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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Feb 1 2023
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00:25 Okay. Can everyone hear me? , sir. Yes. Okay,
00:32 , this uh, do this. believe this is where we stopped last
00:42 . If it's not, it's close it. And um looks like I'm
00:49 be walking around campus on friday. he went this maybe, but it
00:57 not be visible, but anyway, , I just uh hope you folks
01:04 mind me doing this. Uh, know, I didn't want to cancel
01:09 , there's no intention to make this hybrid course. It just was a
01:14 of urgency that we did this. thing is just just because of a
01:20 of other events going on the beginning the week, I forgot to assign
01:26 the first exercise and that's sort of a written exercise, it's worth five
01:35 . I'm gonna be asking you to online and look up information to kind
01:40 give, give you the ability to based on this information. I believe
01:47 . Um, it's about narratives in about and on the oil industry and
01:55 also sustainability, there's three different narratives only have to answer or right right
02:00 one, I give you three you get to pick the one you
02:05 , you wanna Discuss or talk about your paper, the paper shouldn't be
02:11 than three pages long. Um, usual, if you're focused on a
02:17 of pages you're probably not going to a good job, try to focus
02:20 just answering the questions and uh, the kind of thought questions, but
02:26 want you to kind of pull up and say this is why I'm saying
02:32 , I don't not looking for what some what they sometimes call on the
02:38 media theories. You know, my is this. Well, if if
02:43 preface theory with my, it's probably your opinion. Uh and it may
02:48 may not ever become something we call theory, but it it could possibly
02:55 a hypothesis that you have, but definitely not a theory. So I
02:59 the misuse of a lot of terms relate to the scientific process or one
03:04 the reasons why stem is often hated misunderstood because we don't even, a
03:09 of people don't even know what it's about. Um give you a really
03:14 example. If someone were to ask paleontologist if they believed in evolution,
03:20 correct answer is no, I but I understand it. Would you
03:25 me to explain it to you, sort of thing? It's not it's
03:30 an issue. It's it's not in realm of believable concepts or belief
03:39 It's in the realm of what are facts and why do I think these
03:43 mean something And uh and that's all is two different types of thinking about
03:49 too different ways in which the human can ponder and sort out things that
03:57 see around them and how the world or doesn't work. And uh in
04:03 , you either understand it or you because it's based on facts that are
04:07 up through time. And uh and all, you know, we we
04:13 have gone through a period of time we're all hoping that we don't get
04:16 , but some of us did. the fact is you got covid uh
04:22 people that hoped didn't get covid. uh you know, that's so it's
04:27 completely different thing than what I'm talking . I want to make sure that
04:31 everyone in the class understands kind of to answer a question with with data
04:40 facts rather than opinions, which is we see on tv all the
04:44 flying in many different directions in defense science, which doesn't make any sense
04:50 me at all. And uh and defensive, just wild and crazy
04:56 So uh that's what it's all And uh it's it's uh it's just
05:03 little exercise really in the scientific method without stepping off into deep water,
05:09 don't have to prove anything because that's what science does. Science evaluates data
05:16 and comes up with recommendations and or based on what they see in the
05:22 . And uh and that's what I to eat it. Okay, so
05:25 gonna go on the next slide And uh this is another one of
05:33 and I imagined things. Um this not science, this is my belief
05:42 that if we um look at the hours over here. OSHA was an
05:51 way to change my cursor. But , here is the roles that we
05:56 discussing for exploration, exploitation, development and production. I've left out
06:06 exploration uh just not to bore but but anyway, um this basically
06:14 to kind of some of the things you do when you're doing these different
06:19 and I'm trying to map out kind the the traditional and often even today
06:27 amount of time that's spent from particular . Uh Geophysicists tend to be very
06:34 over here and very light back geologists really get involved when it gets
06:40 exploitation and appraisal and engineers become uh involved. Once you get to this
06:48 where you're trying to determine how much there, how much can I spend
06:52 make money? That has a lot do with appraisal development, you get
06:57 better picture of how to develop something and then in production you're trying to
07:03 out ways to get more out of asset than you've already gotten out of
07:07 based on your previous appraisal and development . Ah Nevertheless, having said this
07:14 kind of what my opinion is of way the concentrated effort goes uh in
07:21 days there's a lot more being done this end. Uh Just one good
07:27 in terms of geophysicists and exploration that focused up apparent exploration and exploitation.
07:35 Now in development and production. Uh doing a lot of things with four
07:40 . seismic. Uh They're doing things very detailed attributes and cross plotting of
07:48 that imply different things in the rock such as porosity. You know really
07:56 things porosity and permeability and trends and they can map out channel belts and
08:04 channels and that sort of thing. they're they're doing more on this and
08:09 the same vein geologists are too. if we were to look at a
08:13 like this for unconventional, you know geologist, they're gonna start out about
08:19 same but they stay all the way here and a lot of times for
08:24 well that's drilled, you might have geologist that's geo steering whether it's a
08:31 well uh an appraisal well or just production wells and even helping uh place
08:42 additional production wells plus water flood Uh So you might have have to
08:48 with coming up ways to to flood . Now if you're in an unconventional
08:54 not much chance of doing a water . But you may be high
08:59 Uh Certain things in terms of the and permeability throughout this massive resource play
09:05 a shale that extends for many many one advantage to resource plays or unconventional
09:15 is that they're called resource plays because it's like a rock that laterally is
09:21 extensive. One of the things when talk about sediments I believe. Um
09:26 get to a point where I show a chart about the uh a certain
09:35 positional settings and rock types uh come body shapes and forms. And they
09:41 these things called aspect ratios like depending the thickness, how far does extend
09:47 in different directions. Uh Those are things for a geologist and everyone else
09:54 use to correlate between wells when we have clear cut answers from the geophysical
10:01 . And that happens more often than wanna admit when we when we see
10:06 on geophysics, they show us the that work really well. They don't
10:09 a lot of time on on the where we we don't have the resolution
10:14 the detail that we need and that's we need to continue to have geologists
10:19 can think out of the box and out ways to connect the dots of
10:24 between one well to the next because because the sample volume of a
10:30 is very small compared to the size our reservoirs. Okay, so charlie
10:41 geosciences, the application of geosciences and business of turning petroleum resources into
10:48 And we went through some definitions and that's kind of a nice good one
10:53 comes out of your book. Um could say oil and gas to your
10:59 , uh your book is english and like to use the term petroleum.
