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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - 3324_lecture09_0928
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00:01 Mhm. Okay guys. So what looking at here is the distribution for
00:08 first exam. Probably turn that Um And so you can see you
00:14 see there's kind of a curve here then all of a sudden we got
00:16 kind of weird stuff down here at end. Um This is still
00:20 The average 60.3. Still better than spring. So yeah. Um But
00:26 if you're down here you don't want be down here and so we need
00:29 figure out what you're doing wrong. so I recommend either come into my
00:33 hours or coming to Microsoft teams during hours, although I don't think that's
00:38 as effective. No one seemed to up. Um So if you don't
00:41 my offices S. R. 2 21 G. If you don't
00:46 Uh But I don't want you to so heavily on this. This is
00:49 one exam. It's a small portion your grade if you look at this
00:53 start making decisions for yourself. This bad, right? It's like watching
00:57 bad day on the dow and then to sell on your stock. So
01:02 don't just focus on one data point so it kind of gives you a
01:06 of what's going on. Of course want to walk away. That's when
01:09 have two extra press a button. right. I'm going to really try
01:13 keep myself to like five minutes on . This is the rolling average.
01:17 right. So what this is is let's take everything that you've done so
01:21 for your grades and let's throw it . All right. And so this
01:26 the tests. The first test it the first six um the first unit
01:33 of the assessments. And uh it includes like the first two of the
01:39 assignments. I think the sources and . And you can see, you
01:43 , it's not as horrible as it right. I mean everything kind of
01:46 everything and that fan watch the right? And you can see
01:51 All right. So once you apply actual distribution to it, it's
01:55 all right. Well it doesn't really here at the a range.
01:59 But down here there there is there help. And so there are two
02:02 haven't taken the exam yet. You'll to see your exam after they take
02:05 exam. But because of medical things give them extension. So Always
02:10 always 50s of fail. I don't change that number. Doeses't matter how
02:14 you guys do if everyone fails the because everyone below 50. Sorry
02:18 it won't happen. But you that's just like I said, I
02:21 I told you the first day of , if you can't cross street once
02:24 of every two times, you nature is going to take care of
02:28 . So that's kinda the same But what's going to end up
02:31 I'm just, you know, I've this for I think 14 years
02:34 that's 28 classes of this? And going to happen is these people are
02:40 to move up this way. These are gonna move up that way.
02:42 people, some of them are gonna here somewhere, are going to stay
02:45 . These people, some of them going to move up. All
02:48 And so if you're in a you kind of figure out where you
02:51 if you've done the math and kind figure out where's my test, what
02:54 quizzes look like. So and so so forth. Um If I take
03:00 and what's going to happen is I kind of figure out where I
03:03 So this would be like the rage now. That's a B.
03:05 that's right now. C. Range number is going to change, that
03:09 is going to change that number may change. I think that one actually
03:12 down a little bit. Normally about or stuff. Don't don't count on
03:16 . You never know. You might geniuses in here that screw up the
03:19 for everybody right? I mean you've classes like that. The one jerk
03:24 always gets the perfect score rex the . Well, that's why we do
03:29 distribution. Alright. And this doesn't extra credit. So figure out.
03:34 pretend this is the last day of , This is what the curve curve
03:37 . This is what your great is then after I've calculated that. What
03:40 I do? Here's your extra credit top of that and that moves everybody
03:43 . Okay? So today is not day to do this. Don't
03:48 All right. Today is like the of the first quarter. All
03:53 At the end of the first What do we do? We
03:56 We make adjustments, We modify, go, it doesn't matter what sport
04:00 in. All right. I'm thinking , but you know, whatever.
04:03 right. Who watched the cooker game saturday? Mhm Like four people,
04:09 people good job cookers way to support team. All right. They could
04:14 it. They were losing 17-7 at half, right? They're like,
04:19 , no one cares. They're your , man go out there screaming,
04:23 for him, you know, go somebody in the other colors. Don't
04:28 that. Uh huh. But what did was they went in a
04:32 coach yelled at him said you're your friends and your fans and your
04:38 and all of Houston and really most texas. So you need to play
04:44 and you need to do things that made adjustments and they scored 21 points
04:49 kept navy from scoring except for a goal in the last couple minutes of
04:52 game to make it look like it close. It was 21 28-20,
04:59 ? So first quarter sucks. So you're here you're doing, it
05:04 That's okay. You have a lot class in front of you. So
05:09 make any stupid decisions today. Make stupid decisions later. Okay. So
05:16 of you are going to say, don't know how to study for your
05:18 . I'm lost. Remember I taught how to study the, what you
05:22 be doing. But if you're still , remember all that reading I'm giving
05:26 and you're sitting there going in and so much reading and blah,
05:28 blah. I don't know how to with. This is so much.
05:30 don't know what we'll have you bothered to see what I'm asking you to
05:35 . Right. If you go and at this list, it's actually the
05:38 writing in the book, right? basically says a statement. The subdivisions
05:42 the nervous system, the subdivisions of nervous system are the tellin cephalon,
05:46 cerebellum diet. So oh, so cNS consists of those things. This
05:50 a statement of fact. That's a . You should probably know right?
05:55 here's another fact and so on and forth. That's basically everything you got
05:58 know in the form of statements, details of course in the actual
06:02 But let's say man, the readings . There's a lot of it and
06:05 know, yeah, well you know , if you go and look at
06:08 slice, match up to the reading all you gotta do is kind of
06:12 things down. So look at the consistent telling something like, what do
06:16 have here? There's a three cerebellum, dying cephalon, brain
06:21 midbrain, breaking all that stuff It's all there. The funny thing
06:27 when you take a step back and at what's being taught you doesn't matter
06:30 it's my class or anyone else to that step back and ask the big
06:33 , what am I learning? You're going to see in front of
06:38 everything that you're supposed to know and the test is, is asking the
06:41 of, did you learn the stuff we told you to learn?
06:45 So if you're having trouble organizing come and see me, I'm going
06:49 be mad at you. No one taught you how to study. Did
06:53 ? Yeah. You've been in school how long? Almost 16 years of
06:57 life. All right. I if you think about it, almost
07:00 years of my life and no one sat me down and said, this
07:03 how you learn information. They just things at you and presumed you
07:08 So if you don't know how to yet, come and see me.
07:12 make your life easy. Well, never know. Might make your life
07:16 living hell what we're going to That was five minutes I want to
07:22 you. So I know there's so let's keep them limited because we
07:26 like this much and I'm okay. ahead. In fact, extra
07:32 Right, So that's a very good . Thank you for reminding me.
07:36 , Right. I should eggs ope should open the the the exams after
07:45 last two people take it. Which going to be this thursday for sure
07:49 it's on the calendar and casa made . All right. Finally, we
07:52 we got tested. Alright. Test open up thursday, afternoon or
07:56 I've already moved the due date for second extra credit. All right.
08:01 , no panics. No worries. already adjusted. So, if you
08:04 done it yet, three points. you haven't done the extra credit.
08:06 you're blowing off the extra credit. gonna tell you the same thing.
08:09 told my kids and I'm just extra . Like free money. All
08:13 If I had a $10 bill or $20 bill and I put it right
08:17 on the stage and I said whoever that can come and get it.
08:20 you all just sit there and stare go, well, you know that's
08:23 like six steps. So no, come and get the money right.
08:29 it was a dollar, you probably do the same thing. Penny.
08:31 probably consider I don't need that. know, a quarter. I got
08:37 . You know. So, the of extra credit is if it's available
08:41 you, you do it All Extra credit is always a requirement.
08:45 like the optional essays are never All right. It's basically saying I'm
08:50 to go the extra step and you get rewarded for that. So,
08:54 that. By the way, If didn't know the optional essays are never
08:58 now, you know? Alright. one way they move you from the
09:02 , we'll look at your category to yeah, we're not interested in your
09:06 for those of you who are working that type of stuff this year.
09:11 ? So today Finish up autonomic nervous . five minutes if I don't stop
09:16 a phone at me, throw phone five minutes. five minutes. Just
09:23 that phone at me. Then what gonna do is we're going to start
09:27 with the special senses and since And is in general. I'm going to
09:32 you now. I really like talking this stuff. All right.
