VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture02_0824
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:04 All right, y'all, we're gonna ahead and get started. Uh see
00:09 there for those of you who are . This is just kind of your
00:11 brief 32nd orientation go canvas. Uh record all the information today are,
00:19 in the recording. Uh Basically, just tells you what I require of
00:22 class, what you're gonna be doing on and so forth, the in
00:36 life, maybe. Um If you questions, email me, actually,
00:42 found out someone. It's not, on us, it's probably a canvas
00:52 . Uh So OK. Yeah, , you be in the lecture class
01:11 the answer is no, you do . All right. If you're taking
01:14 left, you have to have taken lecture or you have to be in
01:18 lecture. But if you're in the , you do not have to have
01:21 lab attached to it. OK. of the reason we do this is
01:25 university has about 1500 students in a per semester. We have 500 slots
01:32 the labs. So it's, it rolls that way. OK. So
01:36 worry, by the time you get of here, you'll have plenty of
01:39 . And basically all the labs are up with the upper classman because they're
01:43 playing catch up. All right, different classes. They cover the same
01:46 , but it's different classes. All . Second thing I want to,
01:51 this happens, I have to press here first. See if they can
01:55 going. There we go. All . This is a slide I didn't
02:04 . Um, there's a way to for exams that I want you guys
02:10 start thinking about. I just got distracted and so excited that it was
02:12 first day that I just, I to do so. All right.
02:15 in that sense, what it says all those things I talked about
02:18 on Tuesday, you know, doing assignments and doing them at a specific
02:22 right after class. What I want to do is I want you to
02:24 the notes that you've taken in here I want you to find a place
02:27 sit down. Remember how I the sooner you do something, the
02:30 it or the easier it is to things. I want you to reorganize
02:33 notes. All right, I want to rewrite them because it's easier for
02:38 to understand if you rewrite things and stuff. That first slide I gave
02:43 about how this study talked about time and the other half was. Do
02:47 remember what the other half was right time or so, the idea
02:54 is you organize your notes and then you study, don't just read your
02:57 , don't just read your notes. you do that, I'm guaranteeing you
03:00 see or, or worse in the . Not because I'm mean, but
03:03 that's how your brain works. So, this is the 32nd ex
03:07 of this, right? When you what you should be doing is you
03:11 be taking your notes and this is should write them over. I
03:15 the first time because it's easier to manage is you take those notes
03:19 you put them to the side. look at them. Why? Because
03:22 already in your head. You just to remind yourself you're like uh I
03:27 look at my notes, I gotta my notes. Don't look at
03:30 Let's find out what you really OK. And everything and the
03:41 So compare them to your everything you down to something, you know,
03:47 pat yourself on the back. Everything didn't write down or wrote down incorrectly
03:50 something you don't know. And that's you have to correct. You do
03:54 567 times. It'll take you maybe hours. It won't take you all
03:59 . How many you guys study till 3 a.m. red bullet? Yeah.
04:02 . Yeah, you, your life , you don't have to do that
04:05 . OK? If you do this times if you sit, I
04:17 Mm. Hi, Sam. They're there to judge you as a
04:29 They're not there to figure out how I trick you if I want to
04:32 a test that you get all the wrong? I could do that.
04:35 like you could write a test for that would get, make me miss
04:38 the questions. The goal here is , did you learn the information?
04:42 you write it down and demonstrate that know the information you're done studying,
04:45 can go off and do the fun . Ok. Now if you need
04:49 to explain this in more detail a bit later, like as we move
04:52 , just say, I need more , email me or we can do
04:56 in class whatever but I wanna get this because you didn't come here primarily
05:01 listen to me rant and rave about . What did you come here to
05:06 and that? All right. So do that instead. Yeah.
05:14 Mhm. Mhm. I don't know the question numbers are or I would
05:22 what time did the reading assessments come uh right before class? So 8
05:27 . Yeah. Is it, is getting it wrong? Just email
05:30 Let me know because it's quite possible put down the wrong answer because reasons
05:36 I'll just fix it. That's Always if something doesn't gel,
05:40 Just email me and say, wait second, this is what I learned
05:43 this is what you told me, this is the answer I'm seeing what's
05:45 on here and I'll try to figure if it's me or if it's the
05:49 . I like to say it's mostly material, but sometimes it's me.
05:52 true. All right. Why you're here? All right. So,
05:58 science, what we like to do we like to put things in
06:01 And when we're dealing with anatomy, want to dive in right away and
06:04 start thinking, I want to learn these pieces, parts of my
06:08 But the thing is you can't learn pieces, parts unless you understand what
06:14 . And so there's a hierarchy of and everything starts unfortunately with chemicals and
06:21 , you wonder why you have to chemistry over and over again. It's
06:24 because the chemists like us to beat on us although they do. But
06:28 reason is because those are the very building blocks on which we use,
06:32 everything else up. So you want be down here at the organism,
06:36 level and maybe the system and the level, but we need to understand
06:40 we make an organ. And so gonna start at the very basic level
06:44 little bit later. Not today, in the next lecture we're gonna
06:47 OK, what are used to build like me and then we're gonna ask
06:54 question. Well, those things are tiny. So we built from,
06:57 , we have the smallest unit. , did you guys play with Legos
07:01 kids? Everyone better nod their head say yes, even if it was
07:03 fake Lego. All right, you , right. If you want to
07:07 something, you have the smallest building . And that small building block that
07:12 recognize in biology is the cell. the smallest living structure, only the
07:18 thing that's alive. And so what going to be doing is we're going
07:21 look at those basic building blocks and some very basic questions like what do
07:25 have in common? You have about different types of cells in your body
07:30 you thing looking at the more specific to ask the question, what they're
07:43 or what's a tissue. Uh tissue is, is basically taking cells
07:47 common, grouping them together to have work together to do that thing in
07:53 . And then what you do is take tissues and there's four basic types
07:56 we'll see in a very clear, little bit later, you take those
08:00 basic tissues and in different combinations, can create organs. So an organ
08:07 how these tissues work to create some of functionality in the body. So
08:13 example, we're gonna use a real one. You have something in the
08:16 of your chest called a heart. does your heart do? It
08:21 All right. So your heart is pump. It is actually a
08:25 All right. So how do I the machine? Well, I have
08:28 have a couple of different tissues to it to do the things that it
08:32 . Those same tissues are found in stomach, which is not a
08:35 It can act like a pump, it's not a pump. It's another
08:38 of organ and it does digestion does . And so using different combinations of
08:48 , I can create organs of different that perform the things that allow me
08:53 live. And then if I take whole bunch of organs that have uh
08:57 uh functionality but combined together, they some sort of network of functionality.