11:04 it's a fine word to use. , so now we're gonna skip to
11:09 two terms, we've we've discussed the chain and some of the roles in
11:13 value chain and where, where personnel the most impact and effort from one
11:20 in time to the next. But we're going to look at what what
11:24 thing really is. In terms of full petroleum system, the value chain
11:30 looking at the development of one of things from before we know it's there
11:37 after we've drained as many drops of we can get out of there
11:43 So, the value chain is a good concept to, to think about
11:48 uh, in terms of the petroleum , uh, there are really five
11:53 distinctive things, but they're all Um and the reservoir is kind of
12:00 key because that's where the product But we, uh, and that
12:05 Iraq that has Prasit e in And when we start talking about the
12:12 of play and play fairways, we focus on the reservoir rock in defining
12:18 play. Another thing. Uh, know, it's one thing to have
12:25 act for, for that's filled with and gas that makes it a
12:30 It's an aquifer with just water, a reservoir with oil and gas to
12:36 . And uh, but as geologists trying to consider if it's a reservoir
12:42 , if it's a reservoir quality what in that basin, what in
12:47 area, what in the, what that prospect has allowed for that reservoir
12:55 , which in itself is high permeability or in the case of
13:01 the source rock itself, how does get charged? And uh in unconventional
13:08 don't have, we don't have to much consider how did it get charged
13:12 it is the source rock, what have to sort out there is what
13:18 quality is of that source rock and the reservoir as well throughout that broad
13:24 extent of a shale, shales tend have really long aspect ratios relative to
13:30 thickness, sand stones are very, limited. If you know those two
13:37 alone and you consider the concept of , you, you have to realize
13:45 correlating sands first is a fool's endeavor sand stones don't extend that far.
13:57 you may have a sandstone here in here, this may be channel
14:01 channel two, or it could be channel that weaved around in this in
14:06 dimension and made it from one to other. But the likelihood of those
14:09 sand stones being the same if you wells that are saved five miles apart
14:14 often highly unlikely. Not always, often it is if you have shales
14:20 either side of those things, the extent of those shales is going to
14:24 all the way across that area. many cases, if not all
14:29 So that's why you need to consider you're looking for reservoirs and correlating
14:36 you don't want to correlate with reservoirs at first, you want to correlate
14:41 rocks that encapsulate them, the ones have more lateral extent and actually may
14:50 these things called seals that are barriers reservoir rocks. And so that's an
14:57 thing to remember. Um all these details add up to be a complex
15:05 , which once you understand it is quite simple. It's it's almost so
15:09 minded. It's like why are we about it the same time? It's
15:13 for people to grasp that. The in the details. And, you
15:19 , I can have two sands in different wells that look exactly the same
15:23 I want to correlate them, but not right and you have to understand
15:27 they're not right. And uh so , the reservoir rock is the
15:32 a seal is something that sits on of it. It's often called the
15:36 rock to keep the oil and gas seeping through the rocks and trying to
15:41 to the surface to once it reaches blue sky, it oxidizes and
15:46 it's gone. It's no longer resource reserve, but it's a lot of
15:50 . 02 and in the early period time, methane in the atmosphere.
15:57 the seals critically important there and it's with this and it also has to
16:01 with the reservoir. When we talk unconventional. Now, the trap a
16:09 of, a lot of times, , folks get confused, but it's
16:12 that confusing. The difference between a reservoir rock and a trap is,
16:20 , you don't have a trap if no reservoir. Okay. But if
16:25 have a reservoir, what structural and , graphic components, uh, do
16:32 have to seal that reservoir off? that if it's, you know,
16:38 , as geologists, we all trying to find a book around here
16:44 might be worth uh, using because have pages which are layers.
16:50 I can't get to one real but uh, but, you
16:54 most of the time beds are tilted little bit. So, you
16:56 and, and if you look at Gulf coastal plain in the Atlantic coastal
17:01 , a lot of the beds that , you know, 5,000ft deep underneath
17:06 right now outcrops somewhere around Austin and before Austin. And so the oil
17:12 seep out if there wasn't some kind structural or strata graphic feature that captured
17:18 kept that oil from getting away. that's what the trap is. It's
17:22 three dimensional combination of rocks, rocks and structural features that trap that
17:32 that's in the reservoir from seeping So, it's a, it's a
17:39 distinctive thing. This is simply the , it's useless without a trap.
17:45 is simply the rock, its use useless without migration and charging from a
17:52 . So the source is important. timing of migration is important. And
17:59 there are critical expulsion events when we at the history of a basin.
18:04 there's there's also uh critical timing on formation of traps that have reservoirs in
18:16 . So all of this comes These three, these five things are
18:20 important. Each step of the way all interrelated. Um If someone was
18:27 uh define all three of the all of these things rather, and ask
18:32 on a question, A A C. Uh through E A through
18:38 . Which one? Which definition is seal. Which definition is the
18:43 Which one is timing of migration. are important things to be able to
18:47 because you kind of have to understand themselves why they're different and in themselves
18:52 they are totally interrelated with the whole system that allows us to find oil
19:00 gas and produce it. Okay, is a really simple diagram. I
19:05 have explained the whole thing from Uh but but it's a cartoon and
19:12 the cartoon is showing is that there's seal uh here. Uh this would
19:18 called a structural trap because we have sort of um anne klein here that's
19:24 worked structurally work the seal. And a formation underneath it and the formation
19:32 to be poorest. It's showing you its poorest, that makes it a
19:36 rock. Since it's a reservoir it can hold oil and gas.
19:40 down here somewhere and it's significant to in this cartoon that it's deeper than
19:47 . It's they usually are going to deeper. Sometimes they're side by
19:53 And almost always um source rocks are than the Reservoir rock but not
20:00 There's when I worked in the Bohai offshore china near Tianjin uh pretty close
20:09 where a lot of the, well won't talk about the boxer rebellion but
20:13 but anyway pretty close to uh uh a lot of uh nice large cities
20:22 china exists along this huge bay. in the bay they have these uh
20:28 reefs from the paleozoic that were in by an ancient lake and that ancient
20:34 created these beautiful Eocene source rocks that them. And so the porosity happened
20:43 to the E. S. Uh during uh the Eocene they were
20:50 with younger sediments that were focused on had waters flowing into them that were
20:55 a sodium bicarbonate enriched composition. Therefore organic engine was pumping like crazy because
21:05 state in the system rather than being out. And so you have these
21:10 it's a good example of a place uh something that's popped up like this
21:16 you have lake beds next to it have T. O. C.
