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GEOL6380 - Sequence Stratigraphy - Bhatta-14
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00:02 By the end of this lecture, will have told you everything Meeting is
00:08 recorded. By the end of this , I would have told you everything
00:12 need to know. Thio do all assignments way. Still have a lot
00:18 material to go on. Some that will always be on tests, whichever
00:24 assignments. You know, this is of the last major, but I
00:28 technique lecture. I reinforces with another that specifically focused on Korean coliforms.
00:38 then, uh, we'll see how we get through today, Andi,
00:44 we'll be doing a lot more lecturing kind of examples. Uh,
00:49 A swell as having you guys working with remaining assignments. No way could
00:56 started on all the all the remaining that we have. Um, you
01:01 need may need to go to the . The electors to do some of
01:04 flu will start from the last two , but, uh, cover most
01:10 it. Most of the sort of and bolts of how to correlate.
01:14 , logs on outcrops sections within. this in these next two lectures space
01:24 when I I was an undergraduate and PhD student. As I told you
01:32 class, Um, no one read me Photography, I thought, was
01:39 about faces and I was talking about at rocks and Thin Section I was
01:42 get that stuff. But particularly certainly photography was not mentioned when I was
01:48 university. Either is an undergraduate or is a graduate student. Now.
01:54 talked about sequence photography, although it called sequence photography when I was a
01:57 student, because the only thing that available when I was a graduate to
02:03 photography and I was so excited about to trigger a fee and the power
02:09 idea of cloud forms key surfaces, said, You know someone, someone
02:13 to take these concepts and apply them , well, all David and in
02:22 PG memoir. 77. A PG . 77. Thisted My Graham was
02:34 the only, well long example A PG memoir 26 published in 1977.
02:42 , that looks like a seismic but it's well longs, and I
02:47 at that and I immediately understood what McCallum don't. I said, I
02:52 do I wanna do that I was well on project. I said I
02:55 like to re correlate these well logs used the seismic strata graphic principles of
03:00 lapping on lap as shown in the . This is in the middle of
03:04 . Come back to it. And was doing a well known project and
03:09 was working with a woman named Gauger and her husband was matte jersey e
03:14 a little bit on. He was of at the beginning of inventing on
03:19 some of them really critical papers that became sequence fraternity. And I left
03:26 or s or resources calorie to go a PhD armed with this image in
03:31 brain. So I would say this single image is the most important diagram
03:36 my entire professional life. All I've done is trying to recreate this.
03:42 gonna teach you how to do this this lecture. Eso For me,
03:45 was already profound diagram. It wasn't clear where it came from. I
03:50 you know, I'm the kind of that wants to know thing. So
03:54 managed to contact George McCallum. I him. He was the nicest person
03:58 talked to, You know, very is all. That was just a
04:02 section I threw together when I was in Canada on a comment e think
04:05 was an American geologist? Yeah, kind of kind of put some of
04:09 seismic kind of things in there like was, really, You know,
04:12 got incised valleys. Uh, you , there is a size you've got
04:18 laps. I mean, it's all in one slide, right? And
04:23 I thought uh huh. I wanna how to do that. But I
04:27 learn how to do it because, know, they're only one or two
04:30 that knew how to correlate this So I was one of those guys
04:33 just looked at it. I get . I just get it. I
04:36 do that. I get Give me set and I'll do that. And
04:40 course, that's what I did. went back to grad school, and
04:43 also with you, I think. water. Roger Walker, my pasting
04:47 , thought I had 10 heads. know, e think it was the
04:51 class in grad school way had this with Facey Shams on no timeline.
04:58 just said things. Diagram is There's no timelines in here. We
05:03 a waste we got to get away from use Alicia Sams and those Roger
05:07 the other students looked at me like had 10 years. Like what is
05:10 Terry talking about, Like grief? guys don't understand anything about flooding surfaces
05:15 how you need toe correlate them to the photography. Right. So you
05:21 , I'm not bragging. I'm just that I was so excited about this
05:27 concept of seismic photography that I decided quit my job and go back to
05:31 school on really applied to, long some coins. Now, unbeknownst
05:35 me, the same thing was happening . Excellent. John Bat Wagner and
05:41 Mint Here they were aggressively applying seismic toe well, logging. But of
05:46 , they won't tell anybody what they doing. I was in the Canadian
05:50 . I've never been with us. have no idea what's going on.
05:57 some people started leaving Exxon on the that Exxon got worried that if they
06:03 allowed to publish their secret, she everything. We're gonna get scooped so
06:08 . At a PG meeting in about 6 87 the very first posters that
06:15 John Back Wagner textbook were starting to showed. I wasn't going to a
06:21 at that time, so I probably the first one. But I graduated
06:25 1989 and published my thesis and almost within the same year. Bandwagon.
06:32 came out, and I remember I my hands. The book. I
06:37 very excited about what Paris sequences. that's what they're calling those unions.
