| 00:02 | All right, you guys, you're to learn a little bit, kind |
|
| 00:05 | sort of, I mean, that's you're paying money to come here, |
|
| 00:08 | ? Getting up early. Um So me give you kind of an overview |
|
| 00:11 | what we're gonna do. We're gonna of finish up what we started |
|
| 00:14 | We're gonna be looking at kind of terminology, just kind of get us |
|
| 00:17 | on the same page, right? the idea is we're just going to |
|
| 00:20 | of see how the body is, organized in a very, very broad |
|
| 00:25 | . And then what we're gonna do we're gonna dip into homeostasis and what |
|
| 00:29 | means and kind of how it's regulated the body. So we're kind of |
|
| 00:33 | a little bit of a dip our into the physiology portion. Once you |
|
| 00:37 | homeostasis and understand that the body is to do this throughout every organ system |
|
| 00:41 | we're looking at. It'll make more , right? I mean, we'll |
|
| 00:44 | , ok. Now I understand why looking at this and then what we're |
|
| 00:47 | do is we're going to shift our to the thing that we all try |
|
| 00:51 | avoid our entire lives, which is . And we're really not doing chemistry |
|
| 00:55 | . That's the good news. We're kind of looking at chemistry in the |
|
| 00:58 | of what are the molecules. Remember we said there's these different levels, |
|
| 01:02 | going look at the molecules that make cells and that the body uses to |
|
| 01:08 | do the things that it does. right. So we're gonna be talking |
|
| 01:10 | bio molecules. So that's kind of big overview. And so if you're |
|
| 01:14 | of, you know, as I yesterday, in terms of looking at |
|
| 01:17 | lecture and studying um what you're trying learn, kind of look for these |
|
| 01:22 | . I'm just going to show you , so if we're starting here with |
|
| 01:25 | anatomical terms, look and see and , OK, when do I transition |
|
| 01:28 | from anatomical terms to go to something ? And those are kind of the |
|
| 01:31 | that you're trying to learn, those learning objectives, right? Those big |
|
| 01:36 | . And so our starting point, we said, are going to be |
|
| 01:38 | terms. And really, we're, starting here because this helps us to |
|
| 01:43 | our bodies. What I want to out here and I'm going to come |
|
| 01:46 | to it again, is look at this body is set up for |
|
| 01:49 | All right, this is what is the anatomical pose and the anatomical pose |
|
| 01:54 | just an agreement of anatom is to that we're gonna have the body always |
|
| 01:59 | the same position when we're looking at so that we all can identify and |
|
| 02:05 | at stuff. So anatomy began sometime the 16 hundreds and it was illegal |
|
| 02:10 | um to actually dig into a It was, it was desecrating a |
|
| 02:15 | if you were to cut into Right? So, you know, |
|
| 02:18 | very often what would happen is people like steal bodies to do it, |
|
| 02:23 | is really kind of creepy if you about it, there's actually even a |
|
| 02:26 | about this. It's like a comedy they're stealing bodies in, in Scotland |
|
| 02:31 | something like that. But the other is is that, you know, |
|
| 02:34 | people who are trying to understand the started, you know, writing down |
|
| 02:39 | they're doing. And so what they to do is he needed to be |
|
| 02:42 | to have a common language in order communicate with other people who are doing |
|
| 02:45 | same thing in other places. So can imagine they were doing this in |
|
| 02:49 | and they were doing this in Italy they were doing it in Scotland and |
|
| 02:52 | and all over Europe trying to you know, what is the |
|
| 02:56 | And so if you're writing to somebody , you know who's doing the same |
|
| 03:00 | , you need to have a common , you can't have a body that's |
|
| 03:04 | in this position. And somebody in is working on a body that's butt |
|
| 03:08 | , you know, on their knees something like that because you wouldn't be |
|
| 03:11 | to describe and say, hey, looking at the thingy, right? |
|
| 03:15 | that's kind of one why we have position. And then, you |
|
| 03:19 | if you're wondering why do we all Latin or Greek to name everything? |
|
| 03:23 | because that's a common language that scholars . So you weren't writing in German |
|
| 03:30 | you weren't writing in Italian or you're using that kind of that same |
|
| 03:35 | . So when we look at these , don't look at them and |
|
| 03:38 | why are you so mean or why they have all these hard things? |
|
| 03:41 | are really very, very generic descriptive of explaining things. And so what |
|
| 03:47 | have here are the two main regions the body. And so the first |
|
| 03:51 | is what is referred to as the . So it's the axis of the |
|
| 03:54 | . It's basically the head, the and the trunk. The way you |
|
| 03:58 | think about this is is that the part of the body are all the |
|
| 04:01 | that you need to live. If chopped off your four limbs, could |
|
| 04:05 | still live? Yeah. OK. wouldn't be a fun life maybe. |
|
| 04:12 | you, you would still live, ? Because you have all the organs |
|
| 04:15 | can keep you alive. All So that would be the axis or |
|
| 04:18 | axial region. The appendicular regions are app appendages, your appendices, the |
|
| 04:25 | that hang off the body, So these are your limbs, your |
|
| 04:28 | and your legs. And so those the two main areas. And when |
|
| 04:32 | get into the skeletal region, we the skeleton into this and we focus |
|
| 04:36 | on first the axle and we will next at the appendicular to do |
|
| 04:43 | There we go. Right. But what's gonna happen is, is, |
|
| 04:47 | say we're focusing in every region of body is broken down and named. |
|
| 04:52 | we're not gonna go through all these right now because one, it's a |
|
| 04:55 | in the butt to do so. two, you may not need to |
|
| 04:57 | this today. But at some you're gonna start picking up this nomenclature |
|
| 05:02 | this language so that you all have common language. So every region of |
|
| 05:06 | body has some and some of these already know your butt. For |
|
| 05:10 | is the gluteal region you've heard of glutes, right. Right. Everyone |
|
| 05:15 | your glutes. See it's fine. . Here's a weird one. I |
|
| 05:21 | want to point out the weird Your chin is referred as the mental |
|
| 05:28 | . I don't know why, but what it's always been called. But |
|
| 05:31 | you have the ax lay region pubic , these are things that you probably |
|
| 05:35 | and are familiar with. And so you go along, here's one, |
|
| 05:39 | you guys ever had a wart or somebody who's had a wart on the |
|
| 05:42 | of their foot. No, they a name for that word. What |
|
| 05:47 | they call it? You guys live lives. You need to get outside |
|
| 05:54 | and get some sunburns. All It's called a Planter's Wart. I |
|
| 05:59 | thought it was a planter's war growing because it was named after the guy |
|
| 06:01 | discovered it. No, it's called Planter's Wart because it's named for where |
|
| 06:05 | located. The planter region of the , the soul. All right. |
|
| 06:11 | would this region be called? There you go. It's not that |
|
| 06:17 | , right? But the idea is now there's nomenclature that you can use |
|
| 06:21 | help you understand, you know, we're talking about something like, |
|
| 06:25 | I know what we're talking about. , I know which area you're talking |
|
| 06:31 | . Come on. Oh, I why it's not going because sometimes I |
|
| 06:37 | be a moron. There we All right. Now, you began |
|
| 06:43 | as a single cell and that single began to divide multiply and it eventually |
|
| 06:47 | this wormlike tube structure. All vertebrates life as kind of a tube. |
|
| 06:54 | so if you, as you grew and became bigger and larger, the |
|
| 06:58 | became more and more complex and what ended up with was a series of |
|
| 07:03 | . So your body has hollow space of it. That's really what a |
|
| 07:07 | is. Is this hollow space. , in anatomy, you'll see the |
|
| 07:11 | cavity used. And really what we're here is a cavity is a space |
|
| 07:16 | has fluid within it. So it's the big giant gaping hole. It's |
|
| 07:22 | lining inside that, that's filled with that's referred to as the cavity, |
|
| 07:26 | ? But we're gonna use the term to describe the empty space in which |
|
| 07:30 | are shoved in. And so you think of this if this is your |
|
| 07:34 | right here. Can you imagine there's shoved up here in this chest region |
|
| 07:38 | filling that space? Like what's one the things that's in that space? |
|
| 07:42 | ? See, you guys know What's something that you find down here |
|
| 07:45 | your belly region? Stomach? There. See, so you know |
|
| 07:49 | there's stuff in there, right? in the cavities, this is where |
|
| 07:53 | of our organs are found. truthfully when I said you were a |
|
| 07:57 | as you began life, what it is is you're actually two tubes. |
|
| 08:02 | right, you're two tubes, one called the neural tube and one that |
|
| 08:06 | ultimately called the, you don't even those names. I'm never gonna test |
|
| 08:09 | on that, right? But what is is that becomes this larger |
|
| 08:16 | what is called the ventral cavity? right, ventral means on the belly |
|
| 08:22 | and then that neural tube extends and . It becomes this cavity thst on |
|
| 08:27 | back side. That's the dorsal You can see it's marked in blue |
|
| 08:30 | the ventral cavity is, is marked the reddish orange and the green. |
|
| 08:37 | . And so it's these two things we're gonna find stuff and these two |
|
| 08:41 | are separate from each other. The cavity, the one in the back |
|
| 08:45 | what houses two smaller cavities, So you can see what we're doing |
|
| 08:50 | we're taking something big and we're breaking down. What we have is we |
|
| 08:54 | the cranial cavity that's gonna house your and then the elongate portion of the |
|
| 09:00 | , that's your spinal cavity, that's your spinal cord is gonna be. |
|
| 09:04 | all forms from that neural tube and completely separate from the ventral cavity. |
|
| 09:10 | , the ventral cavity itself is much larger, right? It has |
|
| 09:14 | membrane. So it's going to be , this serious membrane, which we're |
|
| 09:18 | to talk about here in a little . And we can see in our |
|
| 09:20 | picture here that we've divided into two , right? And it's divided into |
|
| 09:24 | heads because there's this muscle that sits between those two portions, we call |
|
| 09:28 | muscle, the diaphragm, right? you've done singing, you're familiar with |
|
| 09:32 | the diaphragm is, right? this, this sheet muscle that's kind |
|
| 09:37 | rounded like. So you can actually kind of how they kind of rounded |
|
| 09:40 | there. And it basically says the underneath my ribs, that's one |
|
| 09:45 | that's the thoracic cavity, the one that muscle is called the abdominal pelvic |
|
| 09:51 | . And it's like, wait a , a domino pelvic. That's a |
|
| 09:54 | word. Well, because there's two down there that we're gonna look |
|
| 09:58 | All. Right. So if we in on the thoracic cavity in this |
|
| 10:04 | region, what we have is we compartments within that we're gonna call them |
|
| 10:08 | as well. So we have a big cavity. The venture cavity is |
|
| 10:11 | into two, the pel or the and the abdominal pelvic and we take |
|
| 10:15 | thoracic and we're going to divide it three parts. So it's just, |
|
| 10:18 | taking a box and we're cutting the and making the box of smaller compartments |
|
| 10:22 | and over and over again. All now. Really? Why we say |
|
| 10:26 | three parts to it? Two of are the same part. All |
|
| 10:30 | So what we have on either side we have plural cavities. The plural |
|
| 10:35 | to the lungs. All right. so here around each lung, like |
|
| 10:41 | balloon is what is called the All right. The plora is a |
|
| 10:46 | membrane. There's that word again, membrane. And what this is is |
|
| 10:51 | structure that has two layers to It's like a balloon that has been |
|
| 10:55 | around the structure on the inside. if you think of it like |
|
| 10:59 | if I have a lung like, there's my lung. See, it's |
|
| 11:03 | beautiful lung, right? And what gonna do is I'm gonna wrap around |
|
| 11:07 | lung. This structure like so that all the way around. So it's |
|
| 11:13 | a balloon that's been wrapped around So I have one layer on that |
|
| 11:16 | , I have one layer on that . All serious structures like a plea |
|
| 11:21 | these two layers, the layer that's the thing it surrounds this side is |
|
| 11:27 | to as the visceral layer. It's the visceral layer because it's next to |
|
| 11:32 | viscera. What is viscera, Are your guts? Anything that sits |
|
| 11:37 | your body that you describe as you know, an organ, |
|
| 11:42 | So when you hear the visceral, like, oh yeah, that's all |
|
| 11:44 | junk on the inside of my All right. And then the stuff |
|
| 11:47 | nearest the outside, the furthest from organ is called the prial layer. |
|
| 11:53 | so the Sears membrane, you sits on either side. So this |
|
| 11:56 | the Sears fluid on the inside. why do we have this serious |
|
| 12:03 | What is its purpose? Well, fluid is a lubricant. Everyone put |
|
| 12:08 | hands together. Heck so you guys even clap like it. It's much |
|
| 12:13 | fun when you clap and then do . What do you feel heat, |
|
| 12:19 | and heat right? Now? This where I have a little fun with |
|
| 12:22 | guys. Um And I'm gonna describe you are. You are made of |
|
