VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_TTH4PM__3_21_23_Teams
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:17 OK, folks. Uh Let's I hope uh everybody can hear
00:23 Um You can't uh just type that the box. OK? Uh Let
00:32 know uh if you can. Uh , well, do do uh obviously
00:37 want you to ask questions but um uh if you're not asking, asking
00:42 , kind of have your microphone muted I can interfere with people being able
00:45 hear me. So, um welcome back from uh spring break.
00:50 I'm recording this uh so I can it later on blackboard so you all
00:55 look at it later if you want . Um So uh let's see.
01:00 let me start by sharing uh my . OK? And oh, if
01:08 do have questions, uh you can uh the code. Uh I like
01:14 I um share the screen, you'll the code there. But let me
01:17 ahead and just type it in here well. It's uh 109782782. Uh
01:26 the uh I session. I, guess we call it here session.
01:35 so because we're, this is a unusual that we're doing this. Uh
01:40 having flashbacks from the pandemic. Um uh I don't like this particularly,
01:45 like being in the classroom, which sure many of you do as
01:49 So, but this is what, , what's going on. So let
01:53 , um so not to trivialize what obviously, because it's, it's obviously
01:57 tragic uh and people react differently to things. And for that reason,
02:02 know, some people may not may not want to deal with lecture
02:05 all, you know, this So that's, that's fine. So
02:08 why I'm not really, I'm not requiring any kind of um I
02:14 you have like something happens but I , I might be including this
02:18 in, in, in the tally days for attendance. So don't worry
02:21 it if you can't attend. Uh we will do quicker questions,
02:25 you know, that's just because that's we do, but we're not gonna
02:28 for anything. So at least for day, uh if you, like
02:33 said, people have different reactions to happened. Um Yeah. So um
02:43 , you know, if you do like you need help, the,
02:45 , and I'm sure you have h already sent out emails to provost and
02:49 . So if you feel like you uh when I talk to somebody,
02:52 you can always go to the C A P s and that's, that
02:56 is in um the syllabus. Uh like I said, you have h
03:01 reached out as well. So, know, it's, it's sad
03:05 you know, but it's unfortunately something happens these days. Um,
03:11 I, I don't wanna, there's , no need for me to say
03:14 further. So, uh, but , as for Thursday, I do
03:18 know. There's, there's been no yet, uh, there's been no
03:23 yet regarding, um, if, classes are gonna be held in Agnes
03:29 Thursday, assume, assume that we going to be in class Thursday.
03:35 just plan on being in class Obviously, you'll probably know the same
03:40 . I will if, if that . So, and I'll send out
03:43 email, uh, as, as . Ok. So, um,
03:49 , uh, so let's, we'll ahead. Uh, hopefully this will
03:52 the only time. Uh, I'm not sure we'll have to do
03:56 this way, but, uh, is what it is. And so
04:00 just, we just, uh, forward. So let me go ahead
04:03 share my screen here. Ok. right. So, um,
04:15 uh, ok, reminder. So already sent out the email.
04:19 so exam two this week, of , um, Friday, Saturday.
04:26 , I'm around if you wanna meet if you have questions that's fine,
04:31 , to, so everything we're talking this week, nothing. No,
04:35 of this is on exam two, we're talking about today or Thursday or
04:38 starting unit three. Today. there will be a weekly backward
04:42 Yeah, I know you have an Friday, Saturday and, but we're
04:46 having a weekly quiz just because, know, we've lots of material and
04:52 , we've got to keep going um, the same thing happens with
04:55 three, there's a quiz that same . So, but, you
04:58 this quiz is not that difficult. like maybe five questions. Just do
05:03 on Monday, you know, on 27th if you need to. But
05:06 , it's up to you but don't fret so much that you have
05:09 have a weekly quiz. It's not big a deal. Smart work is
05:13 due for another couple of weeks. don't need to worry about that at
05:16 . Um OK. So this is beginning of either three, which is
05:21 short. OK. Um Uh it's we're doing today is, is,
05:27 says chapter 21 22, but it's . All right, please mute yourself
05:31 you're up there. All right. don't want these kind of interruptions.
05:35 . Your question. Fine. Um just in general, keep your microphones
05:41 . Um OK. So uh All . So unit three is relatively
05:48 So the, the exam three comes in mid April uh a week after
05:52 finished the unit. So, um if you pay attention to especially 21
05:58 so it's, it's, it's only couple sections in these two chapters.
06:02 it's very brief. I mean, can see here we're only, we're
06:05 covering this material in those two So make sure you pay attention to
06:11 . Ok. Um, and don't the entirety of both of the chapters
06:17 you're wasting your time. So, , anyway, so what we're doing
06:21 and we'll get through all this today kind of, I wanna give you
06:25 little bit of, um, a of, you know, maybe this
06:30 under the heading of microbial ecology, uh biology and chemistry. You can
06:36 at the nitrogen cycle, but it's at least give you some practical sense
06:40 some of these metabolic con we've been about. Um and really, uh
06:46 first part of today's uh topic on the hydrologic or water cycle is the
06:55 that really is uh what we're looking there is, is respiration, aerobic
07:01 anaerobic respiration. So it's the same of concepts that we've been talking about
07:05 too. Uh And then when we to National Cycle, we talked about
07:09 here and there. Uh we'll kind put it all together uh today.
07:15 But you've mentioned that before in the of reduced forms of nitrogen versus oxidized
07:23 and they kind of their roles, ? Some, some are used by
07:26 as an energy source. Some can these as trouble acceptor for aerobic
07:32 So we'll kind of see kind of the different various forms and how they
07:37 be used when we look at the cycle. OK. So it's kind
07:41 where we're going here uh today. right. And so, um let's
07:47 oh, here. OK. So the water cycle, uh and I'm
07:53 we all know how water travels on Earth, right? You have bodies
07:57 water, water evaporates form clouds and down as precipitation. Uh So then
08:04 terms of importance for us, here the water flow. So water precipitation
08:11 by, you know, it's all , right? Uh flowing down to
08:16 and streams and ponds, uh think in urban areas, right? In
08:21 , you have these, we get delude drains every once in a
08:24 And so, of course, the will will all flow, flow
08:28 to the, to, to the gutters uh ending up the waste water
08:32 systems, et cetera and other bodies water. And so, um uh
08:38 can be an issue, right? that's, it means a natural
08:42 of course, but there can be be problems with that. OK.