09:03 can now do something much more So for example, how many of
09:08 guys like to eat good? I hope that all of you like to
09:12 . That's what keeps you alive breathing eating. All right. So if
09:17 take a cheeseburger and I recognize that here eats meat, but just pretend
09:21 me that you do you eat some of protein. If I put a
09:26 in my mouth, I have some components of that cheeseburger. I
09:30 I have fats, I have nucleic acid, notice where I went
09:34 back up midnight and those chemicals that in that my body needs to use
09:41 fuel. And so I have a to help me take the big cheeseburger
09:45 break it down. I have an that allows me to transport that material
09:50 to my stomach. My stomach breaks down even further down to the chemical
09:54 , it to small intestine where it it down even further into other smaller
09:59 . And then I also have the the far end of the small
10:02 the large intestine to absorb materials. then I have some auxiliary organs that
10:07 to help the process and break down materials across the process. So each
10:14 those structures I named, which you need to know right now are organs
10:20 of a larger process of di that a larger role in digestion to help
10:25 turn that cheeseburger into the fuel that need. In order to live,
10:31 have this hierarchy. If I take organs and these organ systems, they're
10:38 things that allow be that organism, ? So I need the system to
10:46 different things. The heart pumps move blood through the body. So
10:53 can deliver materials to the different parts the body, like the muscles that
10:57 me to move. That's just an of a nervous system, nervous system
11:02 me to process information. So I , react or respond to my environment
11:07 internally externally. And you take all systems and ultimately you get you and
11:11 what we're gonna be dealing with is really three top levels? Once we
11:16 past those first three, now, hate to tell you the first unit
11:21 the, let's get everybody on the page unit. Right. There's not
11:25 super bunch of anatomy. I everyone's all excited, right? You're
11:28 excited about doing anatomy. Everyone on hand and say, yeah, that's
11:32 I'm here. I'm so excited. . No, the first, you
11:36 , six lectures are more or Let's on the same page. Let's
11:40 understanding the chemicals. Let's start understanding things. And then in the next
11:44 , that's when we really start getting the different systems. Now, like
11:48 said, as a, as an you live, there's, you have
11:52 . All right. And there are of living. So each of these
11:57 that we're looking at have something to with one of these things. So
12:01 either going to be playing a role energy production and consumption and this can
12:05 done at the cellular level. It be done at the tissue level,
12:08 can be done at the organ it can be done at the system
12:11 , right? And so when we about energy production, what we're saying
12:14 we're producing energy of some sort. then we're actually also going to be
12:17 it to do something, right? just sitting in those chairs pumping your
12:22 and breathing and desperately trying to stay this early in the morning is consuming
12:30 . All right. So, what that mean? Well, what we're
12:34 about here is metabolism, right. is the sum of all the chemical
12:38 that are taking place and this get chemists all excited. All right,
12:42 two types of metabolism. I'm making or breaking things. That's really to
12:48 about it when I'm making something we to that as anabolism. All
12:52 I'm building blocks. I'm taking, bigger molecules and bigger molecules do
12:59 You've heard of like steroids, Yeah, you've heard of that.
13:05 I take an anabolic steroid muscles right? So I'm building up
13:12 please don't take anabolic steroid. All . Metabolism is typically what we think
13:18 when we think about me, I'm hungry, I'm gonna go get me
13:21 cheese bird. I'm gonna break it . I'm hungry all the time.
13:24 , I'm taking it apart, taking molecules and turning them into smaller
13:30 And what you're in the process is releasing the energy to allow you to
13:35 the, of the functionality that the are supposed to do. And usually
13:39 and metabolism are associated with one All right, they're not, you
13:43 do one in a vacuum. If breaking something, you're breaking it down
13:46 build something. So they're usually there thing that cells in your body does
13:53 you grow and repair things. All . So when you hear growth and
13:57 , it can include in making something . So increasing the size or it
14:01 refer to the process of differentiation. that what you're doing is you're making
14:06 specialized. All right. So it on what you're actually referring to.
14:12 you can kind of hear about cell are, are, are certain
14:17 , but over time they may change something different. This is also the
14:21 that our body repairs stuff, So when we're talking about growth's
14:25 it's like, ok, I'm a I have the DNA in my cell
14:29 so I have machinery. That's Keep it. Oh, well,
14:35 can't repair it. So I'm gonna have I have machinery that's responsible for
14:38 the cell. All right, when sick, your system is responsible for
14:44 all the cells in your body which being assaulted are being fixed or dying
14:50 and you're attacking the things that are the cells. So those fall into
14:54 categories of growth and repair. You think of growth simply as.
15:00 Ok. Mean that, but most we also have this question of
15:13 Yeah, it's been hot every I don't know when it's gonna
15:17 It's supposed to be next week. they told me that last week,
15:21 . So when you walked in this , you were probably, weren't
15:26 Yeah, I'm still sweating. I'm comfortable right now. You know,
15:31 I have to walk all the way the campus. So my body is
15:33 going through the whole set of um , basically got to cool the body
15:39 . All right. Uh Adaptation is responsiveness to the changes in your
15:45 both internally and externally. Now, we're talking about sweat and we're talking
15:48 an internal change, the inside of body is becoming too hot as a
15:52 of the outside of your body, is too hot. And so you're
15:55 , uh this is not, it's start destroying all the metabolic activity I
16:00 because there's a perfect temperature for all chemical reactions to take place in my
16:04 . So, what I need to is I need to cool myself
16:07 So that is an example of And what we have is we have
16:12 certain uh equilibrium, a certain state which our bodies are supposed to be
16:17 . Now, you've been taught this since you're a little kid. What
16:21 the internal body temperature that you're supposed be maintaining? 98.6 degrees? But
16:26 scientists now because we're in a biology . So it is 37 °C.
16:31 right. That is those two numbers the same thing. And actually the
16:35 is that 98.6 is wrong. they started calculating that back in the
16:40 18 hundreds when people were sick all time. So it's actually a little
16:43 lower because everyone had kind of a fever. Anyway, maintaining that temperature
16:53 37 degrees c is your body's It wants to do that because that's
16:58 temperature that your body maintains the chemical . And so when you go
17:02 go down, what you're doing is are outside of homeostatic balance. Homeostasis
17:09 maintaining a constant state of change in environment, both externally and so our
17:18 are designed to maintain homeostasis is an one to talk about. But it's
17:24 about your water and the salt balance your body. It's also about your
17:27 pressure. It's also about uh maintaining proper amount of solute the amount of
17:32 . There's all sorts of things we point to that deal with the question
17:36 what is the right amount. And that right amount, that thing that
17:41 the body happy is what we refer as home. And all right,
17:47 is another thing your body does. again, when we think of
17:50 we think of producing babies and that's easy one. Right. Cells reproduce
17:55 . I made new needs is kind how you can think about it.
17:58 that's not the only thing. It's to help you grow and repair.
18:02 it actually has an attachment to that and repair portion. So all living
18:08 have these characteristics. It doesn't matter you're talking about a salamander doesn't
18:11 single cellular organism doesn't matter if you're about a human viruses, for
18:17 are not living things because they can't these things on their own.