06:42 used the word shingle because word Paris has been published. I immediately began
06:48 a little flat from people telling me I was student from Exxon and E
06:52 stealing their ideas. I'm like, not seeing their ideas that that this
06:54 a classic example of two different researchers coming to the same conclusion, looking
07:00 similar data. So I'm not trying brag here, but in some
07:05 you know, I played a role I certainly invented a a sort of
07:10 like that carry a style of sequence , and it's pretty similar to what
07:15 , because we all trained with same way. Just use slightly different
07:22 I used Alice photography because three excellent have published their terminology. I think
07:28 the years I've moved towards their terminology it za better industry by most
07:34 Um, so the point I'm making is that, you know, on
07:39 , when I began my postdoc, taught the very first ever sequenced photography
07:45 in Calgary. Outside of excellent though I was teaching is because that
07:50 a proprietary Exxon. Although they were some papers, they weren't allowed to
07:56 short courses that, you know, idea of Exxon sharing their secrets with
08:00 general public didn't happen until years So I actually told the very first
08:05 fraternity course I was for the Operator Council. And then I did it
08:09 Chevron Calvary and I gave it to a small number of companies, and
08:16 then it was all very exciting, new. So I sort of became
08:19 of those one of those people that kind of at the forefront of sequence
08:25 for some, for various complicated I never understood. I got on
08:29 bad side of Exxon. And so wouldn't talk to me for about a
08:32 , maybe longer. And it was when John Bag Wagner retired from the
08:37 that excellent, suddenly began to fund my research at the University of
08:42 And in the process, I got know I never forget today that
08:47 Neal and and V Tour came and the University of Houston. You
08:53 they were simple sheepish because they knew there was some bad blood there.
08:57 know, E could tell you the , but whatever you know, and
09:01 sort of reluctantly agreed that they actually my work and they thought the
09:05 I was really interesting. And they , You know, we would actually
09:08 interested in funding you, You they more or less without explicitly saying
09:13 saying, No way, way just able to support you as long as
09:16 for John Bandwagon rolled over the I don't know why he called.
09:21 do know exactly why he got mad me. And it za long story
09:24 maybe I'll tell you some other time Better told over here. Uh,
09:30 certainly it was It was very satisfying me to finally sort of come out
09:34 of us on this, like, . Finally funded me later in my
09:38 , invited me all these meetings you know, I've got to get
09:41 with all the guys in the you know, feature and I published
09:44 paper in the sentimental record called How Saved Photography. And that was the
09:50 that I gave you it Z and zin some of the reading list,
09:54 ? So I started mended my ways Exxon. We kind of reconcile that
09:59 was It was kind of like a didn't quite work out. Years
10:03 you get together with your ex and could be friends again. So
10:07 you know, it all started. know, I every every day I'm
10:11 that my entire career I go to training I got from Exxon on the
10:16 that they taught me the importance of this long. Okay, so essentially
10:22 entire lecture apologize for three animal. , you know, hopefully my personal
10:27 bring bring the science to life a bit. You know, I have
10:30 in photography. It's not just some junk that I read the textbook and
10:36 parroting the terms. No effects. of the people teach secrets photography.
10:42 they learned it from books, and do their very best. But I
10:45 there in the trenches trying to invent it, you know? And that's
10:50 of the reasons why I don't like to teach because he knows that I'm
10:55 very, very deep, uh, in in the in this sort of
11:00 of sequence photography. You know, yeah, plenty happy with the contributions
11:07 I've made. And, uh, hope that, uh, that that
11:15 get something out of it. anyway, so that's a long preamble
11:21 say that when I began teaching at , I realized, you know,
11:27 don't actually know how to do so don't know how to teach. Trip
11:30 I was never taught it. So said, Well, let me think
11:32 what I dio. So I do strata graphic, uh, project Right
11:37 . So I came up with this and I gave this talk E g
11:41 a meeting about 20 years ago. it's modified a little bit, and
11:45 two years ago I got can talk CSP. Gene Way wanted to give
11:50 keynote talk on basic basic concepts of you actually do work in the oil
11:57 . And, you know, obviously remember that I was pretty good at
12:02 . We'd like you to give your of talk on the principles of how
12:07 do sequence photography. A lot of I'm going to tell you is in
12:11 paper on practical sequence. You're taking also in your reading list.
12:16 so you'll find a lot of these from that dermatology. So I'm gonna
12:22 a classic presentation where I tell you I'm gonna tell you, but I'm
12:27 tell it what? I'm gonna tell what I tell me. Wait new
12:39 to the class. I was jumped my skin anyway, But maybe I've
12:43 gremlins on my computer that fit. sure the kids are all right.
12:48 a anyway, on some of these may seem pretty obvious to you,
12:55 , you know, it is always when you're doing a project to get
12:59 big picture. You know, read literature. You know, try to
13:03 out where land and sea is where mountains are, Where the oceans,
13:07 ? If there is If there, someone's done some bias trap, you
13:10 , get that. Get that annotated your data before you start calling.
