centric force is directly related to The light or something is right, |
|
| 46:01 | slower I want to go. And , the way I think about it |
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| 46:05 | if I put something down, I want to break it. All |
|
| 46:10 | So, I got something heavy, , gravity is pulling it and so |
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| 46:16 | amount of tension I'm producing is heavy so I'm slowing down. The rate |
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| 46:21 | which I'm putting something down. I'm sorry. That's backwards. The |
|
| 46:26 | force there is the faster muscle So, I'm trying to prevent it |
|
| 46:29 | falling. That's the way that you to think about it. Right? |
|
| 46:32 | wants to go fast. I don't it to go fast. So I |
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| 46:35 | my time putting it down. If was something bigger, I don't |
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| 46:41 | Like I said, there's usually something in here that I can play |
|
| 46:45 | I bet this chair where he's more do you bet? Oh yeah, |
|
| 46:55 | all cool walker too. All okay. Hopefully that will help. |
|
| 47:07 | right. So, if I want put this down, it wants to |
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| 47:11 | fast. So the rate at which contract slows down its movement. So |
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| 47:17 | want to go fast. Right? prevent this thing from falling. So |
|
| 47:23 | rate at which I'm contracting is This thing doesn't weigh a lot if |
|
| 47:29 | go fast. What's going to happen I'm gonna hurt myself or whatever, |
|
| 47:34 | ? So less tension. Less Yeah. Like what? Right |
|
| 47:49 | no. So what you're doing is remember in the antagonist muscle you're opposing |
|
| 47:53 | movement, right? So what you're is if I'm producing lots of |
|
| 47:58 | right? More force, the slower muscle contraction, Right? So I'm |
|
| 48:03 | this. So what's this one? ? More force? And this muscle |
|
| 48:08 | contracting faster, right? But their each other. And so you're creating |
|
| 48:13 | eccentric movement as that concentric is going ? I know it's you they oppose |
|
| 48:21 | other. That's that's the easiest thing do. Think in terms of |
|
| 48:27 | the thing's heavy. I don't want lift it again so far you with |
|
| 48:34 | with this. Alright, so all gotta do is remember concentric force inversely |
|
| 48:40 | . Then try to picture what you're . If it's big, I'm moving |
|
| 48:46 | right here. S centric just think your bicep. Just make your life |
|
| 48:50 | . Right? In a bicep? centric if it's big my speed is |
|
| 48:57 | , it's trying to prevent me from it right, gravity is pulling on |
|
| 49:04 | . I've been saying no, no, no, no, |
|
| 49:06 | I'm taking I'm contracting faster to prevent from falling faster. All right, |
|
| 49:16 | I'm leaving you with that confused look your face, it's just something you |
|
| 49:20 | to memorize in terms of muscle muscle fibers are going to be aligned |
|
| 49:26 | the tendon. All right, So can have what is called a |
|
| 49:30 | A muscle or a non pen eight . A pen eight muscle. Just |
|
| 49:34 | of refers to how it feathers. right. And so here with the |
|
| 49:38 | eight muscles, the muscle fibers are to be oblique to the Tendon. |
|
| 49:44 | that means in english. If you your tendon, oblique means at an |
|
| 49:53 | that's not perpendicular or parallel to the . All right. And so what |
|
| 50:00 | means is when I contract that I'm pulling in that direction. |
|
| 50:07 | And so the tendon which is pulling this direction gets pulled much, much |
|
| 50:13 | slowly in the direction that it wants go. But what are you doing |
|
| 50:18 | you're producing a lot more force to that movement. Right? So You're |
|
| 50:28 | to see PIN eight muscles where you're to have more muscle mass to get |
|
| 50:34 | force to create the movement. When dealing with non pin eight muscles, |
|
| 50:40 | have your tendon and the muscle fibers moving with that tendon. All right |
|
| 50:47 | parallel, so they produce fast so slow, more force. |
|
| 50:54 | Not as much force. Okay, these are just examples of what they |
|
| 51:03 | look like. So you can see , pin eight pin eight pin eight |
|
| 51:09 | parallel, parallel parallel. You can that why that's parallel. Right? |
|
| 51:17 | your tendon. Which way the fibers same direction here? You can see |
|
| 51:22 | tension between the parallels here, tendon . There's the belly parallel tendons over |
|
| 51:31 | tendons in the middle, tendons kind doing all sorts of weird stuff and |
|
| 51:36 | circular is weird. I promised you one time that we were going to |
|
| 51:43 | the muscle names, but only All right. Remember. I said |
|
| 51:48 | name things for what they do for they look like. So when you're |
|
| 51:51 | to memorize, have you guys, they making memorized muscles in the |
|
| 51:55 | Yeah. Alright. So let's make lives easy. All right. Typically |
|
| 52:01 | gonna have clues given to us. gonna tell us about location, |
|
| 52:04 | structure, size, shape. They even have origin insertions telling you where |
|
| 52:08 | coming and going to or what sort action they're doing. So, here's |
|
| 52:12 | example of an orientation rectus. What you think that means up and down |
|
| 52:20 | . That uh size, bravas, brief, brief, longest. That's |
|
| 52:30 | type of latin I learned long. big minor fastest. Okay. |
|
| 52:41 | huge, vast shape. Deltoid rhombus again square. Like name for the |
|
| 52:52 | that they perform an abductor lifts, drops. The presser drops again. |
|
| 53:01 | sensor causes extension. Right, Yeah, elevator lifts. It's like |
|
| 53:11 | el elevator. That's where the name from. And then opponents. I |
|
| 53:16 | know does something like that. That's opposition. Huh? So all |
|
| 53:23 | a sudden. Now the vocabulary of is a lot easier. Right |
|
| 53:29 | There's gonna be some kooky stuff in . But when you see words like |
|
| 53:33 | it's going to help you understand its alright? Or where it's located or |
|
| 53:39 | it's trying to accomplish. Ultimately, we're looking at, when we're looking |
|
| 53:46 | the skeletal muscular system is we're looking a system of levers. Alright. |
|
| 53:52 | so what a lever is is simply tool. It's one of the simple |
|
| 53:56 | , you remember learning your simple tools back when it's like earth science or |
|
| 54:00 | they call that class before biology high . So a lever basically is a |
|
| 54:06 | stiff object that moves something along a point. So what we have here |
|
| 54:09 | what is called the fulcrum. We have a moment arm, a |
|
| 54:13 | arm has a resistance force being applied it. That's the thing you're trying |
|
| 54:17 | move. And the applied force is force that you're going to add on |
|
| 54:22 | applied to the lever to move the force Okay. In our bodies. |
|
| 54:30 | this does it creates a mechanical I think it was Archimedes that said |
|
| 54:33 | me a lever long enough and I move the earth right? I don't |
|
| 54:37 | if those Archimedes, I could probably any name of any ancient scientists would |
|
| 54:41 | nod our heads. Yeah, that sounds good. All right. |
|
| 54:45 | the idea is it gives me this advantage. So your bones and your |
|
| 54:49 | are the levers, the joint serve your full crumb and then the muscles |
|
| 54:53 | the applied force. And then so resistance forces. Just the thing that |
|
| 54:58 | trying to move, There are three types of levers that are described. |
|
| 55:03 | have the first class, second class third class lever. So if you're |
|
| 55:07 | this for the first time, you look at tools that we're familiar |
|
| 55:11 | First class levers. The type of we're most familiar with is here's your |
|
| 55:14 | in the middle, your resistance forces one side, applied forces on the |
|
| 55:17 | side. Alright, there's not a of first class levers in the |
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| 55:21 | If I want to nod my that would be an example of a |
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| 55:26 | class lever. Fulcrum is my spinal or my vertebrae, right? The |
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| 55:32 | on the back of my head, this direction is the applied force on |