18:22 Are those weird things in biology that non biological. They have characteristics of
18:27 , but they need a cell to and take over its machinery to
18:32 For example, the replication. That's an example. All right. So
18:37 we're looking at these systems, we're going to be exploring these different things
18:44 far. Are you with me? right. So we're gonna skip right
18:48 today. The, the molecular stuff we just want to just run through
18:53 as quickly as we can. If take E MP pretty much anywhere else
18:56 the world, you get like two on chemistry. We want to start
19:05 things are living. Now, the , as we said, they are
19:10 building block of tissues. All And in this picture up here,
19:14 we have is we have two different of cells. We have cells that
19:17 find in humans and cells that are part of humans, they can be
19:22 in them, they can infect All right. These are pro
19:27 So when you think of bacteria and and those, those small living things
19:32 your cellular organism, this is what talking about when we're talking about multi
19:37 organisms. This is what we're talking . Now. I just simplified something
19:40 you take up. If you you take upper level courses in molecular
19:45 biology. You'll find that I just a whole bunch of wrong things.
19:48 for our purposes, this is where focused. Ok, in the
19:54 All right. So they have all machinery to maintain homeostasis within their,
19:59 themselves. They have all, all , regardless of whether you're a car
20:05 Procar have three basic things, they're have a membrane. So basically what
20:10 do is they have something that separates stuff from the outside stuff, just
20:15 you have a skin that separates the environment of your body from the external
20:20 of your body. That's what a does for a cell and what you've
20:24 the unique compartment and in that unique , you have cytosol fluid and in
20:30 cytosol fluid, that's where all the are that allow the cell to do
20:34 things that it does depending on which it is. All right. So
20:39 what the is the internal workings or internal environment where all the workings are
20:46 place now is capable of reproducing And the reason it's capable of reproducing
20:51 is because it has its own it has genetic material. All
20:55 it's not dependent upon genetic material it can self replicate of the external
21:03 . That means is that in each of your billions upon billions of
21:08 you have entire, your entire genetic is encoded there even though a grand
21:13 of it is never going to be by that cell. Now, this
21:19 true. Also for the Procar you see there in their little cartoon there's
21:23 nuclear material. This is your there's your membrane, it's all
21:26 Both of them have the same But what's unique about the E Caro
21:31 that they have a couple of other that pro Caros don't have. So
21:35 kind of ball state. How do guys live in a space where you
21:39 a bathroom separate from the rest of house? Please say all of
21:44 I mean, there's nothing worse than your toilet right? By your
21:47 All right. So yes. All . So you have a compartment where
21:51 do your dirty business, right? from where you eat and where you
21:56 . True. Ok. So that's specialization and E car out cells have
22:04 that have been set aside for specialized . All right. And we refer
22:09 these as membrane bound organelles, So what they have is they have
22:13 membrane that kind of compartmentalizes a space has unique chemical reactions that are taking
22:19 that are different from the other parts the cell. And this is what
22:24 our cells much more unique because now can take cells that say,
22:29 I do these types of specialized things my specialized space and those cells over
22:33 do their specialized things, their space so it allows for us to,
22:37 uh do different jobs and why we up with 300 different types of cells
22:41 our bodies, the types of genes are being expressed. And remember I
22:46 every one of your cells has all genes that are found in your
22:50 Every cell has all those, but don't all use them. But which
22:54 are being expressed allows for that cell become specialized. So what you end
22:58 with is you started life as a cell. All right, mom gave
23:06 of a DNA. Basically, she this protocell, an egg, what
23:12 call an egg, even a full . It's a, it's kind
23:15 it's DNA is not considered a full . So mom gave an egg that
23:21 mean each of those are half You became you, you're now a
23:31 , are you a single seller? , you have a lot of unique
23:35 and cool things about you. And is a process of differentiation because that
23:40 material that one cell became 22, 44, became eight. And then
23:47 is where becomes 16. That's when get this differentiation, start expressing different
23:54 they going my path is this my is that direction. And so now
24:02 end up with cells that have unique . So you start off as a
24:09 cell which becomes a clump of cells then those go in different directions.
24:15 , the cells that can go in sorts of different directions are called
24:20 These are the stem cells. All . You might even hear the word
24:24 to potent to is total, means or lots of. All right.
24:31 once you go down a path, like college, like you could go
24:35 a major, one major for a and like, I don't like this
24:37 you can sweat. They say I'm become a cell, you can't
24:43 someone become well. Now I'm gonna a neuron instead. That's not
24:48 All right, that, that cell , starts going down a path,
24:52 emitted down that path and it will that way and they will perform whatever
24:59 speciality is for the length of of, of their lifespan or for
25:04 long as they're around. All And so this is why you have
25:09 unique tissues, organs and stuff is every cell basically has it's the larger
25:24 . So cells that are like kind tend to be together and they form
25:30 structures called tissues. Now again, the we're sprinting through lectures on each
25:36 these tissue types. All right. you don't have to sit here and
25:40 . I got all these details down date. We'll dive deeper into the
25:44 . All right, but there are basic tissues. All right. These
25:48 groups of cells with similar function. have the four basic types,
25:52 Connective muscle and nervous tissue muscle. , that one II I know it
25:58 you, you more or less do we'll go again detail. All
26:02 But in a very general sense, tissue plays a role in covering
26:08 Connective tissue serves kind of as a . The support tissue muscle tissue plays
26:15 role in moving things or moving So it's actually moving things or moving
26:22 and then the nervous tissue is your tissue. So the combination of these
26:27 tissues and in their different arrangements, cells happen to be located within.
26:33 are going to determine the activity and functionality of the organs that they built
26:45 characteristics. I wanna point out now again, we reiterate them when we
26:48 through them. Epithelium we mentioned is covering tissue. This is just a
26:54 that kind of demonstrates this. So can see down here, this is
26:58 tissue. It's a glue that's connecting epithelium to something below it. All
27:03 . But notice that we have here epithelium. This would be out
27:07 You see the lumen, the lumen to any sort of structure that's
27:12 so hollow structure like a digestive tract say example, a blood vessel,
27:18 basically a tube. So the inside is hollow, right? It may
27:21 filled with something but it's hollow. this portion right here, this is
27:26 lumen of that structure. All I'm gonna put this another way to
27:33 you kind of visualize this. You that, you are what you
27:38 All right, you have a hole the other side and you have a
27:46 that connects the two holes, a , right? All that hole
27:53 if you think about, if you at that doughnut, is that hole
27:56 the doughnut or is it outside the ? It's outside the dump that hole
28:01 passes through you is outside the right? And we'll get to that
28:08 we talk about the digestive system and MP two. That's one of my
28:11 lectures to talk about the digestive system how it's a big giant hole
28:14 But if you imagine it's this it goes all over the place for
28:20 ft. And if you imagine it like there to there, if I
28:23 , I'm just like the donut, a hole that goes right through
28:27 right? And so that is, everything else is inside the doughnut.
28:37 their viscera, your guts, your , like your liver and all those
28:43 the body. Epithelium covers anything exposed the outside structure, the outside
28:52 it has two sides to it. has what is referred to as the
28:56 surface. So the apical surface is up against the lumen. It plays
29:02 role in uh either absorption or If we're talking about a hollow structure
29:08 if we're talking about a covering like , it's a protective structure.
29:14 If I pour acid on my right, it's not gonna immediately go
29:20 and start eating through. It has break through that structure. So it
29:25 as a protective barrier between out here inside my body. If I have
29:32 like the digestive system, it can stuff. Now, if you've ever
29:36 , uh, like any sort of or anything, does that stuff get
29:39 in through your skin? What do think? Yeah, it does,
29:44 . It has to do with the look the skin itself, but the
29:49 serve as an absorptive structure. It absorptive material of, of uh
29:54 And so that would be on the . All right, gonna use the
29:59 half. You all walked over you're sweating like pigs, right?