13:16 is critical to look at the rocks you have them. You know,
13:19 there's course, understand the deposition of that will help drive how you actually
13:26 the daily. This has become critical the exercise where I'm gonna ask you
13:30 correlate bunch of Flavio del Tech stuff you can use a very different approach
13:34 correlating flu channel belts. A supposed Delta X i e. Walther's law
13:41 just so key. You know, law is how you identify the brakes
13:45 deposition that might be correlated with Uh, you know, ah,
13:52 Law service could be just a little flooding surface surface caused by an avulsion
13:57 the river. Or it could be regional transgressive service. When you're working
14:03 the subsurface world, particularly with well or even outcrops, you don't always
14:08 continuous data. The great thing about data is you have a sample.
14:12 25 m will say So you have relatively continuous picture of the layers as
14:17 as the layers and longer than 25 space. And if you have a
14:22 that goes for three kilometers, we every 25 centimeters or even 25
14:27 you're gonna be in the image that . And we talked specifically about the
14:31 of seismic data Thio image of deposition surface. That's why I went through
14:36 issue of seismic processing and emphasize the that seismic data image straighter surfaces and
14:43 of surfaces not shows, um, . That was why that was
14:48 Now what I've done is told you in a well log you could pick
14:52 Walther's law flooding surface. But how you decide how to correlate? So
14:57 picked you picked the surface. Using is law principles. And then I'm
15:01 show you how If you have a set in which you have data close
15:07 in far away, look at the spaced data first and see what correlates
15:12 you thought they had close together on expanded correlations from there it's that corruption
15:17 4 to 5. Typically, we're call out A you have to do
15:23 mud stones is better to correlate. know, bet tonight's marker horizons condense
15:29 . So typically I'll correlate markers and stones first and kind of fit the
15:34 bodies in between the mud stone which also invites the assumption of mud
15:39 , are typically more extensive. And strata graphic records mud stones,
15:44 so usually were trying to define, the, you know, the flow
15:49 and then fit the flow units in . Luk Tung is kind of a
15:54 step. This was a really difficult do in my day because it was
15:59 done by hand. On paper, is much easier in computer programs like
16:04 or whatever. So Luton is almost these days that my name is very
16:10 now laughed out on truncation is something you folks have observed directly in your
16:17 , and you will continue to observe out truncation or seismic exercises. But
16:22 can't observe lack out truncation. there's a well on this one.
16:28 . When you string a series of logs together a cross section, you
16:31 start to infer where the blackout truncation . but it could be challenging.
16:37 interpretation. They were caused interpretation and population on those both skills that you
16:46 to learn and computer correlations don't do very well. Computers to really badly
16:52 out. And yet it's critical to the lap out relationships in order to
16:58 the sequences. How you hang or of your cross sections is critical.
17:05 talk about some of the rules of a data and some of the
17:09 And then once you've done the step 1 to 9. Then you're
17:14 to make your maps right, mapping whatever it is whether you're mapping a
17:18 section mud stone If you get under this mapping your reservoir, sand stones
17:22 flow units. And you know Chesapeake me and said, We want you
17:28 teach our employees Have a map, NATO. That's not what your employers
17:35 to know. They need to know to correlate wells. They know how
17:39 do that. Then the natural If they do crappy correlations, their
17:44 make any sense on DSO. I this company doesn't know anything about photography
17:50 they asked me to teach the employees wrong skill. Now you know there
17:54 There are aspects of wrappings and require some sort of computer program.
18:00 in petroleum geology, your mapping units defined between some sort of strata graphic
18:07 but the security rights than the natural sense. So I argue that mapping
18:11 relatively easy. If you get steps mind, if you don't get those
18:16 , then you're gonna get those eyes . You're gonna make maps that make
18:20 sense. And then finally, construction time strata graphic charts or diagrams can
18:27 can help correlate your local photography to cycle cycling event charts on that could
18:33 used for predicting things like global source and Ulysses Yeah. Now the one
18:40 I will say is, it doesn't whether you work for Exxon Shell,
18:43 you work for a small company or company on whether you like TRC construe
18:48 or for Octavian catching me honestly. Galloway type 123 or 10 sequences methodology
18:58 is independent off the type of sequence that like Okay, the methodology applies
19:05 well log data, set scores and approach things that and so You should
19:11 this methodology regardless. If you work because it's not a terminology dependent
19:18 you know you could, you could could decide what to call your systems
19:21 sequences after you've done all the correlations , and what you call them is
19:26 of the actual correlations, Right? I've said in that last line in
19:32 previous lecture, there's lots of different of secrets. Photography, important question
19:36 ask you. It doesn't make any how I actually mapping correlate the reservoir
19:41 parents. It doesn't make any difference the predictions I make about where reservoir
19:45 ceilings, but the answer is Then you need to worry about If
19:49 no, we just We're just debating it's late, late, high
19:52 early, early, low stand thes like one terminology knows don't. But
19:58 terminologies allow us to predict more sand middle the basin thing. It doesn't
20:03 what we call, but if calling late Hiestand means you don't think they're
20:08 in the Basin was calling it forced does. Then you've got a debate
20:12 you need to be concerned about because gonna have different risk estimates about the
20:17 predictability of reservoir sources here, if makes sense. Okay, so now
20:24 told you what I'm gonna tell Not gonna tell you what you go
20:28 that again with some examples. So sort of the simplest example. Here
20:32 a payment geographic map from her first geology textbook. It's the marry
20:37 which is, uh, campaigning in campaigning is the the, uh,
20:44 first stage of the late Cretaceous, , of the late Cretaceous Quotations divided
20:51 the early and late period on the stage of the early rotation of the
20:55 quotations of Saturnalia and the seaway was from the Arctic on stopped transcontinental
21:04 Then there was a barrier. Little , Barry there they jumped into the
21:09 of Mexico side. And you've got carbonate reefs there, and then the
21:13 Deltas and, uh, kind of . And so what that tells you
21:19 that lab is to the west, , see was in the middle.