08:47 so this concept of B O right? That, so you see
08:52 O D think organic material. So, uh so we're looking at
08:58 is really high, how do, do you get high B O
09:02 how do you get high B O levels of water? Uh And what
09:06 the consequences of that? And so kind of what we'll be looking at
09:09 in the beginning. OK. And you can see here in the
09:13 the, the, the rainfall and coming down, uh water flowing on
09:18 obviously of, of the, of ground soil, urban areas as well
09:22 into the ground like ground water. so that then collecting in the various
09:27 of water. OK. And of course, uh from a household
09:32 , for example, or manufacturing plant , which, which all typically use
09:38 uh in some part of process. certainly in your home, flush the
09:42 water containing organic materials coming through, ? So um that can have consequences
09:50 you don't treat that water. And uh and we'll see what kind of
09:55 can happen. OK? And one the effects ultimately is if,
10:00 if, if these bodies of water this high B O D, high
10:04 material is dumped into certain areas that lead to oxygen depletion. And it's
10:10 based on what we already know this respiration. OK? Is what triggers
10:16 ? OK. And that can have consequences as well. OK. So
10:21 look at this question first. This kind of get us into how
10:24 define call uh B O D. . So B O D again,
10:31 you see P O D think um organic material, right? This organic
10:40 in the um water, OK. let's take a shot at this
10:47 So I get to chat here. . If you do have questions,
10:58 . Uh, because I'll have this the side here so I could see
11:04 there's any questions popping up. Um , if you wanna just a mutant
11:13 that's fine too. Ok. So go ahead and go forward here.
11:23 , what you're looking at is really you measure B O D. So
11:27 , it's a metabolic activity. Uh Really what we're tracking here.
11:47 . We'll count down here. All . So that's typically what I
11:57 It's usually either A or B people uh respond. So you have to
12:01 of if you, if B O represents the organic carbon content of an
12:11 sample that typically are water. Um if, if uh bacteria are,
12:20 are heteros and they're respiring aerobically, ? They will as we already
12:27 right? You get glycolysis. Um see the formation crab cycle,
12:34 All that, right? So they're be breaking down organic material and,
12:39 consuming oxygen in the process, That's how you do it the way
12:42 do it aerobic respiration. And so there's a, if there's very little
12:47 material, then there's not gonna there's gonna be very little oxygen
12:51 And that's what that X axis is you milligrams per year of dissolved
12:56 there's no D D, there's no of oxygen because it's flat,
13:02 Flat line. And so it means must be very little if, if
13:06 organic material in that sample. By , A has a lot because it
13:14 the oxygen is being consumed very There's a relationship, the, the
13:18 of oxygen directly relates to how much materials there. So A would have
13:23 most and d would have the OK. And this is kind
13:28 this is what we call um what called a five day, five
13:33 five day B O D. And typical for what's done. And who
13:37 this? Well, anybody that's doing kind of wastewater treatment of any kind
13:43 , and will be doing this uh see uh how well their system is
13:49 , right? Because the wastewater treatment is all about reducing B O B
13:53 they wanna make sure that their system doing that. This is a way
13:56 test how it, how it's OK. How, how well is
14:00 system getting rid of this organic material how fast? OK. And
14:05 um so we look at this a closer here. Um The uh uh
14:13 measurement of course, is what, , what we call the dissolved oxygen
14:16 and measure the amount of oxygen in water. OK. And this diagram
14:20 on the left, this is what's of the lab that does these
14:25 Um You'll have a number of samples and this, the, the,
14:28 black uh instrument that, that's the D L probe, you, you
14:33 , put into the liquid and you this. And so you'll take,
14:36 keep these jars with these samples out like five days and you measure it
14:41 a day typically to see what the of um of reduction of B O
14:48 if it's uh how fast it being . If at all the one at
14:51 bottom on the lower, lower left kind of an in line B O
14:57 measurer. So in other words, have a continuous flow going through the
15:02 and continually monitoring B O. So like like AAA uh a constant monitoring
15:07 dissolved option and, and its real monitoring over time of your system.
15:14 So what, what kind of values you looking at? So what,
15:17 is AAA value of water that let's have in terms of dissolved oxygen?
15:25 W what's the amounts we're talking So if you have an air saturated
15:31 solution, right? You just take water, for example, you saturate
15:34 air, what's the most you'll measure it? Well, that's eight mg
15:38 liter. It's not as much as think, you know, because
15:40 gasses and water don't mix very but um but the saturated and air
15:46 water would have that much. Well, what about something that has
15:51 lot, a big number or like sewage, right? That's what we're
15:55 about in terms of BOD more than mg per year. 02. So
16:01 , that's high, that's what's coming a wastewater treatment system. Ok.
16:06 you're trying to obviously knock that It was for drinking water. You
16:09 knock that thing down to zero? . Um, and so what are
16:14 levels that are dangerous? Well, , for aquatic life? Well,
16:18 you see five mg per liter. you get to be around there
16:21 between there and the five and then you're talking about you're affecting life
16:26 those bodies of water, fish and aquatic creatures. OK. So it's
16:32 a big drop 8-5, right? so um so the is it fair
16:40 say that more 02 removed to translate notes that's the opposite, more 02
16:48 high B O D. OK. if you have, you have to
16:53 uh think of a best think of scenario. If you have a,
16:58 water sample with no organic, it water, it's just tap water,
17:02 else. And you add bacteria to . Are they gonna use any oxygen
17:06 all? No, right? Because nothing that you want, there's nothing
17:11 consume, there's nothing to metabolize and consume oxygen, right? Because remember
17:16 organic material in that sample is is electron source, right? The oxygen
17:22 the electron acceptor. So just how eat, right? You eat you
17:27 and that internal acceptor is there for . So if there's nothing in the
17:31 to eat, then the, then measure dissolved oxygen, it's gonna,
17:35 not gonna be any removal of OK. So it's about the rate
17:40 , of removal of, of the rate of oxygen consumption,
17:44 Which is why we look at it a time period, take samples every
17:49 and we look at, actually, can look at it if you have
17:51 active ecoli culture, you can measure every minute. But, but we're
17:55 at more, more B O D more to eat, needs more option
18:01 consume, to get rid of right? So it's all about the
18:04 of, of how fast that option is occurring. OK? I hope
18:09 makes sense. Um So the So, so what happens then as
18:16 get into this? So what we're look at is OK? What's,
18:20 an environmental situation where you can get B O D in waters where they
18:24 wouldn't be? OK. This is you come into these hypoxic areas or
18:30 zones. OK. And so um these occur. So this is where
18:38 get, you can get an influx nutrients, for example. Uh So
18:42 , in, in most ecosystems, more or less balanced. OK?