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| 55:37 | resistance force on this side. not very common. Second class levers |
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| 55:44 | of like a wheelbarrow. I'm gonna my fulcrum at the end of my |
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| 55:48 | of my moment arm, I'm gonna the weight that I'm trying to lift |
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| 55:52 | the middle and I'm gonna put my force at the end. So Wilbur |
|
| 55:56 | a really good example. My full way over there, I lift up |
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| 56:00 | here, I can move a lot weight. Did a lot of that |
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| 56:03 | weekend, several yards of dirt, a lot of fun. Again, |
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| 56:09 | don't have a lot of these. you can think of this example right |
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| 56:13 | , right? The way that I'm to lift in this situation is my |
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| 56:20 | , here's my fulcrum. My The muscle doing the lifting right? |
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| 56:26 | the muscles in the back of my . Just lifting it up. I'm |
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| 56:31 | all my weight. Okay, again, not very common. That's |
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| 56:35 | second class lever. This is the common. Again, fulcrum at the |
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| 56:40 | . But what I'm doing is I'm the resistance force, the weight at |
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| 56:44 | far end away from the fulcrum and doing my applied force in between |
|
| 56:49 | All right. So, the example we're gonna use is using our biceps |
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| 56:54 | , here's our resistance weight, And I'm doing a curl. So |
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| 57:00 | my fulcrum, my elbow and there my applied force. My bicep is |
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| 57:08 | between the fulcrum and the resistance. I contract the biceps, I move |
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| 57:14 | resistance force. The 3rd Class Lever the most common. All right. |
|
| 57:20 | , what I'd be familiar with is the positioning of where the resistance and |
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| 57:23 | applied forces of the fulcrum and know your third class is the most common |
|
| 57:28 | , but all of them are in body, wow, we're really slow |
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| 57:41 | , But I guess we can take five minute break. Will that wake |
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| 57:45 | up? Yeah, this stuff is fun stuff. This is where we're |
|
| 57:51 | find out about our bodies. Mhm . All right. So, like |
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| 58:09 | said, I think this is kind the fun part about muscles and it's |
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| 58:12 | at the type one versus type two . Alright. So when you hear |
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| 58:17 | there are different muscle types that shouldn't surprising to you were just like turkeys |
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| 58:22 | chickens. We have like meat and have dark meat. The differences are |
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| 58:25 | meat and our dark meat is actually . So that when you look at |
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| 58:29 | muscle, all that stuff is mixed . And so the light and dark |
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| 58:33 | is basically described as the type one Type two muscle types. And what |
|
| 58:38 | can see here they have some There's differences in twitch differences in power |
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| 58:42 | differences in fatigue resistance. So in of twitch time, type ones are |
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| 58:47 | twitch. Type twos are fast And what that means is it takes |
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| 58:50 | long time to develop force and it a long time to return back to |
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| 58:54 | state of relaxation. Whereas with a witch you get a quick contraction and |
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| 58:58 | quick relaxation. All right. In of power because they're very slow. |
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| 59:07 | developed very little force overtime. They just kind of build up a |
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| 59:12 | and then they kind of relax. with the fast it's like it's very |
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| 59:16 | quick, you create a lot of very quickly and it dissipates very |
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| 59:21 | But because this is slow, they're , very efficient. They're very efficient |
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| 59:26 | using the energy that they have. so they resist very slowly. All |
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| 59:30 | or not resist they resist fatigue very . So because of that they're because |
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| 59:35 | slow they're gonna use that aerobic energy . So they're basically use oxygen to |
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| 59:41 | lots of A. T. Which is why they're fatigue resistant. |
|
| 59:44 | when you're talking about the type they typically have very little aerobic |
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| 59:49 | They typically are are dependent upon an activity or their tip reliant on that |
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| 59:56 | gin system. So what they do they basically produce their force very |
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| 60:01 | Then they get exhausted and tired and stop working. All right now, |
|
| 60:07 | I said, we all have these we have names for this type of |
|
| 60:11 | . The type one is referred to oxidative. Type two is referred to |
|
| 60:14 | glycol. It because their dependency on sort of pathway. So this is |
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| 60:19 | one that yields more 80 P through phosphor relation, which means you go |
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| 60:22 | glycol, Asus oxygen or uh piru or pyre of eight. Yes, |
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| 60:32 | power of eight step one. I'm blanking right now Krebs cycle oxygen phosphor |
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| 60:36 | and ultimately the electron transport chain. that's why you get more 80 |
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| 60:40 | That's why you're less fatigue resistant Or fatigue resistant whereas the glock politic you're |
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| 60:46 | dependent on that first step. So make very little 80 p. And |
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| 60:49 | you fatigued very very quickly. And you can kind of associate oxidative and |
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| 60:55 | allergic. And the types of activities have. So most people are about |
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| 60:58 | 50 but people are really good at . Typically have a lot of like |
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| 61:02 | fibers. Typically marathon runners would be . So it's a kind of an |
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| 61:06 | way to kind of kind of think these things in terms of what sort |
|
| 61:11 | activities do I am I really really at. So for example, I'm |
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| 61:17 | glycol ipic person. You can tell you see these pictures that we're gonna |
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| 61:21 | here in just a second. I'm a type one. Type person. |
|
| 61:24 | more type two. Alright. Doesn't I can still sprint. It just |