| 12:27 | , right? You are meat, is muscle, but there are some |
|
| 12:32 | that we eat in our body. also what we call meat, but |
|
| 12:34 | really not meat. Right. But made of meat. And if you |
|
| 12:38 | heat to meat, what happens to meat you cook right? Now when |
|
| 12:43 | breathe, what happens is, is lungs expand and it rubs up against |
|
| 12:48 | thoracic wall. All right. And things rub against each other, what |
|
| 12:51 | you get heat? So, every you breathe in essence, what you're |
|
| 12:58 | is you're creating friction and what you're is you're heating up your lungs and |
|
| 13:03 | you're heating up your lungs and your are made of meat, then you'd |
|
| 13:06 | cooking your lungs. We don't want to happen. That would be |
|
| 13:10 | Don't you agree? Kind of Yeah, I don't want to be |
|
| 13:13 | . You guys wanna be cooked? . So, the purpose of the |
|
| 13:17 | fluid, it's a lubricant. It the friction between those two surfaces. |
|
| 13:24 | so that allows the lungs and the wall to glide against each other without |
|
| 13:28 | any heat. You don't cook your . You live a happy long |
|
| 13:34 | That's what a serious membrane does in . All right, that's what you'll |
|
| 13:38 | wherever they are. So, the cavities which contain the lungs are surrounded |
|
| 13:46 | these series membranes that allow that to to prevent that friction. Now, |
|
| 13:54 | the two plural cavities is this region the media stum. All right. |
|
| 13:59 | a region. Notice it's not a , it's just the area that just |
|
| 14:03 | in between them and within the media , we're gonna see a couple of |
|
| 14:09 | . All right, we are gonna the perc cardial cavity. So, |
|
| 14:13 | what we said, a cavity is structure that has fluid surrounding it. |
|
| 14:18 | , the heart has a serious membrane well because what does the heart do |
|
| 14:22 | day long? Bump, bump, , bump, bump, bump, |
|
| 14:26 | , bump, bump, bump, beats, right. So the cart |
|
| 14:32 | the pericardial cavity, but also within , that's where you're gonna have your |
|
| 14:37 | . Have you ever heard of a ? You haven't? That's ok. |
|
| 14:41 | looks like an ascot or one of weird ties like Quakers used to wear |
|
| 14:45 | the two limbs like that. It hangs down. It's really, really |
|
| 14:49 | in terms of, of, of immune system when you're very young as |
|
| 14:53 | get older, as you get to y'all's age, your thymus starts |
|
| 14:57 | becoming useless because your body is yeah, we've already made all the |
|
| 15:01 | cells we need. So it becomes and small. But when you're a |
|
| 15:04 | baby, hm. Very, very . So we have the thymus in |
|
| 15:08 | , the trachea, the esophagus, traveling down to where they need to |
|
| 15:11 | . And you have within that, this region, you have the pericardial |
|
| 15:16 | , pericardial cavity has the heart. , the side that's nearest the heart |
|
| 15:20 | referred to as the visceral layer, side that's away from the heart is |
|
| 15:24 | to as the uh the prial And again, that's your fluids there |
|
| 15:27 | ensure that you reduce friction. So your heart, which is really made |
|
| 15:32 | meat because its muscle won't cook so , so good. All right. |
|
| 15:42 | that leads us down into our next . This is that abdominal pelvic cavity |
|
| 15:47 | this is again divided into two different , the abdominal cavity and the pelvic |
|
| 15:52 | . And really what we're doing here we're, we're dividing this up kind |
|
| 15:58 | in terms of how these areas are . And one of the things that |
|
| 16:01 | notice is that for example, with thoracic cavity, when we are looking |
|
| 16:05 | it, it's surrounded by bone, ? Things that are surrounded by bone |
|
| 16:10 | kind of important, right? So of things that are surrounded by bone |
|
| 16:14 | your brain surrounded by bone. Is brain important? Yeah. Right. |
|
| 16:18 | mean, it's, it helps you deal with the complexity of the world |
|
| 16:23 | you, it allows you to problem and avoid getting hit by cars, |
|
| 16:26 | sort of stuff, right? Or by lions. Um Your heart is |
|
| 16:31 | of important. Your lungs are kind important because without them, you're not |
|
| 16:34 | be able to breathe and you're, not gonna be able to pump |
|
| 16:36 | So we protect that with bone and you get down to the guts |
|
| 16:40 | we don't have as much bone. is something that's protected by bone in |
|
| 16:43 | that's liver. But you can see the abdominal cavity, this is where |
|
| 16:46 | have most of the stuff of the system. Now, this is still |
|
| 16:51 | for you. But you know, not like if I, if I |
|
| 16:54 | or wound the digestive system, you're gonna die right away. Right. |
|
| 16:58 | if I puncture your heart, you're bleed out and die pretty quick. |
|
| 17:02 | it's not protected by the bone. are portions of it that are gonna |
|
| 17:06 | protected by the ribs. And I know if you can see in the |
|
| 17:08 | cartoon here, there's the ribs are right there. So there are portions |
|
| 17:12 | do have a little bit of protection . But the abdominal caffeine you can |
|
| 17:15 | think is really those things that are of the digestive system are kind of |
|
| 17:20 | . And then we moved down into lower region. This is the Pelvic |
|
| 17:24 | . So it's the inferior region and what we have here. What's all |
|
| 17:31 | boom. So again, things that important are being held and protected by |
|
| 17:38 | . Now, what do we find the pelvic cavity? Well, this |
|
| 17:41 | primarily reproductive organs and the bladder and other portions of the large intestine stuff |
|
| 17:46 | it's a common pathway out. But would we want to protect the reproductive |
|
| 17:50 | ? Why are they important? You take a wager, guess I'll ask |
|
| 17:57 | this way, how many generations does take to become for a species to |
|
| 18:01 | extinct? You wouldn't want to take wager at that question. Just |
|
| 18:09 | Right. If you guys stop you're the last generation, the |
|
| 18:15 | right? If you take away the organs of an organism, you can |
|
| 18:19 | out. And so part of this to protect reproductive organs. And |
|
| 18:25 | it's primarily in females because you do uh gestation. Males are uh |
|
| 18:30 | our reproductive organs are kind of outside body. They're not, but |
|
| 18:35 | they're not in this, in the area. But anyway, so that |
|
| 18:39 | of describes the different regions here. have, you know, as we |
|
| 18:43 | , we have this dorsal region where brain and the spinal cord cavities are |
|
| 18:46 | the spinal cavities. We have the region which has its three regions. |
|
| 18:50 | have the abdominal, we have the region and it just kind of shows |
|
| 18:53 | these different areas and what's being surrounded them. The other thing you'll find |
|
| 18:57 | the abdominal region is there's going to the serious membrane that covers or partially |
|
| 19:02 | most of the structures there. And you move into A P two and |
|
| 19:05 | start looking in the abdominal cavity, digestive structures, you'll see how I'm |
|
| 19:11 | gonna use the word interesting. The membranes are there. All right now |
|
| 19:19 | , anonymous, like to use language make things easier to understand what we're |
|
| 19:23 | at and it will feel a little like, I don't know, these |
|
| 19:26 | are weird. They're big and they're sometimes. But remember each of the |
|
| 19:29 | have meaning to them. And so regard to the abdominal pelvic region, |
|
| 19:34 | kind of divide it up into nine . So kind of like a tic |
|
| 19:37 | toe board. All right. And gonna use words to help us to |
|
| 19:41 | what we're actually looking at. So might see the script is like right |
|
| 19:43 | left. And whenever you see right left, remember you're looking at an |
|
| 19:47 | . So your right is not their , right. When you're looking at |
|
| 19:51 | organism, their right is on your , right. So just think of |
|
| 19:56 | looking at something that's on the table dead and so their right is over |
|
| 20:02 | , or their right is over Sorry, this is my right and |
|
| 20:05 | my left. OK. So that's of one of the things to |
|
| 20:09 | And then you might see prefixes on like Ey and Hypo and you've probably |
|
| 20:14 | hypo and hyper, right. Hypo less usually, but it also means |
|
| 20:20 | and hyper means, you know, know, big or much, but |
|
| 20:24 | won't see that you'll see. Is something like? So if ce P |
|
| 20:28 | the beginning of the word, it it's above it. So hypo means |
|
| 20:32 | . Epi means above and So, example, here we have a word |
|
| 20:37 | , epi, above the gastric Now, you don't need to be |
|
| 20:43 | anatomist to know what gastric means when think gastric, what does it, |
|
| 20:46 | does it suggest? Have you ever to a gastro pub? Yes. |
|
| 20:55 | right. Remember what I said? guys got to get out more if |
|
| 20:59 | ever been to a restaurant that serves and hamburgers at a gastro pub pub |
|
| 21:05 | the drinking gastro, for the Yeah. Ok. So gastric refers |
|
| 21:12 | the belly. All right. Here's weird one. Chori, you've heard |
|
| 21:18 | a hypochondriac, a hypochondriac. Someone fakes it being sick, right? |
|
| 21:23 | , that my mom thought I was hypochondriac. I went to summer camp |
|
| 21:28 | my appendix ruptured. They took me the hospital, you know, because |
|
| 21:32 | was complaining stomach pain and vomiting and and all that fun stuff. And |
|
| 21:35 | I, my life was saved. I'd been at home, my mom |
|
| 21:38 | be like, suck it up, know, your hypochondriac, but that's |
|
| 21:41 | what hypochondriac means. Hypo means Chond refers to cartilage. All |
|
| 21:49 | So the hypochondriac um regions are the below the cartilage of the ribs. |
|
| 21:57 | right. So if you press on ribs, you don't have to do |
|
| 21:59 | right now. But the lower they're, they're bone and then they |
|
| 22:04 | cartilage up to here. And so what it's referring to is below the |
|
| 22:10 | so you can see that. And here we got Iliac Lumbar and it's |
|
| 22:14 | referring to different regions. And it goes back to that whole list |
|
| 22:17 | things that I said, we're not memorize right now, but you'll just |
|
| 22:20 | them up as you go along, ? So that's how anonymous divide things |
|
| 22:26 | this can get kind of kind of , right? And trying to remember |
|
| 22:30 | the different parts and especially if you into health care, it's like, |
|
| 22:33 | know, you're trying to sit, got someone bleeding out or they're having |
|
| 22:37 | . And so instead of using all anatomical terms, they use some more |
|
| 22:41 | terms and they basically divide the the pelvic region of four quadrants. And |
|
| 22:46 | it's upper and lower and left and . And that makes it really, |
|
| 22:48 | easy. So, so you can this person is presenting with pain in |
|
| 22:52 | upper right, you know, gastric or upper right abdominal pelvic region, |
|
| 22:56 | it's like, ok, upper, . Let's see. Ok, there's |
|
| 22:58 | . So it's right there. It's you can, you can point to |
|
| 23:02 | a little bit quicker and easier. you're going to see different terminology depending |
|
| 23:06 | what you do. Now, these terms become very important. You'll see |
|
| 23:12 | most of these things are paired, should be paired at least I think |
|
| 23:15 | only, yeah, even the midline is, is one. Um I'm |
|
| 23:19 | gonna go through them all. Uh would point out that you'll see me |
|
| 23:22 | between interior and ventral and posterior And it's sometimes it can be |
|
| 23:28 | become confusing. Just remember, think of a fish or a |
|
| 23:33 | What's that big thing that sits on back? It's called a dorsal |
|
| 23:37 | So if you ever get lost, like, OK. And when your |
|
| 23:39 | gave you pal pals, right? you ever get, or, you |
|
| 23:47 | , I like the troublemaker. Where , where did she put the house |
|
| 23:51 | your posterior? Right. So if is your posterior, that's gotta be |
|
| 23:56 | anterior, right? If this is dorsal, that's gotta be your |
|
| 24:00 | that's an easy way to remember those . The hard one or the the |
|
| 24:04 | one is proximal and distal. A of people aren't used to that |
|
| 24:06 | Proximal near means um uh near distal far. And usually in anatomy, |
|
| 24:13 | they're doing is they're referring to the of the body. So this would |
|
| 24:17 | distal to the trunk. This would proximal to the trunk. OK. |
|
| 24:22 | sometimes these terms are used in reference a different point. So if I'm |
|
| 24:30 | my wrist is proximal to my relative to my elbow, right? |
|
| 24:35 | can see I'm using a frame of , you won't see that often unless |
|
| 24:40 | spend a lot of time in So usually in the textbooks, they |
|
| 24:44 | referring specifically to the trunk. The one which they have shown on here |
|
| 24:51 | Coddle. All right. And they're of saying, look, coddle is |
|
| 24:55 | cranial. Mm. All right. refers to the butt end of |
|
| 25:02 | All right. And really what it , it's actually in reference to there's |
|
| 25:11 | humans but usually four legged animals. gonna draw a horse more like a |
|
| 25:19 | dog, sir. Of course. . Just wanna make sure. All |
|
| 25:30 | . So what we do, as would say, this is coddle, |
|
| 25:38 | ? It's the butt end. All . This would be the opposite of |
|
| 25:43 | is rostral. It's the nose end you'll see that there's no rostro up |
|
| 25:48 | because we don't use cottle that much humans. We use superior and inferior |