21:23 depending on where your explanation area, know, sort of where land and
21:26 it right. You may also have size with data on the seismic line
21:31 is from thes coast of the Atlantic off Morocco. Flatline shell faces.
21:37 have seen dipping slope faces, you know, roughly. But land
21:41 to the to the east, and sea is to the west. So
21:45 get a regional painting, geography, large scale, uh, base and
21:51 . And you may get some regional about the age of the base.
21:56 the typical kind of stuff that you look at before you really start setting
22:00 a correlation. That's what I You know, Step one is
22:05 you know, evaluate the previous work regional size. We could run long
22:09 . If you don't like that, just get the big picture, you
22:12 , look at the literature. So did I apply that? So when
22:18 was doing my PhD, I had map of Alberta shown in the lower
22:27 here, and George Burke, in had made a map of the Dunvegan
22:33 . What he showed was that the pinches out in a roughly west southwest
22:43 Northeast. Orientation on Delta builds basically northwest to southeast. So that that
22:54 defined an overall deposition of strike deposition direction said so. Now I had
23:03 idea of deposition. Will strike and . This is my well long
23:08 These areas where a lot of balls oilfields primarily in deeper carbonates. So
23:16 of Devonian carbonates plays on. Then some areas with lots of core
23:20 Most of the done Megan fields. then there were townships that have no
23:25 on. That was where nobody it's . Well, so right away,
23:28 said, Well, OK, areas where I've got core, I've
23:31 areas. I've got a lot of spaced data and I'm gonna organize my
23:35 sectional grid with respect to deposition will and dip. Okay, that there
23:42 my actual cross sectional grid. difference from this map is there,
23:48 area between my cross sections where I gotten Well, okay, this is
23:53 done before there was the available digital . This is what I was
23:58 my PhD. So I had to the rather painful, painstaking step of
24:04 digital about digitizing hand drawing every single on profile with a rapida graft pen
24:11 Mylar paper. And I have 500 with to track seats. That's 1000
24:18 locks, braces. I had to and draw on a piece of
24:23 a long line of cross section. , of course, some of the
24:26 were common to my different strikes. . So it was. It was
24:31 well armed traces plus repeat at every that was common between cross sections on
24:38 piece of paper that went forever. was a question e. I just
24:46 it's a brutal amount of drawing. . Right. Uh, but keep
24:51 I'm making. Is that is that that the oriented the cross sections with
24:55 deposition restricting striking did Looks like a , it looks like a seismic array
25:03 that area. Yeah, this is is well, all right.
25:08 you know, the other problem is that at that time in the
25:12 eighties, the web logs were organized trade. So you have these trays
25:17 microfiche they organized by township. You put all the well logs in townships
25:22 . All the well logs in It was really easy. Easy to
25:26 it east west, second team, that wasn't east, west,
25:29 south, north south cross sections were because you had to get you have
25:34 get you know, 123456 You have get eight separate trays and the micro
25:40 from eight cents trays strips the ball . It was it was just a
25:45 It was just a big pain. up all the time. Okay,
25:50 this is a person playing the This is something that my wife always
25:54 . What's a family member? Oh, I'm so sorry. I'm
25:59 so of course you know the next is to start correlating. Of
26:06 what you do is you correlate along line, then you correlate along the
26:10 line, come back to a tip back to strike. Hopefully, you
26:14 , when you do a loop, know, your your services will be
26:18 in the same place. If you're for Paris sequence that you know that
26:22 mess right. So I was getting frustrated because I was doing these
26:27 long regional cross sections on every time came back, saying, Well,
26:30 be off. So then I basically all over again. I I actually
26:35 rather than doing cross sections. I've some paper sections just with the loops
26:41 meant I had read Redraft every single on you have again, right this
26:48 years This'll was a year or two tracing Rolling's. Now The good news
26:55 , I really memorized those done well, signature. So once I
26:59 the cross sex Oh yeah, that's . Well, not well right.
27:02 to say this was a pain in butt. There's just no exaggeration.
27:06 see people now. You know what me a year and a half?