09:38 if you see me going off on tangent, what are you supposed to
09:42 , throw a phone at me? . There's gonna be times I
09:46 But yeah. So, I got phone out here so I can Look
09:50 all right. So, it's been minutes. I'm already behind. All
09:53 . So autonomic nervous system. Last thing you guys remember kindergarten. Do
09:59 guys remember watching sesame street? Some you did Do you remember this?
10:04 of these things is not like the one of these things is kind of
10:08 same. All right. When you're with the autonomic nervous system. It's
10:11 same sort of thing. All The neurotransmitter of the autonomic nervous system
10:16 either going to be a set of or it's gonna be norepinephrine. All
10:19 . So you have colon, ergic or you have a gin? Ergic
10:23 ? All right. It's ready for sesame street. It's always always always
10:28 to remember the thing. That's odd to try to remember which ones are
10:32 same. Right, So figure the one. And then once you do
10:35 . So, what I've done here I've created a chart and basically it
10:38 remember in the autonomic nervous system we pre synaptic or sorry, pregame chronic
10:43 , post ganglion nerve fibers. We a sympathetic and we have a
10:47 The culinary fibers always receive released a of colleague onto acetylcholine receptors.
10:54 Uh the energy released norepinephrine onto a ergic receptors. So where are we
11:00 to see the release of acetylcholine? , basically everywhere, except for one
11:06 sympathetic post ganglia nick. So here post antibiotic fibers release norepinephrine.
11:14 how do I remember that? so you can make your life
11:17 You put a in. Okay. your little chart. How do I
11:22 that? Well. Epinephrine is another word for adrenaline. Right. You're
11:29 have to follow my logic here. epinephrine is adrenaline or epinephrine is cousin
11:36 far you with me? So, and epinephrine are closely related. They're
11:39 at the energy. All right. when you are fight or flight,
11:45 pumping through your body? Adrenaline or epinephrine or epinephrine, whichever. But
11:50 see the connection here. So, I can remember the sympathetic fiber that
11:55 innovating all the organs in my Right. That makes my heart go
11:59 pat. It makes my lingo as guy is chasing me with the acts
12:04 it's that time of year. They're all coming out right now.
12:08 . Remember the person in the parking chasing after you? What did your
12:11 do? Right. So, the way to remember that is this is
12:19 all of those organs. And what are they doing? They're providing
12:23 speed the door, epinephrine, everything to the colon simple. Is that
12:29 easy way to remember that. there's a memorization thing. So,
12:34 you didn't like that. Mhm. , no, no. All
12:37 But let's let's pause here for a because I'm rushing through this because I'm
12:42 about how much I have to teach . But what's more important is that
12:46 learn not whether or not I get my slides. Well, kind
12:51 All right. All right. So did So the first question is where
12:56 I lose you for me? I'm could use a quarter. Okay
13:03 The neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous That probably would have been better if
13:06 lead with that. We are learning the trans the neurotransmitter of the autonomic
13:10 system and then we're going to look the receptors. So I guess I
13:14 that out. Do you see the of having a good introduction instead of
13:18 jumping into the middle of the Thank you for proving that even I
13:22 screw this crap up. All When you get in a hurry and
13:26 don't want to do it. That's happens. All right. So the
13:30 of the autonomic nervous system are are to be acetylcholine norepinephrine? Norepinephrine is
13:37 to one type of fiber? That be the sympathetic. Post ganglia nick
13:44 . All the others use a Locally. Okay, that's easy way
13:50 do that. Now those fibers which referred to as being colon urgent.
13:54 they released C. E. Or agin urgent that they released norepinephrine
13:58 releasing that chemical onto a receptor. right. So what are our receptors
14:04 receptors are located either on the post Excel or they're located on the target
14:10 so far? You're with me. where did we leave? Where did
14:15 release? North Epinephrine. We released from the sympathetic. So it has
14:20 be acting or the sympathetic? Postgame . So it has to be acting
14:24 the target of the post sympathetic ganglion . That makes sense. All
14:30 Because the pregame black cell is releasing the post getting leon excel remember it's
14:36 change draw the picture brie post gangland we talk about the big island indoor
14:51 backdoor. Right? So that's our . So the pre releases on the
14:58 the post releases on the target. you guys see that over there or
15:04 it basically one big black line? Big Back Line. This is slowing
15:10 down. It's okay. Your education more important pre post sorry gig.
15:27 know, I'm gonna fall right, gonna be sad you're going to call
15:31 hospital. Yeah. Yeah. I thought you had your okay so
15:37 . So you are with me with terms of structure. So the sympathetic
15:41 that's supposed sympathetic cell is releasing under target. The parasympathetic post ganglion cell
15:49 releasing on the target. We don't what the target is, do we
15:54 not? Right this second. So you're sympathetic, post chameleonic, what
15:58 of neurotransmitter re releasing if your post if you're a post sympathetic fiber,
16:07 me. Post ganglia nick sympathetic I got to get all the words
16:11 there. It's very, very tiring say all that. Post ganglion sympathetic
16:16 . What type of neuro transmitter are releasing onto the target not to see
16:22 calling norepinephrine remember the easy way to it, adrenaline epinephrine norepinephrine. All
16:29 . So the type of receptors here to be uh Adrian urgent.
16:36 If you're the pair of sympathetic The postgame unironic parasympathetic fiber, you're
16:44 casita Colin. So you have to a colon ergic receptor, right?
16:50 how it has to respond. So culinary joke receptors bind to see
16:54 Colin a genetic receptors by norepinephrine. are two different types of Colin ergic
17:03 . Nicotine. Does that work sound to you? Yeah, must
17:07 That word sounds familiar to you. of you are going on one
17:11 Okay, familiar. In the sense you know what it is or
17:14 You've heard it. Okay. You've it that way. Okay, musk
17:22 is a chemical release by certain toadstools bind to these receptors and cause you
17:27 die. All right. So, is it? It's basically the toxins
17:33 that mushrooms produce. So, what did is they basically were in the
17:37 and they have these receptors. They let's see what binds to these
17:40 And they just started putting chemicals on nicotine receptors responded to nicotine. All
17:49 . And then muscular nick receptors responded musk urine. Right? That's really
17:54 the names came from. And it you why they're toxic because they bind
17:59 so they're doing what they shouldn't be when those chemicals are in your
18:03 Right. That's why we don't eat toadstools. But button mushrooms are
18:07 And she talks and all the other are if you like those things.
18:11 right. So, where do we nicotine IQ? This is where it's
18:15 to get fun. We find them the post ganglion cell bodies. So
18:20 they're receiving their stuff from? We them on the cell bodies. So
18:27 receiving information, neuro transmitter from the ganglion nerve fibers. So, what
18:33 can do in your little chart, can't draw it up there otherwise you'll
18:36 stuck. So, if you do little chart you can do like this
18:39 nicotine nick. All right. remember what we said, sympathetic uses
18:45 urgent receptors. So just go ahead put a big old a there.
18:48 that one leaves this one for muscular . All right. Because remember I'm
18:56 going to use the other one. right. This is a chart from
18:59 other one. What we say? said we didn't see the choline,
19:04 , acetylcholine and what we do So, these are acting on those
19:14 . Like So do you see how chart worked? Okay, so how
19:21 different types of vegetative receptors are There's lots of them. Some are
19:24 . Some are not So it depends where you're looking. You're going to
19:28 different sorts of responses. All So for example, when you are
19:34 right, you expect to viso dilate that you get the blood to your
19:41 and muscles. But do you want blood go zipping through your muscles and
19:44 into your body? No. You them to viso constrict to slow
19:49 Actually got those backwards. Vaso constrict speed up the rate at which blood
19:53 moving through. So that's going to quickly to the tissue. And then
19:56 the tissue you viso dilate for multiple . One to slow down the blood
20:00 that you can pick up the nutrients stuff. The other is to get
20:03 quicker to the surface. Right? depending upon what that tissues need is
20:10 going to have different types of Now, these are all metadata,
20:14 receptors. You don't need to know one to do which. But maybe
20:18 heard of one type here in the of drugs for people who have high
20:24 pressure. What's one of the drugs can give them? Beta blockers?