18:48 frankly nutrient limited. OK? And when you have an influx of
18:55 this can upset the balance, And these can allow certain members of
19:00 population to blow up in terms of density, right, particularly microbes.
19:06 so, uh so for example, this picture here, this is the
19:09 water horizon oil spill, I'm sure familiar with that occurred in the
19:13 And so that uh that's lots of oil is organic material, obviously.
19:19 so that's, that's food for lots bacteria. And um so as they
19:24 though that carbon, they'll consume right? Aerobic restoration. And where
19:29 the oxygen coming from, from the that they're in? And so that's
19:34 you see the dissolved oxygen less than mg per liter. So we've gone
19:38 air saturated waters to eight. Now going down to two that's definitely gonna
19:43 . So there's that there's no little no uh achronic life in a sense
19:49 , you know, and those kind things in, in those areas or
19:53 little, right? And so, and again, because this effect
19:59 of the influx of nutrients, growth microbes and their block activity reduces the
20:03 in these areas. Um There was good question in an earlier class that
20:09 , well, can, can this restored? And horizons film was
20:15 So I, I I can't think a practical way that you can to
20:21 to, to fix that, you , but like, you know,
20:24 oxygen in the water that wouldn't be to do that. Um I think
20:28 just a matter of time and hope letting it recover. Um uh There
20:33 be something out there that people are , but I'm not aware of any
20:36 of practical things that can be done than just kind of it, it
20:40 and then, you know, maybe water currents come in to bring oxygen
20:43 things like that, just natural Uh I'm not sure and I,
20:48 not sure how long these things persist . So, uh but I would
20:52 that over time they, it does there's no other oil spill that it
20:56 recover on its own. But uh that's one example. So also if
21:01 look at the, the map, you see the green area, so
21:04 see upper Mississippi, lower Mississippi. So that, that Mississippi river that
21:10 all the way to the, to Gulf of Mexico beginning up, I
21:13 that northern Minnesota. Um So all there, particularly in Louisiana. Um
21:23 Mississippi uh that's that is heavily agricultural all along the river there.
21:31 And so agricultural areas, especially the commercial ones use fertilizer and fertilizer is
21:38 used in excess. You have precipitation runoff of that into the river.
21:44 so that's the influx of things like uh nitrogen phosphorus at two because it's
21:51 always necessarily about the carbon. it can also be about nitrogen and
21:56 because these are what photo like, ? They, they get their carbon
22:01 co2. but you give them this of these other nutrients that can cause
22:05 to blow up as well. And , creating a similar type of
22:10 So, um so this, this be an issue and it's not just
22:15 and there's also further up the Mississippi in the Midwest and, and north
22:21 industrial uh industrial plants along the And so they can dump in the
22:27 material through waste or whatnot and that this kind of effect. So,
22:32 it, it can be a real issue. And so again, it's
22:37 about increase the B O D levels then trigger this growth of microbes and
22:44 restoration, reducing oxygen levels. Um All right. So let's,
22:51 brings us, I kind of alluded it a second ago, but let's
22:55 at this question about trout. So this is again, a byproduct
23:04 nutrient influx, right? Typically, these things they can happen unknowingly,
23:13 assume, you know, but sometimes happen knowingly, you know, and
23:18 both aren't good, but uh the of, of it is not good
23:27 ecosystems, uh creatures in those things as a result. So uh a
23:34 is a, is kind of a effect first, if one thing happens
23:38 another than another time. So I'll you a second to answer that
23:47 You certainly type in or you wanna and asked a question for him and
23:57 while you're answering that uh as we into wastewater treatment here in a
24:02 that's of the number of jobs I before going into teaching. Uh one
24:09 them was actually half of the business like wastewater treatment and stuff. So
24:14 throw in some things that I'm not test you on, but at least
24:18 to make it more interesting. let me go and count down
24:31 So, yes, a lot of effects that we're seeing are are really
24:35 of metabolism uh among microbes that get under certain conditions. And so,
24:45 know, in, in, in environment, period, nutrients are
24:49 And you know, when, when of a sudden you have an influx
24:53 certain types, these can cause certain populations to increase and that can have
25:06 . OK. So see, it is gonna be uh uh
25:18 So uh it's gonna actually result in decrease in oxygen content. Um an
25:26 initially in photosynthetic types. Um It's kill up algae, it causes,
25:35 causes algae and bacteria to explode in . Uh But yeah, it is
25:40 it is, it results in high of a bacterial decomposition and this is
25:46 keeps the oxygen. OK. So just step wise things. So let's
25:50 of go through that here. So um excuse me, so petrification
26:00 , begins by um and this this is not the only way this
26:03 it's a very common scenario. So could be a pond, a stream
26:07 river, excuse me, what have . And alongside is an agricultural
26:16 right? Or, and um and is, is utilized uh in the
26:24 . And so you may have water off either either through just natural precipitation
26:30 it could be, you know, agriculture, especially big farms, big
26:34 use their own irrigation systems. And of course not all the fertilizer is
26:39 . It's, it, it's uh runs off and so it can run
26:43 nearby bodies of water and fertilizer, course, can is high in nitrogen
26:48 phosphorus. OK. So again, influx causes a explosion of growth of
26:55 and santa bacteria. And the like you know, they're photosynthetic,
27:00 And they, they get CO2 in air, they get sunlight,
27:07 But they do need nutrients to spur growth, right? Because they can't
27:12 nitrogen phosphorus. So when there's, it's, and it's limiting in their
27:16 . So when you get a an an in put of it and
27:21 wow, they, they go So you'll see green mats literally a
27:27 map on top of the or native or this under ecos of the water
27:32 that represents this massive amount of And so then what happens is,
27:38 so they call these things out the , OK? For that reason,
27:41 dense amount of growth. But what is, you know, the the
27:47 of fertilizer doesn't keep going and going going to sustain this growth. You
27:51 , it ends, you know, use it up and then, then
27:54 happens? Well, they can no be sustained. So they die.
27:58 now it becomes, here's a So now this becomes food for the
28:03 level. So that's where your heterotrophic in the sediments um down below,
28:09 then begin to chew on it, ? And so then that's where we
28:13 hetro right? Metabolism of, of organic material aspiring using oxygen,
28:20 And where is the oxygen coming from the surrounding water? And so
28:23 water level oxygen levels go down and the life in these, in these
28:29 of waters, fish, et cetera , right? They die.