30:04 glowing, whichever you know, me like a pig. All right.
30:09 am I doing? I'm pushing stuff the surface. That's secretion, digestive
30:13 . Again, when I'm putting food my body or putting food in the
30:16 tract, I'm secreting materials into that . So that can break things
30:21 So that's what epithelium does. The side is the basolateral side. So
30:26 refers to the basil or the, bottom part, lateral refers to the
30:30 because they're very similar. They just to them collectively as basolateral. It's
30:34 a combination word. All right. sides are basically to allow us to
30:43 it to the connect tissue and underlying , muscle. On the other
30:48 we said is a contractile cell helps move. There are three different types
30:52 muscle cells. Again, go we we spend most of our time talking
30:57 skeletal muscle. All right, cardiac is very similar to, to smooth
31:03 is unique and very confusing to a of people. So in a p
31:06 usually like underneath the carpet and pretend , oh yeah. Yeah.
31:09 Yeah, it's there. All But in essence what we have
31:12 we have the three types. So is skeletal, that's cardiac and they're
31:16 muscle. And you can see that distinctive in terms of their shape and
31:20 nature and stuff. We're not gonna through that right now, but they're
31:23 distinct even in the cartoons are All right. So because they play
31:28 role in movement, that means they a uh a lot of energy
31:31 which means you've got to deliver a of energy to them. That means
31:33 going to be highly vascularized, Lots of blood vessels go into
31:38 Um uh The three types, this is voluntary that be just thinking
31:45 it. Everybody wave at me. . Uh Yeah. See you did
31:48 . The those of you who chose to wave notice, you still did
31:51 voluntarily. You're like, I have to wave. All right, cardiac
31:56 is involuntary. Everyone make your heart right now. Go, you
32:02 it's impossible. Right. You have control when that really, really cute
32:07 that you're really attracted to comes up says hi, I'd like to study
32:10 and your heart starts doing this. can't stop that. You're just praying
32:16 they can't. Ok. So, that's on Terry smooth muscles. Also
32:22 Terry go to Taco Bell. 30 later, you're like, you can't
32:26 that. Smooth muscle is involuntary. right, smooth muscle, you're gonna
32:33 primarily in the whole organs, cardiac tells you it's in the heart,
32:37 muscle. These are the muscles you about. These are the uh muscles
32:41 locomotion, nervous tissue. Two types basic cells, you'll find out there's
32:52 types of when we say neurons, are one type of cell glial
32:56 These are the other many different types neurons and many types of. All
33:03 , neurons are the interesting ones. is where we spend all our time
33:07 about. When we talk about the system, we want to talk about
33:09 . They're like the quarterback of the team. Everyone wants to talk about
33:13 quarterback and all the wonderful things he . No, wants to talk about
33:16 lineman and how he protected the right? It's terrible. How's the
33:23 ? Glial cells are the linemen, ? They're all the support cells,
33:29 ones that allow the neurons to do things that they do. So when
33:31 think of a neuron. What we're to do is we're thinking about these
33:34 , beautiful things hanging out up here . Oh, well, what they
33:38 is they process information and they send to other and tell them what to
33:42 . Glial cells provide the nutrients, the support, make sure the network
33:47 , removes materials and protects them. glial cell. We'll go into detail
33:53 little bit later about all these Just understand that there are two basic
33:57 right now. The truth is A P one is um uh almost half
34:02 course is about the nervous. So should be spending on that and
34:14 we don't give connective tissue enough There's a lot of different types of
34:19 , connective tissue on my slide, usually see me abbreviate CT because I'm
34:24 and CT is a nice simple abbreviation connective tissue. All right.
34:29 as I mentioned, they are the uh tissues, right? You will
34:35 them all over the place they, sit between their tissues and kind of
34:39 them together, hence their name, ? So it's kind of the glue
34:42 holds things together. It's not their function. Notice up here, I've
34:46 something that looks like a whole network mesh work. This is what we
34:50 think of. When we think of tissue, there are some cells and
34:53 are lots of fibers and stuff like and hold stuff. But blood is
34:56 connective tissue. Connective tissues are all affiliated with each other or related to
35:04 other because of their embryological origin. that's where blood is connective tissues because
35:10 its origin. But it's very, different from the stuff. We're where
35:15 recognize all connective tissues do have three in common. All right, they
35:20 cells that are affiliated with them. would make sense. They all produce
35:26 of some sort. The weird one blood. It does not. And
35:32 last thing it has, it has matrix. All right. Now,
35:35 matrix is the materials in which you the fibers in which you find the
35:41 . And so the fluid of the is what is considered the matrix of
35:45 blood. All right. So plasma the matrix. But anyway, so
35:52 that matrix that ultimately defines the function that connective tissue, electron connective tissue
35:58 go through all the basics and you'll that, yeah, they're all unique
36:03 it's the same. OK. So take these four tissues and all these
36:10 cell types, those cells that have function, you put them together and
36:14 what you're going to end up with an organ. Now, in this
36:16 picture here, what we're looking at we're looking at the bottom half of
36:19 , of the stomach, the pyloric . If you look in this
36:25 you can see a couple of different . See the pink thing out
36:28 That would be your epithelium. The stuff in our little cartoon here that
36:33 be connective tissue and then the what, what do we want to
36:38 that color? Salmon? I like . That's much better. See,
36:42 ask guys color. We only know colors that include white and black.
36:46 right. So the salmon in here would be mussel and then what you
36:52 have in this picture, usually in in an anatomy, uh text yellow
36:57 uh nervous tissue is usually how they that you can see in there.
37:01 are some blood vessels and some blood are. So you'd expect that to
37:06 epithelium and you can start seeing oh, when I'm looking at an
37:11 , a unique kind of combination of and the case of the stomach
37:15 we have 123 layers of instruments. if you go to the spa test
37:23 you'll see that there's two levels of and range differently and they have different
37:28 and sorts of different ratios and combinations give rise to the unique structure of
37:34 organ. All right. But in particular case, you can see four
37:40 the things here, even though they draw the nervous tissue, the nervous
37:43 is there. All right. So of the tissues have a specific functionality
37:49 those tissues working together allow the stomach do its job. And in this
37:55 case you can see here, this be a gastric pit you don't
37:59 The department is trying to, the pit are have the cells that produce
38:03 enzymes that are responsible for breaking down and the foods that you eat.
38:08 then the muscles down here to cause churning to help, break down the
38:14 enzymes chemically break down those foods, ? And the connective tissue holds it
38:20 and helps protect. And then the that you see in the nervous tissue
38:26 there is responsible for helping the muscles helping the muscles know what to do
38:30 when to do it, when the should be doing the things that
38:35 that's just an example of how an works in a very, very basic
38:42 . Now, if any of this so far sounds like, oh my
38:46 myself in no worries. That's why have classes is to see the big
38:53 and then dive down deep into the . Well, I wanna show you
38:57 the next couple of slides, what already know. All right, you
39:01 to class with knowledge of anatomy. right. You know stuff you may
39:06 know it's names like you'd call this scan? Yeah, it's called the
39:11 . All right. It's, it's language we use, but we have
39:14 different systems and what these different systems . They are designed to allow you
39:20 an organism, living things. And I see here are the three.