20:28 do you think they're blocking betas? , beta receptors, that's the reference
20:35 they're referring to. Okay, I'm gonna ask you on the test,
20:39 just a way to, you little bits of knowledge allow you to
20:42 of connect pictures. All right, far so good. Does this make
20:48 ? All right. Really running through . So, when you are taking
20:53 anatomy class, the autonomic nervous system freak you out because there's a lot
20:58 information with this. All right. all these similarities and differences.
21:03 a lot of differences. But the thing is the differences are really
21:07 We've already looked at this in terms where the location of the pre ganglion
21:11 bodies are. Right. Remember we out here here's sympathetic. It's thoracic
21:15 lumbar When it comes to parasympathetic. cranial and sacral. That's where the
21:21 . All right. Well the ganglia located near the target Oregon. So
21:26 you look here look at where the are. They're trying to show you
21:29 are very very close to the tissue you see innovation. Right? So
21:34 long, very short with regard to . It's very short to get to
21:41 pair of ventricular trunk. Right? so you're gonna have these really really
21:46 fibers and then you're gonna have long that ultimately go to the tissues.
21:51 right. What about the degree of ? Well parasympathetic is fairly local.
21:56 get these localized responses whereas was You get these widespread responses when someone
22:02 out and scares you. Your heart goes up, you flush your breathing
22:07 your eyes. Dilate. All sorts things happen at the same time.
22:14 ? The reason for that is not because of sympathetic. There's actually a
22:20 system that goes along with it through adrenal glands that basically floods the body
22:25 adrenaline and or adrenaline or epinephrine and . So that's why you get a
22:30 widespread response. All right. You also get local. So if you've
22:34 played with your eyes and flash lighting local dilation. It's kind of
22:39 Make one Idyllic. Make the other stay normal. We're not gonna talk
22:43 that. Um Again, I've already of mentioned those pre versus the post
22:48 terms of long and short. Just up with the location of the
22:52 And you can use a chart like to say okay, what about my
22:55 nation? Well we all pre giggling arm eliminated. But then when you
23:01 down to the post gangly on you know a little bit different.
23:06 is number of regaining like branches. if I'm widespread sympathetic should have lots
23:11 branches. If my parasympathetic is fairly , then there should be few
23:18 So you see it's really a matter just kind of taking these things and
23:23 lining them up against one another. just to compare contrast and all of
23:27 sudden now the anatomy of the autonomic system becomes really, really simple.
23:33 right. And so you should be to say, okay well what are
23:35 of the an atomic differences? Long versus short, short versus
23:39 But if you understand where they start go And the key thing. Remember
23:43 has that trunk? Does your I have a trunk. No.
23:48 that should help you guide you and you remember those things. I know
23:51 running through it and I apologize. don't want to get through it
23:53 So we get to the fun stuff controlling it top level is gonna be
23:57 hypothalamus. But these signals, I say. But this is the but
24:02 signals are moved up and down the stem and the spinal cord so that
24:05 systems can then act out on all tissues that were right over here,
24:10 these different types of tissues in the . But the cortex also provides input
24:16 the hypothalamus to help you gauge or the proper response. Mhm. Now
24:23 is the question of us. I already asked you last week scary movies
24:26 likes him? I mean like you're you're just pump that this season has
24:31 started because all the movies are coming , right? Why do you like
24:34 scary movie? It gives you that , doesn't it? The that sense
24:38 oh, I'm scared. What? a sense of safety there,
24:41 Because you know that person on the isn't coming through and killing you.
24:46 . All right, So the hypothalamus just responding naturally to it. But
24:52 you're doing is you're suspending your disbelief long enough. Your cortex is influencing
24:56 hypothetical, say, go ahead and scared, but it's okay now you
24:58 calm down. It's not real. right now, imagine living haunted
25:05 You guys like the haunted house All right. So people go hunting
25:08 because do you guys remember a couple ago there was 100 house and someone
25:11 a knife. They didn't realize it not a fake knife and stab
25:16 Yeah. All of a sudden now behalf becomes real real, doesn't
25:20 Yeah. Yeah. The person screaming bleeding and they're like, what it
25:25 . They didn't realize they didn't have fake knife, they had a real
25:28 . And so instead of it it went right through, you
25:32 it was like four years ago, young. All right. But so
25:36 brain would be like, okay, have this expectation, right? Have
25:41 ever had someone really, really yell you? Like, you know,
25:44 get in your face and your like jelly. You know, if you
25:47 razi or if you've been in the , you may have had a sergeant
25:51 that, right? You're just I want to I want to cry
25:54 scream where I want to beat you and defend myself. But basically,
25:58 know better because if you do that's the end of days and so you
26:01 Right? And that's again, that's cortex, overriding what the help hypothalamus
26:05 you to do. All right. hypothalamus is in control cortex can influence
26:13 right. And so an easy way also remember that. Can you control
26:17 heart rate? No, but you control your response to your environment,
26:22 that makes sense? Right, We're jumping into receptors. We're gonna
26:28 at a variety of special senses and we're gonna look at some regular senses
26:32 well. And then what we're gonna on thursday is we're going to really
26:37 through the eye and the ear. really I'm gonna put the burden of
26:41 the anatomy on you. All Which is not that hard. And
26:46 going to deal with how it actually in the classroom to kind of scrunch
26:50 lectures together. Really a lecture and half together. All right. So
26:55 are receptors? They are different structures respond to some sort of stimuli?
27:00 initiate some sort of input to the . N. S. So,
27:02 cns can know about the environment both and outside the body. All
27:07 And so they have high degrees of . When we think of receptors you
27:11 think of that little tiny protein. right. But when talking about the
27:14 , you're probably talking about a cell an actual organ. Okay, so
27:20 has this broad meaning in biology. , you have to kind of know
27:24 where you are. All right what's the stimulus or stimuli singular?
27:31 is plural? Excuse me? capital stimulus singular. Alright, It's
27:36 changes in sensory information. All So, right now, it's bright
27:40 here. It doesn't You're looking around well, it's not changing, but
27:44 is constantly hitting your eyes. And the idea that you can look around
27:48 see different colors and stuff has basically and stimuli. All right. And
27:52 it's giving you a perception of what's on in the room. All
27:55 The temperature in the room here is or less constant. Have you noticed
27:59 the temperature hasn't changed since you've come here? No, because you don't
28:02 to your body doesn't even know that temperature hasn't changed. But when you
28:05 from the outside to the inside, you notice the difference? And watch
28:08 the inside and outside, you really the difference? Right? So basically
28:12 what we're doing is we have these to detect those changes and then the
28:17 is a conscious awareness of incoming sensory when you hear my voice, that's
28:22 conscious awareness of me making noises that can understand right now, the only
28:28 that can happen is if that sensory ultimately reaches the cerebral cortex, there's
28:31 lot of stimuli that comes into our that doesn't come to our cortex.
28:36 , for example right now, are of you aware of your osmolarity in
28:40 body? No. So you have conscious awareness of your osmolarity yet?
28:45 body is monitoring it. So, conscious awareness does not mean that you're
28:51 monitoring something. It just doesn't mean we are having a century input to
28:57 brain that says my salt levels are bit high right now. Okay,
29:01 an example. So when we're dealing the sensation, we're talking about consciousness
29:08 receptors are religious transducers meaning they turn modality into another modality. In other
29:14 , they translate or convert one form energy into the energy form that the
29:19 can understand, which is primarily action and chemicals. All right.
29:26 light for example, is an energy . It's a wave form,
29:30 If I were to cut a hole your brain and shown it on the
29:34 cortex which is in the back of head, would your brain be able
29:37 detect that? No, you're you're shaking your head on your balloon.