28:33 And so um this is this is issue in many parts of the
28:39 So, um uh so, you , it's, it's obviously a AAA
28:47 good effect. OK. So, . So how can we kind of
28:56 with then areas where you're having an of nutrients and causing these kinds of
29:05 ? Well, that's where wastewater treatment in. So, you know,
29:11 , you probably think a wastewater treatment , is just a process to give
29:14 clean drinking water. Well, that's one part of it. OK.
29:21 All kinds of facilities have wastewater treatment , some are very sophisticated, some
29:29 and, and, and it's a that does not have to be
29:31 There's, there's manufacturing because all kinds manufacturing plants typically, especially chemical processing
29:40 , uh manufacturing plants like paper, mills, um uh uh Georgia
29:48 for example, is one is is a major as major waste water
29:52 systems for the production of cardboard and , you know, water streams containing
29:58 are part of their process. And they have to get rid of these
30:01 . And so what these companies they wanna discharge this material to nearby
30:07 and rivers, streams and whatnot. you can only do so if it's
30:10 a certain level of, you that the B O D is knocked
30:15 considerably before they can discharge it safely bodies of water without affecting what
30:22 But there's all kinds of companies that this and that we used to be
30:25 of our business was helping these companies systems out when they had issues.
30:30 nevertheless, um so we're gonna, if I, if I was gonna
30:38 least one treatment in a couple of , I would say number one,
30:42 all about Enhancing the growth of microbes can chew up this organic material.
30:50 number one. OK. Number two is OK. Once they have begun
30:57 their thing and knocking down this organic , this B O D it becomes
31:05 ok in the water coming out what call the effluent that comes out of
31:11 treatment system. The in influence is goes in the, the effluent is
31:15 comes out. So you want to a clean effluent, which means low
31:19 B O D and clear, You don't want lots of particulars in
31:26 . OK? So that's why settling of the material is a big
31:31 . So, promoting microbial growth and settling of material to get it cleaned
31:36 . So that's those are the two of main things, OK? And
31:40 you're looking at here are, are are waste water treatment systems. Like
31:45 said, you can, they can very unsophisticated. You can, you
31:48 basically some companies like dig a hole the ground manmade on, ok?
31:57 call lagoons and that, that can where they do the treatment and you
32:02 have these. And so what you on what, what's been circled here
32:06 the lower, right down here, a tank uh at what we call
32:12 aeration tank. So this thing right below this kind of little L shaped
32:17 . So it's like a little right? That's where the technician can
32:20 across and check stuff out. But you see a circular pub or
32:24 there's a little arm right here and one thing will rotate and so it
32:29 , you can see it over here well from a top down view,
32:31 little arm sticking out, right? things rotate and they create turbines
32:35 that's what mixes air in with the and microbes to promote aerobic restoration.
32:41 that's what promotes the growth of these , is getting air in there to
32:45 it really growing well. And so can actually even buy little portable things
32:50 this. You can plot onto a of water and move around and create
32:55 . So that's what I mean, doesn't have to be super sophisticated.
32:58 uh anyway, so the bottom line is they're trying to promote growth of
33:02 microbes that are in there and get respiring aerobically to do their metabolism.
33:08 . And lock down B O And so here and so that
33:15 that treatment is what we call secondary um treatment. So before we
33:22 to there, right, we need . So you'd probably be surprised that
33:29 actually comes in to waste water treatment . So that's why you have like
33:33 treatment. I mean, I've seen from uh animal carcasses to tires and
33:39 coming in. And so you have get rid of this large stuff.
33:42 so preliminary treatment. Does that primary ? Now, you get down to
33:46 more smaller particulates you can, that be removed from like mesh, mesh
33:52 and stuff like that or precipitate, them out so that the stuff becomes
33:57 is what it's called. And that in is in inside of particles of
34:02 . You can, you can use as fertilizer. Actually, you can
34:05 you can dry it and just kind dump it in a landfill. Um
34:10 then what comes from flows then is course water rich in high and B
34:15 D and microbes. And then you secondary treatment, you are enhancing their
34:21 , right, you know, you an air rate right, turbulence to
34:27 get air mixed in so that they respire, aerobically check. So um
34:33 tertiary treatment it is for who if is to provide pink drinking water,
34:40 treatments where you add things like uh even U V lights been used
34:45 disinfect uh to really, you eliminate pathogens, obviously. OK.
34:50 um you, I wish our plants very, I mean your your typical
34:55 we call municipal with water, which what if you, which is what
35:01 see in your subdivision. So they're pretty well hidden sometimes. Uh
35:05 you can sometimes see them. Um kind of scale service, maybe 100
35:10 50 homes or something like that and have the primary and secondary treatment.
35:15 more sophisticated systems may have an what you see here. You see
35:19 thing called digestion. They may have additional tank where they're doing anaerobic
35:26 OK. That's possible. OK. Is Effervescence wastewater treatment? I,
35:35 be honest, I'm not familiar with term Eve Eve wastewater treatment. Uh
35:41 would say not knowing exactly what that . I would say if it's,
35:46 it is, if it's evolving microbial , then yeah, I would say
35:51 considered secondary treat. Uh I have , I'd have to look at that
35:55 little more closely because I'm not sure effort best in wastewater treatment. That's
35:59 new one on me. I have look that up. Um So the
36:06 so here's another view of the treatment uh as you go from left to
36:09 . So obviously high B O V coming in, you want to have
36:13 B O V coming out. And and so here you see kind of
36:19 in the red box there, that's primary treatment. So your preliminary primary
36:24 remove kind of large particles, if will, then we get into secondary
36:29 in the middle. And that's so , you see um activated sludge,
36:36 ? So when you see activated that's the the that's the bio
36:40 So think of that as bioactivity if want to, that's where the microbes
36:44 . So see that, that, , that's what we're trying to
36:48 So you see a right? That's through some kind of a paddle that
36:52 through the water that you saw in picture uh to get air mixed in
36:57 and that promotes growth, right? already have organic material coming in uh
37:02 the uh in, in influence. so food air makes it really
37:07 Uh then this is where the other part is um as it goes into
37:12 clarification tank. This is where you settling occurring. OK. So in
37:18 process of, of treatment, certain begin to grow uh grow preferentially.