39:28 gonna be looking at name one. , because the nervous system is ridiculously
39:34 and musculoskeletal two systems, but we them together because reasons. Ok.
39:41 starting off with the in the, the in system is basically your
39:45 your hair, your nails and your your, if you like watching those
39:49 popping videos on youtube, you're looking integument stuff. All right. So
39:56 systems, all these different things, skin, your hair, your
40:00 they're all related to each other. all have the same immunological order and
40:03 why they're grouped together. All Their job as you're well aware of
40:09 protection. Even my hair, my is protective. Yeah, it
40:13 Think about your eyebrows. You ever about your eyebrows king? No,
40:18 eyebrows are your natural sweatbands. When , when you sweat, that sweat
40:25 that brow, right? That ridge that hair. Notice which way your
40:30 goes, it pushes outward and it inward. So that hair follows the
40:35 or that sweat follows the hair and and away from your eyes. So
40:40 doesn't go drip in your eyes. Dr Wayne, when I sweat,
40:43 drip. Yes, because you're sweating lot, right? But for the
40:47 part, it's basically driving the hair when it's cold, which is not
40:51 that we're aware of in Houston, ? That hair on your head keeps
40:56 head warm. It protects you, holds the heat in same thing
41:01 in terms of defense, it protects inside of your body, not the
41:05 , the whole portion, but the the doughy goodness portion from the
41:10 environment. It protects you, The other thing that it does,
41:14 helps to maintain the proper temperature when hot. Notice how you turn red
41:21 you start sweating. But what you're is you're shedding heat so that your
41:24 doesn't get too hot. But when get cold, those blood vessels
41:29 but they're at the surface, you're longer pushing blood up to the
41:34 which is basically water, which is heat with it. So this is
41:37 we thermo regulate is through our skin we can talk about nails and stuff
41:42 that. The nervous tissue, all , represented there. You can see
41:46 nervous tissue is your brain, your cord and the nerves. All
41:50 Now, their job is to detect going on internally and what's going on
41:54 taking that information, figuring out which is actually important and processing it and
42:00 telling the different systems in your body to respond. So like when you
42:04 your hand, you put it on hot stove, you know, you're
42:07 like a cartoon where you have to for the smoke and the your body
42:11 the heat says and you naturally ever your hand away. Alright. That's
42:19 being done. In the nervous system tell the muscle bad, move your
42:24 , self harm. All right. . Again, these are really two
42:30 here. So we have the bones the um and the, let me
42:34 here, bones cartilage and tendons. I'm gonna separate out bones and
42:40 That's uh skeletal, skeletal, tendons and ligaments is really muscular.
42:44 right. But we're just gonna lump together, muscular, skeletal. So
42:47 can kind of see it all So here the easy one is
42:52 It also supports your body. All . So like your abdominal muscles are
42:57 holding in your intestines. So they're just flopping around. All right,
43:04 play a role in protection. I they also support the blood cell
43:10 right. So we need to carry around or actually made in, in
43:16 uh a bone to help keep the going. So, part of the
43:22 tissue is found here in the system keep you going. All right.
43:28 those are the ones that we're gonna covering this semester, but that's not
43:30 whole body just to show you the of them. So that we're up
43:33 the same page respiratory system. That's nasal passage, your trachea, your
43:38 . This is responsible for regulating gas and making sure that you have enough
43:43 for the metabolic activity to keep your , uh tissues, running cells
43:48 We have the cardiovascular system. This just a major highway system to carry
43:52 the nutrients and to the places where need to go. Um, so
43:57 includes a pump system, the the blood vessels and then the,
44:00 medium through which we're carrying those which is the blood. All
44:06 The one that's most difficult is And the lymphatics, the lymphatics are
44:10 much like the blood vessels in the system. They're basically, again,
44:15 a network of vessels but they have organs and, and uh micro organs
44:21 these systems that help protect your body foreign invasion, right? So that's
44:26 this fellow is trying to show. , oh look, these are all
44:28 lymphatic vessels and then you have other um that are sitting around, these
44:34 both the lymphoid tissue as well as thymus, your lymph nodes right down
44:38 . That's your spleen. Um And the cells that occupy that space that
44:42 protect you from all the horrible nasty that can't kill you, which is
44:48 everything. OK. What did you about the immune system? Like,
44:55 it? All right. So this against all the pathogens and helps to
45:02 flu that has escaped from the cardiovascular back. Uh Then we have the
45:08 system. This isn't really a This AAA BOX, it's like the
45:13 drawer at the house. You it's like, I don't know what
45:15 do with this. I'm gonna throw the junk drawer. So this is
45:17 the junk drawer of the body, the junk drawer has a function.
45:21 not just them stuff structures that produce molecules that tell the other parts of
45:27 body what to do. Right. so here they're producing what our
45:32 These are the signaling molecules. So includes things like your thyroid,
45:38 Let's see. There's your pancreas, pituitary glands up there. Uh,
45:42 adrenal glands, which are those little dollops right on top of the
45:46 um parathyroid, which are part of as well. What I'm not showing
45:50 here are the gonads which are considered . Your heart's an endocrine organ,
45:55 stomach's in organ, your kid is endocrine organ. Once you start defining
45:59 a hormone is, you start finding every is an endocrine organ. But
46:03 before they knew like, what do do with this thing? Right.
46:09 that's an endocrine. When you hear think hormones, he's enough in terms
46:14 functionality, growth, metabolism, reproduction homeostasis, right? You'll see like
46:22 growth hormone. What do you Growth does grow? There you
46:26 Right. Rocket science. That's a harder than biology. Trust me,
46:31 just got big scary names in Everything else is pretty straightforward. All
46:38 , uh urinary system. This basically all the waste out of your
46:41 So this is the kidneys and their , the Urs, the bladder and
46:44 urethra. So what you're doing is filtering the blood and looking for materials
46:49 your body no longer wants and removes from the blood. So that's ultimately
46:54 those structures are. It plays also important role in plasma, volume and
47:00 , uh con or concentration and regulation digestive system. That's one of the
47:07 to do. Said it's basically, gonna just go through a mouth,
47:11 glands, esophagus, stomach, small , enlar intest structures that are
47:17 These are glands that are emptying enzymes these structures. This includes the
47:21 which is right there. There's your and then also have the pancreas which
47:25 really can't see in that picture. So the job here is to take
47:31 stuff, things that we eat. includes the things that are good,
47:35 greens and bad stuff like Cheetos and out the nutrients, use it.