29:43 talking like that. Right. And reason for that is that the visual
29:47 doesn't have receptors right to detect? where do we have the visual receptors
29:52 detect light in our eyes? so that has to convert light energy
30:00 a bunch of action potentials and a of chemical messages that are sent to
30:05 brain. The brain goes, I understand now. Light.
30:10 that's that's what these these receptors are for. All right. And so
30:15 example right here that we're looking at an example in the ear. It's
30:19 you here is a receptor. Here's membrane. Here's another membrane. When
30:23 move either of those membranes that causes receptor to detect the movement which causes
30:29 channel to open up. Which causes production of a greater potential or an
30:34 potential depending upon the situation. And that is then ultimately if you have
30:39 strong enough greater potential converted to an potential that goes up to the brain
30:42 says this is the tone or the that you're hearing. All right.
30:49 receptors in this context are going to some modality into greater potential an action
30:59 . It establishes the resting membrane potential that that receptor cell can then
31:07 All right. And then when you that channel or open that channel close
31:12 , you're changing the membrane potential so you get the greater potential of the
31:15 potential. Yes, sir, When you can Yeah, that this
31:22 here would be an example of mechanically ion channel. So you can see
31:25 if I move it. I'm literally the the channel itself to cause it
31:32 open. Yes. Right. so they would be cells with many
31:38 these. So that when you open , the whole cell response or when
31:42 open one or more the whole cell . Okay. And that's what I
31:46 saying. So the word receptor becomes little confusing here. Am I talking
31:50 the channel? Am I talking about cell or am I talking about the
31:54 ? And so it's contextual. But you can see you'll even see me
31:58 between one the other in the same in the same sentence like I just
32:03 . Right? Yeah. So this kind of a general list of different
32:09 of receptors. So you can see they're named. You know, it
32:12 you what their modality is on the end. The weird ones are like
32:16 when the nose receptor which is a receptor nosy comes from noxious.
32:21 And so this is tissue damage and different types of tissue damage if you
32:24 a sibling, you know this right receptors, solute concentrations and then we
32:31 things where it's like we have this of a sensation but it's not from
32:35 single receptors from multiple receptors. I use this one witness. So there's
32:39 such thing as a wet receptor on body. Right? If I splash
32:43 with water there's no wet receptor says now I'm wet. It's there's a
32:49 receptor that detects a change in There are pressure receptors to detect the
32:54 of the water in your body. there are touch receptors as well.
32:57 all these things combined are being sent up to the brain and when all
33:02 these different things are meat. Whatever criterias then the brain says this equals
33:09 and that's how you know you're That's a sensation. Okay so I
33:16 think this might be like one of easy questions like what type of receptors
33:19 the photoreceptors attacks. So you know might want to memorize that just because
33:24 like here's a freebie point. I know if this is where I have
33:33 . This is the fun stuff. right. So we're gonna look at
33:37 STATION. We're gonna look at olfaction . All right. And the reason
33:41 look at these two first is because dealing with the detection of chemical in
33:47 environment. Okay? So Gus station detecting chemicals and the things that we
33:52 . You know, old factions detecting that were smelling. Okay?
33:58 the sense of taste, don't you taking this class right after lunch?
34:03 when you didn't stop and eat I'm looking at you. I can
34:05 it. I know that you guys eat lunch yet. All right.
34:10 , the purpose of this is to out what are the contents of the
34:13 that we're actually eating, right? is a whole science behind this.
34:18 don't think you need to be a to be. You know, if
34:22 a biologist that you are stuck in , you can go into the food
34:26 , through chemistry, in the food , you can figure out how to
34:29 cheetos and Doritos taste even better than do now, so that we can
34:33 get fat for no reason. Just now. Have you ever been
34:41 All the people wearing masks Right. . Have you noticed that when you're
34:46 food doesn't taste as good? Because you do the top top and
34:50 catch Melody thing endure. It's a is part of or enhanced by your
35:00 global faction. All right. So of the reason that it's hard to
35:06 things is because you can't smell It's also aided by believe it or
35:11 by your sense of vision. If see a great glop of stuff,
35:14 it going to taste good? You're like, I'm not touching
35:17 But there's cinnamon and uh Right. I blindfolded you, you'd be like
35:24 prone to eat it. And then also how many of your texture
35:27 I'm a texture eater. It's like it's uh Mhm. Yeah, we're
35:32 talk about I think we talked about I don't know. Talk about eating
35:39 . Yeah. See living boogers. . All right. So, the
35:45 system is rather uh it's it's but it's not All right.
35:53 if you go and look at your in the mirror, you're going to
35:56 all these bumps on your tongue. right. All those little tiny bumps
36:00 a little tiny fingers called happily. right. Now, there are different
36:05 of papillary. Alright, We have papillae. I'm looking at this.
36:09 this right now. All right. one that's missing up here fully.
36:13 circum valley funds of form and this what happens the ones on your tongue
36:24 they're not showing you up here is one that doesn't have it. Which
36:26 very unhelpful to me, right? very mellow and I can't remember his
36:30 . All right. But basically the fingers that allow you to lick ice
36:33 . All right. So, if go look at your tongue right
36:35 you can actually take a picture if want to. You'll see all those
36:40 tiny fingers. Alright? But amongst fingers you're going to see things that
36:43 like this. These are the funds forms. All right, way back
36:47 you took your tongue and were able pull it out a little bit.
36:49 so you can see like right about , that's where you have this line
36:53 of taste. What's called the circum and over here on the sides next
36:56 them, it looks like a series gills on your tongue. That's where
37:00 are the foliate ones. All So it's leaf like All right.
37:05 in the grooves and on the as you can kind of see
37:08 That's where the taste buds are actually . Okay, That structure, that
37:14 lee is not the taste, but on the surface of those that you
37:18 these little tiny structures. And you see the little tiny structure looks kind
37:22 like an onion, right? A white bulb onion or yellow onion.
37:26 old texas. Sweet. Right? , this has within it you can
37:31 there's a small opening, right? it's exposed to the external environment.
37:35 small opening has the little ends of cells that are found in that taste
37:41 out. And those cells in Those are the gustatory cells. And
37:45 what happens is when you put food your mouth it break it down into
37:49 little bits and small little chemicals and the chemicals that bind to receptors on
37:53 surface of these cells that you're And that's how you detect what's in
37:58 food. So, the first thing you need to have you need to
38:01 some saliva saliva helps you to um a acquis environment. So, those
38:07 can then find their way over the of the time. All right.
38:11 these little cells are called taste receptor into four different types. All
38:18 three of these are easy. One them screws everything up. All
38:22 Well, this one really doesn't count four cell. That's the stem
38:26 All right. These are all specialized epithelial cells. They do replace
38:32 They burn your mouth on Starbucks because don't understand the concept of temperature,
38:39 ? You burn your tongue and everything like metal for like seven days and
38:42 after about seven days like, now, I can again start tasting
38:46 again. Why? It's because you're recycling these types of cells they actually
38:50 recycle. All right. They naturally a have a like a 10 day
38:55 . All right. But we have type one cell that responds to sodium
39:01 . So, it gives you the of salty. The type two is
39:04 screws everything up because there's three different of receptors. They're structurally they're very
39:09 similar. They detect the sense of , the sense of umami and the
39:14 of bitter time out here. Who tell me what you mommy is?
39:19 . What do you have meats and gonna say meets Okay, so savory
39:24 the word we're looking for here. meals. All right. So they
39:28 g protein coupled receptors to do that then type three is salary. All
39:33 . So one and three are Type four is not even really a
39:36 . It basically makes all the other type to use g protein coupled receptors
39:40 detect everything else. Here's another time . There's likely more than these different
39:45 of receptors in the mouth and it's that our sense of flavor, our
39:50 of taste is actually broader than we give it credit right now. So
39:54 give you an example how many guys eating cheese or ice cream or just
40:00 meet with lots of fat on Are fats good. You guys like
40:04 ? Yeah, probably because there's fat on the tongue and actually that's one
40:10 our primary nutrition sources as fats. right. But we haven't characterized What
40:16 is just yet. So we're gonna it simple with the basic five.