21:19 . Above 25%. You're going to some charging of paleozoic lime stones with
21:26 . S. N. Rocks that's unusual but that's an example that I
21:30 about because I worked on it. um but normally the the source rocks
21:36 underneath and lower but at any event need to be buried deeply. And
21:42 depth of burial is important because uh these sedimentary rocks formed near the surface
21:50 uh if there undisturbed and they build over millennia centuries millennia and uh and
22:00 millions of years and so on and forth through through various stages of what
22:08 have decided uh these rocks represent and and as it gets buried uh it
22:16 down into a regime that's hotter and is what tends to metamorphose these carriages
22:23 will and uh and pressure plays a as well. But heat is a
22:27 driver. It's just like a built oven and that built in oven is
22:33 what actually takes biofuels at the surface cooks them into oil. And uh
22:42 a it's a very uh natural process everyone thinks of oil and gas is
22:49 . But anyway um here we have showing you the source rock down
22:57 they start out down here and that's it had to be very deep here's
23:01 and here you can see it's migrating through some sort of uh can't do
23:12 but they like to call it sometimes sandstone that might be a conduit.
23:15 comes up and it fills this very formation with oil and gas. And
23:20 course they put these little arrows here show you that there's there's a bit
23:24 expulsion going on here is the source itself. It's being exposed up
23:31 which it could eventually weave its way and hit blue sky down here.
23:36 charging uh the conduit layer and here drawn an arrow because it's got to
23:43 past the fault, which may sometimes ceiling and sometimes not sealing that another
23:49 that maybe ceiling and not ceiling. then here, even a third
23:54 So sometimes migration is not a straightforward . Sometimes it just looks like this
24:00 right here, You got a source here and it just gets up there
24:04 instantaneously. Uh in this case, just showing you that there can be
24:10 to flow in in uh in the . And sometimes uh, you
24:17 things will flow like this and then kind of slide up and get into
24:20 formation and flow in that and come into charge, another formation. So
24:25 can be quite complicated. But the keys are, we have this
24:29 dimensional structure, We have this rock ferocity, that's the reservoir.
24:33 this three dimensional structure here is four closure on this incline, dumbbell looking
24:39 line. I can't really tell its close four way closure here. If
24:45 if this is dome shape coming in out of the slide, then it
24:49 be four way closure. And uh so then there, you can see
24:56 a seal. Uh the fact that migrating oil means that it's been cooked
25:03 matured. So you have a source and a migration in a migration pathway
25:10 you've got all those five elements. , this is uh this seems kind
25:17 like a goofy little slide, but really important in um when we teach
25:25 engineers, a little bit of geology I I did this at two lane
25:33 the past and I did work for while in the Department of Petroleum
25:37 but it wasn't a department, it a, it was a wing of
25:40 chemical engineering department when I was helping reservoir characterization. But one of
25:48 the things that strikes me is that we get the idea that large things
25:55 larger pore spaces, uh and therefore create more ferocity, but that's not
26:01 true. Um the size of grains uh in the sense of uh and
26:11 kind of have to clarify this, , you know, we have a
26:13 of court screens and they're almost but they're not, but if you
26:18 all these grains that are spherical and you look over here, there's small
26:27 and there's big ones, small ones there's big ones here, you can
26:31 that the process of both of It doesn't actually say this, but
26:36 know for a fact, this is it is both of these have 26%
26:41 . Both of these have 48% porosity this silly, stupid little diagram.
26:46 very significant in the oil industry. what what is controlling ferocity in this
26:55 ? It has nothing to do with size obviously because the little ones have
26:59 same process as the big ones, there's something different between these two
27:03 And what is that? The It's it's somebody said another word besides
27:14 is the arrangement. That's the were help engineers understand it. But as
27:22 , what would we call this? packing? Okay, so this is
27:29 is exactly how they're packed and uh this is a really important thing to
27:34 . And and uh when we come with some other things through these diagrams
27:40 point out some more issues that Okay, here's another thing um this
27:49 an example where they had lots of grains, lots of big grains and
27:56 the little grains got in between all big grains. Uh you can see
28:01 big grains were packed like this, would have been like that, so
28:05 go from But should be 48 To 0%. What's happening here. What
28:16 what is the the thing that you in sediment ology or or um
28:24 Excuse me. Okay, okay, are all loose screens. So there's
28:35 semen here, but I understand what saying. And uh these are all
28:40 , they kind of settled down and fell in this nice little arrangement.
28:45 instead of being 48% with these big , it's 0%. So what
28:50 what is this sorting sorting is the I was looking for. Okay,
28:59 you. And so when you were about sorting in class, you might
29:03 that has nothing to do with anything has everything to do with petroleum
29:07 And so does this, these things everything in the world to do with
29:12 geology. All these stupid little definitions thought you were memorizing? We're trying
29:16 give you clues as to what made good reservoir rock and what didn't make
29:20 good reservoir rock. If you're an , this is a sandstone, This
29:25 a sandstone. What the heck is with it? Sand stones are supposed
29:28 be good and your geologist, you to know. Okay, here's just
29:34 diagram. I don't want to explain in in uh incredible detail because they
29:41 just cartoons. But this is just you the, the way there,
29:46 there's two things in here. Uh is shape and the other one is
29:54 , but you can see given these when they kind of lay down on
29:59 of each other, right? Uh have these um per me abilities that
30:05 pretty good in this direction and that . The porosity is 15%. Uh
30:13 uh, when flatter things packed like , you're obviously gonna lose ferocity.
30:20 example next to it. They're packing this almost like stacked cards. You
30:27 , they're not, they haven't, we compress this this sediment before it
30:33 charged, these will get all flattened like this and you're going to reduce
30:39 porosity and permeability. And this is showing you, even though this might
30:44 a little bit more circuitous in this . Uh this is less circuitous in
30:50 direction. The same time, we less porosity. We also have smaller
30:56 throats and the smaller pore throats reduce permeability and the tortuous city reduces it
31:02 more. Whereas over here we have of an open framework of things like
31:08 . It leaves it open. So any direction we're still getting significantly
31:13 You know, here's 1000 mila darcy's is which is a darcy. And
31:19 one up here is a darcy and half. So, uh and the
31:23 is 40%. And remember even in perfect world, 48% is the best
31:31 could get uh with a little bit compaction and and uh packing uh we
31:38 a lot of it. So this still even better than the uh than
31:45 fears that are being packed just because shapes are funny, they don't fit
31:48 and they haven't been squeezed down to . Now, imagine these are chocolate
31:55 plates which we call. And again probably think you know what what is
32:03 have to do with the oil Well you know there's a thing called
32:07 and they have chalks in the North , they produce millions of barrels of
32:12 from the chalks. And there are that got charged when the grains were
32:18 this. Except that in the case these things that are all the same
32:22 and size, they almost stacked up a house of cards. So the
32:29 these were in excess of 40 just of the shape and the fact that
32:37 had settled out and kind of packed a mumbo jumbo or whatever whatever what
32:43 kind of crazy, very chaotic manner opposed to this now in the same
32:52 in formations before after one that's like , they might look like this where
32:59 the chalks got packed uh they got before they were charged or cemented.