47:41 you can survive on Cheetos for about month after that, you're gonna have
47:44 start taking vitamins or something. I just told all the health students
47:51 the nutrition students, something that they're like. Lastly, the reproductive
47:57 There are two different reproductive systems. right, we have a male reproductive
48:01 , female reproductive system, male reproductive . The organs include the testes,
48:05 epi. So there's test, you see the epi there, the vast
48:08 which is the tube that goes uh the cop organ which is the
48:12 uh and all the G land which not gonna go through. All
48:16 the reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterine tube, which is this long
48:20 thing, the uterus. And then the copy organ, which is the
48:24 plus all different uh accessory glands as . And there's also the mammary glands
48:31 we don't really know what to do them. They're really sweat glands,
48:33 they're part of the intent, but sound more interesting if you leave them
48:36 reproduction. So I throw them over . All right. Goal of the
48:41 system is exactly what it says is produce offspring. All right. So
48:45 going to be producing gas. We the hormones that we produce to control
48:48 process and ultimately in the female subsequent , once the sperm and the egg
48:54 together after copulation again. A MP , my background is in rep reproductive
49:01 . I first studied male reproduction as , a grad student, got phd
49:05 over and as a post doc studied reproduction when we get to reproduction.
49:09 a MP two, I am like as a school kid. I it's
49:14 the most fun, right? I off on so many tangents,
49:19 But anyway, so these are the did, it was any of those
49:22 shock to you like, oh my . I had no idea that that
49:25 . Yeah. See you already And so because you already know stuff
49:31 should just say, OK, what I'm doing is I'm changing the
49:34 , I'm learning how to be Uh um Sorry, I just check
49:41 time here. I, I'm just start learning the language that I need
49:44 have in order to understand all the we're looking at. And that's really
49:49 of what the next thing is all . All right, is all
49:53 all fields have their specialized language. you are in the 14th century,
50:01 16th century. It is illegal to apart a body and figure out how
50:06 works, right? That's desecrating a . That's how they treat it.
50:13 this is also the enlightenment. This the period of time just after the
50:17 ages where people are going, I to understand the world around me.
50:20 so they're like, how does the work? It's not just magic.
50:25 I wanna know what they're doing. they're digging up corpses or paying people
50:28 to even a movie about. It's comedy, I can't remember what it
50:31 . But basically people stealing corpses in in the 18 hundreds or the 17
50:38 , you are trying to speak and to other people that you know,
50:42 doing this across all of Europe. is where most of this is taking
50:47 . But Italy, what language do speak? Italian? And you're talking
50:51 somebody in Germany and what language do speak German, right? But it's
50:56 common language that they all use in , which is Latin, right?
51:03 so they are communicating so many of words you can see is using Latin
51:08 help them talk. Hey, this and I'm looking at this squiggly
51:11 this is what this is, this what I'm calling it. But the
51:14 thing that they have to do is have to have a common subject that
51:18 looking at. If you're sitting there to in your blind and you're touching
51:23 part, you need you, you have a, a idea of the
51:28 thing, right? And so really the communication is being done is through
51:31 and whatnot. And that's kind of blind. So you want to
51:35 look, let's all put the cadaver the exact same position so that we
51:41 a anatomical position that we can talk . And then what we're gonna do
51:45 let's divide the thing up into different and we'll just start naming the regions
51:49 we go along. And that's what come up with here. The first
51:53 you need to understand is there are regions, there is the appendices and
51:58 there's the axis. Easy way to this. Your axis is your trunk
52:02 your head. If you cut off arms and your legs, are you
52:05 gonna live? Yes. So everything need to live is found in the
52:10 . If I cut off your you're gonna live, no So it's
52:13 part of the appendices. All the appendices are your arms and your
52:17 . All right. So you can here in our picture, our model
52:21 you what that cadaver would look This is not somebody standing in front
52:25 you like, right? This is body on a table that you're about
52:29 cut into. All right. And they're saying when you cut into a
52:34 , when you deliver a person, start working on them, you don't
52:37 them on their back. They're not be on their knees, they're not
52:39 be lying on their side, they're be on their back, their hands
52:43 gonna be facing upward, the palms gonna be facing upward, right?
52:47 so this is what you're gonna And then the first thing we need
52:50 do is when I say you find in the axis, that means you
52:54 ignore the arms and the legs. it's in the appendices, you're ignoring
52:59 axis, you're ignoring the trunk in head. Now, each region has
53:06 own nomenclature as well. You do need to memorize this as we go
53:13 . You will learn the nomenclature, some of the stuff you're already familiar
53:16 , right? I mean, you know what the gluteal region is right
53:22 your butt. See you notice I use a vernacular term and we go
53:26 . Yeah. Yeah. But if said the, but like have you
53:30 had pork butt? Yeah. If have pulled pork, you've had pork
53:35 . Where does pork pork butt come ? Does it come from here?
53:40 , comes from here? It's the . Pigs have two shoulders,
53:46 They have a front shoulder and back . You too have two shoulders.
53:50 just call it the gluteal region. . So weird, huh? Do
53:54 see how language starts mattering? Right. There's some other ones.
53:59 mean, memory that, that's an one. Have you ever had a
54:02 work? You don't have to, , have, you've heard planters?
54:06 planter region? What? No, thought a planter's work would be just
54:09 work that I have. No, . Planter's wars are specific to the
54:12 of the feet. Oh, it's same word on my hand. But
54:19 . All right. Some other weird . Weird one. The, it's
54:23 the mental region. I don't know . Maybe because you're thinking,
54:31 I don't, I mean, the temple makes sense because Temple has
54:36 do with time and when you age first place it turns gray is
54:41 So it shows the passage of That's where the name came from.
54:44 so a lot of these things, the first, I'm gonna say,
54:49 gonna say it probably every second We're really simple. People in
54:53 Some, you're gonna look at You're like, I have no idea
54:56 that, that word is. 30 long. What does it mean?
55:00 simple. We name things for what do or for what they look
55:03 So if you ever get lost, , look at the word, break
55:06 down. All right. And usually , so stupid when you get the
55:11 system, you get these long They're really saying this is where it
55:15 and this is where it goes and just the two regions. All
55:19 So be aware as we go I'm not gonna ask you these
55:24 but as we go along as we them up, start going. Oh
55:27 . So when you see that prefix that term, be ready to
55:32 Now, you started life as a cell, but that single cell ultimately
55:38 elongating and it became a tube and that tube also grew another tube.
55:44 you began life with two, you of look like a worm and then
55:47 kind of fold. You did some , really cool stuff. All
55:50 So those two tubes resulted in the of two major cavities in the
55:55 All right. So here's the use our first two terms. All
55:58 you have a cavity that's found on back side of the body. All
56:02 , that's your dorsal side, the posterior. And then you have
56:06 cavity that's found on the belly That's your ventral cavity, right.
56:12 dorsal cavity is separate from the They do not form together, they
56:16 formed independent of one another. They're connected to each other. The dorsal
56:21 is where you're gonna find um two cavities that are housing the major structures
56:27 the nervous system really of the central system have the cranial cavity. There's
56:32 other new words, right? That's cranium. So the cranial cavity is
56:37 brain, the spinal cavity houses the cord. And so this is the
56:44 structure that is starting to be formed early development and ultimately houses these larger
56:49 that we end up with. That the major parts of our central nervous
56:53 . The ventral cavity, this front is much larger. It has a
56:59 membrane serious we're gonna see here is something that prevents friction filled with all
57:05 of viscera, all sorts of, structures of, of organs.