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| 61:29 | or lift weights. I'm not really strong like I used to be but |
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| 61:32 | I in my UTE when I was Ute, you know. Yeah, |
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| 61:36 | was a big guy and I played and I was fast. Now I'm |
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| 61:40 | and a key. Um So type and type one or two A. |
|
| 61:46 | . Type of red muscle and the it's red muscle. So here is |
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| 61:49 | white meat dark meat mixture that I trying to describe. So here what |
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| 61:54 | have is we have Maya Globe and why it's red. All right. |
|
| 61:58 | the type one we said is Not very powerful. Right? But |
|
| 62:02 | fatigue resistant. And the reason is I've already got oxygen in there and |
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| 62:06 | can basically supply that auction to this energy production cycle to produce the amount |
|
| 62:15 | force is not particularly large muscle They're actually pretty small. And that's |
|
| 62:19 | we're looking at. These are individual within a larger muscle. Type two |
|
| 62:24 | they're less numerous, they're kind of inside. But when we think of |
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| 62:27 | other Type two's, these are ones lack my myoglobin, so they don't |
|
| 62:31 | store up oxygen there. The white , right? You can kind of |
|
| 62:36 | them very, very large in They're very powerful. The reason they're |
|
| 62:40 | because they have all those mile fibers them. Um And most prevalent in |
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| 62:48 | bodies. Typically speaking, we don't to see this because we've already talked |
|
| 62:53 | that, but I think this is really good example that demonstrates this. |
|
| 62:58 | , so when we exercise muscle naturally through hypertrophy. Alright, that means |
|
| 63:06 | cell itself gets bigger. And the it gets bigger is because you're increasing |
|
| 63:10 | number of fibers inside each of those . Those mild fibers. The thick |
|
| 63:15 | thin filaments. Alright, you're not new muscle cells. You're making more |
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| 63:21 | . Now, type two fibers have greater potential for hypertrophy. So here |
|
| 63:27 | have a sprinter here we have a runner, you can see what the |
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| 63:32 | have. He looks like he is weightlifter, right? He produced burst |
|
| 63:38 | very quickly that propels him forward But he's not gonna be able to |
|
| 63:42 | that speed for a very long period time, right? We're talking 100 |
|
| 63:46 | , maybe 200 m. And after , it's just like, kill |
|
| 63:49 | right? This person is again in same exact great shape, but he's |
|
| 63:55 | Type One person. Alright. His are well developed for that, that |
|
| 64:01 | endurance race. He's in good He's not in bad shape, even |
|
| 64:05 | it looks like he's starved to Right? It's just that's the way |
|
| 64:09 | muscle fibers work. Type two are to Aerobic performance because they have fewer |
|
| 64:16 | and the muscles are gonna thus fatigue easily. Here, the capillaries are |
|
| 64:21 | the muscles they provide the oxygen. have a way to store up the |
|
| 64:24 | . So you're able to keep that activity over and over again. This |
|
| 64:30 | a fantastic picture because there are those us who look at our bodies and |
|
| 64:35 | , I want to look like and pick that really, really, really |
|
| 64:39 | looking person. You want to look , all right, you want to |
|
| 64:42 | out and work out and work out ultimately get that body. You |
|
| 64:46 | it's like, no, if you're Type two, You're going to produce |
|
| 64:51 | type two body. If you're a one you're never going to produce a |
|
| 64:56 | two, you will only produce what a type one. You don't really |
|
| 65:01 | between the two. There's very little between those two states. So I |
|
| 65:08 | probably never ever be despite my just just percent. I'm young |
|
| 65:12 | I would never be a marathon Right? My muscles do not have |
|
| 65:18 | capacity. I can probably Jog five and then kill over dead. But |
|
| 65:26 | never, like I said, I to sprint the 100. I sprinted |
|
| 65:30 | the 200 when I was in high , right? I was I was |
|
| 65:35 | fullback. I was never that person was gonna go downfield and catch the |
|
| 65:41 | . You know, I had to the short burst up because I have |
|
| 65:44 | hulk body. My neck is probably largest neck you'll ever find when I |
|
| 65:50 | in high school 17.5 inch neck when work out now my neck and I'm |
|
| 65:57 | little fat too 19 and 3/4 I working out about three years ago, |
|
| 66:03 | again after a long hiatus because working sucks, you know, and my |
|
| 66:08 | just got bigger and like, I'm gonna get a small neck. It's |
|
| 66:12 | , I'm just the hulk. I out. That's what I do. |
|
| 66:22 | , rumors speak up. Right. . Huh. Stupid. No. |
|
| 66:38 | for nothing. Okay. That's all . It won't take long. I |
|
| 66:43 | where I'm at. Alright, go and ask your question. Mm. |
|
| 66:53 | . Okay. Well, it's So you're basically, it's determined primarily |
|
| 67:14 | your genetics. If your parents are and muscular, I mean, you |
|
| 67:18 | , they don't, they don't have bulk muscle, you're not gonna get |
|
| 67:21 | bulk muscle. Now, can you a sprinter into a long distance runner |
|
| 67:27 | little bit, Right? I you can turn 100 m runner |
|
| 67:30 | say, a a 400 m but you're not going to turn them |
|
| 67:35 | a marathoner, right? They don't the right muscle type to do. |
|
| 67:39 | you can train people to do things you can build up that specific muscle |
|
| 67:44 | , but they're not gonna be that . If you're talking about competition, |
|
| 67:48 | , you can't turn a sprinter into competitive marathon or because they're just not |
|
| 67:53 | to have the muscle type to make possible. Their muscle, their muscles |
|
| 67:57 | going to be the type to, you can work those type ones, |
|
| 68:01 | they're not gonna multiply, they're just in that right ratio that you started |
|
| 68:05 | life with. So, again, have this thing right here, |
|
| 68:08 | This is kind of just giving you example of different types of ratios, |
|
| 68:13 | ? If you're a sprinter, you're gonna turn into that because you cannot |
|
| 68:18 | the muscles and it doesn't matter, know, if you're 12 years old |
|
| 68:21 | hitting puberty, you're not gonna oh, well, I don't have |
|
| 68:23 | muscle now, I'm gonna have this or whatever vice versa you are what |
|
| 68:27 | are, and there's nothing wrong with , that's that's the key thing, |
|
| 68:30 | ? You look at yourself, I , and just say, okay, |
|
| 68:34 | is the muscle type. So I to accept the fact that I will |
|
| 68:36 | have a thick neck and when I weights and stuff I'm gonna just get |
|
| 68:40 | and not you know, you know I'm never gonna look like that, |
|
| 68:46 | never look like that either. Right, I could probably look like |
|
| 68:51 | , but maybe 30 years ago. . Mhm. Right. Mhm. |
|
| 69:04 | , Okay, but but he will be a like for example, he |
|
| 69:09 | never be a world class sprinter, ? What he is is he's at |
|
| 69:14 | person, he sits in the he can do all sorts of |
|
| 69:16 | What I'm trying to say here is think in terms of like being the |
|
| 69:19 | of the best, right, you turn a sprinter world, you can't |
|
| 69:25 | bolt, you cannot turn Hussein bolt , I don't know, a world |
|
| 69:29 | marathon. Okay, well Mr Olympio the same type of muscle type, |
|
| 69:35 | , I'm thinking of it, But that's the same type of muscle |
|
| 69:39 | that Hussein bolt would be because remember that fast burst. Right, let |
|
| 69:45 | show you another picture right. Here go, you can see he's working |
|
| 69:50 | hard. All right, that guy's going to run long distances every time |
|
| 69:56 | works out he makes those type two stronger Now this is the other |
|
| 70:03 | I cannot convince my wife I'll answer question, I'll talk about this. |
|
| 70:07 | ahead. So just to make sure Don't happen as a result of your |
|