27:09 could do it, you know, minutes travel, right? So life
27:12 be easier right now they're blown I'll show this map in more
27:16 There's Burke's ice pack back. You , It's orange of the top yellow
27:20 . It shows on overall Northwest thio filling. Okay, make sure that
27:29 when I give electrolyte done by there was some a step one.
27:34 the idea is that orienting your your orienting your correlations with respect to
27:40 geological like strike deposition, strike of on. The reason you do that
27:44 because clown form should be maximum in direction And if you do everything you
27:49 that everything kind of client forms in winning. Right? So, E
27:56 a question. Yes, Absolutely. , so sometimes we don't have the
28:02 to have so many wells spread Uh, what is, like,
28:08 minimum further away, They two hours be so we can get good
28:14 Or like, is there a You know, especially we can have
28:20 lot of walls in one location, maybe they're not gonna give us the
28:24 picture big enough to understand the So that's a really, really good
28:32 . So I'm going to get to point later in this talk.
28:36 So that the short answer is, , um, if if if your
28:44 to sparsely spaced you probably can't do photography in any detail, you could
28:51 some very general guesses as to where boundaries might be based on one big
28:57 . But if the geology is changing fast. So I'm gonna talk about
29:00 explicitly later in this talk, then may not be appropriate to do a
29:05 secret strata graphic correlation. So that's short answer. I'm gonna answer that
29:11 explicitly later in the talk. So question in mind, a zai go
29:16 . It's a very good question. that okay? Yeah. No,
29:24 perfect. Thank you. So, thing I did when I was doing
29:30 PhD was again. This'll is a was drilled by imperial oil. So
29:35 was that was the Canadian branch of , literally back in the forties would
29:40 on entire core through, you thousands of feet of photography just for
29:45 sake of having a strata graphic Well, they would do the paleontology
29:49 it later. All the formations on way they had they had some time
29:55 graphic constraints on the base of On. So, one of the
29:59 that I did actually didn't do this in my PhD. But, you
30:03 , in the middle of it, realized that there were these cores that
30:07 through the entire formation of shells and . They've never been looked at much
30:12 , so I washed them all logged them, and then read the
30:16 that have all the buyer zones and able to say Okay, so,
30:21 know yeah. With don't creak and Groupe are defined by a very distinctive
30:30 ozone God. Renea evidences foraminifera How creek sandstone formation is related to
30:38 back, you ladies patellas zone. , Dunvegan, unfortunately, belongs to
30:43 single zone and a single form different . So there was no possibility of
30:50 bar strata graphic refinement of the And therefore, it didn't seem that
30:56 Trigger, who's gonna help me make time subdivisions within the formation of my
31:01 . But certainly I looked at that , and I've had students have done
31:05 regional Gulf Coast studies with lots of owns. It's been very helpful for
31:10 . So the idea is that to get the BIS owns on on
31:14 , you know, particularly if you some sort of well in your basement
31:18 had a lot of bias photography element other sort of regional studies.
31:25 this also illustrates the idea of going step one to step two, which
31:30 going to look at the faces and that's coming up next. So this
31:34 So this core also had had was , it was also a cord.
31:38 course, the coordinated gives you information the deficits of environment that gets Step
31:44 , which is established, the environmental faces that allows us to understand something
31:50 the correlation stuff. Photograph. uh, shows the Martian formation,
31:56 is a very well known flu viel . But it's characterized by relatively flat
32:02 channel belts that have surfaces that erosion on truncate, the underlying flood points
32:10 typical of trivial channel belts, relatively tops and erosion along basis.
32:17 and so the sand stones come and on their typically eroded by the flood
32:21 . That's different from Delta's, which talked extensively about my next lecture.
32:29 an example of Del tag faces, you have flooding surfaces that you seem
32:34 go forever. This'll this is, know, probably, you know,
32:40 100 m, almost a kilometer with crop here. And you know,
32:45 flooding surfaces extends over kilometers. So to the question about should you correlate
32:51 , you know, if you've got spacing here and here, then
32:54 you could correlate the surfaces over the a few 100 m because the rocks
33:00 quick correlate much further than that But of course, if you have
33:06 seismic data. It tells you great I've got a well, here and
33:11 . Yeah, Reflections of pretty continuous than offset by the faults.
33:15 Whereas if I'm in this part of basin, you know, a surface
33:21 might be way down there because the dip, right, So the seismic
33:25 could tell you the slope faces. are a climate form correlation science.
33:31 the shelf? Faces are relatively layer , railroad, track, track,
33:37 track, type of coronation style. the broad environmental faces can inform you
33:44 what type of correlation, style, or flat line. You should use
33:49 priority. And, you know, this case, a seismic data actually
33:54 you information about the magnitude. It , Oh, dips one degree.
34:00 you know a surface at this you know, if it's one degree
34:05 1000 m, should drop by 100 . Whatever that trigonometry tells you,
34:10 elevation drop should be on the direction elevation. Drop some of that.