57:10 we can divide this into two So we have a diaphragm, a
57:17 that breaks cavity up into two We have the upper part and the
57:21 part, the upper part is the and then the lower part is the
57:26 excuse the abdominal pelvic cavity. All . It's a combination word.
57:32 with regard to the thoracic cavity, a whole bunch of separation in there
57:36 well. So this is where your and your lungs are located. This
57:39 your chest region, right? We to as the thoracic cage. So
57:43 thoracic cavity is surrounded by the thoracic in there. We have two cavities
57:49 are separating the lungs from everything This is called the plora. All
57:54 . This is a serious membrane. up? Everyone? I want you
57:58 get your hands together and I want to go like this can feel it
58:04 heat right now. Not a lot you are gonna like me when I
58:08 this, but you are made of , right? How do I know
58:12 ? If I you did that vegetables eats meat. All right. And
58:20 you take meat and you apply heat it, what happens to the
58:24 You cook it? Right? So things rub against each other,
58:31 you produce heat. So if your are rubbing up against the sides of
58:35 thoracic cage, you'd be producing heat time you breathe in and out.
58:39 when you breathe in, then you , right? So you'd go
58:46 rub, rub, rub, rub, rub, rub, and
58:50 you'd cook your lungs and a cook is a useless lung. So to
58:56 that structure from being cooked, you this membrane on the lungs, you
59:00 a membrane. On the other there are actually a continuous membrane and
59:04 in the middle, this fluid here fluid is a lubricant. And so
59:09 happens is every time something it reduces degree of friction. So you don't
59:15 heat and it allows those two structures move very easily against each other.
59:20 this is the plora that rounds each the lungs. And so you can
59:24 here, we have two plora that in cavities. The two lungs are
59:29 from every in the thoracic cavity. also have in the middle this region
59:36 . It's called the media stum. right. So the media stum is
59:40 the region between the two plea in . You have a couple of
59:44 you have the thymus. Where is ? I have it. Yeah,
59:47 the thymus houses the trachea, the is the path to the lungs.
59:51 has the esophagus has the path down the stomach. All right. So
59:55 has tubes and it has the but it also has the heart does
59:59 heart. Yeah, a lot, when you see someone that you
60:04 right? Talked about that. So does the same thing. So it
60:08 its a serious membrane. It's called pericardium. Perry is next to,
60:14 to the next to the heart, ? So again, you have a
60:18 and a layer, the side, you're uh the or whether you're the
60:22 card and the side that's nearest the . All right, is called
60:27 the side that is next to the you're looking at is called the vial
60:33 , right? And a way to that because you're probably gonna go,
60:36 don't remember which one, your all the organs in your body are
60:41 referred to as the viscera. if you ever get lost, it's
60:45 , what's the side nearest the It's the visceral layer. All
60:52 that serious fluid within the heart around pericardium or within the pericardium.
60:57 between those two layers, does the thing that you saw within the plural
61:03 the diaphragm. That's the abdominal pelvic . It's again, it's basically two
61:09 . So the abdominal cavity is the above the hip line. The pelvic
61:14 is being protected by the bones of hip. All right. So we
61:20 a cage that protects thoractic but those a little bit. So they do
61:25 protection of the abdominal region, but it's just muscle that holds things
61:30 All right. So here, what have is mostly digestive tract, but
61:34 also have things like the kidneys that located there as well as ureters um
61:38 the pelvic cavity. Uh things that protected by bone are usually important.
61:43 like pull your heart has the bone in front of it's protected, your
61:47 are mostly protected with the ribs. so now when you get down to
61:51 hips, you know, it's not girdle, you're actually protecting structures.
61:57 , ladies, this is simple for because your ovaries are being protected.
62:00 your reproductive system is, is right? I'm protecting those. Don't
62:07 me why in mammals, the strategy to take the testes, the male
62:12 gonads and put them outside the All right, it has to do
62:17 uh maintaining temperatures. But why that , we don't know, not all
62:21 have this, but when we start life, our testes are in the
62:27 cavity. So my point is this where the reproductive organs are. Bladder
62:32 not so important. It's just poor . Um And then the bottom end
62:38 the large intestine actually has to do um organization of body during development.
62:44 have a mouth, you have an and then things just kind of developed
62:48 way. So again, here is , the anatomical position, do it
62:57 that. Um And so here we see the kind of this use of
63:01 terms. It's like, OK, I start understanding terminology, I can
63:05 to areas where things are and so often. And I, as I
63:09 , we are very, very descriptive , we use very simple terms left
63:13 right, things that are above things are below. But we're using the
63:17 that is a shared language because the time period when we started doing
63:23 , so like a prefix, hypo below. Prefix like epi means
63:27 Uh if you have a region that already defined. So umbilical, you
63:32 know what your umbilicus is. that's the fancy word for a belly
63:36 , right? So if the there's the umbilical region, gastric refers
63:42 stomach. So if I have Ok, I'm thinking of belly,
63:45 stomach so I could be epigastric. could be hypogastric or my belly.
63:51 Chond, this is another term refers cartilage. We'll learn lots more about
63:57 a little bit later. But it's , ok, if I have
64:00 that doesn't mean that I'm sick. means, oh, there's cartilage
64:04 And then so like I have hidria the, then left and right and
64:12 again, other regions. So when looking at these nine regions in the
64:17 , this is how an anatomist would down the stomach and say,
64:21 if I'm trying to describe something, gonna use a term and I have
64:24 of terms that I can use. many do you plan on being anatom
64:27 you grow up? Yeah, that's I thought. Zero. All
64:31 How many of you guys plan on to health care? All right.
64:34 you wanna be fast in health Someone's bleeding out on the table?
64:37 wanna be able to describe something Yeah. So they come up with
64:40 simple terms, right, left, , lower upper quadrants. So depending
64:46 your field, you might be using unique language. All right, I'm
64:53 gonna go through all these terms. are things you just have to memorize
64:56 start using. All right, but are the kinds of orientation terms that
65:00 use. I will point out one . That's, well, maybe two
65:03 them that are kind of simple, you don't use it all that often
65:07 versus distal, proximal is near to means far away from all right.
65:14 a frame of reference term. The of reference that we're using here with
65:18 distal refers to the midline of the , right? So if you're saying
65:22 is proximal, you're actually saying it's to the midline of the body.
65:27 you're saying something is distal, it's away. It's like my fingers are
65:32 , my elbow is proximal as an , the other one is deep and
65:39 . Just think of your friends. you have any friends who are
65:47 Right? You don't have to say they are. But yes, do
65:50 have any deep friends people? You , you know that you can have
65:54 really, really nice talk. So same thing, right? Deep
65:58 deeper into the body. Superficial means to the surface. They literal
66:03 It's an easy way to remember and also woke you up. All
66:07 But the other ones are, are straightforward. So kind of be
66:11 There's other terms here that, that used in special circumstances that are not
66:16 on here. If we use I'll point out say here, here's
66:19 new term. That's again, it's directional term, but you should be
66:23 . I'm gonna probably ask you one on this. All right. The
66:26 thing is that there are body Again, um It's your body is
66:31 into, into these sections by using slices. And again, think of
66:35 as like, OK, I'm dissecting . So what do I do?