| 70:16 | know, with you start with what got. Right? So Exactly. |
|
| 70:22 | born with what you have. You you can focus in on what you |
|
| 70:27 | and improve what you have, but can't change what you have into something |
|
| 70:30 | don't have. All right. And what this is about. Because I |
|
| 70:34 | to convince my wife over and my wife's a physical therapist. She |
|
| 70:37 | know better. She should listen and this, but she hates working. |
|
| 70:42 | hates lifting weights because lifting weights It's boring for those who like to |
|
| 70:47 | weights. I'm sorry, I'm It's boring. It's boring. You |
|
| 70:53 | to 10 or eight boring, It's I'm sorry, it's boring. |
|
| 70:59 | do it. I mean right after today, after my office hours, |
|
| 71:03 | going to go and work out. still boring, right? Yeah, |
|
| 71:18 | Yes. What I want to get here is what I want to point |
|
| 71:22 | here is that different exercises have different . Alright, so, my wife |
|
| 71:28 | to run because she likes that and thinks it's going to help her lose |
|
| 71:33 | and be cut, right? And said cut in a you know, |
|
| 71:37 | kind of a generic way. I , she's not turning into the hottest |
|
| 71:42 | on the planet, you know, just we're old people. This is |
|
| 71:46 | happens. I'm sorry, The older get, the harder it is to |
|
| 71:50 | that that beautiful figure that you have the height of your youth. It's |
|
| 71:56 | I'm saying it on the microphone, will stand by it. All |
|
| 72:00 | There's nothing wrong with it. All . But the point is, is |
|
| 72:04 | when you're doing resistance and sprint what you're gonna do is you're actually |
|
| 72:09 | muscle and burning energy in a very different way. Right? |
|
| 72:13 | what you're gonna do here is you're accommodate when you're doing resistance training or |
|
| 72:18 | training is you're accommodating hypertrophy. it's gonna make your muscles bigger, |
|
| 72:22 | ? It's gonna enhance the function of muscles and it's gonna get that greater |
|
| 72:27 | of strength. You get stronger. , That's what it means. All |
|
| 72:32 | . And this is a result of enhancement in calcium release. But you're |
|
| 72:35 | see a decrease in blood and muscle Alright, so, that will help |
|
| 72:41 | fatigue, but it doesn't inhibit Right? So, I can sprint |
|
| 72:45 | and faster and I can become but eventually I'm still gonna become |
|
| 72:51 | Right? I was like, I can sprint a little bit |
|
| 72:54 | I can sprint faster when you're dealing aerobic endurance training, you're doing something |
|
| 73:00 | different, right? You're basically increasing aerobic capacity of those cells. |
|
| 73:07 | Which means same performance at absolute less effort, in other words, |
|
| 73:15 | now if I tried to run a , literally kill over dead. All |
|
| 73:19 | . You'd have to be there with ambulance ready to to pick me |
|
| 73:24 | Alright. I tried I tried to with my son 15 years old. |
|
| 73:27 | were doing we were doing some running runs around the block, just |
|
| 73:30 | you know, la la la And just sitting there going, you're killing |
|
| 73:34 | , right? My wife's the same she has all that. Right? |
|
| 73:39 | What it does is it only increases size of the Type one. It |
|
| 73:44 | actually help remove the fats and all other things that you see. In |
|
| 73:49 | words, a hypertrophy. All that tone doesn't occur here because the type |
|
| 73:55 | don't get bigger. They don't get hypertrophic. They do grow, but |
|
| 73:59 | don't grow. I mean, look the picture. This actually looks like |
|
| 74:03 | college roommate. But I mean, at that. I mean, he's |
|
| 74:07 | out of shape. He's really good , right in terms of muscle |
|
| 74:11 | But, you know, it's You know, dad bod. Not |
|
| 74:18 | bad. All right now. what you're doing here is you're favoring |
|
| 74:24 | that growth of those type ones which going to give you the same sort |
|
| 74:28 | effects. Now. What does that when you exercise? Do both? |
|
| 74:35 | , build up endurance work on those ones, build up strength type twos |
|
| 74:41 | sit on the sofa and don't do , which I'm not gonna be mad |
|
| 74:44 | you for doing, like Mhm If just want Yes, it's like you |
|
| 74:58 | more of that flexibility. Right? . I mean, I can't plank |
|
| 75:03 | that. Can you plank like Yeah. Yeah, I've got bad |
|
| 75:10 | . I mean, you name All right, real quick. Because |
|
| 75:13 | got a lot to still cover. . Well, so, in terms |
|
| 75:24 | actual mass. Yes. Right. so they're going to be bigger. |
|
| 75:27 | of that is gonna be water, it's also solid in the cells. |
|
| 75:31 | , we're talking about side of skeletal and so on and so forth. |
|
| 75:33 | , hypertrophic muscle, right? A has grown bigger and bigger and bigger |
|
| 75:37 | naturally gonna be heavier than what you with the you know, the ones |
|
| 75:43 | aren't. So Type two becomes bigger the type one. Yes. |
|
| 75:47 | And again, go back, look the sprinter versus the marathon runner in |
|
| 75:51 | pictures and you're going, Yeah, , this guy here is 100 and |
|
| 75:53 | . Wind would blow him over this . You know, you can probably |
|
| 75:57 | a truck last little bit. Sedentary leads to skeletal muscle mass loss. |
|
| 76:04 | should be obvious to all of Right. I mean, we had |
|
| 76:07 | years of muscle mass loss, Yeah, Yeah. But this is |
|
| 76:13 | really good example of this. You tell this person was in a |
|
| 76:16 | You can see the leg that she using. Here's the leg that she |
|
| 76:20 | using and you can see that's what would be. Don't use the muscle |
|
| 76:25 | is not going to waste the time energy keeping it in shape. It's |
|
| 76:28 | to use the energy in much more ways like storing fat, right? |
|
| 76:36 | . This is important, right? you atrophy it is reversible, but |
|
| 76:41 | that fiber dies, it doesn't replace . Alright. So damaged muscle cells |
|
| 76:49 | not be replaced, they will be . Atrophy is not damage. Atrophy |
|
| 76:54 | just I'm not sending energy. I'm using it. I'm not gonna waste |
|
| 76:57 | energy. Yeah. Mhm. I don't know if it's it's probably |
|
| 77:07 | in terms of a psychological I muscle is muscle. It's just going |
|
| 77:11 | do like I said, the resistance you give it is going to respond |
|
| 77:16 | the resistance. Right? So, now, I can't I don't I |
|
| 77:21 | try to lift a lot. I'm trying to maintain a state of healthiness |
|
| 77:26 | I work out, right? I've as much muscle mass as I that |
|
| 77:30 | think is necessary for me. I I try to challenge myself a |
|
| 77:33 | bit, but I don't really push like, what is my max? |
|
| 77:37 | don't know. I have no I haven't listed lifted a max weight |
|
| 77:40 | I was in high school, But I sit there and I push |
|
| 77:44 | , Right? And so my muscles gonna grow. But if I sustain |
|
| 77:47 | my muscles aren't gonna grow, they're going to maintain that cardiovascular activity and |
|
| 77:52 | not really cardio but it's you working. Yeah. Yeah. Why |
|
| 78:01 | you try it for a month? what happens? No, I'm |
|
| 78:05 | But the idea is that remembers just your bones. Let's think of |
|
| 78:10 | We love grandma right? But we a little upset that grandma's not moving |
|
| 78:15 | all that much. She needs to out more, pick, pick the |
|
| 78:18 | in their yard, do stuff like . All right. Or be like |
|
| 78:21 | grandma 96 years old and goes out shovel snow on her sidewalk. |
|
| 78:27 | Crazy lady. Anyway, but think grandma's muscle mass, grandma doesn't do |
|
| 78:33 | lot of movement, right? She brittle bones. One because she's uh |
|
| 78:38 | has a little bit of osteoporosis because female, greater chance of that. |
|
| 78:43 | primarily because as we age, we more sedentary. All right. Part |
|
| 78:48 | the reason my body looks the way does because it's really, really comfortable |
|
| 78:51 | sit a lot. Right? But for example, I ate a little |
|
| 78:58 | less and I worked a little bit . Did a little bit less |
|
| 79:01 | My bones are going to have to with the stress I put on them |
|
| 79:06 | my muscles have to deal with the that I'm putting on them as |
|
| 79:10 | So they become bigger and stronger. when you're sedentary, you're not actually |
|
| 79:16 | the muscles so they're not going to the energy to grow them or maintain |
|