37:26 they form what are called and you this shortly because settling is a big
37:30 of this, right? So you want to have, have your microbes
37:34 everything else that are coming out in effluent because that contributes to B O
37:38 as well, right? Um And um you need stuff to settle out
37:44 that's what you see here in the , this tank right here, that
37:49 settles out but can be reused. if you, so these are just
37:54 , you know, that are selling , but they can be given more
37:58 , they'll grow a so you can using, OK, keep cycling like
38:02 . But what's coming out is clearer , right? But no B O
38:09 , if you do second tertiary then you especially obviously, if it's
38:13 be drinking water, you do this add chlorine. I've seen U V
38:17 used for this infection. And so course to knock out pathogens and then
38:23 then that can be useful to water or it can be dumped into a
38:29 of water if it's, if it's a manufacturing type. So um and
38:34 that's your tertiary chicken there. So um the uh uh so sara
38:43 , right? So troph means to . So, Sara tropes are those
38:46 eat that material. Basically, that's you have really mostly in this,
38:50 this, in influence coming in this material. And so your sara tropes
38:55 what they're feeding on this. The other thing here, I think
39:00 are part of this is not just , including a Kia, but it's
39:04 protozoans are a big part of this well. Check each has their role
39:09 the process. Um And so as you might imagine this,
39:14 hey, this thing which runs 24 . OK. So you can still
39:21 stuff coming in, stuff going you're recycling the activated sludge. Um
39:27 , and of course, you can't everything that comes into it,
39:32 That's why you may get toxic compounds come in to get into the system
39:38 affect the, the process. And so that was kind of one
39:43 the things we did to come to for, we would provide solutions to
39:48 problems that in inevitably occur in was treatment system. No waste water treatment
39:53 is immune to having issues here and . OK? Whether mechanical or biological
39:58 have. OK. And so um 11 thing you can do if
40:05 if you do have an issue, can, you, you can look
40:08 what's going on with the microbes in . Uh So things like protozoans are
40:14 be much more sensitive to presence of that will be bacteria. And so
40:19 you see, oh the zone population , is not looking right,
40:23 they're going away. That's an indicator uh something may be wrong with the
40:27 and maybe fixing uh terms, this all about flows going continuously. So
40:32 can, you can change flow you can slow it down and free
40:36 . These can kind of help you certain ways. Um We used to
40:40 bacteria, the systems that were down not, we, we provide bacteria
40:43 see these things with, to get going again. So it's, it's
40:47 possible because especially in residential areas, the waste water treatment systems that service
40:55 different subdivisions aren't that far apart. it's conceivable that you could, you
41:00 take the activate sludge from a uh which for a treatment plant that's working
41:05 and take some of that and reed system. So it's really like having
41:10 cultures kind of this huge bacterial microbial that you can take from one to
41:16 other if you need to, to of reinoculate. I've seen that
41:20 So it's a, it's a And so um uh and so
41:26 microbes are, are at the heart this whole thing and, and you
41:29 to, to promote the growth of types that occur in these treatment
41:34 And so pros are one of those ? Different types, OK? We
41:40 oxys uh which are fixed uh and one that crawl around like this
41:46 And so a healthy treatment system is have all these types there.
41:52 Um, including bacteria, of And so, so this question about
41:57 would happen if you didn't have these ? Because they, but they are
42:02 , they're microbial predators, right? what's boxed in red there is,
42:08 what's, is what's happening in the . So you, you promote the
42:12 of these filament, this bacteria which long strands. And can you recall
42:18 starch and P H B, These are, these are um polymers
42:24 things that are produced by bacteria. These can be secreted and then he
42:28 kind of be somewhat of the glue kind of bring together these filaments,
42:32 filaments of bacteria and so collectively and can and it can also trap uh
42:39 . Um Plus you have the metabolic they're doing. And so the flocks
42:44 what kind of allow them to settle . So you're trying to promote not
42:48 growth and knocking down B O D also promoting this fluctuation, right?
42:55 is kind of the short term thing it because the flux will settle
42:59 That's what you're looking for. So get the bonus of the microbial
43:03 but then this settle settle ability if will by this filamentous growth that will
43:10 settle out and go to the bottom then you have a clear, a
43:14 effort coming out, right. So are the, so you saw planktonic
43:19 before in the context of biofilms? . And so, um some of
43:25 are swimmers, right? So, around, right? They're not the
43:28 types. And so you want to rid of those because they can contribute
43:33 B O D if they, if allowed to remain and come out of
43:37 affluent. Well, they, they are contributing to B O D.
43:41 your, your um like your stock and things, uh which would be
43:47 , on the attach these flocks as and settle out, they, they
43:52 eat these platonic bacteria and get rid them. And so that helps to
43:56 B O D as well. So then, then you have
43:59 plus these farmers settling out. And so, um so that's what
44:04 looking for is, is good flocks now, I'm not gonna, there's
44:08 kinds of things that can even happen . I'm not gonna go into all
44:11 it, but you can also have that aren't, that aren't good.
44:15 if they don't form a nice healthy , they'll, they'll, those are
44:21 types that settle out real well. you can also have flocks that are
44:23 , really tiny and these are due like nutrient issues and things that can
44:28 and, and those kind of flocks celebrate. Well, so again,
44:31 don't wanna, you get into it much because I I don't expect,
44:35 know all these details, but these just kind of some of the things
44:37 deal with and with water treatment, all kinds of stuff uh that are
44:41 microbial systems and biological systems. So , you, you have lots of
44:45 in terms of nutrients and, and promoting grows with certain types,
44:49 cetera. So, um but so the bottom line is you're trying
44:53 get good flock size fl population to , which is f this types have
44:58 settle out proses there to kind of up the, the um like
45:03 So all that collectively gives you a nice, a nice clear effluent
45:08 low B A B. OK. so yeah, here fluctuation,
45:14 So here is, are, are filamentous types uh that you see um
45:20 lot of these, they're just given number designations. Uh But no cardi
45:23 another one that gives a kind of type morphology. Then you see the
45:28 and, and so um these you know, they, they,
45:33 work together uh they will settle And so here's, and of
45:37 you do all kinds of measurements when doing waste water treatment from flow rates
45:42 you know, under the microscope and what's happening over time and this
45:46 that, and one of the main is also is what's called a settling
45:49 you don't need to worry about. not gonna test you on that.
45:52 , but this is kind of very of test, but it tells you
45:56 , how well your system's working. , and you simply just take AAA
46:01 full of water of, of water the treatment system and pour it into
46:05 graduate cylinder and you just see how is it clear. And so that
46:09 you how well your settling is occurring this would be from the clarifier
46:14 So you check to see how, , how fast is it settling
46:19 uh, starting at time zero to bottom and just eyeballing, it looks
46:24 me like the right side, the on the right side are clearing faster
46:28 the ones on the left. You how the green color is getting less
46:32 less on the right side as you down. When you see the
46:36 the bottom one on the right, that cylinder is virtually clear. The
46:41 on the left is clear, but you see a bit of a greenish
46:44 and it's all a function of how how well it's setting. Ok.