33:08 then there's also ones in the North that were packed like this when semente
33:15 happened, they're very susceptible to These are even more susceptible to
33:22 So in the in the North sea have ones in the chalks that have
33:26 framework like this and we also have that have been cemented in and because
33:33 the cement they become brittle due to activity in the area. The beds
33:39 been worked in some cases bent into criminal structures and so there's a lot
33:47 fractures and they get charged later than ones that are filled in like
33:52 So to make a long story short the North Sea chalks, you have
33:57 different types of reservoirs, ones that like this without semente shin and ones
34:03 look like this with cement ation and actual and result of the formation of
34:10 to make them reservoir rocks happened at times and it happened for different
34:15 So again, it's a very, these concepts are very simple, but
34:21 the way they end up for complicated when these wells were first drilled,
34:27 were in search of oil from the sands well underneath them, which they
34:32 see at all with seismic in those . And uh they ran into these
34:37 fields that were million and now we billion barrel oil fields. It's
34:44 Some days you get up and you to work and you have an idea
34:47 your head, you have an no facts at all. You drill
34:51 well and all of a sudden you new facts and uh, and you
34:54 to figure them out, you have figure out what's going on from the
34:58 that you see and as you see , okay, here is just another
35:04 , um this is just a little redundant. I think I've explained it
35:09 enough, but you can look at on your own and figure out why
35:14 a direction that has better porosity and or excuse me, a better direction
35:21 permeability uh in each one of these uh and each one of them uh
35:27 one doesn't talk about the ferocity but kind of mentioning looking at the same
35:34 , same packing. Uh uh here's brains, this is shape. Uh
35:41 is a large round grains and here's and flat ones and it shows you
35:47 differences. Just specifically looking at how impacts it. So here we see
35:56 shape and packing in affecting porosity and here we see just shape, having
36:04 impact on primarily shape, having an on the directions of most favorable
36:14 Okay and then of course there's a thing called um semente shin, Here's
36:20 example of clay cement ation. We also get cement ation from courts and
36:27 can get semente shin from um Excuse . Right, yeah, you can
36:37 chlorides breaking down and uh and we'll examples of this, it's the point
36:42 trying to make is not exactly what causing it. The point is is
36:47 cement ation of any nature uh can cause problems and this is one of
36:53 reasons why carbonates are so unpredictable, one turned itself off. There's uh
37:04 of the reasons why carbonates are so is because they have calcium carbonate obviously
37:10 and uh Aragon it's one of the things to mobilize on the planet.
37:15 low mad calcite moves pretty fast So you can get a lot of
37:19 and consequently many times in the example was given with the chalk uh the
37:27 is post de positional rather than primary of ferocity in the case of the
37:35 stand like this, that's primary But if they've fallen like this or
37:41 and later fractured and developed ferocity, post de positional ferocity development and that's
37:48 in in something that has a lot calcite in the system. Lots of
37:54 sediments have chlorides and uh and and of glory. It's and so there's
38:02 lot of different sources of of cement and actual things breaking down into clays
38:12 in filling the pore space. another thing that impacts porosity uh and
38:24 importantly permeability here uh is whether you something uh that's in a single phase
38:35 a multiple phase and uh we could a whole week And I mean five
38:43 , not not just two hours or , 1.5 hour meetings on talking about
38:50 permeability. So I don't really get it extensively in here. Um but
38:57 something you need to kind of understand I think the best way to think
39:03 it is just imagine if the rocks are in there our water wet because
39:12 was an aquifer and oil charges Um if that rock was completely dry
39:21 oil came in there, uh do think there would be a difference in
39:25 flow of that oil getting through that with no oil in there? Or
39:34 me, With, with no water there or with or dry or with
39:38 in there. What do you think have the biggest impact? The
39:42 wet rock or the dry rock? think it would be easier for the
39:50 to move in the book where they have water because bushing there is easier
39:57 bushings out. Well actually, it's not the if if you um there's
40:03 certain amount of surface tension between solids liquids. If you if you have
40:08 single phase, uh that's all you to deal with. If you have
40:13 phases, then the uh, the itself that coats the rocks is actually
40:20 to have an impact on surface tension those two fluids. And of course
40:27 is actually talking about gas. if you have just plain oil or
40:32 you have oil and gas, the can sort of create an exclusion zone
40:38 reduce the the production of oil uh the Macondo oil spill was happening for
40:46 , I don't remember too many people that huge bubbles were coming out of
40:53 out of the well, um the brilliant scientists from Yale and Harvard at
41:00 time, it was mostly Yale. then some people from an environmental group
41:05 the UK, they took the total of the pipe and uh and they
41:14 uh that that diameter times the velocity the flow of oil that was coming
41:21 of there. But if you if you look closely at the
41:25 you could see that, that there a dark, dark colored section of
41:30 coming out and then when it looked of uh orange to chocolate brown that
41:35 full of air bubbles. So the bubbles associated gas as it's coming
41:40 actually creates barriers and blocks um some the flow of uh of the oil
41:52 getting out. So, uh in , not only is it just a
41:56 tension problem, but it also becomes relative humidity, relative permeability problem because
42:03 you if if you reduce pressure when producing something and you create flow,
42:12 thing that can slide through those spaces is what's going to produce fastest and
42:18 what relative permeability is all about. that's why um I'm thinking all of
42:25 have heard the term choke on a wells have these chokes on them to
42:29 the flow rates. So that the that have the highest relative permeability don't
42:37 up over producing and over or actually the flow of the more viscous things
42:44 you really want to get out. can keep the pressure up to a
42:48 level and don't don't create a bigger differential that's gonna cause the water and
42:58 the gas to race out faster than oil, the oil is always gonna
43:02 in any of these races. And what you, that's one of the
43:06 important things to remember about relative Okay. Um another big thing in
43:17 another big simple thing, uh and would guess um because I, I
43:27 did detail work, I did subsurface with my PhD because I actually drilled
43:37 , they were actually auger holes and to figure out things and I,
43:41 I did a lot of sentimental logical , I did a lot of not
43:47 at a rock and telling somebody that a sandstone. I actually figured it
43:50 with data and got brain size distributions the whole bit, but but net
44:01 net sand is a concept that always to be a little bit too much
44:08 at the same time uh in a aspect, when you're looking at an
44:14 that this kind of perspective net to sand can be really important because uh
44:20 geologists, we all know that the of sand is usually the result of
44:26 higher energy deposition, all setting. when we see an increase in the
44:34 to gross, we're seeing a drive the direction of better and better reservoir