| 79:21 | . They will only maintain them to extent that they need to maintain them |
|
| 79:24 | do the activities that you're doing. your activity is literally walking to the |
|
| 79:30 | back to the sofa, you don't to maintain a lot of muscle to |
|
| 79:33 | that, Right? And that's what did for two years. We all |
|
| 79:37 | in our homes, right? Watched or Tiktok. Right? And every |
|
| 79:46 | and then we make our way to kitchen because you know, refrigerator be |
|
| 79:50 | lot easier if we just put those fridges by our beds, just open |
|
| 79:54 | up. All right. Now, you got out of the house and |
|
| 79:58 | out and stuff like that, that's for you. That's awesome. So |
|
| 80:02 | I wanna do is I want to as much time as I can |
|
| 80:05 | What do I have? Like I like 20 minutes to talk or introduce |
|
| 80:09 | to the ideas behind the nervous And really what we're gonna do is |
|
| 80:13 | gonna try to talk about the protective of the central nervous system. So |
|
| 80:18 | be clear, there are two central or two principal parts to the nervous |
|
| 80:22 | . The central nervousness is the brain the spinal cord when we're talking about |
|
| 80:26 | nervous system, this is the control , this is integration, we're taking |
|
| 80:30 | information and we're processing it and we're the information to go do something. |
|
| 80:34 | right. The peripheral nervous system is else. All right. So, |
|
| 80:38 | you think central brain and spinal cord then everything else is going to fall |
|
| 80:42 | the peripheral, on the periphery. nerves, peripheral ganglia, which we're |
|
| 80:48 | to learn about a little bit periphery. And this is where we're |
|
| 80:51 | to process that information. I may process but do the actions that the |
|
| 80:57 | nervous is telling us to do. also where we receive information. So |
|
| 81:01 | I step on attack, I'm receiving information through the peripheral nervous system. |
|
| 81:06 | setting that information up into the spinal and then I send information back out |
|
| 81:11 | the periphery, back down their nerves tell me to lift my leg. |
|
| 81:15 | ? I might also send the information my brain and make me Oh |
|
| 81:18 | I got to say ouch alright. processing brain and spinal cord, it's |
|
| 81:24 | just brain, It is spinal There are some principles when we're dealing |
|
| 81:31 | this. The central or the nervous that are that kind of govern how |
|
| 81:37 | organized. Alright, so lower levels relay messages up to the upper |
|
| 81:43 | All right, well, that kind makes sense. Right? So the |
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| 81:48 | centers are really is the brain but are lower centers in the spinal cord |
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| 81:52 | the lowest centers are gonna be external that. All right. There's going |
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| 81:57 | be strong structural and functional patterns of , meaning that it's not just a |
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| 82:04 | of mishmash or criss crossed wires. right. Basically. Information in the |
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| 82:10 | the lines and the nerves and or neurons that are sending information to and |
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| 82:14 | our highly highly organized and information goes very specific places within the higher |
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| 82:20 | Right? So, for example, processing is going to take place in |
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| 82:24 | occipital lobe. All right. That's that information always goes. It's not |
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| 82:29 | well, let's end up to the lobe and see what happens today. |
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| 82:32 | . It always goes to where it's to go. And there's this topographical |
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| 82:38 | as well. So, if you to map where the information goes, |
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| 82:42 | can actually see that. It kind matches the organization of your body. |
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| 82:46 | , for example, I'm just gonna this. My You can see my |
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| 82:49 | are on the bottom. My head's the high is the highest point and |
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| 82:53 | the organization of my brain, my would be central and as I move |
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| 82:58 | , it's gonna follow the organization of body so that my toes are down |
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| 83:02 | on this side of my brain, ? So, it kind of matches |
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| 83:06 | information goes. The last thing is your central nervous system is plastic, |
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| 83:11 | that you will constantly make changes to structures of the brain, depending upon |
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| 83:17 | information is being processed. Right? will be internal and external influences. |
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| 83:22 | other words, your experiences both internally your body as well as externally outside |
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| 83:27 | going to influence the organization of your . All right. Which is a |
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| 83:33 | concept to understand when we but when we get there, we'll get |
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| 83:38 | . All right. Um you've probably of gray and white matter at least |
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| 83:43 | terms. And what those actually referred is like if you take a slice |
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| 83:46 | the central nervous system, you'll see that are darker and lighter and really |
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| 83:51 | they do is they represent different parts the neuron and where they're kind of |
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| 83:57 | . All right. So when you're at gray matter and really gray matter |
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| 84:00 | not gray, it's light beige and white matter is not white. It's |
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| 84:04 | beige. Okay. And so what have here is we got the gray |
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| 84:08 | , gray matter is primarily we'll set cell bodies are located, right? |
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| 84:13 | you can think of it as clusters cell bodies that are pressed up |
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| 84:17 | They're not their axons are going to leaving from where the gray matter is |
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| 84:22 | . All right. And you'll have beds and you'll see dendrites there as |
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| 84:27 | . But the idea here is this where information is being processed. All |
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| 84:32 | . If you have a localized region right there, see these things, |
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| 84:38 | are great matter as well. And the brain we refer to them as |
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| 84:42 | . We've we've used that term Alright. when we talk about white |
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| 84:48 | . So that's all the white You see up here and you can |
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| 84:50 | there's doesn't matter where you look. matter and gray matter are existing between |
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| 84:55 | brain and the spinal cord. White represents where you have my eliminated |
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| 85:00 | In other words, where information is transmitted over distances. And the reason |
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| 85:05 | white is because the myelin is primarily lipid and so lots of lipid, |