|
| 25:55 | above and below. OK? But are terms you should become familiar |
|
| 26:01 | I will probably throw one of the like, what is this word? |
|
| 26:05 | , what does this word mean? something is something and, and gonna |
|
| 26:07 | like, I'll use things that you're with, like knees and butts, |
|
| 26:11 | know, or toes or something like . All right. You understand, |
|
| 26:18 | and deep. Do you have friends are superficial? Do you have friends |
|
| 26:21 | are deep? That's how I remember . All right. This goes back |
|
| 26:29 | to that anatomical position. Remember the position is you got to picture a |
|
| 26:33 | on a table but they, we that's really uh or uh macabre. |
|
| 26:40 | what they'll do is they'll say, look, it's a person standing up |
|
| 26:42 | they're so happy. Right? And it's a palms forward like this and |
|
| 26:48 | up, not this way, this . Ok. So that you can |
|
| 26:52 | . That's the easy way to remember . All right. And what we |
|
| 26:55 | here is we're gonna look at three in the body so you can dissect |
|
| 26:59 | in basically three planes, an X A Y and a Z plane. |
|
| 27:02 | right, there's actually an odd angle that we don't talk about that because |
|
| 27:05 | just makes it confusing because this is be confusing enough. And what we're |
|
| 27:08 | do is we can divide the body three halves if this makes sense. |
|
| 27:13 | right. So the first one I look at is Coronal, right? |
|
| 27:17 | . When you think of a we we just saw Prince Charles get |
|
| 27:22 | and they put a crown on his . And which way did the crown |
|
| 27:24 | ? It went like this, Yeah, that's not Coronal. I |
|
| 27:29 | you to think of the Statue of and the crown that the statue of |
|
| 27:32 | wears. How does it sit, like this? So what it's doing |
|
| 27:38 | dividing the front and the back of body. So Coronal is kind of |
|
| 27:43 | . It's like it doesn't match what brain thinks as, as a |
|
| 27:48 | but that's what the crowns used to . It'd be like this radiance. |
|
| 27:53 | it basically separates, if you think the crown, it separates the front |
|
| 27:56 | of my body from the back So if I did a Coronal section |
|
| 28:00 | you, what we'd see is what the front half look from the |
|
| 28:04 | You don't get a mirror image. right, because your butt does not |
|
| 28:07 | like your front, does it. . That's the first one. The |
|
| 28:11 | one is the transverse, transverse is you in half right from the top |
|
| 28:16 | the bottom. So separating out your and the bottom and again, where |
|
| 28:20 | positions are, they're just trying to it simple. I mean, this |
|
| 28:22 | be a transverse section if I cut here and just take the cap off |
|
| 28:27 | I'm looking down that would be a because I'm still separating this top from |
|
| 28:31 | rest of that bottom that would be . The last one is the sale |
|
| 28:35 | , and notice again, with the section, the two halves are not |
|
| 28:38 | images. They are very different from other. The third is the sale |
|
| 28:42 | I have here listed mids saal because you're gonna do it from the mid |
|
| 28:46 | or the medial. And so the section is separating your left from your |
|
| 28:51 | . Now. This if you're doing would be a perfect mired image or |
|
| 28:55 | least as close to a mirror image you can get because your left and |
|
| 28:58 | right are pretty darn close. All . So, but again, you |
|
| 29:04 | slide these planes in any direction, and forth, so on and so |
|
| 29:09 | . And so you will see, if you're in the labs. I |
|
| 29:12 | you guys get to do some body stuff where you're looking at these sections |
|
| 29:16 | you'll see these cross sections where they're chopping either the transverse section like through |
|
| 29:22 | lungs. So you can kind of that or they'll do a sale section |
|
| 29:25 | they'll do a Coronal section. And looking at the body from that particular |
|
| 29:30 | . If you're coming at that odd , I'll just mention it's called the |
|
| 29:33 | angle. And oblique literally means at angle. That's not one of these |
|
| 29:37 | . OK. So those are the are we, are, are they |
|
| 29:42 | particularly hard? I mean, does stand out as kind of like, |
|
| 29:46 | , I can manage this stuff so ? Yeah. OK. Good. |
|
| 29:51 | what I wanna do is I'm gonna that gear and I remember I said |
|
| 29:54 | gonna first do this and we're gonna into the homeostasis and we're gonna do |
|
| 29:57 | biomolecules. And I like this picture because this really kind of paints a |
|
| 30:01 | good picture of kind of how homeostasis . All right, you ever done |
|
| 30:05 | where it's snow? I know this Houston. So it's like, you |
|
| 30:08 | , not, not gonna happen But you know, if you go |
|
| 30:12 | like, oh, it snowed and like, oh, we're young and |
|
| 30:14 | can get away with stuff. So put on that bathing suit and you |
|
| 30:16 | diving into the snow, right? don't freeze to death. Well, |
|
| 30:21 | , at least for the short time , right? And the reason for |
|
| 30:24 | is because your body is producing heat maintain a constant temperature in your |
|
| 30:29 | So, regardless of what the temperature outside, your body is going to |
|
| 30:33 | fuel one way or another to either you up or cool you down and |
|
| 30:39 | define or describes that kind of that , right? It's and I'm just |
|
| 30:44 | use a book definition of here. the body's ability to maintain a relatively |
|
| 30:48 | condition. So notice here it's relatively . It's not an absolute, it's |
|
| 30:52 | kind of this range. All even though the outside conditions or environments |
|
| 31:00 | around you. So there's a constant continuous change. Now, I like |
|
| 31:05 | use temperature because it's a real easy to envision, but it's not just |
|
| 31:09 | , there are tons of stuff in body that's being regulated in this |
|
| 31:13 | And what we say is that because thing is in constant movement and trying |
|
| 31:19 | keep this balance, we're in a state. So dynamic means it's always |
|
| 31:24 | of trying to bounce like being in middle of the seesaw and you're sitting |
|
| 31:27 | kind of doing this a little bit . Oh, well, it's getting |
|
| 31:30 | little bit warm and it's getting a bit cold. I'm trying to balance |
|
| 31:32 | make sure everything's staying, staying there in doing so what I'm maintaining is |
|
| 31:37 | type of equilibrium. All right. it's a dynamic state of equilibrium. |
|
| 31:42 | , equilibrium doesn't mean perfect balance. means a state in which the body |
|
| 31:48 | , considers itself to be in In chemistry. You'll see this all |
|
| 31:52 | time where a chemical reaction finds where the balance is one item over |
|
| 31:58 | and 20 items over there. And like, that's weird, that's not |
|
| 32:02 | to me, but it's equilibrium. finds a point where the chemical reaction |
|
| 32:07 | satisfied and that's what homeostasis is It's finding a state of satisfaction that |
|
| 32:13 | the body's needs. So that's what have adequately, meeting the body's |
|
| 32:17 | Everything is functioning smooth, smoothly, often you'll take a class like a |
|
| 32:22 | or human physiology. And people are , well, I wanna learn about |
|
| 32:25 | diseases because that's what's cool, Blood and pus and all sorts of |
|
| 32:31 | things going wrong. Tumors, I mean, that's what you guys |
|
| 32:36 | planning on doing for the rest of lives is fighting the good fight against |
|
| 32:41 | and death, right? Have you thought about it like that? |
|
| 32:45 | you're becoming armed warriors in mankind's, know, fight against death and |
|
| 32:54 | right? Pretty cool. So, know, when you put it that |
|
| 32:57 | , give me my sword. Let's . Right. The thing is physiology |
|
| 33:03 | with homeostasis when homeostasis goes out of , that's when you get into |
|
| 33:10 | And so very often in a class this, you'll want to hear about |
|
| 33:14 | . But I don't wanna teach you . One because I don't know |
|
| 33:16 | But two because you need to know things are supposed to work so that |
|
| 33:20 | can then deal with the things that work. That kind of makes sense |
|
| 33:24 | though the other stuff sounds fine. . So, with that in |
|
| 33:32 | what are we dealing with? when you're talking about homeostasis, what |
|
| 33:36 | looking at is you're looking at something being regulated temperature, for example, |
|
| 33:41 | chemical, um, um, you , the amount of water in your |
|
| 33:45 | , blood sugar levels, there's all of different things in each of these |
|
| 33:49 | . It's referred to as the All right. So that term is |
|
| 33:52 | generic term that basically says the thing I'm regulating, the thing that I'm |
|
| 33:56 | at or watching. So here in little model, what we're looking at |
|
| 34:02 | is blood glucose, blood glucose is your body is in constant, is |
|
| 34:06 | watching over. All right. And if you eat a meal, what's |
|
| 34:10 | happen to your blood glucose levels? it gonna rise or is it gonna |
|
| 34:16 | ? Rise? Right. Put it way, if you eat a whole |
|
| 34:19 | of let's go sour patch, kids feeling like sour patch kids today. |
|
| 34:22 | mean sour patch kids are what? 100% sugar, a little bit of |
|
| 34:26 | juice on the top, right? a little bit of salt to make |
|
| 34:29 | right. So throw that in, sugar is gonna go into your body |
|
| 34:33 | all of a sudden that sugar, sugar levels rise. So there's an |
|
| 34:38 | of I'm in homes static balance, blood glucose levels are fine. I |
|
| 34:42 | put a whole bunch of sugar in body. So I've now brought myself |
|
| 34:45 | of balance. So what homeostasis It says ah here's my variable that |
|
| 34:51 | watching a stimulus has occurred. What a stimulus is just a change in |
|
| 34:57 | it is that you're watching? So the sour patch kids are the |
|
| 35:02 | the variable here. Something is watching that's gonna be a sensor. What |
|
| 35:08 | what this is is a receptor on that are sitting there going oh |
|
| 35:12 | things are binding to me and what gonna do is it's gonna receive that |
|
| 35:16 | or recognize that change and it's going send that signal to something to determine |
|
| 35:22 | to respond to that. That's what controller is. And then the controller |
|
| 35:28 | a signal to another thing in the that changes and reverses the condition back |
|
| 35:34 | normal. This is what is referred as the effector. All right. |
|
| 35:38 | the effector causes the effect. That's , you know the controller controls the |
|
| 35:42 | effects the receptor receives or March or watches this stuff. And so for |
|
| 35:48 | in your body that's under this type regulation, there's gonna be a normal |
|
| 35:52 | for that variable because you don't want static number because there's gonna be, |
|
| 35:56 | too hard to keep things on a number. So it's kind of like |
|
| 35:59 | range. So a normal healthy body we'd say is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or |
|
| 36:06 | degrees. But the truth is, its range is between about 97 99 |
|
| 36:10 | the course of the day. And if you're within that range, you're |
|
| 36:13 | in pretty good shape, right? if it gets too hot, if |
|
| 36:16 | say I'm gonna make up a number , let's say it's 99.2 degrees. |
|
| 36:19 | your body says, nope, that's too hot. That's when this |
|
| 36:23 | process is going to change right This isn't very helpful. This is |
|
| 36:28 | you all the stuff. So here's sensor, there's your control. It's |
|
| 36:32 | , oh look, I'm going to some insulin. The insulin is gonna |
|
| 36:36 | on uh these tissues that are gonna them to grab up and pick up |
|
| 36:41 | . And so that's going to diminish blood glucose levels. But this little |
|
| 36:47 | doesn't look all that great and I'm gonna flip to the next slide. |
|
| 36:49 | you can see it's the same But it's just presented differently. So |
|
| 36:54 | this is our variable whenever you want to be, right? So it |
|
| 36:58 | be temperature, it could be blood and says, look, here is |
|
| 37:00 | variable it changes, but here's the range. All right. So what |
|
| 37:04 | doing is I'm watching that, that , whatever it is. And if |
|
| 37:09 | gets out of range, I'm gonna the signal to whoever the controller is |
|
| 37:14 | that controller is gonna say, tell the effector to reverse whatever is |
|
| 37:20 | on so that we're no longer whatever is, we move back into |
|
| 37:25 | OK? You want an easy example that you can see this. You |
|
| 37:30 | been in a car before, You're speeding along, you're zipping and |
|
| 37:36 | see a red light in front of . What are you gonna do? |
|
| 37:40 | the brakes? All right, what looking at there is you're the |
|
| 37:44 | right? You see the stimulus, the stimulus is the red light? |
|
| 37:49 | going too fast. I'm gonna go the red light. So I hit |
|
| 37:53 | brake. I slow down the I brought myself back into the |
|
| 37:58 | Do you see how that kind of ? Now, there are two different |
|
| 38:02 | that the body does this. All , we call these feedback loops. |
|
| 38:06 | right. So homeostasis is, this of regulation, regulation occurs through one |
|
| 38:13 | two methods. It's gonna be a feedback loop or a positive feedback |
|
| 38:18 | Negative feedback loops are very simple. right, what we're doing is we |
|
| 38:22 | a self contained system and a negative loop. This is the most common |
|
| 38:28 | of regulation that you're gonna see in body. And what you're gonna do |