46:49 so obviously trying to optimize that. So, all right. So that's
46:55 of the way we treat. So last bit we're gonna do is on
46:59 nitrogen cycle. Ok. Probably focusing on the more nitrogen fixation. But
47:05 again, if you have any questions this, so it's just, it
47:10 really goes back to our knowledge of and aerobic respiration as well as then
47:18 selling properties out. So we could water. OK. Um All
47:24 So let's start with this. So start this last section here with a
47:28 questions. There's gonna be two in row here on this slide. First
47:34 just brings us into a cycle. a lot of some of this is
47:38 should be a review that we covered of this in um Chapter 14.
47:44 but we'll add a, we'll add few things to this uh as we
47:49 along. So as we go through section will um expand a bit on
48:08 natural fixation. Uh Look, look at a couple of other
48:17 Um OK, let's count down So again, uh as far as
48:31 goes, uh I'm, I'm planning that, we're gonna be uh in
48:36 classroom. So again, unless you , otherwise I'll let you know.
48:41 but likely you'll hear, you'll hear the same time. I will.
48:44 right. So this one is, see, nitrate and two that is
48:53 notification. So let's look at the one here. OK. Uh
49:01 ammonia, ammonium ion would be the product of which process or processes talked
49:12 . Well, I, I guess wait to see you see your
49:42 OK, let's uh get down OK. So that's kind of what
49:56 thought would happen. So, because , we, you know, uh
50:00 know, um 15 is what we've talked about before. So that
50:05 fixation yields ammonia, ammonium, but didn't have it yet. We haven't
50:10 talked about amun. Ok. So name probably should be the giveaway.
50:16 you produce ammonia in the modification. that's a modification occurs. That's kind
50:21 how we get our nitrogen, we uh from the, the proteins and
50:26 that are part of our diet. uh break down proteins and that releases
50:30 . That's ammon application. So that so uh e is a correct answer
50:38 to the above A and D are . Um OK. So again,
50:42 seen this before and so the number oxidation paid for nitrogen. And so
50:46 means that different forms of nitrogen can used for, the more reduced forms
50:52 be oxidized to get energy like a troph would use it. Um The
50:58 oxidized forms are what provide uh I serve as a terminal acceptor for,
51:04 respiration, anaerobic respiration. So, so we've seen this before, the
51:09 of, of reduced to, to oxidized forms of nitrogen and kind of
51:15 they fit in, in, in parts of the nitrogen cycle.
51:20 And so again, mediated by different of bacteria pros and uh are essential
51:27 life on this planet, these kinds activities. OK. So um the
51:33 , so we kind of look at not fixation first. OK. And
51:43 um of course, it's how nitrogen brought in too, uh the environment
51:50 the air. So as you nitrogen is, is the the major
51:55 , right price is 80% of our . And so um half, half
52:02 what come half of nitrogen that's fixed earth actually is due to this commercial
52:08 process. The Haber Bosch is actually Bosch process. Um that's still used
52:15 for, for production of fertilizer. think, think uh uh Monsanto,
52:21 guess the fertilize producer um using nitrogen hydrogen right? To produce ammonia in
52:27 equation, you see there uh it extremes of temperature, extremes of
52:37 it uses, I think metal So it's, it's not something that
52:41 at ambient temperature. The light national does. OK. So um but
52:47 is nonetheless process and that aspect deter production. So, um so the
52:57 sides of the triangle, right? seen this before three times.
53:02 fixation. So the free living is , right? So, um by
53:09 , the the major contributors to nitro are the symbiotic types. We'll look
53:14 those up in a little bit of . These are bacteria that have specific
53:21 with plants and and that and then of nitrogen by those is it's much
53:28 significant than those by free living types do it on their own without the
53:33 of a plant. Um nonetheless fixation the reduced form, right? The
53:40 and that's can serve as a energy for lit trucks, right? Specifically
53:45 fires. So, nitrification is the of those two nitrate, nitrate
53:52 And these are more oxidized forms that serve as except for for and herb
54:00 I E denitrification. OK. So three sides of the uh triangle,
54:06 ? And there's some, some processes are, is Asim toy that were
54:10 in by the a microbe or organism those with this simple toy, they
54:15 rid of them. OK? And again, the modification, right?
54:19 tables are organic nitrogen sources, these what they do this, it releases
54:25 and form, OK. They think uh metabolism. So uh focusing first
54:34 nitrogen fixation, OK. So um the, the process. So nitrogen
54:42 , as I'm sure, you is there's a triple bond between those
54:47 and atoms. OK? And that itself should tell you a is very
54:53 . B it's gonna take a lot energy to have to rearrange those
54:56 right? To make ammonia. And it does take a lot of
55:00 , it's like 16 80 p per of nitrogen converted. So um not
55:08 A T P but N A B uh so lots of energy. It's
55:13 a process where the enzyme toya enzyme sensitive to oxygen won't operate in the
55:22 of. OK. So there's been as a result, some adaptations have
55:30 occurred in organisms that do this to able to allow this to happen.
55:36 the widespread nature of the process. I expect you to know that Ella
55:43 and monus are very different from each . And cmos are both grab
55:47 but they're both metabolically very different. is a gram positive. That's the
55:52 both form. But nonetheless, they have this share this property of
55:57 So it's widespread and well, you , how does, how does the
56:02 the trait like this appear in very types? And this is what kind
56:05 what chapter nine is about Riz So, transfer of these kind of
56:11 via plasmids or other means uh across . So um not natural fixation is
56:19 one property like that. There's others well um such as antibiotic resistance,
56:25 example, uh nonetheless, um it's, it's those that have relationships
56:31 that have the most significant in terms natural fixation activity. And so the
56:37 human plants, things like um uh Barley, I think uh certainly soybeans
56:47 uh other types of bean plants and peanut plants, they're all like human
56:53 that have these kind of relationships with bacteria. And it is, and
56:57 is specific between plant species and bacteria . OK. And here you see
57:05 nodules, these are where the natural occurs on nodules on these roots.