34:16 could determine a priority for you even core planes. And so I just
34:21 any feature in this swath. Dick will be lower down in the
34:29 Okay, so So here we're We're looking at faces stuck on working
34:38 amazing desert outcrops of the quotations. Interior Seaway is because you can see
34:46 units correlate over distances because the outcrops continuous. So here we see a
34:51 Paris sequence here, you can see shave between it. Lead us back
34:56 my pen here, hear that little shale correlate there, then it's much
35:05 over here than it is over You see, the top of the
35:08 is dropping slightly toe right across about half of Columbia. So about
35:15 get some idea of the correlation not more detail, you know,
35:20 we have, you know, a upper course from Paris sequence overland by
35:25 , rocks on within the Paris we see much more stupid dipping.
35:31 okay on. Of course, we the band between sand and shale with
35:36 example. Right? But she's online that within the sandstone way might see
35:42 just one unit in the well log within that dip. Okay, That
35:47 not be something called deterministic Lee, it might be important if you're trying
35:51 predict something about the organization of their flow behavior in a production
36:00 Okay, Uh, eso Here's another where you got these Nice,
36:06 dipping beds. You can see that beds, that's that's typical of upward
36:14 shore face deposits. So next thing gonna talk about is this idea of
36:22 discontinuities. So this slide also informs that we can now go to Step
36:30 , which is used Walther's law to the fact that this clarity massive break
36:35 , separating a marine shale above from shallow marine sandstone below That surface correlates
36:42 the with the area you can see , which is kind of several 100
36:47 . Here is what the surface looks in more detail. We can see
36:51 beautiful erosion surface here with marine stones above truncation of the shore face
36:58 below. That's of course, on welcome to go. I think
37:04 show you this again in even more in a electric tomorrow. Clearly way
37:09 a Walther's Law deposition break. It's to the flooding surface that we saw
37:14 the slide that defined Paris sequences in early electric. I just finished,
37:21 there's a variety of different kinds of discontinuities or surfaces that we can identify
37:28 had erosion surfaces on those could include surfaces formed during based on the
37:36 such as uplift such as anger and is, if you have checked on
37:40 uplift from this. Conformity is if have static drops, the basis of
37:45 . Channel bouts could be erosive sometimes . The word you may have heard
37:55 dia stem, which is sort of Greek key Latin word for minor
38:03 diced and basically means scattered local erosion . So the problem you know,
38:08 could see irrational surface questions. Is a regional conformity, or is it
38:12 a little medical channel scalp one. had identified a za potential sequence
38:18 and then you do your correlation to if it goes anything on.
38:22 we've We've already talked about how you identify truncation. We may see evidence
38:27 the spirit exposure, petty assault, crafts, police, which is a
38:32 of yourself roots or carbonates. A story. You may see services section
38:39 transgression, such as such as the imposition of marine shells on salary
38:45 Aziz, we see in this you may see transgressive lags and talked
38:51 briefly when I showed you the recorder's the plus Paris sentences on you may
38:56 intense sections or shales, very rich fossils that can indicate maximum setting services
39:03 high gambled high gamma log zones on logs that may indicate a condensed section
39:10 might contain a maximum sentence served on these kinds of band discontinuities may serve
39:16 correlation layers in Reservoir characterization or for definition of reservoir CIA pairs. If
39:23 doing exploration level of research on a level, search for your residents or
39:32 control systems. So just some Here's example. The classic Angara
39:39 in which you have vertically tilted beds by flatline beds. There is the
39:44 beds. This is Cretaceous Rocks below the Indianola Group overland by Cenizo
39:51 This is just outside Salon, a in the first thrust belt of the
39:56 basin of the flirtatious interior seaway. an example of a another well,
40:04 outbreak. You've got shares above, you've got up coarsening sandstone below faith
40:11 and the contact is marked by a conglomerate layer with cross betting formed during
40:17 transgression. Here's an example From We've got vertical routes that represents a
40:24 exposure of a beach faces marked by parallel nomination. Then we get a
40:30 abated faces. That problem marks transgressive of erosion reworking. And then we
40:36 another surface that separates a Marine shale for about activated Marine stands. Don't
40:43 a big sandstone below that this represents faces that would mark the flooding surface
40:50 puts a deeper Marine shale on our water of moving sandstone. Of
40:56 that's marked by a fairly shopped contact the well room on. Then here's
41:04 example where we get a disk informative irrational scour into flatline, uh,
41:12 abandoned channel film. Blood Stones. can see beautiful zoo Fico Sparrow
41:17 So this thes thes marine sediments draped emotional surface with I did with my
41:25 shelf Marine bar occupation in these marine stones and shells. And then at
41:31 end of that we get my still it still stone beds represent pro down
41:37 deposits down, locked in the maximum surface, separating a fluid channel from
41:43 transgressive sandstone. In between the maximum surface on top, but with probably
41:49 download service. But all that geology represented by that black line in the
41:57 . And then here is, discusses in jokes. I worked with
42:01 Bay Field when he was BP on . We have a nice,
42:07 pebble conglomerate overline The floodplain faces This puts the Buckhorn conglomerate over the
42:16 , you know the name of musical ifit's not Morrison. Its's a little
42:20 man. You know, this could simply a conglomerated braided flu. Your
42:25 latterly migrating over a red bed mud represent a major regional conformity. And
42:33 service, in fact, has been in both ways by various researches.