|
| 38:31 | as a variable moves out of What you're gonna do is the controller |
|
| 38:36 | the, uh the effect, the of the controller, the effect or |
|
| 38:38 | whole system is gonna bring that variable into range. So it moves the |
|
| 38:45 | in the opposite direction that it started , right? So the temperature is |
|
| 38:50 | really easy one to see if my gets hot, it's going out of |
|
| 38:55 | . So what do I wanna I wanna make it cooler, |
|
| 39:00 | So what I'm gonna do is I'm start sweating. So an example of |
|
| 39:04 | is an example of negative feedback, ? I'm getting too hot. So |
|
| 39:09 | starting to sweat so that can bring body temperature back the opposite direction in |
|
| 39:13 | it's going, that would be a feedback loop. OK. Positive feedback |
|
| 39:22 | less common and it's used as a to enhance the move outside of the |
|
| 39:28 | . All right. Now, we this in some very unique areas. |
|
| 39:32 | the example you'll see in almost every is the one that I'm gonna describe |
|
| 39:35 | , which is giving birth, it's con tractions, breastfeeding is another one |
|
| 39:40 | they'll do it, but it occurs other areas as well and I don't |
|
| 39:43 | to go do it through all those these might not be, you |
|
| 39:46 | 100% clear for everybody. But here's , here's the idea. All |
|
| 39:49 | So what you have is you have baby that wants, you want to |
|
| 39:52 | birth to. Right. And so releasing a chemical called Oxytocin. Oxytocin |
|
| 39:58 | a couple of different things. But of the things that it does is |
|
| 40:01 | induces the contractions of the uterus to the baby up and towards the birth |
|
| 40:08 | . Right now, there's a lot things that have to occur in order |
|
| 40:12 | birth to occur. And that that's basically the basement of the um |
|
| 40:17 | the cervix and dilation as well. so very early on you're gonna get |
|
| 40:23 | . And so as the baby pushes that cervix, which is basically like |
|
| 40:26 | , you're gonna have a receptor that that pressure against the cervix. And |
|
| 40:32 | sends a signal back up to the where Oxytocin is being produced and released |
|
| 40:37 | saying um baby is not going you need to release more Oxytocin. |
|
| 40:42 | more Oxytocin gets released, you get contractions. It also leads to the |
|
| 40:47 | of the dilation. But, but idea is I'm putting more pressure |
|
| 40:52 | no baby leaving, make more no baby, leaving more Oxytocin, |
|
| 40:56 | baby leaving and you keep adding more more and more until finally, the |
|
| 41:01 | is strong enough to help push that out through the birth canal. |
|
| 41:07 | do you see what we've done This is kind of that snowball down |
|
| 41:09 | hill thing. You've seen those where take the snowball, you throw it |
|
| 41:12 | the hill and it gets bigger and and bigger and bigger and bigger. |
|
| 41:14 | a positive feedback loop and that's what's on here. The variable is going |
|
| 41:20 | the same direction or the, the feedback loop causes the variable to keep |
|
| 41:26 | in the same direction as going, need something from the outside of this |
|
| 41:31 | to stop the feedback loop. All . So the snowball coming down the |
|
| 41:37 | , how do you stop making it bigger and bigger and bigger? It |
|
| 41:41 | to run into something to make it , right? Do these two systems |
|
| 41:47 | of make sense, right? So see this almost all the time and |
|
| 41:52 | every system we look at this is one that's gonna be there. This |
|
| 41:56 | very, very uncommon. It's only in some very specific areas. Stasis |
|
| 42:04 | sense. Yes. No, maybe of sort of. All right. |
|
| 42:08 | . All right. So the next I wanna do is I wanna kind |
|
| 42:11 | shift and look at the body and it's divided in terms of compartments. |
|
| 42:15 | right. Now, we like to in terms of macro, our bodies |
|
| 42:20 | these large structures that have these big that do these big things, but |
|
| 42:24 | truth is, is and we and tried to allude to it yesterday and |
|
| 42:28 | talking about it today, is that , we're gonna be focusing a lot |
|
| 42:32 | cells and what they do right the reason for that is because an |
|
| 42:38 | is dependent upon the tissue in which built and on the cells that make |
|
| 42:42 | those tissues. So if you think the body, the body exists actually |
|
| 42:45 | two different areas. It exists as fluid or the materials that are found |
|
| 42:51 | cells versus the material that's found outside cells. All right. And the |
|
| 42:56 | you can think about this is kind like the body is creating environments, |
|
| 43:00 | places where unique chemical reactions can take . Think about your apartment, your |
|
| 43:08 | or your dorm room, whichever you live in. All right, |
|
| 43:11 | there specific areas to do stuff in places? So for example, in |
|
| 43:16 | bedroom, what do you do in bedroom? Sleep? That's the answer |
|
| 43:20 | looking for. All right, in kitchen, what do you do? |
|
| 43:25 | cook in the living room? What you do? Watch TV? |
|
| 43:30 | If you live in a dorm you probably have a little place for |
|
| 43:33 | bed. You probably have a little area, right? And then you |
|
| 43:36 | a room probably set aside or down hall. That is the bathroom, |
|
| 43:41 | ? Each of those things are designed do something very specific, right? |
|
| 43:46 | don't cook in the bathroom, that be bad. Although we can talk |
|
| 43:52 | some things you can cook in the . So what you've done is in |
|
| 43:59 | home, in the place where you is you have unique environments to do |
|
| 44:04 | things. Cells and your body do same thing. Cells are compartments for |
|
| 44:10 | specific chemical reactions to work. So create these unique environments for those chemical |
|
| 44:18 | . So if you think of every as having an inside and an outside |
|
| 44:23 | you combine all those things together, the body is divided into two |
|
| 44:28 | fluid that's found on the outside of cells versus fluid that's found on the |
|
| 44:33 | of the cells. The inside of cells, we refer to it as |
|
| 44:35 | fluid. It's about two thirds of fluid that's found in your body. |
|
| 44:40 | if we were to squeeze you and all the fluid out of your |
|
| 44:43 | we'd come up with the volume, thirds of that volume would be from |
|
| 44:46 | that was inside the cells kind of . That means the other third is |
|
| 44:50 | to be the stuff that's outside the . It just so happens that your |
|
| 44:54 | serves as the barrier from that to external environment. Right now. What's |
|
| 45:03 | ? Well, let me point so what separates these two, |
|
| 45:06 | So is this right here, it's plasma membrane. So inside the cell |
|
| 45:10 | the cell, that's plasma membrane, plasm membrane, that's plasma membrane. |
|
| 45:14 | the plasma membrane serves as that It's the wall that separates the inside |
|
| 45:20 | the outside of the cell. extracellular fluid, we said is all |
|
| 45:26 | fluid that's outside the cells. we have fluid like blood is outside |
|
| 45:31 | cells. All right, it exists the cells, but it's not directly |
|
| 45:37 | to the cell. Is it at in this picture, here's your |
|
| 45:41 | there's a capillary wall, there's what called the interstitial fluid. So the |
|
| 45:48 | , which is the fluid of the and the interstitial fluid are actually separated |
|
| 45:52 | each other, but they're part of same compartment. All right, they're |
|
| 45:57 | by the capillary wall and this, fluid is very, very similar. |
|
| 46:03 | some differences between those two, but not gonna get into that today. |
|
| 46:07 | what's interesting is that the intercession the fluid that's directly next to the |
|
| 46:12 | that takes up about two thirds of volume of the extracellular fluid. And |
|
| 46:16 | in uh the plasma up here takes one third. So again, it's |
|
| 46:20 | of these nice little ratios interested or f intracellular fluid is two thirds, |
|
| 46:26 | fluid is one third, extracellular two thirds of that is going to |
|
| 46:30 | the inter fluid, one third is to be plasma. All right. |
|
| 46:35 | because these compartments communicate, that means can move things from here to |
|
| 46:43 | And the plasma membrane, which separates two means if there is a means |
|
| 46:49 | communication, I can move things from to there and vice versa. So |
|
| 46:53 | can move things back and forth between compartments in such a way to ensure |
|
| 46:58 | all my chemical reactions are taking All right. So what does this |
|
| 47:03 | ? Well, water moves by this process that you've learned about at least |
|
| 47:08 | dozen times in your life called Have you guys learned the word |
|
| 47:13 | Do you guys think you could tell what osmosis is? Yeah. Some |
|
| 47:17 | are like, I don't want to . All right, if you |
|
| 47:20 | if you learn about osmosis and they gave you a definition. If |
|
| 47:22 | learned about osmosis biology, they gave a different definition. It means the |
|
| 47:26 | thing. It's just the way that focus on stuff. Oh And you |
|
| 47:29 | might learn about osmosis and physics as and they look at it in a |
|
| 47:32 | way as well. But really all is is water moving from an area |
|
| 47:36 | high water concentration in an area of water concentration. And I got that |
|
| 47:40 | word up there. Solute, solute means stuff in water. And really |
|
| 47:44 | it's saying is look, if I a bunch of water and stuff |
|
| 47:47 | if the more stuff that I the less water I can have, |
|
| 47:51 | ? So that means the water wants flow into those areas where there's more |
|
| 47:56 | to kind of create equilibrium. if that sounds confusing right now, |
|
| 47:59 | worry about it, please. We're gonna fight too hard on osmosis. |
|
| 48:04 | right. Now, one thing. , so water is moving around in |
|
| 48:08 | these different areas. They're moving from and out of the cells, they're |
|
| 48:11 | from the inter such fluid back to plasma and vice versa and they're trying |
|
| 48:16 | reach a point of equilibrium. Does make sense? All right. Second |
|
| 48:20 | . All right, is that your regulates highly how much water you take |
|
| 48:25 | and how much water you take First thing you did when you woke |
|
| 48:28 | this morning, what did you all ? You went to the bathroom, |
|
| 48:32 | went to go pee, right? your body is constantly filtering through the |
|
| 48:37 | and constantly looking for waste material to rid of. All right. And |
|
| 48:42 | you actually count up the number of you go to the bathroom, it's |
|
| 48:45 | six times per day, right? you'll find yourself, there are times |
|
| 48:48 | gonna be thirsty and what do you ? You go grab a water and |
|
| 48:51 | drink it and what you're doing, trying to create equilibrium homes, static |
|
| 48:54 | between the amount of water and salt have in your body, right? |
|
| 48:58 | there's all sorts of ways that we this. The kidney is responsible for |
|
| 49:02 | and processing that fluid. But it is dependent upon hormones, what it's |
|
| 49:07 | . And in essence, uh these gonna be dependent upon some natural laws |
|
| 49:12 | pressures which we refer to as hydrostatic and colloid pressures. Again, stuff |
|
| 49:17 | don't have to deal with today, that you'll deal with in A MP |
|
| 49:19 | when we get to the kidneys. right. But the purpose here in |
|
| 49:23 | of this stuff is to make sure your water, solutes, water and |
|
| 49:28 | I should say are in equilibrium. what will end up happening is is |
|
| 49:33 | you end up with this unique And remember what we said is that |
|
| 49:37 | areas are trying to create unique And what you end up with is |
|
| 49:41 | intra fluid that looks very different from extracellular fluid. The intracellular fluid, |
|
| 49:47 | said interstitial the first time but the fluid has this condition. And this |
|
| 49:52 | the one thing I need you to that it always contains more potassium. |
|
| 49:56 | the k then the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid always contains more sodium right |
|
| 50:05 | today. That's not going to make big deal in a couple of |
|
| 50:11 | maybe two weeks, maybe one that's going to matter a big deal |
|
| 50:15 | it's this imbalance. And so you see there's more than just those |
|
| 50:19 | But if you remember sodium and potassium sorry, sodium and potassium, you're |
|
| 50:24 | understand the foundation of why muscles contract why neurons fire. It's because of |
|
| 50:31 | imbalance because we create imbalance whenever we imbalance. What does the body want |
|
| 50:38 | do? Starts with the letter H . It wants to bring things in |
|
| 50:45 | , but it created imbalance so that can use that imbalance to do |
|
| 50:51 | OK. So the two fluids are . It's the reason for this is |
|
| 51:00 | of permeability and because of the movement this fluid in the body, I |
|
| 51:05 | you, it will make more sense about a week. But that's the |
|
| 51:08 | thing you need to understand is there's and we're going to take advantage of |
|
| 51:13 | . Ok. Now, I know probably didn't make a lot of |
|
| 51:18 | but can we move on from this do you guys have questions about |
|
| 51:22 | What do you think you're staring at ? Makes me confusion. Yeah. |
|
| 51:28 | , no, that's I trust I'm gonna get you guys to |
|
| 51:31 | I, I'm tempted to bring silly one day, just, just starts |
|
| 51:35 | at you guys. Is this Does that make sense? Back, |