40:19 right. So I want to walk the basic five and I'm just giving
40:23 the big picture. All right. this is a big overview. All
40:26 . So the sense of salty I gave you a bunch of salty
40:30 here. So, actual salt and salty snacks. What we're doing is
40:35 is going through specialized channels called enact . And those channels allow when studying
40:41 in because of selling polarized, which a fire. Which means you're detecting
40:44 salt. That's like the easiest right? Salt goes in Celtic
40:49 That's like everything we've already learned. ? So that's how you take
40:55 Actually literally detect the salt in the . Sour on the other hand,
41:01 detecting free protons or in other words . Okay. Think of all the
41:08 that are sour. We can start the fun candies sour patch kids atomic
41:13 . Right. So far so You guys you know what they used
41:17 make those sour? They do make as the Which was. So,
41:21 type of acid? I think it's . It could be Malik. I
41:26 know. I'm making up stuff up . Don't trust anything. I say
41:33 you for laughing. Just rubbing your going. Cannot believe I'm in this
41:37 with this man. Right, Yeah. All right, fine.
41:42 bring out the sources. All No, but so so I do
41:45 it's acetic acid vinegar. It's what put in Pickle juice. That's what
41:48 have with the atomic warheads and sour kids, you also have citric
41:54 Right? Those things, I think the things that are sour with citric
41:58 . Right? So that's why I trying to show you here is acetic
42:02 and citric acid. Now this I'm so certain because I've now seen different
42:07 . So I think I got this your book or maybe something else.
42:09 the idea here is basically it's maybe be this receptor. But the idea
42:13 is that the proton binds a potassium and then once that potassium channels buying
42:20 basically blocks that channel so potassium can't . So the cell actually um basically
42:27 to hyper polarize and it basically stops . So here it's the opposite.
42:32 idea is the cell is uh potassium out. So that's the uh
42:39 that's the hyper polarization. So, stop the hyper polarization. So it
42:42 start firing. All right. that's the idea behind sour. I'm
42:46 it by blocking a channel sweet mm for glucose. All right.
42:53 it's the shape of glucose. all of the rest of these are
42:56 be G protein coupled receptors. a g protein protein protein. All
43:01 . And what you're doing is you're for it's kind of it's called a
43:06 G protein coupled stuff. You don't to know that. But all you're
43:09 is looking for something it looks like that's that shape bind the receptor that
43:13 you a sense of this is And so that's why the cell
43:17 And you know through a signaling cascade of the polarization. Now. How
43:23 of you have a shoed said you're longer going to eat sugars and you
43:27 eat like sucralose or all those other saying anything like when you get
43:32 that's what you do. You stop sugar because sugar makes you fat and
43:36 you take the fake sugars and then still make you fat. But you
43:39 care right now. No one I'm only one drinks coke. Zero.
43:45 See now there's gonna start admitting he's , yeah, okay. Why does
43:48 Zero taste sweet? Because it's like . You know, they right in
43:53 arm. Yeah. Why? because they're using molecules that have the
44:00 configuration. All right. So The one is um aspartame. All
44:08 You've heard of aspirin. You're probably thing with that anymore. But you
44:12 what aspartame is? It's a die . Alright, It's a spark spark
44:17 . And I can't remember the amY but it's another amino acid but one
44:23 them looks a lot like glucose and why it's able to bind to that
44:26 in cats and dogs. You give aspartame they detect savory because it's a
44:34 peptide. And so they don't have receptors? Like we did are these
44:40 of receptors. So that takes us to mommy. Just make sure you
44:44 their savory. Look at that doesn't make you hungry further. You don't
44:47 meat. It still makes you You're like, I'm morally opposed to
44:53 ? But all right, again, protein coupled receptors. Glutamate in particular
45:00 to uh umami receptor and causes it uh activated signaling cascade. The Weird
45:08 is the bitter. Alright, bitter. What you're doing is you're
45:13 alkaloids. And so what I have here is what's that? I heard
45:19 , but chocolate is made from So that's coco, What are
45:23 Which is brassica? Right, That's Nebraska, can you name all the
45:28 the different vegetables you eat that are ? What's that? Yeah, she's
45:35 them all radishes, you get So radishes, cabbage, broccoli,
45:41 greens, like mustard greens, brussels sprouts, There's broccolini, I
45:48 , which is the roman broccoli, of those come from the exact same
45:53 , it's a plant that has been for thousands and thousands of years.
45:58 what has happened is is that we've for different varieties to give us different
46:03 of plants. So when we look cauliflower for example, like, oh
46:07 different than broccoli? No, it's a white flower of the same plant
46:11 would produce the green flower and this is a plant that's trying to
46:16 you? You know this right? mean, have you ever eaten a
46:21 sprout, You're ruining my example? lot of people like brussel plants now
46:32 you cook them up. But have ever eaten just a brussels sprout,
46:35 you steam it and it's like brussels start popping them. Or are you
46:38 braising them in oil and you're putting sorts of stuff on them with like
46:43 bits like whole slabs of bacon. really what you're doing is you're eating
46:47 green with something that tastes good. just teasing. No, I
46:52 I I get it. I like . I'm like one of those kids
46:54 grew up and I was like, is the green. I'm gonna eat
46:57 beans. Forget it. I will broccoli. Right. But this family
47:01 plants is trying to kill you. telling you that bitter flavor is basically
47:07 I am a poisoned don't eat All right, cocoa. Right.
47:14 you eat coco? Just fine. we live for it. Right.
47:18 mean, if I could bring you vat of cocoa with a little bit
47:21 sugar in it, would you guys sit there and drink it forever?
47:25 , but if you give it to dog, what happens to the
47:29 You kill the dog? Alright. kills the dog. What's down
47:35 What is beer represent here? What is in beer? All right,
47:41 . You gotta think about what what beer? Mhm. Barley. I
47:45 I thought I heard clark fermentation, from the east. There are four
47:52 that go on beer if you trust true beermakers. Right? It's water
47:59 there it is. Hops. Water yeast, some sort of grain
48:05 hops. What's hops the little It's a flower from a vine.
48:16 what hops does is it provides the and beer. It's a preservative for
48:21 beer. All right. For those you who like your eye ph your
48:25 pale ales. See this is what you see the problem? Why I
48:28 talking. There's so much to India, pale ale was brewed in
48:33 and it was shipped to India. do they do? They over hopped
48:38 because it preserves the beer. So beer wouldn't rot on the boat on
48:41 way to India. And then all soldiers in India could drink their beer
48:44 be happy go beer. All So it's an alkaloid that's there to
48:52 don't eat me. I'm going to you. Like hot peppers kept say
48:59 alkaloid trying to kill you. All . Have you ever I've watched you
49:04 , you feed the squirrels on campus make them fat for the red tailed
49:08 that's swarming around. Have you ever so many feed one of those squirrels
49:12 jalapeno? Funniest thing you'll ever I've watched squirrels fall off window
49:21 What Alright, because mammals have receptors compensation to detect the presence of
49:27 Why? Because it makes our All little little right birds, you
49:33 sit there and just coat them in pepper sauce and they'd be like
49:37 All right. They don't detect that didn't bother. So these types of
49:42 are there because the primary way we poisons and toxins in our body is
49:47 consume it the way that plants protect . They produce all sorts of chemicals
49:51 this broad class of alkaloids. And we have hundreds of these types of
49:57 to help us distinguish when the world trying to poison us. Sometimes these
50:04 aren't poisonous to us and they add to our food like brussel sprouts or
50:14 . This was it talking to us of the receptors and stuff that they
50:20 in the body. Right? So we can go back to the example
50:25 a little bit back nicotine and mustering happen to bind receptor that wasn't designed
50:32 them. But they irreversibly bind to , causing all sorts of problems.
50:38 . That's really what's happening here. not like, oh the plan is
50:42 to kill you because it's trying to you. It's like it hasn't woken
50:45 to dancing humans. They're toast. basically just something that binds to receptors
50:51 causes heart. You know, why poor little dogs eat my chocolate.