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| 85:11 | lot of fat kind of looks white that's why it gives it this widest |
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| 85:15 | . And so what you're doing is connecting different parts of the nervous system |
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| 85:20 | other parts of the nervous system. you're sending information between one gray area |
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| 85:24 | gray matter to another area of gray very typically now we want to protect |
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| 85:30 | of this. And so we've got couple of different mechanisms of protection. |
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| 85:34 | first level of protection is going to the bone. We've talked about the |
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| 85:37 | , so we're going to ignore So your cranium is the first way |
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| 85:41 | protect the brain and vertebrae is how protect the spinal cord. But underlying |
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| 85:46 | bone is hard. And the truth , is nervous tissue is like warm |
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| 85:52 | . Alright, It's not a hard . Okay if you get a chance |
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| 85:56 | dissect the brain in the labs. don't know if you guys are going |
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| 85:59 | be able to do that. It's fixed structure in other words, they've |
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| 86:02 | it in a chemical that makes it and hard. And so it's kind |
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| 86:06 | like a cheese heart, you as a substance, right? But |
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| 86:10 | want you to imagine warm butter butter left out on the counter. If |
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| 86:13 | look at it wrong, it starts , right? That's kind of what |
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| 86:17 | is. And so to protect that from the bone is there's layers of |
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| 86:25 | tissue membranes is the word I was for called meninges that lie between the |
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| 86:32 | and that nervous tissue. Now, within these meninges there's this material called |
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| 86:38 | cerebral spinal fluid. It's fluid, extra cellular fluid that's derived from blood |
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| 86:44 | also serves as a protective barrier, of as a cushion. And then |
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| 86:48 | we have the blood brain barrier which a molecular barrier between the blood and |
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| 86:54 | surrounding tissues. Alright, So what do is we can regulate what goes |
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| 86:59 | and what comes out of the nervous at the molecular level. So the |
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| 87:04 | , as I said, there's three or I said, there's membranes and |
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| 87:10 | you want to do this is Typically what we do is we go |
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| 87:13 | the outside in because that makes the sense. But if you spell it |
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| 87:18 | from the inside out, it spells a pad. And so that's one |
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| 87:21 | that you can remember, it pad easier to remember than dap, you |
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| 87:26 | , but however you do it I think I'm gonna go inside outward |
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| 87:32 | I can stick to that. So inner layer is called the pia. |
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| 87:35 | middle layer is called arachnoid and the layer is called the dura matter. |
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| 87:39 | right. So we're gonna start with P. M. Matter PM |
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| 87:42 | Here is your nervous tissue. You see the grooves in the sulk |
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| 87:47 | Of the brain in this in this case. And the P. |
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| 87:50 | Matter is the layer that is most affiliated or associated with that nervous |
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| 87:56 | So what that means is it follows contours of the nervous tissue and because |
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| 88:03 | serves as that barrier, this is the blood vessels are gonna penetrate into |
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| 88:07 | nervous tissue to supply the nutrients needed that brain to be functional or the |
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| 88:12 | cord to be functional for that Alright, so it's very very |
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| 88:17 | very very delicate. And it's closely . When you cut out a brain |
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| 88:22 | have to it's like you have to off that layer. All right. |
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| 88:29 | next layer up which is represented by Right? Here is the arachnoid |
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| 88:35 | Alright, when you hear the word , what do you think of |
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| 88:40 | Right? And Rechnitz And spiders? , so that's how you I think |
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| 88:46 | it is like okay, the reason called the arachnoid matters because there's a |
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| 88:51 | between the arachnoid matter and the P matter. It's called the sub arachnoid |
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| 88:55 | and it has all these little tiny is tropically that look like spiderwebs. |
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| 89:00 | way I think about it, like is where the brain spiders live, |
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| 89:04 | ? You know, the brain spider is when you sit there and you're |
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| 89:06 | , you walk into a room into room and you're like, why did |
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| 89:09 | come in here? Because the brain spiders, you know, affected your |
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| 89:13 | somehow. Alright. But however, wanna remember it? So, you |
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| 89:17 | the arachnoid matter. You have the . M. Matter. The sub |
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| 89:21 | space in the sub arachnoid space. where you're gonna see cerebral spinal |
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| 89:26 | The tropically hold that wedding holds the matter in position against that P. |
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| 89:34 | Matter. Uh So that space can formed and then sitting in that sub |
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| 89:38 | space are also going to be the vessels. The larger blood vessels before |
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| 89:43 | get smaller and start penetrating into the . M. Matter and ultimately into |
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| 89:49 | nervous tissue. All right, P. M. Matter. Subarachnoid |
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| 89:53 | . CSF cerebral spinal fluid. Arachnoid . And then above that, right |
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| 89:59 | against Iraq annoyed matter is the thickest called the Durham matter. Truth is |
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| 90:04 | matters not one layer, it's two and they're closely adhered to each other |
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| 90:08 | in some very specific areas. The two layers have specific names the |