44:43 , not because um they are necessarily sand grains versus clay grains, but
44:52 that environment, that high energy environment moves the sand often winnows out the
44:59 and sorts the sand and we'll talk that aspect to just put a reminder
45:05 your head that natural processes are the that get rid of um this problematic
45:15 we called, which was poor they actually create better sorting. And
45:22 and there's even a diagram, hell diagram that almost uh if you're up
45:27 it, it's a very simple but it explains almost the whole reason
45:34 we have reservoir rocks and sandstone uh predominantly than anywhere else. And of
45:40 it was never presented for that reason was presented to understand the motion and
45:46 re deposition of sand when water was by and and other different sized particles
45:52 grains. But at the end of day, if you're paying attention,
45:58 pretty much creates a really strong finger to why uh we don't have huge
46:06 reservoirs, we don't have uh easily play reservoirs. Uh we it does
46:16 why we're getting lots of clay reservoirs are hard to produce, but uh
46:23 it clearly will help explain why we so many good sandstone sized sand sized
46:30 reservoirs that have become uh conventional In fact, the oil industry spent
46:38 100 years focused on sand stones and it's just a natural process that makes
46:47 so perfect and so frequent um in of becoming reservoirs and mapping the net
46:59 gross out again from a map we can look down and we can
47:03 of see uh sometimes we can see , maybe there's not channels, we
47:07 see a fan versus a bad field . Uh We can see different geological
47:16 in terms of deposition environments that might lined up or actually be reservoir rocks
47:24 in our seismic. So when we this single well going down here and
47:30 well over here, if we see increasing in this direction, uh we
47:37 a pretty good idea. Uh Something's on to create more accommodation space in
47:43 direction over here than it is to direction over here. And so where
47:49 depot center is in a particular basin any point in time. Is important
47:53 find out for that reason because that much tells you where the prospects are
47:58 to be that have good reservoir rocks a conventional sense. Again in an
48:03 sense, you're looking for the source that you're looking for. The ones
48:07 the best carriages and the best O. C. S. Out
48:10 the whole bunch of this broad massive . We call a resource source play
48:17 for the reason it's there. We drill it, we produce it.
48:20 not it's not a sandstone, we to find it's a resource that's
48:27 Okay. Uh I throw this chart all the time but when we do
48:31 metrics in the second half of the . Um Uh these are some of
48:38 things that you can refer back I think I believe. Yeah,
48:43 says table 1.1. This is table in the first edition of your
48:49 The second edition I think has has much better table in it. But
48:54 throw this up here because a lot these numbers actually become important when I
48:59 you actually map out and calculate reserves yourself without using a computer to uh
49:08 up with an answer. You cannot . This should come up with an
49:12 that you will be able to And if your numbers are a little
49:16 off, you should be able to why they're a little bit off.
49:19 should be able to say, oh gosh, this is why they're
49:23 this is why they're smaller. This what I did differently. When
49:27 when I drew my map, if have a computer do it, you
49:33 , an algorithm, figure it You know, that it's a fairly
49:36 algorithm. Uh and the algorithms, have now taken a consideration a lot
49:42 aspects that they did in the I do recall when some of the
49:47 computer maps came out uh I was a joint interest meeting in one of
49:53 younger geologists at a at another oil . I was really proud of his
50:00 , but it it didn't zero out reservoir was basically an algorithm that exploration
50:08 would do to create something, we call a blob map where you just
50:12 one average permeability porosity and thickness all the particular area. Um If you
50:20 well data, uh it would just that a little bit. And computers
50:26 are really good at at creating bull's that don't exist in reservoirs,
50:33 but there you have it. And I'm gonna show you how to do
50:36 on your own and give you some of why it can be important to
50:39 able to do this in your own when somebody shows a pretty funny map
50:45 a meeting, okay, here, we will have an exercise in
50:53 graphic correlation and um well, I used to do this where it
51:00 just like this photography then I handed by a strategic, but it just
51:06 I only do three wells comes from exercise I did with 50 wells.
51:13 any any correlation in a difficult area 50 wells is gonna be better than
51:19 with three wells. And so based the data that a person has from
51:24 wells, you're not gonna see all nuances that you would get if you
51:28 1/4 5th 6th. And certainly not you had 50 wells. Um So
51:34 no absolute answers in that particular but let those photography's pattern matching and
51:42 you know, it's based on the and and when we get in
51:46 I'm gonna explain to you why you to focus as much on the original
51:51 , as much as you can on shells rather than the sands. Before
51:56 correlate the sands, correlate the shales , which will help you put the
52:03 within the right interval to correlate with sands and the other right interval in
52:09 well next to there's also sequence graphic correlation. And this is where
52:19 look at various aspects of the log look for different kinds of uh thinning
52:30 , coursing upward evidences of surfaces like a big drop in grain size suggesting
52:42 high stand, which might have an underneath it. There's all sorts of
52:47 that you can do with that. also an incredibly useful tool to have
52:53 you're interpreting seismic well data and or data that has wells tied into
53:01 And uh the key there is to at the surfaces that are related
53:07 Uh we talked about pro gradation, know, when you have pro
53:10 you have surfaces that go out, gonna kind of get into that a
53:14 bit, but not deeply. We have a sequence photography primer, I
53:20 anytime you teach petroleum geology, you to kind of tie in the value
53:26 sequence photography to making geological interpretations because uh Um you know, I would
53:34 80% of geologists use it every there's 20% that don't need it and
53:40 understand why uh it's useful and that's you know you may be focused on
53:45 smaller area and you don't need to a slightly bigger to regional picture sequence
53:53 . The most dramatic thing that sequence did when it was developed by Peter
53:58 and his cohorts at at ESso and . The most dramatic thing was they
54:07 regional pictures of de positional settings and they develop through long periods of time
54:14 basins like entire shelves. And uh something we didn't have a hand on
54:20 geology until those big regional seismic line were done. It was a significant
54:29 paradigm shift in geology uh and one was debated for 30 years um When
54:37 first started at U. Of In um my allergies are bothering me
54:45 when I started working at U. H. In about 2002, at
54:50 in this department, the D. . S. Um It may be
54:55 for some of you to know, most of the faculty, I didn't
54:59 in sequence photography and there's that funny , they didn't believe in it and
55:06 never should have told me they didn't in it. I understood right
55:10 they didn't understand it. And as turns out uh almost everybody understands that
55:19 in the faculty, we've got a of new people and even those that
55:27 Kind of gave me a hard time mentioning that it was a paradigm shift
55:31 2002. Eventually succumbed to the Uh I had one professor even tell
55:38 um uh sequence photography is something he consider until he sees it published in
55:45 . S. A. And he to be a G. S.