66:37 can slice them this way, I slice them that way. I can
66:40 them this way so I can slice of it, right? So if
66:44 separating back, what I'm doing is doing a coronal section crown.
66:48 when you think of a crown, probably think of a queen or princess
66:51 the crown on. Now, it's the Statue of Liberty. It's that
66:55 thing. So it's basically front to . That's the easy way to
66:58 All right, another one that we is um uh sale. So sale
67:04 separating left from right. We usually to the mid sale section. All
67:09 . So, but it's basically where cut. So if I separate my
67:12 from the rest of my body, a sale section, right? If
67:16 cut right down, that's bit And the last one is transverse,
67:19 the top of your body from the of your body. So superior from
67:23 . And again, where you it doesn't matter if you got cut
67:26 here, that's superior. This is , that's a transverse. And then
67:30 a weird one that's not shown here we don't talk about because it's just
67:33 is oblique, which is some strange . That's literally what oblique means some
67:38 angle. All right. So be of the three body, uh,
67:44 , body planes. How are we here on time? Oh,
67:51 I got about eight minutes. ma'am. All right. So Coron
67:59 front to back. So if I a slice off the tip of my
68:03 , that little front right there would the would now, typically what we
68:08 is we, whenever we look at pictures, let me go back and
68:10 you the picture, right? Notice they, where they're showing you the
68:14 , they're like right down the middle the body. Right. Now,
68:17 you think about all these look, or the is the only one that's
68:22 mirrored image from mid Saal. So I cut right through you, you
68:26 , if you take a put a and stand like this against the mirror
68:30 you look at the mirror image, a, it's as if you see
68:33 , it's kind of weird. But you took a mirror and this,
68:37 back does not look like your your top does not look like your
68:40 , right? So Coronal is front versus back, right? Transversus top
68:47 bottom and then Saul is left versus . That's the easiest way to remember
68:52 . OK. Now again, we won't use language like that. I'll
68:57 show you a picture like this and the question, what sort of plane
69:01 this? Right? On the first I use a little simpler language in
69:07 classroom, but you're trying to learn terminology here. All right. The
69:13 little bit here is dealing with homeostasis trying to get through. There's never
69:18 guarantee. I'm gonna get through those little slides. I mean, I'll
69:20 to them next about the body All right. But what we're doing
69:25 is we're dealing with and as I , homeostasis is maintaining a relative
69:30 constant environment, internally changes around the or around that subject are are in
69:40 change. I think that's a really image, right? It's ice
69:45 they're out having fun in the right? Their body temperature hasn't dropped
69:51 98 points because their body is churning heat. And I know temperature is
69:55 the easy one to think about. this is true for a lot of
69:59 chemical reactions and a lot of states the body is gonna be trying to
70:04 a balance, right? If you're , your body needs what water?
70:10 response here is thirstiness says my body water. So that's being out of
70:15 balance. All right. So you said to be you are in homeostasis
70:21 all your needs are being adequately met everything is functionally smooth, functioning smoothly
70:26 the body. So you'll usually see when you're describing homeostasis, it's a
70:33 equilibrium. So when you hear the equilibrium, that's a balance. So
70:37 a constant moving balance. While uh you know, as, as
70:43 going through your day, you'll see change over time, but that's part
70:49 the homeostatic balance. Now, homeostasis usually described in these terms, there's
70:56 sort of variable something that you are . So again, I'm gonna go
71:00 temperature because temperature is easy. So I'm talking about homeostasis in the terms
71:05 uh temperature, temperature is my All right, something is causing that
71:12 in that variable. That would be stimulus. So when you walk out
71:22 of 70 that change is gonna cause variable your body temperature to rise.
71:31 right, now, something is gonna there's a change in temperature. This
71:36 what we refer to as a sensor a receptor is probably the more correct
71:41 , but we just are gonna call a sensor for right now, that
71:45 is gonna be sent to a The controller knows says this is
71:49 this is the temperature that it should and the controller says, oh,
71:53 not at the set point, something wrong. So it's gonna need
71:57 we need to change it and bring back into balance. And so that
72:02 from the controller is gonna go to effect door. It causes the effect
72:12 . And then so the effector is to cause a change to bring us
72:17 to our set point. So this an ex the example here,
72:21 So stimulus, I detect it, uh I send the information to the
72:26 . The controller says, wait, it something in wrong tells the effector
72:30 to do. It changes the stimulus that we bring everything back into
72:34 This is an example of blood I think thinking about temperatures is a
72:38 easier because when you're hot, you see. Yep, I wanna get
72:41 down. I want to bring back normal. This is the same
72:45 Just trying to show you through a picture. Here is a variable.
72:48 can see there's a range. You not always set at 98 in the
72:52 . Your body temperature is a little lower. By the end of the
72:55 , your body temperature is a little higher, but the average is about
72:58 . So when you fall outside of range, your body says,
73:01 I'm hot, there's a receptor. at the temperature says, no,
73:04 isn't right. And then it tells brain too hot. The brain tells
73:08 skin to start and the blood vessels the skin, bring the blood up
73:12 the surface and let's cause a sweat , start pumping out water. That
73:17 be your family. And then the takes the heat away and off you
73:23 , your body temperature comes back down normal. And when you come back
73:26 the normal set range, there's no . So that turns the whole system
73:30 back off again. There are two that we control things in terms of
73:37 . The first is what is the common is called the negative feedback
73:41 right? This is like the If I get too hot, I
73:46 that. Right. What do I ? I tell the controller,
73:49 uh, too hot. All Well, I'm gonna tell the effects
73:52 do their job. That's gonna start me cooler. So I bring myself
73:56 balance. So I'm basically controlling in , I'm bringing myself back to where
74:03 should be easy system to think about , and to understand, and if
74:08 think about the group for all most of these systems in the
74:12 there are these negative feedback loops, feedback loops. On the other
74:19 are weird and they're very rare. fact, you see them mostly in
74:23 reproductive system. And so here's an of one. All right here,
74:28 you're doing is that you have a point and what you're doing is you're
74:33 away from the set point and resetting set point. So it keeps moving
74:37 and further and further away. So amplifying the signal that you're creating.
74:42 example we're using here is giving right? You have um uh impulses
74:50 hormones that are responsible for causing contractions the uterine muscle against the cervix.
74:56 cervix has the receptors to feel that , which sends a signal back up
75:01 the brain signal relief to cause stronger . And there's a couple of other
75:08 that are going on action which result bigger contraction, which result in bigger
75:14 , which resulted. Right? Another you can think about this thing about
75:21 snowball moving down a hill. If take a snowball, a small
75:26 throw it down a steep hill, going to pick up more and more
75:28 . What happens to the snowball gets that to a positive feedback loop.
75:34 do I stop the snowball? Can snowball on its own? No,
75:41 it. In a positive feedback That's what you need is you need
75:44 sort of external signal in the case giving birth. What's the external signal
75:48 stop the feedback baby born, When we come back? All
75:57 So this will be our start point then we'll kind of jump into the
76:03 . Yes, ma'am about you. it like
-
+