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| 90:14 | that's the inner layer next to the matter is called the meninges. |
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| 90:19 | So why is it called the Because it's next to another man inks |
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| 90:23 | is the singular form of meninges, is very confusing but it is what |
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| 90:28 | is. All right. So the inks the arachnoid matter right next to |
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| 90:35 | is the dura matter. That is main ninja layer. And then above |
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| 90:39 | is the parry osteo later perry next still bone next to the bone |
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| 90:47 | See how easy this is. as I said, they're hugely closely |
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| 90:53 | , so you can even see in cartoon They're not only showing one |
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| 90:57 | right? But we don't have a of it, but there's gonna be |
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| 91:01 | areas where those two layers separate out where they separate out. You're gonna |
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| 91:07 | this empty space that gets filled up blood and we refer to those spaces |
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| 91:12 | between those two layers of the dura dural sinuses, right? And a |
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| 91:19 | sinus is what is going to serve a vein in the brain. It's |
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| 91:26 | an area where blood leaving the brain before it joins up with other blood |
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| 91:32 | and then exits out of the nervous . We'll deal with this latter point |
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| 91:41 | cfs CSF mix mixes in just a . Alright, so we have three |
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| 91:48 | brain there. Then we have the X against its sub arachnoid space. |
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| 91:53 | matter and then we have the dura inside the brain? I'm gonna back |
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| 92:03 | a little bit. I'm gonna back to their early development. So in |
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| 92:07 | development the nervous tissue starts out as a tube filled with fluid. |
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| 92:14 | so think of a long tube. start off in the long tube and |
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| 92:18 | your long tube you had another little tube that basically had fluid inside that |
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| 92:23 | . And then as you grew your and your spinal cord developed from this |
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| 92:27 | called the neural tube and your brain and it still has that space inside |
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| 92:33 | . And what's left over after it over itself multiple times are these empty |
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| 92:38 | inside called ventricles? All right now ventricles is where cerebral spinal fluid CSF |
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| 92:48 | made and it's made from the The cells that line the the ventricles |
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| 92:54 | called epidermal cells. They're a type glial cells. And the zep India |
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| 92:58 | cells are responsible for drawing materials out the blood because they're close opposition |
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| 93:05 | They say I want you and I you and I want you. And |
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| 93:07 | it's doing is pulling that stuff in it's making the cerebral spinal fluid inside |
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| 93:12 | ventricles. Now there are four ventricles the names are fairly straightforward. |
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| 93:17 | We have two lateral ventricles. One on the left and one that's on |
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| 93:20 | right. All right. So you see that's what the lateral ventricles kind |
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| 93:24 | look like from the front from the , it's hard to see the |
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| 93:27 | But you can see it kind of like a pair of horns that follow |
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| 93:31 | shape of the brain and they come and they converge and where they're converging |
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| 93:36 | called the inter ventricular foramen. The between the ventricles, right? And |
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| 93:42 | they're doing is they're joining up with 3rd ventricle. See how complicated the |
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| 93:46 | are, The first to converge to the 3rd ventricle. Now that third |
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| 93:52 | which is located in the middle of brain around the diane cephalon, is |
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| 93:56 | pretty thin. You can see from side, it looks big but here |
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| 93:59 | is, it's kind of thin. then you see there's a little passageway |
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| 94:03 | exits out to the fourth ventricle. little passageway is called the cerebral |
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| 94:10 | Sounds very fancy, you know, a tube. And so the fluid |
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| 94:15 | the lateral ventricles flows into the third , that fluid then continues on and |
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| 94:19 | into the fourth ventricle and from the ventricle we're gonna have a couple of |
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| 94:24 | . Alright. And here the openings to that sub arachnoid space, we |
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| 94:29 | two that are on the sides. , so 12, that would be |
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| 94:32 | the side of those would be lateral on the side openings. And then |
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| 94:38 | have a median aperture. The median would be like right here and what |
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| 94:43 | doing is it's opening up into that space and that sub arachnoid space then |
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| 94:49 | the brain, that tube continues on and it forms what is called the |
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| 94:55 | canal. And when we look at spinal cord, you're going to see |
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| 94:58 | central canal there. So it's just with these ventricles. Here's a better |
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| 95:03 | so that you can see all this . Alright? So here the light |
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| 95:08 | represents the sub arachnoid space. You see how it goes all the way |
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| 95:12 | the dark blue there that represents that sinus. Remember where the two pieces |
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| 95:17 | the dura separate? All right, the lateral ventricles. There's the third |
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| 95:24 | , there's the fourth ventricle. All red stuff. There represents the areas |
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| 95:30 | we're making cerebral spinal fluid. All . That area where the red stuff |
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| 95:36 | is called core oid plexus. So they're found in each of the |
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| 95:40 | So both laterals, 3rd and 4th have this stuff and so they're constantly |