55:49 . Editor. And I think there's one of their magazines is Geo Times
55:55 something like that. And I well go take a look at your
56:00 . Uh JIA Times has a sequence paper All the way back to,
56:06 don't know, 19 1990, maybe 1985. Almost every almost every uh
56:14 issue had had a paper on sequence in it. So it is a
56:19 important tool and it can be a bit different to pick up on and
56:29 and there's different ways to look at . Uh One of the unfortunate things
56:37 in any human construct. It's based definitions by humans. And we started
56:45 with sort of some set ground rules to do sequence photography but we realized
56:51 it got more complicated as we understood better. And again that's what science
56:56 all about learning what you don't know if you're a scientist and you're not
57:02 confused tomorrow than you were yesterday. not doing a good job and uh
57:08 sounds crazy but it's it's really the it is. Uh any anything that
57:12 figure out should and always does lead more misunderstanding that you realize needs to
57:20 understood. So um and this was good example of it in in my
57:26 to see this paradigm shift. And and I was pretty fortunate too early
57:32 my career. They were just starting out plate tectonics. And a lot
57:37 the folks from Woods Hole would come the to the university of south Carolina
57:42 give us structural geology lectures on plate before most people knew what plate tectonics
57:50 . And and uh it's it's been interesting ride for me to see these
57:56 big paradigm shifts in the way geologists at things. I don't know if
58:01 of you have ever heard of but there used to be a Gs
58:05 all theory as to how mountains were . And we had all sorts of
58:11 like my O. G. S , you Gs incline, all sorts
58:15 geos inclines uh that somehow made mountains up like a lever uh sediment in
58:23 . One way of pop the mountains in another place, it was it
58:29 something that looking back on, it a big waste of my time but
58:33 the same time it helped me learn value of advancement and how to move
58:40 and uh I'm sure there'll be times you think that I need to move
58:43 because I am an older guy, but I've been trying to do this
58:48 whole career. So the next thing we do, uh and that's that's
58:53 I'm gonna say about paradigm shifts. realize we've got to get through this
58:57 . The strata graphic correlation of course bios, photography and face these correlations
59:04 and all sorts of complex things. one of the things when you
59:08 it's important to know, I think of where you are within a deposition
59:14 , like am I out in the of the ocean? Am I near
59:17 beach? Am I on a Because correlation is different in each one
59:22 those areas. And if you're using same tools in the deep water as
59:28 using up in the floodplains, you're be dealing and working with a lot
59:34 misconceptions in terms of the way these can be quarreling, you know,
59:41 early end of reservoir character, uh character residue characterization, reservoir
59:50 We started with shapes of sand And again, there's that focus on
59:57 , the shapes of sand bodies. uh we're different in each one of
60:03 different settings. And so that was of the first recognition that that reached
60:08 engineers that depending on where we These things that we correlate are going
60:12 be done a little bit differently in area because the shapes are different.
60:17 arrangements of associated faces are different. You're not gonna find a fan,
60:25 example, in the middle of of barrier island. Uh you might find
60:31 uh title delta or a flood title uh near a barrier island, but
60:36 won't see something that's huge and inter in the sense that a submarine fan
60:42 be offshore. So all these different and aspects and sort of understanding of
60:50 we are in the globe, where are in a deposition setting uh term
60:56 think it's really important to understand is positional dip. Could anybody explain deposition
61:04 dip to me? I think I it's a normal type of the position
61:20 like when you are visiting a sand just uh like a vision or something
61:28 having any tilting by the act of . Okay, well it's it's not
61:35 dip. It's um uh de positional relates to uh I guess if you're
61:46 the mountains, you're as far up , deposition early as you can
61:53 If you're in the abyssal plains of ocean, you are as deep as
61:57 can get in deposition, I'll dip water flowing downhill and then offshore and
62:05 slope. That is de positional So where you are with regard to
62:12 positional dip has a lot to do where you're gonna find the sands.
62:18 if you find yourself on a you know, the fans uh fans
62:24 gonna be down de positional dip from and you're gonna need some kind of
62:29 in sea level to make something happen there. And so it's it's really
62:36 . Um two, it's an important . It's a simple concept, but
62:42 not, it's not structural dip. , you know, water flows downhill
62:46 probably the easiest. It's gravity water flows downhill, debris,
62:51 flow downhill. And uh and and ice, believe it or not flows
62:57 if it's uh if it's a glacier the mountains. And uh and so
63:02 positional dip is actually um that gravitational on material that becomes source material
63:14 And I'm not talking about source rock organic source rock, but source material
63:19 become sediments up in the mountains, down the alluvial fans comes down in
63:26 streams and gets into meandering streams, out, and deltas. That's all
63:30 process of going down de positional And there's some other critical terms with
63:36 that is de positional dip, a of distance from the source rock or
63:44 material. Yeah, but it but any point in time, for
63:49 uh you don't have to, you , you don't always have to relate
63:53 to that. But yes, that be a great definition, but you
63:58 , it doesn't always have to be to the mountain. I'm just saying
64:01 all the way down there uh from the way up here to all the
64:06 down to the abyssal plain is deposition too and uh you may be at
64:11 beach. So deposition early up You're gonna be looking for floodplains deposition
64:18 down dip. You're gonna be looking shelf deposits and bath your deposits and
64:26 and other types of deposits that might like based on floor fans. And
64:34 and of course there are instances where slope, the battle setting is not
64:40 this, where you have sediments just down deposition, I'll dip. You
64:45 offsets and those offsets will block And uh and there'll be a special
64:53 example of some of that where we um sediments moving down dip over the
64:59 over the abyssal. Excuse me not abyssal but the bath, you'll uh
65:06 where we have um salt domes popping that are creating sort of a pockmark
65:15 along the slope. And so instead having uh sentiment bypass going down de
65:24 dip. In other words, you have a lot of sediments down dip
65:29 one reason or another. A lot dip. But there's a lot of
65:32 going on here. So a lot missing time essentially. And but then
65:36 you have a little pop ups in little depressions that are called mini
65:43 we have many basins offshore in the of Mexico because of of that uh
65:52 that at points becomes an accommodation space sediments can infill and you get the
66:01 bases. So understanding where you are terms of deposition, I'll dip is
66:05 important and I'll just keep bringing it when the reasons I bring it up
66:09 because I've had students in my class into sequence strategic fee and not remember
66:14 de positional dip is. And that irritates uh people that teach courses in
66:22 sequence to tear. So I want make sure everyone in here has
66:27 has at least a decent concept of de positional dip is. Okay.