50:56 just didn't develop or their receptors that binds to You can cause them harm
51:03 think also onions. Is that Another thing dogs onions hi camera work
51:08 . So oh, so memorize anything this side. Just really. The
51:15 thing I want to show you here how recently it was that we actually
51:18 these particular receptors We've known about this for forever. I mean here's I
51:24 even have a 1901 is when we started doing it. But just kind
51:28 show you how little we actually know the body. We're still discovering stuff
51:33 simple as this. I mentioned already fatty receptors F F. A.
51:38 , those are on type one Um Anyone here like pop rocks so
51:43 , right? That's carbon dioxide and and it's kind of like nice.
51:48 the reason we want to detect carbon is because bacteria is a byproduct of
51:51 metabolism produce carbon dioxide just like east everything else. And so if you
51:56 food that actually has that fuzzy crackling , you know, that's probably indicate
52:02 probably wanna spit it out, But we train ourselves like with sodas
52:07 time. My youngest son would need is like, no, no,
52:09 , that's you say it's spicy, wasn't spicy. Just tingled. How
52:15 I know this is true? You know what double days is okay if
52:20 lived up to your college station with name, you know, they had
52:23 here for a while doubleday's pizza joint . Every Tuesday. They made pizza
52:28 and every Tuesday is two for you know, so you get like
52:31 million of these things and they're like long and they're just like heavenly.
52:34 really, really good All right. they leave their sauce in the salad
52:40 , you know, and it's But over time, you know,
52:43 grow in the salad bar. If didn't know that, that's why salads
52:47 to kill you a lot of things to kill you. And then you
52:52 that, I'm gonna make you upset . You get your little sauce,
52:55 start dipping your stuff and you feel tingling and it's like, okay,
52:58 guys need to take that back and it because this is gone. It's
53:03 off. Yeah, There's nothing worse your tomato sauce starts tingling. Like
53:06 soda. Did you guys ever learn ? Like there's different parts of the
53:13 we have different receptors. It's a . Okay. No, that's why
53:17 asked this is why this is, is really important. It's not gonna
53:20 on the test is just so that smarter than everybody else. 1901.
53:25 German publishes a paper. I'm not try to pronounce his name. All
53:28 . And basically it says, look, I looked all over the
53:31 and I check to see where uh, can detect different tastes and
53:35 like everywhere you look, there's these specific spots, you know, over
53:39 on the side, which would be foliage back here. That would be
53:41 Circle Valley over here on the front the tongue. That would be the
53:44 of forms. And basically you can all these different types of flavors in
53:49 of these. And then people converted from the german to the english and
53:53 there are specific places on the tongue specific receptors are located. And so
53:58 said this is where you detect sweet salty, sour, bitter and umami
54:01 know how you know this is not . Take any food and put it
54:04 your mouth and roll it around your . Does it change flavor as it
54:07 ? No, these are not incredible . Right? The flavor is just
54:13 . But there are different places that have stronger sense of flavor which is
54:16 here on the front of tongue, in the back of your tongue while
54:18 swallowing as opposed to kind of in those two spots. All right.
54:28 the Smell, I'm just looking at time I got what? 25 minutes
54:31 go to the rest of the good , I'm going to get distracted.
54:35 , faction sense of smell. What we doing? Airborne chemicals just like
54:40 is oral is a water soluble chemicals our food. What are we doing
54:45 our environment? Everyone likes to smell food. Right. Mm good.
54:50 you noticed that you can actually smell people and recognize them by their
54:54 I mean you're not really good at , but there are certain smells that
54:58 go, oh yeah, that's that's person? All right. So that's
55:01 we identify others. And then of danger. Would you agree that's
55:07 Danger. Come on. You've all into your refrigerator. See that package
55:11 the back? It's been there since moved in. You're right, You
55:16 it out, you look at You know, you have to do
55:19 right? Yeah, yeah. You've it. Everyone's done it. Worst
55:28 , ladies, I'm gonna let you this. And guys, this is
55:31 . Women have a stronger sense of . The men do. There's actually
55:34 research done and they show that women a sense of smell that's a million
55:38 more powerful then then um men, the idea is this is what the
55:45 was they took whatever the chemical that need to smell. And I think
55:48 did across different chemicals, they diluted each time. So it's like,
55:53 one then 10 fold dilution hundredfold so and so forth. And they figure
55:57 where do men stop detecting? So it's like, like, like
56:01 one that's when guys stop detecting, ? And then they diluted out.
56:07 then it was about uh six So a million fold where women stopped
56:13 the same thing. I know this true because whenever I come home,
56:16 wife says, what's that smell No. All right. Our sense
56:22 smell is not particularly sensitive or particularly roads to other critters were primarily creatures
56:27 use our sense of sight more than else. All right. Um So
56:34 olfactory epithelium is really really high up the nose. So that's the nasal
56:37 right up there. So it's the regions. This is where you can
56:40 three types of cells. The olfactory cells. It's the one that looks
56:43 the green onions. Please just bear me. I know they're not exactly
56:46 kind of looks like green onions. right. Got supporting cells that produce
56:51 and then you have little basil cells are the neural stem cells that give
56:54 to the other two. All And again, we can regenerate olfactory
56:58 cells about every 40 to 60 So these are regenerative euro uh neural
57:03 . All right. And then there's olfactory glands in there that produce mucus
57:06 well. That's not shown any of pictures. So, you wonder where
57:09 comes from. It comes from these right here plus these glands a little
57:15 picture. The olfactory receptor cell. is a bipolar cell. You can
57:19 there's a cell body. There's one two dendrites. Okay, one is
57:23 ax on one is receiving dendrites. that's where it comes from. If
57:27 follow the dendrite the receiving sign down the end. This is why I
57:31 it looks like a little tiny green you can see at the very end
57:34 the olfactory hairs. The olfactory hairs away from the epithelium and are out
57:40 the surface and away from the surface of that olfactory epithelium and it's here
57:46 where you're gonna find these receptors. you can see this is supposed to
57:49 mucus that overlaying all this stuff. an odorant molecule is going to penetrate
57:54 the mucous bind to receptor on one those hairs, the axons. So
58:00 you get a signal the accent you see they converge and they form these
58:04 cycles and the fast calls themselves. several of them, not just one
58:08 two but several dozen to hundreds of form the olfactory nerves. So this
58:13 cranial nerve number one. All So when you look at a picture
58:17 me see if I have a good . All right, right there.
58:20 kind of looks like a toothbrush. these are the olfactory nerves. This
58:24 this is the olfactory nerve, it's this thing right up here which is
58:27 olfactory bulb. That's cranial nerve number and there's many of them.
58:33 um now each of these cells have receptor and each of these receptors have
58:40 of these one receptors. So what can do is you can see an
58:44 receptor. Cell represents a single odorant can be detected. All right now
58:51 can have many of the same cell the same receptor but you can't have
58:56 cell with many receptors. Does that sense? All fingers are thumbs.
59:01 all thumbs or fingers. That makes . Okay. Same sort of principle
59:06 you can have this selling this cell have the same receptor but this cell
59:10 have two receptors. It only has receptor type. What is an
59:19 It's made up of odorant since. . Many many molecules makeup of an
59:24 . Now, I don't know if is the best for the worst job
59:26 the planet, but I want you know who is doing all the sniffing
59:31 . Right. Because women are better than men. All right. And
59:35 fact there are things called super smeller well which are like infinitely above the
59:41 women. So these are probably super . And what are they doing?
59:45 to see whether or not deodorants So what do you get a bunch
59:47 fat guys send them off to See if that deodorant stops the
59:53 Hey, someone had to do I'm sure they get paid really
59:59 Right, okay. In order for order for an odorant to be
60:04 it has to be volatile meaning It needs to be able to move
60:08 into the environment and it needs to water soluble so they can dissolve in
60:12 . We know this because when we pictures of people are thinking we give
60:15 stink lines. The smell emanates from . Right? It's volatile,
60:21 Doesn't mean explosive in this case although in some cases it might.
60:26 I've never said that in class but just thought of that. All
60:30 All right now, how do you the smell? Basically walking along?