|
| 51:39 | row? Even though I mean, I said, today is not the |
|
| 51:42 | to know all the details but OK, I get the idea that |
|
| 51:45 | gonna be imbalance and I'm gonna take of it. It all starts |
|
| 51:50 | All right. Ok. We're an in, we're halfway through. All |
|
| 52:00 | , the, the rest of the is gonna go very, very quickly |
|
| 52:02 | what we're gonna do is we're gonna with biomolecules, four basic biomolecules that |
|
| 52:06 | gonna deal with. But before we there, we need to understand why |
|
| 52:08 | talking about the bio bio molecules. do we care about biochemistry? Because |
|
| 52:14 | what biomolecules is biochemistry. All So we have to go back to |
|
| 52:18 | theory. All right. What, cells, all living organisms remember are |
|
| 52:23 | cell or more. We're not we're this, but this is a |
|
| 52:27 | or protozoan, right? So we basic life begins like this. All |
|
| 52:34 | . They are the fundamental unit of . They exist because other cells existed |
|
| 52:41 | them. At some point. The cell became, we're not gonna talk |
|
| 52:45 | that today, right? But each contains within its hereditary information that hereditary |
|
| 52:51 | allows them to create biomolecules. Those allows for those cells to replicate themselves |
|
| 52:58 | to do the metabolism that they So we talk about biomolecules is because |
|
| 53:06 | in the body, all the all the anatomy is dependent upon these |
|
| 53:12 | . So what is a biomolecule? , simply put, it's just the |
|
| 53:16 | that create the structures that we're gonna looking at. And the organelles of |
|
| 53:19 | cells, they're very, very They have these distinct structures, they |
|
| 53:23 | unique bio biochemical properties. So they're from each other. Um And they're |
|
| 53:28 | up of these smaller structures, these units called monomers. And so the |
|
| 53:33 | are like the legos, the legos put them together, you're gonna get |
|
| 53:37 | structures. These are the polymers. so the four basic biomolecules that we're |
|
| 53:41 | be looking at are gonna be the acids, the proteins, the lipids |
|
| 53:45 | the carbohydrates of these four. Did guys watch Sesame Street when you were |
|
| 53:51 | ? One of these things is not the others. These things is kind |
|
| 53:56 | the same. All right, lipids the weird ones because they're the only |
|
| 54:02 | that aren't polymers. Carbohydrates are Proteins are polymers, nucleic acids are |
|
| 54:07 | . Lipids are not. All So they just are, they are |
|
| 54:11 | they are. And so what we're do is we're gonna first look at |
|
| 54:15 | acids, then we're gonna jump over proteins and then I think we do |
|
| 54:19 | and then I think we do I think we followed this uh order |
|
| 54:25 | . And usually if you take this at a community college, they spend |
|
| 54:29 | the next full lecture on chemistry. , this is all the chemistry we're |
|
| 54:35 | do here. All right. In to make a polymer from a |
|
| 54:38 | in order to break down a poly to make monomers, you have to |
|
| 54:42 | a simple type of reaction. All , it's, it's a paired |
|
| 54:45 | It's called condensation, hydrolysis. All . So you can hear condensation. |
|
| 54:50 | you think of condensation, you think like the like looking at your water |
|
| 54:54 | , all that stuff on the outside condensation, water is accumulating on the |
|
| 54:59 | , right from the atmosphere. So condensation hydrolysis tells you in the name |
|
| 55:04 | it is. Hydrolysis is water All right. So what we're doing |
|
| 55:09 | a condensation reaction? All right is going to take a, in this |
|
| 55:14 | , this is a growing polymer And over here is a monomer. |
|
| 55:18 | you can see on one side of monomer, we have a hydroxyl |
|
| 55:21 | On the other side, we have hydrogen. So here's the hydrogen, |
|
| 55:24 | the hydroxyl. And what we're going do is we're gonna take the hydroxyl |
|
| 55:28 | the hydrogen, we bring them together we form water. As you |
|
| 55:31 | there's the condensation, water is formed we've created a new bond. And |
|
| 55:36 | now we have a longer polymer being . So, polymers are made by |
|
| 55:42 | . We pull water out from the structures that we're putting together. All |
|
| 55:47 | , if I want to break down polymer, I've got to break the |
|
| 55:52 | and now I've got an unstable on side. So I'm gonna bring water |
|
| 55:56 | break the water in half. And gonna add the hydroxyl and the |
|
| 56:00 | So all the biomolecules that we're looking our polymers do these types of |
|
| 56:05 | They have different names for them, ? They have different names for the |
|
| 56:09 | . But this reaction is the common , I'm gonna go out on the |
|
| 56:15 | here because you know, reasons week a half ago, I was in |
|
| 56:22 | conference in Albuquerque and one of the guys I've ever listened to. I |
|
| 56:28 | , every time I go to the , he, he writes one of |
|
| 56:31 | A MP textbooks. He's an anatomist the University of Utah. And he |
|
| 56:35 | to present a tough topic that A P students struggle with. And it's |
|
| 56:39 | idea of the cranial nerves and the that they innervate or, you |
|
| 56:44 | and he said he and he presented it's presented all the textbook and he's |
|
| 56:48 | , look how confusing this is and all sit there, all the professors |
|
| 56:51 | . Yeah, it's confusing stuff. says, let me show you how |
|
| 56:54 | make it simple. What we need do is we need to look for |
|
| 56:58 | . And I try to teach that you guys in all the classes I've |
|
| 57:00 | taught. I say look for look for things that are common, |
|
| 57:04 | ? And then he went and showed it was like, once he's demonstrated |
|
| 57:07 | pattern, we I'll just sit there go. Yeah, that's, that's |
|
| 57:10 | , right? And so that's what want you to do is I want |
|
| 57:12 | to look for patterns. And so is an example of a pattern. |
|
| 57:16 | you understand this, then you're gonna how every polymer is made in the |
|
| 57:21 | . You don't need to memorize 20 chemical reactions or 40 different chemical |
|
| 57:26 | You learn this. You've learned all chemical reactions for those. You've taken |
|
| 57:30 | before. We're talking about signaling And I'm like, learn this |
|
| 57:34 | this generic signaling cascade. And now learned 4000 reactions in the body. |
|
| 57:39 | learn the pattern. You see the makes things easy. That's my |
|
| 57:46 | So, condensation, hydrolysis reaction pretty , straightforward, adding water hydrolysis, |
|
| 57:53 | out water, condensation. Have you wondered why you have to drink |
|
| 58:00 | How much water they tell you you're to drink. As I look at |
|
| 58:02 | people drinking all the water. How water are you supposed to drink a |
|
| 58:07 | ? How much? Eight cups? . The answer is we don't |
|
| 58:14 | They're making up numbers. It's kind like you should take, you should |
|
| 58:17 | 10,000 steps a day. You know they came up with that number? |
|
| 58:21 | a nice round number. You it sounds good. Right. It |
|
| 58:27 | it sound like hard work too, it? 10,000 is a big |
|
| 58:30 | Yeah, it's made up number. the reason you need to drink water |
|
| 58:33 | your body wants water right there, to digest food, better drink water |
|
| 58:44 | it because what you're doing, you're a lot of this. All |
|
| 58:51 | First one nucleic acids, largest molecule the body. When I say largest |
|
| 58:55 | here, this is kind of a way to think about it. |
|
| 58:59 | what it is, it's very, long, very, very big. |
|
| 59:02 | has. It's, well, it's . All right. Now, the |
|
| 59:06 | of nucleic acids in gene in very generic terms is that they are |
|
| 59:09 | to store and um transfer genetic information the cells. There's two different types |
|
| 59:15 | nucleic acids we're interested in. We DNA and R N A. So |
|
| 59:20 | stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. So that's , the characteristic right there. This |
|
| 59:26 | ribonucleic acid. So we've done something and I'll point it out when we |
|
| 59:29 | there. All right. Now, is a polymer. You can see |
|
| 59:34 | are the monomers and each of these represent a mono monomer going along the |
|
| 59:39 | the line. These are nucleotides, are three parts to the nucleotide and |
|
| 59:45 | a condensation reaction, what they do to create a covalent link between each |
|
| 59:50 | these individual monomers. All right. this is not the covalent link. |
|
| 59:56 | here along that backbone that's creates that structure. This covalent link is referred |
|
| 60:03 | as a phospho dier dot bond. again, if you haven't take organic |
|
| 60:08 | and these words mean absolutely nothing to , that's OK. It actually tells |
|
| 60:12 | the name and I'm gonna show you chemistry is not as scary as they |
|
| 60:16 | it sound like because you know how chemists all make it like you guys |
|
| 60:20 | idiots and you have no business doing stuff. Have you ever noticed |
|
| 60:23 | Because it makes them feel special, us or bakers. Don, they |
|
| 60:30 | real upset when you say that phospho you it's gonna be a phosphate. |
|
| 60:37 | means there's two and the is the of chemical that's there. All |
|
| 60:43 | So that's what it's coming from. right. These are the nucleotides. |
|
| 60:46 | you can see here, here is nucleotide itself. It has three parts |
|
| 60:49 | it right here. This is the Pinto sugar uh on which everything is |
|
| 60:55 | be built. All right, this what makes it DNA or R N |
|
| 60:59 | right there. So if it's it's lacking that hydroxyl. So it's |
|
| 61:05 | less than one oxide. All R N A has a hydroxyl |
|
| 61:10 | So it's, that would be the , right? Again, I'm not |
|
| 61:15 | beat you up on this. All , has a phosphate over here and |
|
| 61:20 | is where you're gonna do your di bond. All right. So that's |
|
| 61:25 | be the phosphate. And then what each of the individual monomers unique is |
|
| 61:29 | nitrogen space that's sitting up over All right. So if it has |
|
| 61:35 | single ring, single ring, single , you see the three single |
|
| 61:39 | right? Those are known as the , we have thymine, cyto U |
|
| 61:44 | you want to spend some time, could probably look at it for a |
|
| 61:47 | while and you could see where the are. OK. Again, this |
|
| 61:51 | not biochemistry. This is not organic . I'm not going to test you |
|
| 61:55 | the differences between them. I just you to understand what a prim |
|
| 61:58 | I want you to understand what a is. Pine has the double |
|
| 62:02 | All right. The way I remember is that in or? Excuse |
|
| 62:06 | that's the name of the, and I hate saying this out |
|
| 62:10 | My wife's snaggy, but this is I remember it. You know, |
|
| 62:13 | don't like saying aggy things out of mouth because it makes me feel |
|
| 62:16 | All right. But the way I it is Aggies are pure. All |
|
| 62:24 | . A G Aggies period. As remember it, if you have something |
|
| 62:32 | , please do that. Yes. is gold. All right. |
|
| 62:36 | Although gold is A U that would silver. Yeah, there you |
|
| 62:43 | OK. That works out. Yeah. So again, one of |
|
| 62:47 | things you should do is come up methods that work for you to, |
|
| 62:51 | connect ideas connect dots. All please, please please do that. |
|
| 62:56 | right. But yeah, pure is . I like that. So let's |
|
| 63:02 | ahead and let's take a look at . So this is a double stranded |
|
| 63:06 | . So you can see here, one strand, here's the other strand |
|
| 63:09 | held together by a series of hydrogen . That's how those two things are |
|
| 63:14 | . Um You can see here um number, this five prime and three |
|
| 63:18 | refer to the positions of the So this is the, uh, |
|
| 63:24 | gotta make sure I'm doing this So, 12345. Yeah. So |
|
| 63:29 | right here is, uh, carbon . 12345. I'm making sure I |
|
| 63:34 | that right. It doesn't look like did it right. But I guess |
|
| 63:41 | , I'm gonna guess that's right. been a long time. All |
|
| 63:44 | But the idea is that one strand going one way. So you can |
|
| 63:47 | 5 to 3 over here. That's , that's five. So they're anti |
|
| 63:51 | . They go like this. All . And so they pair up based |
|
| 63:56 | the attractions between these molecules. in DNA, we use Adenine, |
|
| 64:02 | use thymine, we use cytosine, use guanine. All right. So |
|
| 64:06 | Adine is always going to pair with . Cyto is always going to pair |
|
| 64:09 | guanine. So A to T C G and that's where you get that |
|
| 64:14 | . And because of the shape of , of these bonds, what that |
|
| 64:18 | is it causes the molecule to twist turn and it forms what is called |
|
| 64:22 | double helix. It's an alpha And so basically, it's twisting in |
|
| 64:25 | way. Have you ever looked on license plates? Your license plates actually |
|
| 64:30 | alpha helix DNA strands on them. you don't believe me, go after |
|
| 64:35 | , go take a look at your . All right. Now, um |
|
| 64:39 | backbone, as we mentioned, this the sugar. So you can see |
|
| 64:42 | sugars in the phosphate, uh phospho bonds along the line R N A |
|
| 64:49 | is different. It's a single not a double strand, right? |
|
| 64:54 | again, same thing, you still your phosphate uh and uh sugar backbones |
|
| 65:00 | the the nitrogenous base uh instead of thymine, we're gonna use your |
|
| 65:05 | So that makes it unique. And we say that it's single strand, |
|