66:34 here's an example of with the graphic correlation and These could be four
66:46 different. Well, where they could exactly the same. Well to get
66:53 point across, but basically, we're seeing sequences here that are identical
67:02 happening with depth. It's increasing, don't know. Well, these,
67:16 are almost, these are identical but you can kind of see that
67:21 we go deeper, they're getting getting . And so this is kind of
67:26 it would look like in a natural . The things that are deeper compacted
67:33 if we had uplift on this you know, it might be a
67:35 bit different uh section that's compacted over , might be older. Uh and
67:44 show you what I mean in just minute, but, but here,
67:48 is just, you know, this kind of uh, well, we'd
67:53 these are gammas sp logs over here the left, Um now that people
67:59 with computers all the time, I've a computer on my desk since
68:05 and there's still a pain in the . But but you have these patterns
68:11 that you can look at that relate uh de positional shifts, here's here's
68:17 grain, coarse grain. If this an sp or gamma log so on
68:21 so forth. So, uh, it simple, this would be a
68:25 , that would be a sandstone, would be a sandstone. And you
68:28 see somebody's correlated their sandstone straight across they look identical, right? But
68:35 difference between this layer and that layer have something to do with compaction,
68:41 we all know the world isn't perfectly . So, uh here, if
68:45 put happen to have some kind of graphic data, whether it's um something
68:52 that's rare, like radio metric dates zircons or something, or bio strategic
68:57 , whatever it is we have, , we might go from here and
69:10 see something like this, and this the same section, but it's been
69:20 deeper offshore because because there's structural not just strata graphic dip, but
69:26 dip. And some of these things deeper, but these are the
69:33 in other words, this is a coming through here, but here's a
69:38 . If we tie it at the of that sand and these units are
69:43 by shells and these shells are the and these are the reservoirs and the
69:50 is in this direction. And if something cooking down here, it might
69:54 up a sand this way rather than across this way. And so nothing
70:02 ever this simple. But I will students uh that work in the oil
70:10 they bring me a handful of um . And if there again, if
70:19 in a floodplain, there's a completely way to correlate them than if it's
70:25 long continuous marine section that has high low stands and uh and transgressive events
70:32 that, you know, all the things that we see offshore. But
70:37 uh this is predominantly sort of a to deep water setting. You're going
70:46 see this very frequently sometimes with um that occur farther up. De positional
70:57 upwards from the shore face. Uh see in size mint in valleys and
71:03 you have to correlate thinking in terms incised valleys. So I might see
71:08 coming and going like this as opposed things that need to be correlated like
71:14 . And, and here's, here's example of an incised valley. Um
71:22 ends up being correlated like that and have to be really careful in,
71:28 , and I know the people that this, a lot of them probably
71:35 sands first, if you're in this and you correlated the sands first,
71:41 might have done okay because you would had something that looked like that,
71:46 , this is a point. It's really an area. This is a
71:51 . This is a point. This a point. Things can change in
71:54 ft, uh, when you're in incised valley. So in some ways
72:00 is a little risky. But as turns out, it's probably right and
72:04 comes out looking like something like And so it's trying to strata
72:10 It doesn't look like this, but looks like this. And you do
72:15 a timeline here and then you here's something that's a timeline underneath
72:24 And then you have to terminate these like this. If you had seismic
72:28 this area, that was high you might actually be seeing,
72:33 these beds uh, physically terminate up that surface. And that's where seismic
72:39 in really useful again at this You might not see it.
72:44 uh, this type of interpretation um, is very difficult and,
72:52 , um, not necessarily objective in way that it's done. But,
72:58 , if you know where you you know, you're looking for in
73:01 valleys because the accommodation space happens when a low stand and uh, you
73:08 a flat surface and, uh, that drain sort of cut down into
73:16 shells. And, uh, can unit, right in here. All
73:22 this unit, right in here has be this age or younger and not
73:31 age of the beds on either side it. So if you try to
73:34 one of these sands to a stringer here, you would miss the fact
73:39 there was a termination because of the mint here. And this is
73:44 this could be looking either up de dip or down de positional dip.
73:49 the insides mint, the flow of incitement is either moving into or down
73:55 towards us. Um on the And again, that's a, we
74:01 a two dimensional diagram. I'm trying add a third dimension for you.
74:06 this would be the banks on the , the channel flows one way or
74:10 other. Let's just go ahead and it flows at us. That means
74:13 the river is flowing from into the down to the slide and pass the
74:20 towards us. Does everybody get Okay, here is, you
74:26 we're dealing with barrier islands and we we're dealing with barrier islands and a
74:32 of that has to do with any we have on the shape of the
74:37 bodies. Anything we have any they kind of give us a hint
74:41 what type of deposit it is kind . It kind of gets us into
74:46 mindset of kind of where we Again, this offshore section correlation versus
74:56 incised valley correlation would not be the strategy as trying to correlate this and
75:04 just shows you how you do it you start out and you start correlating
75:09 like perhaps an incised valley. But you realize what these are, you
75:14 to see this kind of development. I had a um One of the
75:20 significant, probably back in 2005 or in the Professional Master's Program. We
75:27 a student working with hill corp and are light bars, but um this
75:36 kind of the same configuration of a island. Pro grading barrier islands in
75:44 direction, de positional dip would be this direction, There's a little turn
75:49 where there's a title channel that comes but the Tom O'Connor field was a
75:55 like this. And uh they had eight or 9 uh barrier islands.
76:02 fields produced over a billion barrels of . And one of our students notice
76:08 usually like in this, well number , uh instead of a new light
76:12 , imagine this being a barrier he always had a feather edge on
76:19 of the wells where they kind of right into the core of the,
76:24 barrier core actually is what it's Um He would notice the next pro
76:34 bar had a little thin strip You know, there's a a bit
76:39 a flooding event and then as the started, it left a little channel
76:44 a little bit of a sand or edge of the, of the up
76:48 positional dip part of the bar just like there's a feather edge coming
76:53 , down dip, down de positional . And uh and he noticed it
76:58 another well. And then when you out here uh they had no more
77:03 because everybody thought they drilled everything. found everything, nobody bothered to do
77:08 seismic. And he didn't have any . But he noticed that he was
77:12 this feather edge um on the farthest , eastern uh Bar. And the
77:20 would have been trending northeast southwest. uh so um so this was the
77:29 O'Connor field. Uh This is a dimensional thing and it's pointing here to
77:33 southeast. And uh coming in and of the slide would be northeast to
77:40 . So he noticed that there must been a barrier down here that no
77:44 had drilled. And if it had a title channel, he'd have missed
77:49 . But it was another barrier He proposed six wells excuse me.