57:12 know a different example is cyanobacteria. remember these are photosynthetic but they too
57:18 fix nitrogen. But because of because of the sensitivity um of the
57:27 fixing system to oxygen cyanobacteria puts, that function of an fixation in its
57:35 kind of compartment. That's what a is. A heteros is a,
57:39 differentiated cell that only carries out nitrogen . And so as a result,
57:47 it shields it from oxygen because right, uh cyto bacteria photosynthesizes And
57:56 oxygen in the process. So that's these other cells. So you see
58:00 heteros here pointed out the other cells just photosynthetic types, right? So
58:05 like every 10th cell in this filament a hetero systems. So that kind
58:09 helps shield it from the effects of . Um So the process of this
58:17 of ma fixation is a very intimate between the plant and the bacterium mediated
58:24 chemicals. All right, there's gonna attracts that draw them together and other
58:29 that initiate the process. Ok. here you see would be a a
58:36 uh actually probably a it's called a , a small root or maybe your
58:41 hair. But nonetheless, you have produced flavonoids by the plant that help
58:47 it to the roots and you then uh the root itself or root hair
59:00 um in the presence of chemicals produced the bacterium. These nod factors,
59:04 serve to kind of curve um um the red hair, OK. And
59:12 apparently are very critical to initiating the and so cells, they can infect
59:17 that, in that curled hair and what's called an infection thread, which
59:21 basically just a line, a string cells that are entering the, the
59:26 , uh tissues tagged. And uh it in if, if these
59:33 doesn't occur, you don't get the . OK. And so that there's
59:37 example of a hair curling Jackie. so so then the cells as they
59:46 into the tissue, they begin to , OK. So they change form
59:51 what's called a factoid. So essentially use, they lose most of their
59:57 functions except for the um natural fixation some, and, and,
60:05 and, and some other metabolic process help support. All right, because
60:08 you have to make lots of So you're still gonna have the um
60:14 transport system and, and all that we're already familiar with.
60:19 And so, uh and so in a bactero like you see here,
60:23 few developed one, you can also it from oxygen. OK? And
60:28 actually a another factor that comes in kind of help that make that
60:33 OK. So, um and these what these bao can kind of swell
60:37 become, that's what you saw in previous picture. Just go back to
60:41 here, right? So you actually become quite prominent extent out of the
60:47 plant tissue to become visible, That's kind of what it's kind
60:50 it's kind of uh bulging out and kind of what becomes visible if you
60:55 to pull out the root from the . Um So uh so again,
61:01 the, the amount of energy, ? 60 A GP for mold and
61:05 . Uh not an assignment adding in N A DH D. OK.
61:10 here kind of you see the um on a, on a Bactero itself
61:17 here, OK? Inside of a cell. OK? And so it
61:23 have T C A cycle, Uh to produce the N A
61:28 right? If it uses a part and then 16 A T P,
61:32 ? It all to produce the um the nitrogen, criteria nitrogen A
61:38 So being a backo shed it from , OK. So you see
61:44 the green bolos here are um the chain, right? That's about transport
61:50 , right? So you still have going on. That's what's gonna supply
61:52 A T P, right? Transport , the A T P S,
61:56 cetera, right? And so you oxygen on this side right outside the
62:02 and you also see this thing like , OK. This is a plant
62:09 um enzyme. OK. So you know, you know the hemoglobin
62:13 our body buys oxygen all in It does the same thing. But
62:17 the purpose of keeping it away or, or look, keeping it
62:22 from the bactero. So oxygen is used, it's respiring, you
62:26 using the respiratory chain, but it's kept it being controlled if you will
62:32 the bactero, right? So, because you don't want that to poison
62:35 electron, so then you get production fixation nitrogen, the um production of
62:42 . So, of course, the can use that um to produce amino
62:47 uh and simulate it, right. , uh now she something that also
62:52 the back to sustain this DC A . So it kind of used by
62:56 . So, um so, uh , very specific um a symbiotic relationship
63:04 and those symbiosis is for sure, , most intimately associated with each
63:09 Um So the uh and, and that can do this um think of
63:16 peanut plant if you're not familiar with plants actually can, can grow very
63:21 , nutrient poor soil. That's very for these um types of plants that
63:26 have these relationships with these nitrogen fixing . Is these plants can grow in
63:31 poor soils where other plants can't because guys have their own built in nitrogen
63:38 , so to speak. So that them to grow in areas that,
63:41 maybe aren't optimal or other types of . So that gives give them an
63:45 , an advantage there. So, OK, so that's one side of
63:52 triangle. So the other side, we're familiar with already nitrification, we've
63:56 this before. So again, this lit Trophy. OK. And um
64:02 so let me just clarify. so with nitrogen fixation doesn't really fall
64:06 a category of Liro or restoration by . It, it, it's just
64:11 , it's a, it's a process , of, of taking nitrogen
64:17 and reducing it to ammonia. So it, but so it's not
64:21 used as an energy source hardly because need the energy to input, to
64:25 it happen. Right. So it's of just its own unique thing.
64:28 ? Process electrification is, is liu ? Because we're taking ammonia and the
64:35 are oxidizing that and getting energy from . OK. So you have types
64:39 will carry out the ammonia, 10 trite uh oxidation and those that carry
64:44 nitrate to nitrate. OK. So actually is a difference, there's
64:49 there's not a type of those they kind of split, split those
64:52 so N versus nitro backer. And can see that the membranes are really
64:58 folded membranes. It's very active in , in this, in this kind
65:02 Lytro. OK? Um Just a brief aside, uh this is
65:11 uh Nitrosum Moor is one of it was actually a product we produced
65:16 uh we grew up nitrosum motives and it as a, as a,
65:20 an additive to like aquariums, people own aquariums, especially commercial aquariums and
65:27 and like things like coy ponds, like that. Uh It gives the
65:31 to those of you that do have , you know, they constantly have
65:34 monitor the water uh for nitrogen right? Because fish waste is behind
65:40 , it can be toxic. And we by adding nitros ammon, you
65:45 basically oxidize the ammonia in there that become toxic to the fish. And
65:50 a nitrate can be used actually by the plants in the system.
65:54 , uh several way kind of use this in, in a in an
66:01 . Um OK. So we're we're with, with the dissimulator nitrate
66:07 right? That's, that's the that's , right? This is an Asim
66:13 process, right? So this really we can see the disc simulator process
66:18 , right? This simulator nitrate That's the other side of the
66:23 right? You saw this before aerobic , right? And so the nitric
66:28 goes away. It's it's dissimilated, ? So this is one that's a
66:34 a Asim toy process. So we're from a nitrate nitrate to ammonia which
66:40 assimilated into amino acids, right? that's kind of a little bit
66:44 I haven't seen that one before. And we've talked about this before,
66:50 , excess ification input of ammonia and could happen there. OK. Um
66:56 , of course, remember that you the if there's an excess of,
67:00 of ammonia, right? This this of producing nitrate nitrate can also be
67:06 . And remember these are acidic, can change the P H of the
67:09 , if it's too much, then OK. So unification, we talked
67:14 this before, right? This these forms of anaerobic respiration, right?