| 65:10 | actually will fold on itself. And this is trying to show you structurally |
|
| 65:14 | it would look like. And so will actually pair bond with other parts |
|
| 65:19 | itself to create this three dimensional All right, this is an example |
|
| 65:24 | A T R N A and there different types of R N A |
|
| 65:27 | Now DNA is responsible for storing the material inside the cell, the instruction |
|
| 65:33 | how your cells are supposed to function your body is supposed to function |
|
| 65:38 | Arnie has multiple roles in the body there's different types of roles. But |
|
| 65:43 | way that you can think about it primarily plays a role in protein |
|
| 65:47 | And we'll look at that here in a second. So DNA is an |
|
| 65:54 | molecule, every cell has all the for every function in your body. |
|
| 66:00 | the most part, there are some to that rule and I'm not going |
|
| 66:03 | talk about that but just go with and nod your head and say sure |
|
| 66:05 | sounds fine. Right. It doesn't where you are in which cell, |
|
| 66:09 | doesn't matter which organism you're looking at . DNA looks exactly the same, |
|
| 66:13 | matter where it comes from. The that's found in a virus has the |
|
| 66:17 | structure as the DNA that's found in fish that has the same DNA structure |
|
| 66:20 | found in you. Which is why start finding genes from one organism to |
|
| 66:26 | that they, they can cross over DNA is DNA, is DNA, |
|
| 66:29 | DNA. It's just structurally, it's same thing, right? It's what |
|
| 66:35 | that heritable information. What we do that because of that double helix, |
|
| 66:40 | means what you have is you have complementary pair. And so when that |
|
| 66:44 | separates from itself, you can make matching pair to it. So you |
|
| 66:49 | use that to actually replicate. And is why you're able to get cells |
|
| 66:53 | be able to clone themselves. And the daughters will have the exact same |
|
| 67:00 | , but it's also used to make R N A and the R N |
|
| 67:03 | is the instruction set that is used the cells to make the proteins that |
|
| 67:09 | cell is gonna use for. Um there, it's metabolism. Now, |
|
| 67:17 | you can think about this, this , this is what is referred to |
|
| 67:20 | the central dogma. Um And this how it works. All right. |
|
| 67:24 | you have DNA that's found in the that DNA is the instruction set for |
|
| 67:29 | . So you can think of this the blueprint your body uses to do |
|
| 67:33 | . Now, you're not gonna take blueprints that are valuable and important |
|
| 67:37 | and take them down to the work . You're gonna make copies of the |
|
| 67:41 | and you're gonna take the copies down the work site and hand them out |
|
| 67:44 | the workers and say go do what need to do. Those copies are |
|
| 67:48 | the R N A is. All . So the blueprint stays in the |
|
| 67:53 | , you make the copies, come out and use that copy to |
|
| 67:56 | that copy and say, OK, is what I'm supposed to make. |
|
| 67:59 | so you use that to make the . So the central dogma is DNA |
|
| 68:03 | R N A R N A begets protein. All right, proteins are |
|
| 68:08 | functional units of the cell. They the things that do the metabolic |
|
| 68:18 | And so here we are in Does nucleic acids make sense? DNA |
|
| 68:24 | heritable stores. Information R N A me to make proteins. How are |
|
| 68:34 | doing? You guys struggling or are making do? It's only been an |
|
| 68:39 | and 10 minutes. It's the easy . All right. Went on the |
|
| 68:47 | . Just found different pictures of different . I don't even know what they |
|
| 68:50 | . They're just pretty, all Proteins have um uh a couple of |
|
| 68:58 | uh things to them. They actually , we didn't really talk about what |
|
| 69:02 | find in DNA. There's always, all of these biomolecules, they're gonna |
|
| 69:05 | carbon, they're gonna have hydrogen, gonna have oxygen, right. We |
|
| 69:09 | with DNA that they have nitrogens So they must have nitrogen as |
|
| 69:13 | All right, proteins have all those materials, but they also have phosphate |
|
| 69:19 | sulfur. I should have pointed out I guess I did is that we |
|
| 69:22 | have phosphate over here as well. right. So biomolecules basically have or |
|
| 69:29 | common elements in them. All But what a protein is, whereas |
|
| 69:34 | nucleic acid is long chains of Proteins are long chains of amino acids |
|
| 69:42 | they have multiple functions do not memorize . Usually I'll throw something like this |
|
| 69:47 | . I'll tell you when it's time memorize one of those tables. All |
|
| 69:50 | . And this just shows you like types of uh activity they do. |
|
| 69:54 | they can be enzymatic in nature, in nature, structural in nature. |
|
| 69:58 | if you can think of a job a cell does, it's probably a |
|
| 70:03 | that's doing it. All right. , think of AAA cell and the |
|
| 70:08 | of a cell. There are proteins we're going to describe the proteins a |
|
| 70:12 | bit later, not today. And like this is what gives it its |
|
| 70:16 | , it's structural. So there's all of unique types of roles that proteins |
|
| 70:24 | . The monomer is the amino acid this is a generic amino acid. |
|
| 70:29 | right. So what do we have ? Well, on one side, |
|
| 70:32 | have a carboxyl group. All On the other side, we have |
|
| 70:36 | amino group or an amine group. right. So this is what makes |
|
| 70:41 | an acid. This is what makes an amine amino acid where his name |
|
| 70:47 | from. It has a central carbon we referred to as the alpha |
|
| 70:52 | And off central carbon is you have sort of of of variable group. |
|
| 70:57 | so this is what makes all the acids unique from each other is this |
|
| 71:01 | that sits off to the side. every amino acid will have this and |
|
| 71:06 | and then something strange over there. here's a big giant chart of the |
|
| 71:10 | amino acids that we find in the . Should you memorize this at |
|
| 71:15 | What do you think? No, you take biochemistry, do you need |
|
| 71:18 | memorize it? Yes, and probably they're all made? Ok. |
|
| 71:23 | I do want to point something out that if this is all stuff that's |
|
| 71:26 | grouped together. So you can see there, it says positively charged, |
|
| 71:30 | charged polar, uncharged, nonpolar, , nonpolar, aha what does all |
|
| 71:37 | stuff means? Well, it means there are characteristics that these side chains |
|
| 71:42 | if you're negatively charged. What does mean? Are you attracted to |
|
| 71:49 | What are you attracted to if your would be charged positively charged, |
|
| 71:54 | So negatively, negative side changes are to positive side change or molecules that |
|
| 72:00 | positive charges to them. If you're charged, you're attracted to negatively charged |
|
| 72:04 | or negative side changes. And so this characteristic that helps that protein interact |
|
| 72:12 | other proteins or help to create the of the protein. So these become |
|
| 72:18 | in trying to understand function of the . Again, probably beyond what we |
|
| 72:23 | to do. All right, but , we become aware of it because |
|
| 72:29 | shapes of proteins matter. Now, do we make them? All |
|
| 72:34 | Well, when we looked at nucleic , we formed phospho dier bonds, |
|
| 72:40 | condensation reactions, right? So we're still do condensation reactions. But |
|
| 72:45 | what we're gonna form is we're gonna what are called peptide bonds. |
|
| 72:49 | again, here is our first amino , there's our second amino acid. |
|
| 72:53 | we're going to do is we're going take a hydrogen from there and hydroxyl |
|
| 72:58 | there and we're gonna pull those So there's our water and then we |
|
| 73:02 | a bond. Now, you can't the hydroxy, you can imagine there's |
|
| 73:06 | h there, all right, it of comes and goes. But what |
|
| 73:11 | done now is we've created amino one amino acid two, there's a |
|
| 73:15 | change facing off. And so what have is you end up getting something |
|
| 73:18 | looks like this. And so when look at an A protein, you're |
|
| 73:23 | gonna start from the immune side and always gonna read to the carboxyl |
|
| 73:28 | right? So the N is always first one. And the way you |
|
| 73:32 | think about this is each of these acids are like a letter. And |
|
| 73:35 | , I used this example a little ago how, or maybe it was |
|
| 73:39 | , I can't remember how many letters in the alphabet. 26. How |
|
| 73:43 | words can you create from the Did we come up with a |
|
| 73:50 | No. What do we say? whole lot of them? Right. |
|
| 74:03 | that's true for proteins as well. you think of the amino acids as |
|
| 74:07 | alphabet of a protein. All And you have 20 different amino |
|
| 74:13 | you can use an infinite number of to create an infinite number of |
|
| 74:21 | Kind of cool. See if I do this, how many words can |
|
| 74:37 | spell with the letter A, the C, the letter T give me |
|
| 74:41 | word, cat act at least one . Yes. Have you ever fallen |
|
| 75:19 | a cliff? You guys constrain yourself three letters? All right. When |
|
| 75:35 | think about a protein, think about , it can be incredibly large or |
|
| 75:41 | small. You can repeat amino acids many times as you need to. |
|
| 75:45 | right, those 20 amino acids can all sorts of interesting things in different |
|
| 75:54 | in different numbers. And so that becomes very, very important and very |
|
| 75:59 | because it's gonna give that pro protein properties. We're gonna come back to |
|
| 76:07 | again. A little bit later. think tomorrow we'll talk about it a |
|
| 76:10 | bit further. Lipids are the weird I mentioned that lipids are weird |
|
| 76:15 | All right, they're a diverse group fats. So, when you think |
|
| 76:20 | , think fat, so fatty water soluble. What that means is, |
|
| 76:25 | that water excludes them? All they're the mean girls of the biomolecule |
|
| 76:32 | , right? Water is the mean . They're like, I don't, |
|
| 76:35 | don't get to hang out with us fat gets really sad and gets |
|
| 76:40 | right? Oil and water don't You've probably heard that. All |
|
| 76:44 | it's water doing the job. It's it. Now, structurally, they're |
|
| 76:49 | carbohydrates, they just have three different uh elements in them, but they |
|
| 76:54 | less oxygen. Now, you're familiar fats because you're familiar with that molecule |
|
| 76:59 | there at the top. This is molecule that plays a role in storage |
|
| 77:02 | nutrients. But fats actually have multiple in the body. It plays an |
|
| 77:07 | role in terms of cell structures. is a phosphor lipid, for |
|
| 77:11 | it plays important in terms of So this is an example of a |
|
| 77:15 | molecule right here, which we will with in a bit. Actually, |
|
| 77:18 | is really cholesterol. So it's not a signaling molecule yet, but it's |
|
| 77:22 | just a place where we store It has multiple functions. And there |
|
| 77:27 | four basic classes and I'm teaching you because I want you to be smarter |
|
| 77:30 | everybody else. Ok. Four major . Those are the Aso glycerides. |
|
| 77:38 | the one you're most familiar with phospho . This is what else knows |
|
| 77:42 | And, but these are the ones everyone forgets about the steroids and ultimately |
|
| 77:46 | waxes. All right. Do you wax in your body? I'm not |
|
| 77:51 | sure. Right. You do have in your body. All right. |
|
| 78:02 | fats or triglycerides or triglycerides, whichever you want to do it, you'll |
|
| 78:07 | them both ways. So sometimes they'll abbreviated tags. Um, so you'll |
|
| 78:12 | the triglyceride is either fats or oils it's a solid, you know. |
|
| 78:17 | , like the butter right there, gonna call it a fat. If |
|
| 78:19 | all liquidy, we'll call it an . But it's the same thing when |
|
| 78:23 | looking at one of these things. do you see? Well, first |
|
| 78:27 | you have a backbone, that Right? There is a Glycerol. |
|
| 78:30 | right. So it's basically, it's three carbon structure. I think the |
|
| 78:33 | picture does it. Well, 1 3 carbons. Oops, sorry. |
|
| 78:36 | we go back? All right. then you have these long fatty acid |
|
| 78:41 | . So, it's hydrocarbons. the same thing you, uh, |
|
| 78:44 | your car. Those are hydrocarbons. same thing. That you power, |
|
| 78:48 | body don't drink gasoline. That's not I'm telling you to do. Just |
|
| 78:52 | you chemically they're very, very So, no matter which fats |
|
| 78:57 | you're looking at those three glycerol are gonna, or that glycerol is always |
|
| 79:01 | be the same. It's the chains are gonna be unique and different. |
|
| 79:05 | you ever heard that you, you be, uh, drinking ome or |
|
| 79:08 | omega fatty acids? right? You've of the omega fatty acids? That's |
|
| 79:12 | referring to a chain length, And it's the structure of the |
|
| 79:18 | Yeah, very often you'll see that fatty acids will have different lengths. |
|
| 79:22 | also see that they'll either be saturated unsaturated. You've probably heard those terms |
|
| 79:27 | four saturator refers to the chemical A saturated fat has all, each |
|
| 79:33 | has all the bonds that it's able do. Carbons can make four |
|
| 79:38 | So, if you're saturated, each those four bonds are being satisfied either |
|
| 79:42 | hydrogen or by a carbon. If unsaturated, what you're gonna do is |
|
| 79:46 | going to have a double bond. instead of having all single bonds, |
|
| 79:50 | double bonds, polyunsaturated. That's the that's supposed to be. Oh, |
|
| 79:55 | so terrible for you, right. . You have two or more double |