42:38 , you would notice a big change green size. You think that looks
42:41 certainly candidate for emotional surface. And would need to regional correlations to know
42:46 that's regionally significant or just a local because a course commonly stream of boats
42:54 the area. Yeah, here's another where you've got a nice, great
43:01 bed marking a little pro Delta turban on its overlay and sharply by sandstone
43:08 cross bedding, some little, some conformity. Black Rip up Sand stones
43:14 represents the base of a flu view Bennett Channel. It's eroding into programs
43:19 blood stone that's not next in A pro daughter should be overlaying by
43:24 Front, not incised River Channel. I marked that as anomalous, Walters
43:31 contact with enormously superimposes coarse grained shallow nor Marine faces over more distant Marine
43:40 faces, marking a candidate sequence In fact, that contact separates the
43:48 up with Louisville Channel, failed from protests and chills was marked as a
43:54 aerial erosion will scour or sub aerial surface that later interpreted and coronated as
44:02 regional sequence bound. Here's another view that same sequence boundary in a core
44:11 very close to this one. In case, you have even more weld
44:15 erosion, with lots of separate petals lots of, uh, remains of
44:23 of organisms, and it superimposes course . Cross bedded, medium grained sand
44:29 , roasted lee overlying contaminated product, stones. Putting it in size
44:35 Corrosive Lee over district pro down to stones, indicating a pretty significant sea
44:41 drop. Uh, on, Of , this is what the correlation of
44:46 incised valley looks like there's the incised . Well looks above course below.
44:53 is the Alberta basin, which is well cord and because of the more
45:01 tendencies in Canada way require all companies give their court to the Canadian government
45:08 after approach. Our proprietary period operated allows anyone to look at that core
45:14 a nominal fee to rent the table pay someone put course to look
45:20 And so I was lucky enough. have a supervisor with money that
45:24 uh, paid for for for all table costs on. I spent a
45:29 of my summers in Alberta locking, hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds
45:35 years of poor and identifying the office breaks that included areas where flu
45:41 Rocks are superimposed on marine rocks and where flooding surfaces capped marine deltas and
45:48 allowed myself to distinguish sequence boundaries on flooding surfaces and correlate the sequence photography
45:55 the fashion. You see, we come back to this example tomorrow.
46:00 review it in all of its Uh, but to me, rather
46:04 detail explain right there and Of In the end, we're actually jumping
46:10 I think step nine here in the the correlations allow you to make a
46:15 . So here's my map of that , this delta and there is the
46:21 . There is the low stand So, Matt, the entire,
46:25 , reservoir flowing. And I can you that all countries in Calgary are
46:31 these secrets strata graphically defined maps to locate horizontal wills. Looking at Halo
46:39 at the margins of the conventional reservoirs the dunvegan furniture that the critical thing
46:48 doing these kinds of correlations also requires you pay attention to areas where you've
46:55 closely spaced data. And, I wasn't sure which one of you
47:01 the question because some of you I have your I was kind of half
47:07 screen e was Kor that asked the for Sarah. I think it was
47:14 , ask me questions about how far Wells to be before you correlate.
47:19 this is the beginning of answering that . So here in this alcohol,
47:23 could see another precaution in Paris There's another question Paris sequence here.
47:29 pretty clear that the flooding surfaces are . I looked at that. I
47:35 by this act crop many times. , I walked out to this flooding
47:40 here. E said, Oh, right there. Right? So this
47:45 , you can just dives underneath. one eventually pinches out, and this
47:51 rides on top of that. You that pitches that. So this was
47:54 example where? Over 500 m I map the lateral pinch out of two
48:00 Harrison that told me that Paris seek sequences can pinch out over a few
48:07 m on. That was really important I began going from the alcohol to
48:12 subsurface. We already saw that within sand body waken get sand stones pinching
48:19 . Okay, that doesn't matter so if we just coordinating the whole sandbox
48:24 doesn't matter. So get your part the questions. What depends on what
48:28 of feature you'll be acts early. know, I'm doing a project right
48:32 with Oxy. They got a steam reservoir with wells turned 50 m
48:37 It's heavy oil, so they're really about the formation of individual Sanborn's.
48:44 I've done work in Trinidad for gas with 100 Darcy's of credibility.
48:51 you know, the correlations are so in a very forgiving few.
48:56 So this is gonna kind of answer question. So here we have worked
49:00 the excellent group from the Cliffs and three sections from the crops quite close
49:07 , close together. So you know band between the castigating But time is
49:13 nice marine shale over over floating in That's a that's a easy to pick
49:17 surface. Now we have some Paris . Okay, on those look like
49:23 correlate pre layer cake. Here's another those correlate pretty layer cake. Then
49:29 got lateral accretions channel belts And you the channel about correlates with increasing betting
49:36 only may or may not correlate between . So some of the judge rights
49:41 some of it not so much. we sort of expand the correlations,
49:46 bigger because Okay, well, waken see that floating surface, But can
49:51 disappears over that distance? There is one, but that gets cut off
49:55 the sequence foundry. So what? reappears again. So maybe that surfaces
50:01 one a lockout boundaries the belt tongue . That that's still pretty consistent.