60:34 kind of detect a little bit of and you think you smell something in
60:36 air? What do you do? breathe deep? So what you're doing
60:41 you're normal breathing stays low in the cavity. But when you want to
60:45 something you breathe so that it pulls air up higher to the or to
60:50 um the olfactory epithelium and what you in there is you have a series
60:55 conscious to basically these are terminates basically the air instead of gliding slowly over
61:02 over them smoothly. It causes the to royal or turn and twist so
61:07 you get more exposure to what's inside air. And then those odorant are
61:12 diffuse through that mucus to those olfactory selves. And there's actually even proteins
61:20 the mucus themselves that are are are that kind of basically say okay I
61:25 you know you need to come over and they basically send them to where
61:29 need to go so you can get coupling taking place and then this is
61:33 it looks like. Does this look anything you've never learned before. You
61:38 all this and it's like oh now know why he told me to memorize
61:41 learn these stupid G protein coupled receptors . Because we have a G protein
61:46 receptors bound and odorant activates a G that activates an enzyme that activates the
61:50 causes deep polarization which causes a signal occur that says this location. I
61:56 this specific chemical. So you're detecting . Well that signal has to go
62:02 the brain first. But but do see how this kind of works?
62:08 that's how it all how it all . And so that signal travels up
62:12 acts on goes to this structure inside olfactory bowl basically the primary neuron goes
62:17 a secondary neuron that's the secondary neuron secondary. These are mitral and tufted
62:23 there. The secondary neuron they're sending information onward to the brain. And
62:27 happening here is the glamorous places where that that transition is taking place.
62:33 have thousands of these. And each these glamour realize represent all the receptor
62:40 that can detect that same odorant. ? So I'm just gonna make up
62:45 odorant let's say the odorant is a odorant. Okay I know it's not
62:50 there's many odorant that make up strawberry for the sake of these strawberry
62:55 Right? So let's say you have strawberry odorant receptor cells. Right?
63:00 all those are going to be connected go to the same or form the
63:03 fastco and go to the same glamour that makes sense And then that signal
63:09 that secondary neuron then gets transmitted up the hypothalamus and amygdala. That's olympic
63:14 , limbic system plays an important role emotion. You smell strawberry. How
63:18 it make you feel? Some people you happy? Some people make you
63:24 . Right? So there is an now with smell. If you have
63:28 grandmother whoever baked for you when you that food that she always baked for
63:32 , how does it make you Usually makes you happy and hungry?
63:39 . And also it doesn't project the and why I point this out because
63:42 other senses go through the thalamus. right? And it heads onto the
63:47 cortex, stimulates a point in the . It says this is what detective
63:51 brain says. Aha ! The last we smelled that this is what it
63:55 ergo this smell equals that, Does that make sense? So this
64:03 what this is trying to demonstrate to . Like look here are here are
64:07 different flavors that you can smell, can smell blueberry and cherry and
64:13 It's kind of like sonic. And basically send those signals to the right
64:18 ally. And then that signal gets on. The secondary cells are responsible
64:24 uh determining the strength of signal and modify signals as it goes on the
64:30 system. So for example, you have an out of weight. So
64:34 like a really, really strong strawberry , but maybe a little bit of
64:37 . And so it's like, the cherry might be a misfire or
64:39 know some. So let's just go and just not send that so that
64:43 understand that a strawberry, if that sense. What I want to say
64:52 this. And you can read all stuff a little bit later is basically
64:55 imagine there's different receptors, there's different and each odorant combined different receptors at
65:01 strengths. Right? And so a of a smell, A smell like
65:06 a strawberry or arose is multiple multiple within the context of a larger
65:13 Think of someone sampling wine, Have ever smelled wine ever spun the wine
65:18 the glass and currents a little bit black oak some tar, you
65:25 did the whole look how how elite am right? The truth is that
65:32 actually happen, right? And what doing is you're just detecting the different
65:37 that make up that broader flavor. you're just trying to figure out what
65:41 all are. That's what the that's that when a file is doing any
65:44 , a wine lover, that's what doing when they're swirling. They're making
65:47 chemicals volatile, bringing it up and they're trying to figure out what am
65:51 detecting, What do I smell? do I recognize? That's all they're
65:55 , right? And it's because each those odorant will bind different receptors in
66:00 combinations and give you that perception of specific. All right. I want
66:06 to picture real strawberry. Can you the smell of real strawberry in your
66:11 ? No. Yes. Anyone. , kind of. All right.
66:18 you picture artificial strawberry? How how slightly different. You can imagine they
66:24 the right chemicals, very similar but there's something that kind of makes
66:29 kind of off right now. it's strawberries primarily here. But you
66:33 think of nestle Quik, strawberry Quik Fanta versus an actual strawberry. They
66:39 have different smells right. But they're of close. And that's because each
66:46 the utterance in there buying with greater lesser abilities than the others. And
66:52 why you get that similar sense. why were also able to take thousands
66:56 thousands upon thousands of different smells? minutes. You think I can do
67:09 ? All right. We'll start talking a auctioneer adaptation adaptation simply is when
67:17 receptor no longer response to stimulus to same degree. I talked about the
67:20 slugs that they did research on last . You remember that you guys are
67:24 month. Most of you are running . Some of you guys stuck around
67:28 what they used to do is they a slug and they have those little
67:30 I stocks. Do you remember And they said, okay, let's
67:34 , we're gonna take a little That's what you call a stick?
67:37 the lab is a probe and you it on the ice stock. What
67:40 this, what does this smell Pulls it in right. And then
67:44 goes, okay, put my thing again. Alright. Istock, Everything's
67:49 . Whack it on the ice It pulls it back in. All
67:52 . And eventually what you do if keep doing that over and over and
67:55 again, it becomes habituated. adaptation is basically the same thing where
68:00 like, okay I'm not even gonna this anymore. I don't even
68:05 Well we want a better example of . How many of you guys could
68:09 your clothes on you right now. that I said that you can but
68:13 did you guys notice that your were wearing clothes? No, because your
68:18 has said okay, I put on clothes, okay my clothes are on
68:22 body. It's safe to go outside , right? And so your body
68:26 knew when there was a change but signal while it's still there, it's
68:30 okay we don't need this signal And so now the only signal that
68:34 care about is when the clothes So this is adaptation. Stem cells
68:42 slow adapting meaning they're always sending a . They're always sending information.
68:47 Example of slow adaptation is posture, ? It's important to know whether or
68:52 you're falling forward or falling backwards. your brain is always getting signals from
68:56 state of posture. Where where is body and how much stretch. And
69:02 I have in the muscles to ensure the posture is upright. All
69:06 The fast adapting would be when that is on and then when it
69:11 So here it is. I've I've a stimulus. I put on the
69:15 . I can wear the shirt, shirt still on me. The shirt
69:18 off me. Got ripped off by tornado or a tree. Okay,
69:21 I know that I'm not wearing a . Okay, that makes sense.
69:25 would be the example. So when in stimulus intensity are detected, this
69:29 when you need to know the information the time in the skin. We
69:33 mechanic receptors. These are not a since this is what we would call
69:37 . Are not appropriate reception. But just some anesthetic sensations. Some
69:44 All right. So this is located skin has two parts to it.
69:47 has the epidermis. During your It's the outside. That's the joke
69:52 we used to say kindergarten is a and people look down that's just your
69:59 . Right? And then deep to is the dermis. This is where
70:03 going to find these mechanic receptors. counter receptors are different types. We
70:08 those that are un encapsulated and we those that are encapsulated. So what
70:12 an encapsulated? Basically you have this indie. It detects a very very
70:19 area. Most of these fibers are very, very slow signals. So
70:23 run mile nated. And what you're is things like thermo reception knows,
70:28 in light touch, chemo so on so forth. So, here is
70:33 example. That's a free nerve One that you can't see is the
70:37 hair plexus. You can just test . Could just grab a hair.