|
| 79:58 | . Now, what are these double ? Do? Why do we care |
|
| 80:00 | them? Well, saturated fats cause chains become very, very straight when |
|
| 80:06 | are straight. They line up next each other very, very closely. |
|
| 80:09 | so you end up with the molecule very, very close together. So |
|
| 80:12 | why you get a solid. All , if you have a double bond |
|
| 80:16 | causes the chain to kink outward, now molecules can't get close to each |
|
| 80:20 | because you got these weird kinks going . And so the molecules are more |
|
| 80:24 | out and that's why you end up the liquid. There's the liquid. |
|
| 80:28 | right. So why do we care triglycerides? Well, primarily because we |
|
| 80:35 | about it in terms of long term , but that's not all triglycerides |
|
| 80:39 | When we put it in storage, put in some very specific areas. |
|
| 80:42 | it plays an important role in structure holding things together and where it's found |
|
| 80:47 | an important role in cushioning the I mean, you're all sitting right |
|
| 80:52 | on fat. OK. You the reason we do on the butt |
|
| 80:57 | because we've got this layer of that kind of reduces the pain. |
|
| 81:03 | also insulates the body. That's why don't freeze to death right now to |
|
| 81:09 | triglycerides, we go through a process lipogenesis to break triglycerides. We go |
|
| 81:14 | lipolysis. And again, we're doing and hydrolysis reactions. And that's what |
|
| 81:19 | is just trying to show you. again, we're not going to describe |
|
| 81:22 | the processes here, but you can what am I doing? I'm taking |
|
| 81:25 | I'm taking hydroxy group pulling out the . There is condensation. Oh And |
|
| 81:29 | how I make those bonds. And I want to break those bonds, |
|
| 81:31 | I gotta do is I gotta put water back in and I can separate |
|
| 81:34 | the fatty acids from the Glycerol. not a monomer, but we still |
|
| 81:41 | the same types of reactions that are . Phospho lipids are very similar to |
|
| 81:48 | or triglycerides. Here, you can the glycerol 123, you see the |
|
| 81:53 | acid chain, there's two, but of being a third fatty acid |
|
| 81:56 | instead, what we've done is we that fatty acid and we put something |
|
| 82:00 | up here. It's just phosphate with sort of strange thing on the |
|
| 82:04 | right? Some variable. And what done in doing so is by modifying |
|
| 82:10 | , we've created a molecule. That what we refer to as being Amp |
|
| 82:14 | . All right. Have you ever of an amphibian? What's an example |
|
| 82:17 | an amphibian? A frog? That's I wanted to hear, frog. |
|
| 82:22 | right. What do we know about ? Where do they exist part of |
|
| 82:26 | life? They exist in water, the other part of their life, |
|
| 82:30 | exist on land. So they exist two places at once or can exist |
|
| 82:35 | two environments. That's why they're referred as amphibians. They're both water and |
|
| 82:41 | land dwellers. Am means having two . Op Paic molecules have two |
|
| 82:49 | We have a region that is water and we have a region that is |
|
| 82:54 | hating hydrophilic, water loving, water heating. And so that means |
|
| 83:03 | I drop it in water, this is gonna point towards the water. |
|
| 83:07 | part is going to be excluded from water. Hence AOP. And because |
|
| 83:13 | this state, this water loving half this water hating half, it arranges |
|
| 83:19 | when you get enough of these so the water hating portions are being excluded |
|
| 83:24 | the water, whereas the water loving are pointing towards water and you create |
|
| 83:28 | unique structures. All right, this an example of a mal but a |
|
| 83:33 | is really what a cell is, as you make more and more of |
|
| 83:38 | . This is what a plasma membrane like. It's bilayer. So you |
|
| 83:43 | see layer number one, layer number , the heads pointing out towards the |
|
| 83:47 | heads pointing out towards the water. you create an environment on the inside |
|
| 83:51 | an environment on the outside. All , you've created a compartment. So |
|
| 83:57 | cell membranes exist because of the characteristics these phospho lipids from which it's |
|
| 84:06 | OK. That's why these kind of are important. Love this picture right |
|
| 84:13 | . This is the fun confusing picture everyone freaks out about what we have |
|
| 84:17 | is just the whole family of Again, you don't need to memorize |
|
| 84:19 | these up, there's cholesterol and what do is we take cholesterol in our |
|
| 84:24 | and then that cholesterol goes to different . Each of these lines represent |
|
| 84:28 | the enzymes make changes to the cholesterol that you end up with the different |
|
| 84:31 | of steroids that exist. You're familiar at least two different types of steroids |
|
| 84:34 | your body. You guys are familiar estrogens, right? You guys are |
|
| 84:38 | with test or androgens, testosterones, ? And you guys have probably heard |
|
| 84:42 | progestins like progesterone, right? If haven't, that's another important one, |
|
| 84:48 | for your bodies, that's what allows to maintain gestation during pregnancy. All |
|
| 84:55 | . So up here, those are progestins, those are the uh testosterones |
|
| 84:59 | the androgens. These are the estrogens then we have some other ones like |
|
| 85:02 | glucocorticoids, the mineral corticoid, yada, yada. All right. |
|
| 85:05 | , don't need to memorize anything on slide. Other than that, these |
|
| 85:08 | steroids. Do you see the Do they all look alike to |
|
| 85:12 | I mean, it's really, really of hard to see the little side |
|
| 85:15 | differences. Um Let me just show here, this right here is testosterone |
|
| 85:19 | this right here is estrodiol. If look carefully, you can see there's |
|
| 85:24 | a double bonded o right over There's a hydroxyl group. That's the |
|
| 85:29 | . All right. Well, there's double bonds, but we're not gonna |
|
| 85:33 | about that. The point I'm trying make here is that the difference between |
|
| 85:37 | different steroids are very, very small very, very minute. But if |
|
| 85:42 | give ladies, if I give you androgens, what's that gonna do to |
|
| 85:45 | body? Do you know it's gonna guys? If we give you guys |
|
| 85:50 | whole bunch of estrogen, what's it do to the guys? It'll feminize |
|
| 85:54 | little bit. It's really hard to the androgens. All right. So |
|
| 86:00 | does this all come from? cholesterol, we can make it, |
|
| 86:03 | consume it, but we can also it synthesize the liver. Um It's |
|
| 86:07 | be found in your cell membranes. plays an important role. The lipid |
|
| 86:10 | cholesterol plays an important role in uh out uh the uh plasm membrane |
|
| 86:18 | And it's also necessary for making all as well as making vitamin D, |
|
| 86:25 | D good for you. Here's the one. This is the weird |
|
| 86:30 | All you need to know. This a signaling molecule. OK. IOS |
|
| 86:36 | is what we're gonna do is we're take this molecule right here. This |
|
| 86:40 | a Raonic acid. When you hear word Raonic. What do you think |
|
| 86:46 | ? What do you think of I don't think it has anything to |
|
| 86:50 | with spiders. But whenever I hear , I think spiders, right? |
|
| 86:54 | it's basically, it's just, it's fatty acid. What they did was |
|
| 86:56 | bent it over because if you left really, really long, then it |
|
| 87:01 | take up a lot of space. what we do is we can take |
|
| 87:04 | and we can treat it with a bunch of different types of chemicals in |
|
| 87:07 | bodies. In other words, other and stuff and we can change their |
|
| 87:10 | . And what we end up with four different types of molecules. |
|
| 87:13 | These are the econo, one of you've heard of before. Have you |
|
| 87:15 | heard of the prostaglandins? No. , no. Some of you may |
|
| 87:22 | . All right. Prostaglandins are molecules play an important role in smooth muscle |
|
| 87:26 | . All right. Rest of you may not have heard of |
|
| 87:32 | thromboxane leuco trine, but they play important role in these types of things |
|
| 87:36 | here, inflammation, blood clotting, contractions would be prostates. All |
|
| 87:43 | So fats aren't just for storage. do they play a role in signaling |
|
| 87:47 | signaling? OK. And then we these, if you don't know, |
|
| 87:55 | is take your fingers, stick it your ear, roll it around a |
|
| 88:00 | bit. See the nasty gun coming you that's wax. Basically. What |
|
| 88:07 | have is we have that long fatty just like we saw right here. |
|
| 88:09 | would be the fatty acid. Then take this long chain of alcohol that |
|
| 88:13 | like a fatty acid, but it's , it's basically, it's an |
|
| 88:16 | So it doesn't have that chain over . And what we do is we |
|
| 88:18 | this ester bod through a condensation And then what we end up with |
|
| 88:23 | , is really, really weird long thing. That's what wax is. |
|
| 88:27 | what bees make and that's what your make. All right, it serves |
|
| 88:33 | a protective barrier. The reason we about it is because you're making cere |
|
| 88:42 | lipids is he tough. I like . It's fine. Fine, is |
|
| 88:57 | . Let's get down one more carbohydrates then we'll just do a little thing |
|
| 89:01 | enzymes and then we'll be done. , it's ok if we don't have |
|
| 89:06 | break, sort of. All carbohydrates. This is what we all |
|
| 89:11 | for. Right. Isn't that what live for? If I brought em |
|
| 89:15 | MS to class, would everyone want ? Yeah. Right. These are |
|
| 89:24 | simple sugars and they're uh complex All right, we're going to classify |
|
| 89:29 | based on their size. We call a monosaccharide. If it's a simple |
|
| 89:33 | , take two of those monosaccharide, them together. That's gonna be your |
|
| 89:36 | Saar. Take more than two, start chaining them out. These are |
|
| 89:40 | be called polysaccharides. You may even the term sometimes called oligosaccharides. Oligo |
|
| 89:46 | mini. It's less than poly, more than die. So it's just |
|
| 89:50 | number in between some place. All . Getting very, very basic. |
|
| 89:56 | , carbo, uh they have carbon and oxygen. So just like your |
|
| 90:01 | , they have a fixed ratio. they always have this chemical combination. |
|
| 90:06 | H2O. And then what you do you just multiply that number by whatever |
|
| 90:11 | is. So if you're having a um sorry, a trio sugar is |
|
| 90:18 | I'm looking for. Trios would be . So it would be three carbon |
|
| 90:21 | hydrogen, three oxygen. All So most of these are going to |
|
| 90:28 | very, very simple in terms of to 7, but they can get |
|
| 90:32 | big and ugly as well. condensation reactions, how we make them |
|
| 90:37 | and long. So this would be example of a long chain right |
|
| 90:42 | Why do we care about carbohydrates? , it's an easy source of cellular |
|
| 90:48 | , right? We love carbs. live for carbs. We are the |
|
| 90:52 | organism that grows carbs so that we be happy. Our brains love the |
|
| 91:00 | . Have you noticed that, you , monkeys? Well, I'll just |
|
| 91:04 | it simple. The great apes of we are a member of, they |
|
| 91:09 | eat proteins and other things. And during the spring and the summer when |
|
| 91:14 | the fruit gets all big, that's they get really excited and they gobble |
|
| 91:17 | all up and then they go back proteins. All right. What do |
|
| 91:21 | do? We grow our sugar, . That's what we're really, really |
|
| 91:28 | at because our brains are desperate for sugar. I'm trying to see, |
|
| 91:33 | don't see any. I grew up just sodas nonstop. All right. |
|
| 91:41 | , that's number one. What we do is we're gonna take the complex |
|
| 91:46 | and we're going to break them down the simple, the monomers and the |
|
| 91:51 | , the monos and the dyes. what we can do is we can |
|
| 91:54 | that apart and turn that into free . And if you've taken any sort |
|
| 91:58 | biology course, whether it was way in high school or just last |
|
| 92:02 | you probably learned the metabolic pathway of , right? Take a glucose molecule |
|
| 92:08 | through about a billion different steps, get a T P. You guys |
|
| 92:12 | learning that at some point, I two people nodding their heads. Am |
|
| 92:17 | gonna have to start throwing tennis I'm gonna bring tennis balls. I |
|
| 92:22 | got to remember to bring it. right. So that's the easy |
|
| 92:28 | right? We can store things up polymers. All right. We like |
|
| 92:32 | think of our fuel being stored up as fat, but that's not |
|
| 92:35 | We've stored glycogen, your muscles, up glycogen, right? You don't |
|
| 92:40 | to wait for fuel to show up your muscles. Let's say you're walking |
|
| 92:43 | the street and a mountain lion jumps at you, which is quite |
|
| 92:49 | You don't believe me, anyone here Doctor Cheek yet. Yeah. |
|
| 92:55 | you know what Doctor Cheek's big project ? Have you heard about this? |
|
| 92:59 | ? So, um, she's an by, by training. Um And |
|
| 93:04 | what she's done, she got a for it's really kind of cool. |
|
| 93:07 | a student, student led project and put a trail cameras all throughout |
|
| 93:11 | Like, you know, like you did read about this? |
|
| 93:14 | Yeah. So they're just like seeing kind of wildlife live in urban areas |
|
| 93:18 | there's like bobcats and all sorts of stuff. So you could literally be |
|
| 93:21 | down the street and bobcat could come on your head and chew you up |
|
| 93:24 | apart. Now, when that do you want to wait for the |
|