77:53 wells, six of them came in big and they were very shallow wells
77:58 cost very little to uh to drill complete. Uh So he made a
78:04 of money on old Nicky. He made a lot of money for hill
78:10 on on just using a little bit correlation skills and understanding sequence photography and
78:18 these things work. And again, he correlated it like that or if
78:24 correlated it like that, he'd have off and if he correlated it like
78:28 up here, uh, he wouldn't seen it because he didn't have this
78:33 . He just had the little feather that was above the main sandbars.
78:39 you know, you may think this reservoir is the most productive. But
78:43 you have these big continuous sandbars, much thicker. You can see
78:52 in an overall sense. And if go in and out of the
78:55 they're very extensive laterally in that Uh, with this cross section,
79:00 completely missing that dimension. And and so uh, this sort of
79:07 . Uh if you calculated the you might come up with a
79:11 But if you actually knew that the body shapes were in the extent of
79:15 sand bodies, you would have realized this properly interpreted reservoir with bodies of
79:23 certain shape as opposed to just correlating . Like they go on forever.
79:29 shales, you would have ended up bigger resources and bigger reserves because this
79:34 pressure controls and volume controls that were to the size of these sand
79:43 they probably thought they over drained this a couple of times. It's an
79:48 field. I didn't get involved in . But my guess is at one
79:51 in time, I couldn't figure out all the oil was coming from and
79:54 was, they had barrier islands and a flat sheet sand, which a
79:59 of times they used to describe these as flat sheet sands. And we
80:02 geologists today that, you know, don't take the time to think about
80:06 they're at, what they should be for and how they should be correlating
80:10 terms of the deposition all setting and it is in terms of up or
80:15 dip in the whole realm of This is just a slide I like
80:21 throw in here to kind of uh you how elaborate. Um And so
80:30 from the 90s, uh looking for Jurassic sand stones in the North
80:35 Uh, I want you to know , they still have trouble finding
80:40 Uh I used a technique called graphic and was able to find a lot
80:45 these things that BP missed quite I worked for Amoco before it merged
80:50 BP and and they would publish things give me data in areas where I
80:57 have any, which made it easy me to see what their mistakes
81:01 But this is just in itself as example if if I didn't know more
81:08 the average person, I would say these people sorted out exactly all the
81:13 and and how all these sands But in fact there's a lot of
81:20 with this and I don't want to into that now, but I do
81:25 you to understand that in the oil , they do like to work with
81:31 as defined by the veil curves and hack allow hack curves and different curves
81:39 they feel like it's, it's an system and it again, it when
81:44 was done, it was done very . It's just the problem is it's
81:48 complicated. You know, it's more than that. Everything is more complicated
81:54 that. Um, you can go the Grand Canyon and see this in
81:58 outcrop, but it's hard to see like that anywhere else. And
82:04 and so what I want you to is that even though we have all
82:08 these highly advanced tools and ways of things, it still takes a
82:17 uh, that can accumulate these uh, that are naturally occurring in
82:24 specific area. You know, the is not defined by one workflow.
82:31 target is defined by where you are , and that's something that I think
82:37 students of petroleum geology or anybody looking natural resources should remember. Um,
82:45 fee is not simple. It's there's a lot of words and names
82:49 strategic fee. And the reason for is because the world that, that
82:55 made for us to study is extremely and we have simple minds and we
83:01 to sort these things out in ways help us break it down and understand
83:06 and at every step of the We are just advancing our knowledge just
83:10 tiny little bit, but not all way there and it's when you move
83:16 where we are that you actually find and gas. And this is just
83:22 example of pal, they thought they everything sorted out. This, this
83:26 is just um there are some things it that are exactly right and there's
83:33 things that are hideously wrong and uh timescales or another thing uh that are
83:41 and dear to my heart. But think it's important to realize that uh
83:46 always good in the, in the , if you ever work out of
83:50 United States to to understand what the are. Because most people uh do
83:58 uh let's call it the rest of world, uh do geology. They
84:03 very up on where their stages and are because it's an important way to
84:10 of block things off in. Um in my career, working with Amoco
84:19 uh in geophysicists, we had a cretaceous erosion surface. And the only
84:29 right about that, it was it called the Jurassic cretaceous boundary. And
84:34 only thing right about that was that stuff above the the the line was
84:43 than Jurassic, this stuff below the um was older than cretaceous, but
84:53 much section was missing from one place another was huge and there are places
84:59 it was like this and there were , There were places when it was
85:03 this and there were no reservoirs. very confusing when you tie it to
85:07 single line that you almost can see the section, but again, that
85:15 would have been below the chalks and absorbs a lot of energy and the
85:19 today is still wanting in terms of . I think if we started doing
85:25 serve a lot of new surveys in next decade, we might see some
85:30 that we couldn't see before. And definitely going to be doing more ocean
85:34 surveys or O. B. And uh and that sort of thing
85:37 going to resolve a lot of the we had at the end of the
85:41 , all of these geological tools help make better and better interpretations and here's
85:47 one that actually puts on conformity is here. And uh uh and this
85:56 looking at one well and the problem an un conformity is it's a gap
86:01 time, It's not a point in . And uh when you try to
86:06 this with another, well your, you don't recognize that that gap removes
86:12 from one well to the next. have a problem and uh many on
86:18 is our regional, but they're never the same size and from one point
86:24 the other. In other words, might see that on conformity In 10
86:27 in a row over 15 miles, it's bigger on one end and smaller
86:33 the other end in almost all Okay. Um I guess we're getting
86:41 the end of the class here So um we'll quickly go over the
86:48 bit that we need to know for in this class. Um don't tell
86:54 or any geochemist that I said that as I mentioned earlier, geochemist and
87:00 think sometimes quite rightly think that petroleum is petroleum geochemistry, but but there's
87:07 lot of these things that we have sort out to help us find where
87:12 is. Uh I think their underlying their argument is if if there isn't
87:19 in the petroleum system, you if you have all those five
87:25 but you don't have uh maturation migration you don't have a source rock,
87:32 no point looking for the reservoir, trap or the seal. You
87:37 if you don't have the, if don't have the oil, you
87:41 you're wasting your time. And so we start talking about frontier exploration,
87:46 going to be one of the first we focus on is the petroleum uh
87:53 and uh and where it is and we should evaluate from a broad scale
88:00 a distance where we think there should hydrocarbons deposited. So I'm gonna let
88:05 guys go, I wanna know, wanna let you know, I've been
88:07 this and I have to change my to control my
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