50:07 you say that the correlation is getting little bit bigger as we start to
50:12 . Nevertheless, we still have a of closing space taken us way.
50:16 see where the Latin Latin truncation are . The distance between these sections is
50:23 less than a kilometer percent. what about these two sections?
50:30 you know, here's a question Paris . There is no proportion in Paris
50:34 maybe that correlates with that. There a incision there. Maybe that's the
50:40 there. The setting surface here. this truncation little funding surface here.
50:46 that someone there. Then there's the again. We got that. You
50:52 , maybe that's true. Maybe. that up there. You guys are
50:57 with that correlation. Pretty good, ? Problem is, that section is
51:03 . That section is over here. if I take a if I think
51:09 just verdict expanded. So if I that flooding surface down there, if
51:14 take that funding surface has gone this sorting services gone there, so
51:20 correlates. This is 200 kilometers of . So you know the only thing
51:26 is the tongue that that shell correlates kilometers. That's a good band.
51:31 else is pitches out to the short . To quit to the question is
51:36 . Really? How? How far the units are. You know,
51:39 all I had was to sexual space in Columbus apart, I would say
51:43 probably a lot of complicated secret trigger those units on. We're not gonna
51:48 able to figure them out with, , spaced that far apart. Next
51:54 . Okay, so how did I this concept to my PhD?
51:59 what I did, because I spent lot of time looking at areas where
52:03 had closely spaced data. Those were producing oil fields. So that
52:08 I sort of looked at the wells the reservoirs, in the oil fields
52:13 Look how closely things correlated where I close well, spacing twin wells.
52:19 , you know, things looked like coral layer cake there. Then I
52:23 expand the correlations to the larger So that takes us to this
52:29 which basically sort of showed me how correlate. Well, as we've got
52:35 new well, space, you and you could carry things, but
52:39 aware that they make lawful, you ? Now, if I took out
52:43 of the wells this cross section, probably wouldn't be able to make this
52:47 right. So the short answer if you know So this spirit river
52:53 to sampled by 12345678 wells. So sequence is sampled by eight wells.
53:03 over sent okay in this example But I've only got two l's.
53:12 sample that Paris sequence, and that's sequence. But they failed sample all
53:17 Paris sequences in between. So if I had was a sample of the
53:21 there and there, it would under the complexity of the geology, the
53:27 term we use for this in physics aliases. You know what that means
53:32 if you have a sign curve and only sample it once, understand,
53:39 , if you sample it 1000 times , sample it and you could reproduce
53:44 original occur, right? That's why you want to make a sample of
53:50 and you only sent to the music minute, you'll never know what the
53:54 sounds like it was a Beatles song only sampling every minute you have a
54:00 minute song on the samples. One . You have three seconds of a
54:04 minute song you may or may not identified with Song is. But if
54:09 sound like every millisecond you have complete . You know what's wrong with
54:13 right? So sampling physics is critical sometimes we forget that sampling the geology
54:18 also critical. So the answer The of how much uh, Santa,
54:23 you need three? Answer is depends the number of times you sound okay
54:31 DSO. This is an example of data set that's over sampled. You
54:37 see the correlations that got Clint has , uh, could be could be
54:42 through many wells on these flooding surfaces guy's correlated are sampled by all the
54:48 and cross section or most of the in a cross section. So the
54:52 spacing is over. Sampled with respect the level of sequence photography that God
54:58 is trying thio determine. Having said , you could see place where you
55:03 insufficient truncation In general, the valleys only sampled by one. Well,
55:08 their relative in there. So the , the family systems tend to be
55:14 , which makes it more difficult to . Where's the where's the Marine?
55:18 sequences are over sampled, in which more samples of any given Paris
55:22 which means that they're a little bit to correlate. Okay, now,
55:27 aware of the fact that it's we've going about 55 minutes. Uh,
55:34 is kind of a good place to because it started stalls out at the
55:39 that I started with. Okay, . So far, we've gone to
55:46 . You started. We've already gotten expand, to correlations, to a
55:51 scale. You know, once you close space and you can start correlate
55:56 and look for the lap out of . Okay, so we're kind
56:00 you know, now sort of lumped . It steps 5678 by looking at
56:06 cross sections. Okay, so let's take another little five minute break here
56:12 will do two things and give us a break. A Maria chance to
56:17 recording and have a nice 50 minutes lecture rather than a two hour
56:22 on, then we'll come back in few minutes on. Then, at
56:26 point, we will, uh, the lecture. Okay, so we're
56:30 coming back and, uh, see time it is I've got about just
56:35 for the past four years. come back at 4. 30.
56:40 give us about a, uh For a The recording has
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