| 93:29 | to be broken down in the liver your fat to be broken down or |
|
| 93:32 | you want your muscles to have that readily available? What do you think |
|
| 93:37 | available? Right. Yeah, I it. Now your muscles store up |
|
| 93:42 | so that it can have glucose ready go for, you know, bobcat |
|
| 93:48 | , you know, that sort of . It also serves as a back |
|
| 93:51 | genetic material. We saw that we Pinto sugars, right? It also |
|
| 93:57 | an important role in tagging your So this right here is an example |
|
| 94:01 | a plasma membrane and you can see is a sugar coming off attached to |
|
| 94:05 | phospho lipid ladies. You're made of and spice and everything nice, |
|
| 94:17 | Like three of you know the nursery . What are guys made up |
|
| 94:24 | Oh my goodness. The education is terrible snakes and snails and puppy dog |
|
| 94:32 | , sugar and spice everything nice. what little girls are made of. |
|
| 94:35 | are snakes and snails and puppy All right, this is a way |
|
| 94:46 | cells mark self versus nonself. It's of the ways. So your cells |
|
| 94:53 | that you belong to your body because has the right sugar attachments to |
|
| 94:58 | And what's interesting about this sort of system is even identical twins do not |
|
| 95:03 | the exact same types of glycosylated, is what this is. It's kind |
|
| 95:08 | cool. All right, we're coming to the last, like how many |
|
| 95:14 | ? Like three, 44. All . Talking about enzymes. All |
|
| 95:19 | So we have these four basic types molecules. We've talked about um uh |
|
| 95:24 | acids, we've talked about um uh , we've talked about lipids, we |
|
| 95:28 | about carbohydrates and what we wanna do finally is to kind of understand one |
|
| 95:33 | the things that the role of these are. All right. So here |
|
| 95:38 | back to chemistry. Chemistry is horrible, horrible science. I'm, |
|
| 95:41 | sorry. It's, it's very it's stuff you should. And what |
|
| 95:45 | looking at here is how we uh energy. All right. So in |
|
| 95:51 | , what you're looking at here is chemical reaction and a chemical reaction normally |
|
| 95:56 | this red line. And what it is like if I want to take |
|
| 95:58 | molecule here, which is sucrose and want to turn it into its |
|
| 96:03 | right? Glucose and fructose, I to invest a little bit of energy |
|
| 96:07 | to create those two molecules, to them that one molecule, make it |
|
| 96:11 | . So it breaks apart and then release that energy and then I can |
|
| 96:15 | that energy for whatever reason. That's what this craft is trying to |
|
| 96:19 | you. The thing is, is energy takes a lot of effort, |
|
| 96:24 | ? I mean, if you guys heard about investing money, right? |
|
| 96:27 | know, if I want my money grow, I have to invest, |
|
| 96:30 | I don't want to invest all my because then I can't buy stuff. |
|
| 96:33 | know, if I'm gonna invest, want to have a lower threshold so |
|
| 96:36 | can get a great yield. And what enzymes are responsible for doing is |
|
| 96:42 | of doing that, it's lowering the so I can get the same yield |
|
| 96:46 | without the same sort of investment, ? That's what the blue line is |
|
| 96:51 | . So it's a catalyst. So instead of having to invest all that |
|
| 96:55 | , I only have to invest half energy, I still get the same |
|
| 96:59 | . This is efficiency. This is your body wants to do, it |
|
| 97:01 | to be efficient about doing stuff. catalyst has no bearing on the reaction |
|
| 97:09 | than lowering the energy threshold, It makes it easier for the reaction |
|
| 97:13 | move forward. It doesn't change the and the catalyst itself is not gonna |
|
| 97:18 | changed. So enzymes are there to propel the reaction and make it less |
|
| 97:26 | . Now, most of the catalysts your body are enzymes, enzymes are |
|
| 97:32 | . All right, there are some are gonna be R N A and |
|
| 97:36 | not going to deal with those. just, I want you to understand |
|
| 97:39 | concept of enzyme. All right. so what we're looking at here is |
|
| 97:45 | an enzyme does, what it how does it make this happen? |
|
| 97:50 | , what we're looking at in this example is an enzyme protein. And |
|
| 97:55 | can see that the enzyme itself has active site. This active site is |
|
| 98:00 | the chemical reaction is going to take the reactant. The thing that it's |
|
| 98:04 | to bind to the thing that it's is referred to as a substrate. |
|
| 98:08 | don't call it a reactant just All right. And so what we're |
|
| 98:14 | do is we're gonna take the And when that substrate finds it has |
|
| 98:18 | specific affinity for that enzyme or it's enzyme has a specific affinity for the |
|
| 98:26 | , they are attracted to each they want to bind together. All |
|
| 98:31 | . And when it binds to that , what that binding does. And |
|
| 98:35 | is going to be true for most in any sort of interaction. So |
|
| 98:38 | not, this part is not limited enzyme. When the substrate binds to |
|
| 98:42 | protein, it changes the shape of enzyme. And that changing of the |
|
| 98:47 | of the enzyme is what activates the so that it serves as the |
|
| 98:53 | All right. So the shape here what it combines and once it |
|
| 99:02 | then you're going to get that Now, I was, there's something |
|
| 99:10 | , I, I guess it's not this slide. So I'm not gonna |
|
| 99:13 | it. Now, enzyme themselves are be named for the type of |
|
| 99:16 | So when you see a name of enzyme don't be like freaking out |
|
| 99:19 | I don't know what this does. the names make sense if you think |
|
| 99:22 | them for a little while. And is just an example of that, |
|
| 99:26 | good news that most enzymes end with S E. So if you see |
|
| 99:29 | S E at the end of the , just know that it's an |
|
| 99:32 | But some enzymes over time, they out of words. So they just |
|
| 99:36 | naming things and some enzymes don't have A S E but this is how |
|
| 99:40 | works. All right. So here have our substrate and this is gonna |
|
| 99:44 | a uh an enzyme that is causing breaking of that polymer, right? |
|
| 99:50 | it's, it's promoting a hydrolysis All right. And so you can |
|
| 99:55 | here the substrate binds to the So we have an enzyme and a |
|
| 100:00 | and they're separate from each other when bind what we have is what is |
|
| 100:04 | the enzyme substrate. Complex. So kind of a combined structure. And |
|
| 100:11 | of that binding, that's gonna cause change in the shape of the |
|
| 100:14 | which is going to cause uh a of the energy threshold. It's gonna |
|
| 100:20 | the bond between these two uh In this particular case, you break |
|
| 100:27 | bond. So now you end up the products, but notice we're still |
|
| 100:32 | up. So we have what is the enzyme product. Now, each |
|
| 100:36 | these arrows that you see here are you that these reactions can go either |
|
| 100:41 | . So I have, I could here and then say, nope, |
|
| 100:44 | going back this direction, right? can go here and go. |
|
| 100:48 | I'm going back this direction. So dependent upon which direction you're being kind |
|
| 100:52 | forced along. But what you can if we're moving down here, we |
|
| 100:56 | from enzyme substrate to enzyme substrate enzyme protein complex. And now because |
|
| 101:00 | products have been made, they no have an affinity because remember the enzyme |
|
| 101:05 | an affinity for the substrate, had an affinity for the uh for |
|
| 101:10 | enzyme. But the products don't. because they no longer have an |
|
| 101:16 | they're kicked out. And that's when get back to here and that's where |
|
| 101:18 | get your products from. And this how a catalyst works. But as |
|
| 101:25 | mentioned, you can go back and , they just have less affinity on |
|
| 101:28 | side than they do that side. that my last line? No, |
|
| 101:32 | got one more. Oh, So last little bit. Oh, |
|
| 101:39 | , I got two more slides. , they just keep popping up. |
|
| 101:43 | right. So what are we talking here? Well, con concentration |
|
| 101:47 | the more stuff you have on this of the reaction, the faster the |
|
| 101:53 | of the reaction. If I have equal number of stuff over here, |
|
| 101:56 | equal number of things over there, kind of already in balance. And |
|
| 101:58 | the reaction is just gonna kind of back and forth, right. So |
|
| 102:03 | matters. There's gonna be a point we over saturate where the number |
|
| 102:08 | of, of enzymes that are, are not gonna be enough to deal |
|
| 102:12 | the number of substrates that are You've all played musical chairs. |
|
| 102:18 | It may have been a while. not saying like you did it last |
|
| 102:22 | , but you remember musical chairs, only so many butts and there's |
|
| 102:26 | there's only so many chairs. So more butts you have less butts can |
|
| 102:31 | in the chair. That's kind of going on here. That's a point |
|
| 102:34 | saturation, temperature matters. All each enzyme in your body has an |
|
| 102:43 | temperature in which it's going to Each enzyme has an optimal Ph in |
|
| 102:46 | it's going to work. So, of the ways that you can regulate |
|
| 102:49 | is regulating these two things we use temperature one really, really quick because |
|
| 102:54 | is easy. Have you ever had fever? Right? The reason fevers |
|
| 102:59 | is because these organisms, these pathogens infect you have specific ranges in which |
|
| 103:07 | proteins work. You have a specific , those two ranges overlap, but |
|
| 103:13 | range is a little bit bigger. if you raise your body temperature, |
|
| 103:19 | , that pathogen can no longer function that range. And so it falls |
|
| 103:25 | and breaks apart and doesn't work And then your body's immune system, |
|
| 103:30 | immune system come along and say, , that's not supposed to be there |
|
| 103:32 | I can kill it. So you're, you're attacking it from two |
|
| 103:36 | angles. On the other hand, just give you an example here. |
|
| 103:42 | right, your digestive system, your H in your mouth is different than |
|
| 103:46 | P H in your stomach, which different than the P H in your |
|
| 103:48 | intestine. Your mouth starts the process digestion by introducing specific enzymes that are |
|
| 103:55 | for sugar, digestion and fat And then that food that you're masticating |
|
| 104:00 | down into your stomach. And now in a different environment. The P |
|
| 104:04 | there kills the, the lipid and um carbohydrate digestion and then up regulates |
|
| 104:13 | digestion. And then as you digest , then that material then gets shifted |
|
| 104:17 | to the small intestine. New P kill the process of protein digestion. |
|
| 104:22 | now you introduce new enzymes to continue process of lipid and carbohydrate digestion, |
|
| 104:28 | acid digestion, and then some other protein uh enzymes or pep toes that |
|
| 104:35 | responsible for breaking down proteins. So of those compartments have different enzymes to |
|
| 104:39 | different things. And they require different S to work and use the P |
|
| 104:45 | also to kill the process as The other thing that becomes important about |
|
| 104:54 | and temperature is that P H in can result in the process of enzyme |
|
| 105:00 | , which is why the, the fever works, you're causing the |
|
| 105:04 | to fall apart. All right. , denaturation simply is uh using those |
|
| 105:09 | different things to change the shape of molecule. So here's a shape of |
|
| 105:13 | protein. I don't know what it . And then if we give it |
|
| 105:17 | am temperature or a mal P, causes all those bonds of things that |
|
| 105:22 | that thing together to come raveling a , raveling apart, not un |
|
| 105:27 | That sounds weird. Now, what means is if your protein has a |
|
| 105:33 | shape so that it can interact with substrates, if you disrupt that |
|
| 105:39 | it can no longer interact. That's denaturing does. No, I know |
|
| 105:47 | the last thing I wanna say Sort of when you cook a |
|
| 105:53 | think about an egg, an egg basically Albin plus whatever's in the |
|
| 105:57 | If you add heat, what happens that egg? What, what does |
|
| 106:02 | look like goes from clear to What you did is you've denatured the |
|
| 106:10 | and it creates a completely different So, heat or cooking is one |
|
| 106:16 | the ways that we dena proteins. many of you guys like ceviche? |
|
| 106:28 | ? Says fish and vinegar? That's . I mean, it is. |
|
| 106:32 | we're scientists here. It's fish And what have you done to |
|
| 106:38 | You've added, she said vinegar. added vinegar. What's vinegar? What's |
|
| 106:47 | ? Acid? You've dropped it and it into a low P H. |
|
| 106:52 | , what are you doing to You're cooking with acid? All |
|
| 107:00 | It's the same sort of thing. . And temperature matter because it causes |
|
| 107:06 | if you're outside the range of your . Kind of cool. Huh? |
|
| 107:13 | the only one here? Is she only one that eats? Oh, |
|
| 107:17 | like ceviche? Yeah. All So, we're done. I slowed |
|
| 107:24 | there. Towards the end. I I was gonna be done at 1 |
|
| 107:26 | . I apologize. All right. we come in tomorrow we're gonna start |
|
| 107:30 | over the cell. We're gonna go the parts of the cell. So |
|
| 107:33 | is just like what you did. guys can wrap things up. This |
|
| 107:35 | just like what you did back in grade. We're gonna just take a |
|
| 107:39 | and you can all the different parts. You guys have a great |
|
| 107:45 | . Talk to you later. Enjoy |
|