70:41 you feel you pull here? that's one of those. That's a
70:49 hair plexus. And then we have disks. Merkel discs are That's my
70:54 . This one showing Merkel's. So, Merkel's disk is associated with
70:58 with the epithelium. Or sorry, the epidermis. It's a it's a
71:02 cell and then it's associated with the nerve ending. And so you detect
71:05 the merkel disk and then it stimulates the other cell. But in essence
71:10 you're doing is it's just very, basic general sensations like what you're seeing
71:16 . This is where it gets All right, So, again,
71:20 is one of those things where it's one of these things is not like
71:22 others and just kind of play that notice They're all named after somebody.
71:27 right. So mucus, glamorous and . You know what harry skin
71:36 What's your hairy skin. What's glamorous . Okay, soles of your
71:44 All right. So glamorous, Harry , very glamorous. One of the
71:51 not like the others crosses crosses the membranes. Think of where the mucous
71:56 are nostrils, mouth, urethra, anus. Okay, real simple.
72:03 are we dealing here? Light low frequency vibrations. These things are
72:08 adapting. Okay, so this is weird one. It's not in any
72:12 the other skins crosses rapidly adapting, adapting, rapidly adapting. Here's a
72:18 one. All right, So, look for the weird ones.
72:22 Puccini's deep deep, deep hypothermia. to the dermis. Okay, so
72:29 pressure. So, when someone takes knuckle into your skin and you All
72:35 , Deep pressure, write, Finis. They're like connective tissue that's
72:41 of stretched out. If you look it looks like Stewie's head. See
72:46 didn't even have to tell you what was from. All right. Family
72:49 . If you didn't know Stewie's All right. What happens is when
72:53 when you rub your fingers like across surface and you can feel that
72:58 It's because what you're doing is you're it. All right, That's
73:02 Finis core puzzles. All right. then Meisner score puzzles there near the
73:06 . Right? This is light So, if Puccini's is deep,
73:09 light. Okay, so, what doing is they're giving you different senses
73:16 touch so that you can perceive your . It's that time of year.
73:20 like going to the Halloween parties. heard I've heard scary movies so
73:25 I've heard haunted houses. How about parties? Yeah. No, You
73:30 are not social animals. You're all . Mm. I need you guys
73:37 looking door knobs and understand that it's a dangerous world out there. All
73:41 . Well except for haunted houses with knives. Okay. So when you
73:47 young, did you go to a party? Ever? Never,
73:50 ever. Not once. Mhm. we gonna have to have a Halloween
73:59 ? Okay. At the Halloween parties you're a kid parents come in,
74:03 turn off the lights and very spooky they would come walking around with bowls
74:06 they'd say put your hand in this , you're like you're touching eyeballs and
74:12 like it was cold grapes. And they're like, here's brains. You're
74:18 brain and put your hands, it's And it was cold spaghetti. Very
74:22 scary stuff. And they're like your in a corpse. It was a
74:25 cat. On see do you see did the 123. That's how you
74:30 a joke. It's you set up right. How do you detect and
74:41 that substances because of these different types receptors? You can tell the difference
74:46 a baseball and a tennis ball because , it has different features but because
74:50 different receptors produce different sorts of pressures vibrations. Different receptors allows to perceive
74:56 things. The receptive field, I have no idea. five
75:02 The receptive field is just the area which something is detected. All
75:06 The larger the receptive field the heart to locate that spot of stimulation.
75:11 on your hands, receptive fields are , very close together. In other
75:14 , there's actually quite a bit of . So you can specifically see where
75:18 are, right? A little trick can do. I don't have pins
75:23 me, but you can take a . two Pens. Hey, I'll
75:26 let me steal your pencil. Missile pencil. You know, you got
75:30 . All right? So put your out, Right? If I put
75:34 like this, I'm gonna say that's point. And I sat here and
75:37 said, tell me when you can just one sensation, I'd go
75:41 you know, start over here. like, yeah, I can feel
75:43 you. I feel too. I could keep going in closer and
75:46 until I get about right there. you're like, okay, I can
75:48 feel one sensation. It's showing you that receptive field where there's two different
75:54 detecting. Two different sensations. Do in the back of a leg or
75:57 arm. And it's like they're like far apart, like Yale in one
76:01 . So why? Well, because are parts of our bodies. Thank
76:06 . There are parts of our bodies we need to be able to clearly
76:09 and detect certain things right, grabbing . It's probably important to know whether
76:14 not all points are being touched, ? But you don't really need to
76:18 that where the spiders on the back your leg. As long as you
76:21 that there's a spider on the back your leg or the scorpion crawling up
76:25 arm. Remember that? I know where was someplace over here. So
76:32 what the receptive fields are. It's the area in which receptor can detect
76:37 stimulus. Smaller receptive field. The discrimination you can have more clearer things
76:47 all receptors have receptive fields, Your eyes have receptive fields. Your
76:52 have receptive fields are just defined They're not space. A lot of
76:58 here. With or even over here No. See, Step two is
77:01 key thing is that different types of stimuli are can be detected by a
77:07 accepted that they can be specific to . Right? So that you can
77:12 mechanical nosy sectors. You can have . You can have chemical or you
77:15 have one that detects all different types things. All right. And then
77:21 all sorts of chemicals that modulate how respond to something noxious? You can
77:27 or decrease the threshold, making him sensitive and more sensitive. Right?
77:32 gotten a bruise? Does it feel when you touch a bruise? Do
77:37 have to hit it with the same that caused the bruise to make it
77:41 al No, you sensitized the The threshold to activate the pain receptors
77:47 now much much lower. So there three different types of fibers. You
77:52 faster fibers. Right? Large mile . You've got middle speed fiber smaller
77:57 eight and then you have slow How many of you have ever been
78:01 by a baseball? Whether it was fun. Remember the first pain was
78:07 and hard? Right? And then . What came throb throb, throb
78:15 uh you got hit by a Hey by the way there's damage two
78:21 fibers. Two different receptors basically telling the same thing for different reasons.
78:27 now knows some no deception, some some heat and cold. Some specific
78:33 . So you can think about This being fast. That being
78:35 That's fine. But a fibers are . C fibers are slow. This
78:41 of gives you a good sense to what it detects man. It just
78:47 going, doesn't it? We're gonna at this slide. Big appropriate reception
78:53 thursday energies of what is basically the of the pain response. Give me
79:00 example of an analgesic. So later lidocaine. Okay. I'm not
79:08 honestly. I I don't know how was thinking that someone yell at
79:12 Yeah, thank you. I don't about locking it may be an allergy
79:16 can maybe an anesthesia. I don't because I don't know its mechanism of
79:21 . Alright. In essence. What analgesic does is it basically stops the
79:27 response. So it's not that the isn't being received. It's basically
79:31 The signal is not being allowed to forward. All right. And an
79:36 on the other hand, basically just off the receptor and just says
79:39 not even going to detect the All right, So, that's how
79:44 works. Now. You have to opiate receptors. Opiate receptors are
79:48 Oh yeah, opiate receptors, Endogenous opiates. These are the ones
79:53 probably know the endorphins. They were an endorphin. And so everyone was
79:57 an accident, car accident Afterwards. happens? Hearts one, you're like
80:06 ! Yeah, can you believe that died? That's an endorphin. All
80:16 . Actually, it's not endorphin. more like a journal in This is
80:18 better example of endorphin. Anyone here exercise, lift weights. Alright.
80:23 it hurt? Uh okay. Not after. So, why do you
80:29 up and go and do it So, I heard people saying
80:31 yes, yes, over here while get up and do it again.
80:35 good. Yes, because the body saying all right, I've got to
80:39 that pain. So, here's a bit of opium. It's actually here's
80:42 endorphin. Right? Hot peppers. food. All right, Ghost
80:48 Anyone here do Ghost pepper. AM the only one that's all I eat
80:52 good. Alright. Ghost pepper, not going to party. All
80:56 Ghost pepper, right. Why do eat? Ghost pepper because we crave
81:02 endorphins who right? The opiate inhibits pre synaptic terminal. So basically it
81:09 pre synaptic inhibition. That's where we stop today. So, I hit
81:12 exact 20-20. All right. man, trying to catch up as
81:20 pain in the butt and I am
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