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| 95:46 | the cerebral spinal fluid so it's filled and that pressure builds up and pushes |
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| 95:50 | down to the third where you're gonna more. And so more pressure. |
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| 95:54 | that pushes it down and then more and it pushes it out through the |
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| 95:58 | and out through the median aperture and through the central canal. And that |
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| 96:02 | fills up the subarachnoid space and it's because of all that pressure up and |
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| 96:07 | and then there are these small penetrations granule ations Orville i that penetrate from |
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| 96:13 | subarachnoid space through the dura And you this little bubble and so that fluid |
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| 96:18 | filters out into the blood. So always recycling cerebral spinal fluid right? |
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| 96:25 | making it and then you're recycling and it back to the blood. Now |
|
| 96:30 | fluid has multiple functions. It creates for the brain. It actually has |
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| 96:36 | same density as the brain. So you were to take a brain and |
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| 96:39 | it in a big swimming pool of spinal fluid, the brain wouldn't float |
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| 96:43 | it wouldn't sink. It would just wherever you put. It kind of |
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| 96:47 | right? It provides protection. It's primarily made up of water. |
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| 96:53 | is non compressible. It's basically already dense as it can possibly be. |
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| 96:57 | so trying to compress it becomes very So when you apply pressure at the |
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| 97:03 | , that fluid or that force will to make the brain move. But |
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| 97:08 | it's completely surrounded by this fluid, brain tends not to move really |
|
| 97:13 | So it kind of serves as a protection cushion. That's not really a |
|
| 97:17 | but a cushion like protection and it environmental stability basically. It's near or |
|
| 97:23 | to the extra cellular fluid of the . So you can exchange material between |
|
| 97:28 | two areas and so you if you make mucking with the extra cellular fluid |
|
| 97:34 | the brain. There's an outlet for material to leave to ensure that the |
|
| 97:39 | . C. F. Or sorry the CSF um or the ec. |
|
| 97:44 | . Of the brain becomes normalized and kind of what all that tells you |
|
| 97:49 | there. So, there are lots words. I had less words. |
|
| 98:01 | . Okay. Mhm. Like Yeah. No. And. |
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| 98:15 | So I'm going to be very careful because this will probably be our |
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| 98:20 | well, do circulation get through that we'll stop before we get a blood |
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| 98:24 | barrier. Which means I've made up ground I think. But I don't |
|
| 98:28 | . All right. With regard to makeup, basically, remember the way |
|
| 98:32 | I'm making cerebral spinal fluid is I'm and drawing materials from the blood, |
|
| 98:37 | is plasma plus the cells. And is plasma? It's water plus |
|
| 98:43 | Alright. Now, generally speaking, we're talking about E C. |
|
| 98:47 | And I cf or sorry, when talking about the E. C. |
|
| 98:50 | . Where we had the interstitial fluid the stuff that was in the |
|
| 98:53 | So, there's some unique differences. ? So again, plasma proteins is |
|
| 98:57 | of them plus the presence of Well, the CSF is very similar |
|
| 99:01 | that except now, what I'm doing I'm making modifications. I don't just |
|
| 99:05 | interstitial fluid. I want a special . Alright. And that's what it |
|
| 99:11 | . And again, do not memorize chart because that's unimportant to our purposes |
|
| 99:16 | you were going to be a neuroscientist worked on the CSF, you would |
|
| 99:20 | those to your body. But the here is just look how different they |
|
| 99:24 | . I mean, look how similar how different. Right. I |
|
| 99:26 | plasma proteins, lots of plasma no proteins. You know, it's |
|
| 99:29 | sort of stuff. They're very, similar in content. And the reason |
|
| 99:34 | is because of how we make right. We're basically gonna use those |
|
| 99:38 | cells. The epidermal cells pull things . All right. They're gonna pump |
|
| 99:42 | sodium, which causes water to And then it basically pulls in other |
|
| 99:46 | that it deems necessary to make And there's just some examples of some |
|
| 99:51 | that it uses. Right? And once once you've created that cerebral spinal |
|
| 99:57 | , it has this unique makeup. a lot like plasma, but not |
|
| 100:02 | . Right. And then that's the that's going to be filtered out and |
|
| 100:06 | and around this theirselves. Now, be clear, CSF is not extra |
|
| 100:11 | fluid of the brain, Right? what's on what's on the floor of |
|
| 100:15 | CSF starts with a P ends with matter matter what's on the ceiling. |
|
| 100:24 | matter. Right? So, it between those two. There's barriers between |
|
| 100:29 | , right? It's in its own compartment down over here is the brain |
|
| 100:33 | . It's covered by that P. matter. So, there is no |
|
| 100:36 | interaction between the CSF and the brain itself. It's a separate compartment. |
|
| 100:43 | surrounding the brain tissue down in that's where the extra cellular fluid of |
|
| 100:47 | brain is. You still have blood that are penetrating through, right? |
|
| 100:52 | gonna talk about the blood brain barrier just a moment. But the idea |
|
| 100:54 | is that that fluid down here can exchange with the fluid up here because |
|
| 101:00 | just a barrier. It's a membrane sits between them. All you gotta |
|
| 101:03 | is pass things in between them. right. So, functionally it's a |
|
| 101:10 | barrier, but also functionally it's an protective barrier as well. Now, |
|
| 101:17 | have, like I said, two . I know you got to get |
|
| 101:19 | of here. All right, but want to just get this done and |
|
| 101:21 | we'll move to the next thing. , with regard to the to the |
|
| 101:25 | the circulation, we saw how it . It starts up here through the |
|
| 101:28 | , goes out through the apertures and goes around through the subarachnoid space to |
|
| 101:33 | granule ations. Your body is making 125 - 150 mils per day. |
|
| 101:38 | I steal your Fanta bottle for a . So, I will not touch |
|
| 101:41 | edges just over here. This is L. 120 500 500 500 |
|
| 101:48 | Alright. Alright, 125 is a of this. That is how much |
|
| 101:55 | spinal fluid you're making right right up , or that's how much is in |
|
| 102:01 | . You're making this much the whole per day. So you're replacing your |
|
| 102:06 | spinal fluid four times daily in terms circulation. Alright, But again, |
|
| 102:13 | the pathway through it, and the that you're moving it is because you |
|
| 102:16 | silly on top of the epidermal they're going go fluid go and you're |
|
| 102:21 | pressure and that's driving it forward. If you actually prick through the p |
|
| 102:27 | matter, right? Like if you an epidural, one of the things |
|
| 102:30 | look for is let me see if fluid comes out because there's enough pressure |
|
| 102:35 | there to draw, or force fluid through that epidural uh needle, and |
|
| 102:40 | they're like, oh yeah, we the right spot, then they go |
|
| 102:42 | and they cap it. Yeah, actually kind of cool. I |
|
| 102:47 | I saw the look on your like, you know, but that's |
|
| 102:50 | , that's just a big picture, you can see a little bit |
|
| 102:54 | Alright, so when we come this is where we're going to |
|
| 102:56 | we're gonna start at the blood brain , and then we'll hopefully catch up |
|
| 103:01 | ourselves by the next class, |
|