67:19 these oxidized forms as internal acceptor to anaerobically. And so gentrification uh
67:27 can be a can be can be really significant in areas that are in
67:35 uh dead zones, right? We earlier about the dead zone where we
67:38 an influx of, of, of carbon sources that promotes growth. Then
67:44 piece of oxygen that can then set an environment where you have lots of
67:48 going on, right? And so can lead to production of N 20
67:54 20 is actually a like like we earlier about previous a semester, about
68:01 methane, methane, methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. So too
68:06 nitrous oxide. OK. And that produce high amounts where we have lots
68:11 de electrification going on. OK. we can see an example of
68:14 I'll come back to this here. . So here uh off the coast
68:19 India, we have high again, high B O D situation, you
68:23 discharging the pollutants or what have you the waters off the coast that
68:30 you know, your hetero controls that to chew it up and then their
68:34 respiration moves oxygen from the water and a dead zone, right? And
68:38 in addition, then you can have high level of denat. OK.
68:44 here you see um the um uh nitrate is, let me just back
68:53 just for a second and do this I can do this here. Like
69:00 and so OK. All right. what you have is uh C C
69:12 get this going. So you see your graph right here, right?
69:19 here is nitrate. OK. N . So it begins to go
69:25 right? So under conditions micro being as a acceptor, right?
69:32 But as that goes away, uh you have an increase. Hold
69:41 hold on a second. I I have something T A DC.
69:54 to me for a second. Um Folks who were the minor crisis
70:46 did tend to. All right. let me go back, sorry about
70:48 . Let me go back here and OK. So right, right here
71:00 it begins to go down and as does we produce, of course,
71:06 our equation here, right? So try to goes up. OK.
71:11 then as it's consumed, right? then, then that's when we see
71:17 influx production of nitrous oxide, that's green, that's, that's a major
71:24 gas. So you can get a of that produced when you have lots
71:28 deification activity going on, which can again, all just kind of a
71:33 one leads to the other and then to the other, right? So
71:36 occurring in these high B O V which was triggered right by influx of
71:43 material, whether runoff fertilizer and organic or what have you, right.
71:51 set it up a situation where you have high levels of deification that can
71:55 to production of these harmful greenhouse OK. So just a second to
72:01 back to here that we missed. this, no, sorry uh
72:06 OK. And this, I I know if this is, this is
72:09 major pattern, but again, it kind of shows you the variety of
72:14 activities you get with different nitrogen compounds how it can be used in different
72:19 . It's really kind of a take here. So this is another way
72:23 , so we've seen hydrogen before, ? Hydrogen or trophy oxidizing hydrogen and
72:28 energy and using that to reduce nitrate ammonia. OK. So uh we
72:34 anaerobic little which, which is this anaerobically occurring. Uh So you know
72:41 another alternate route where you can produce , right? Anaerobically. And so
72:49 the OK. So we end then the Anna cycle. So for the
72:58 time, we've known about de notification back up, we've known about this
73:02 here for a long, a long . We've known about this.
73:08 And of course, that means well, this is, this is
73:11 primary way in which nitrogen is returned the atmosphere. It in two,
73:17 turns out it's not the primary way that happens is through the aim
73:23 So you see two, right, sorry, right here, right.
73:28 this was discovered maybe 10 or 15 ago. Uh And, and since
73:33 to be very prevalent in marine terrestrial environments as the way to how
73:39 of the N two is returned to atmosphere. Um Many different types of
73:44 can do this again in marine terrestrial environments. And so really involving
73:51 um oxidation of pneumonia, right, actually nitrate, nitrate, excuse
73:56 And so, um and so, know, plankton my is kind of
74:00 weird looking bacteria. It is bacteria they are, they kind of look
74:05 um amorphous Bobs. Uh Next I'll show a picture of it.
74:11 um they are uh and they can particular types of manuals in them that
74:17 specific for carrying out these reactions that kind of uh A little bit unusual
74:21 , not, not like your typical like a bacillus or something. Um
74:26 any case, it, it we as a surprise that this was actually
74:29 the the major way in which N2 returned to the atmosphere. So uh
74:34 rather than Deni Oh deification is not , but it is this apparently is
74:41 of it just returns this way. So that's, you know, that
74:47 of wraps up. This section is let's do a couple of questions and
74:52 can see if there's any, any . So here is, forget
74:56 So my current breakdown of, of of B O D there was water
75:08 occurs mainly during what? So so I had like four stages
75:12 right? Uh as we go through , so like a curb activity occurs
75:29 one of these primarily. Ok. go ahead and count down here.
75:56 . So yeah, it is gonna c and certainly it correlates to um
76:03 slud, definitely correlates to secondary OK. So, uh that's where
76:09 promote growth and the turbulence and mixing in and getting good aerobic activity.
76:16 , uh that's all of course, activated sludge occurs. OK.
76:21 um so that wraps us up. remember as you're going through this,
76:27 two chapters, it's a small I remember the first slide showed you
76:31 of what the specific specific sections pages . So make sure you stick to
76:37 . Um And yeah, and I in large part, this is kind
76:41 the, you know, it hinges what you already learned before,
76:45 In terms of, you know, aeration an per metabolism, right?
76:52 we've gone through, you know, aspects of the natural cycle already kind
76:56 just added a few more things to . So, uh hopefully uh makes
77:04 to you. OK. Um Are any particular questions at all?
77:15 like I said, I recorded So it will be um it'll be
77:20 uh, soon the next 30 minutes so you gonna rewatch? Uh,
77:25 again, um, um, So just, you know, like
77:32 said, uh, we'll plan on fast Thursday, but it could be
77:38 , that changes and of course, mean, we'll likely know at the
77:41 time because you guys will send out . Uh, but, uh,
77:45 course, I'll email, email you then just to, if you're all
77:50 the same page. Um, but , I'd rather be back in the
77:55 anyway. So, um, so that's what we plan on
77:58 until you hear something different. um, if there's nothing else,
78:02 , we will, uh, hopefully you in person on Thursday check.
78:09 , thanks and I'll post this
-
+