| 00:02 | I wasn't alright, y'all? You ready to learn a little bit of |
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| 00:11 | . Just just a little bit, a lot. Okay. I didn't |
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| 00:16 | about this slide. Right? This the one I ended on. |
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| 00:20 | So what I wanted to show here basic the basic reflex arc. All |
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| 00:26 | . And so if you recall when left on thursday, what we were |
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| 00:30 | about, where the different parts of central nervous system, we talked about |
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| 00:34 | cerebrum. We talked to cerebellum, talked about the diane cephalon, went |
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| 00:37 | the brainstem and then we started talking the spinal cord, which is still |
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| 00:41 | of the central nervous system. And talking about that, we talked about |
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| 00:45 | organization about the gray matter on the , the thing that kind of looks |
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| 00:47 | a butterfly and then the white matter the outside. And so really the |
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| 00:52 | arc here is to demonstrate partially why spinal cord is part of the central |
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| 00:58 | system. And the first statement up kind of says it, it |
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| 01:02 | look, the brain, sorry, spinal cord is capable of processing information |
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| 01:08 | its own. You do not need send everything up to the brain in |
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| 01:13 | for your body to process it and a response out of it. And |
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| 01:17 | reflex arc demonstrates this there are reflex that occurred that go all the way |
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| 01:21 | to the brain. But we have simple reflex arcs that can happen at |
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| 01:26 | level the spinal cord and so you see in our little picture here. |
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| 01:30 | love these little pictures cause I like make stories with them. So you |
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| 01:33 | on an electric nail, right? why there's lightning bolts. That's not |
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| 01:39 | why it's just pain. That's what supposed to mean. So you can |
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| 01:42 | you step on a tack. What ? Ouch, Right, but what |
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| 01:48 | you do? You lift your foot ? Right, You don't need to |
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| 01:53 | about it. You don't it's not a cartoon, right? You guys |
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| 01:56 | bugs bunny cartoons. Okay. There's be a point where I'm gonna ask |
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| 02:01 | question, the class and they're gonna at me like what's bugs bunny? |
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| 02:03 | I'm just gonna be that's the day retire. Right? So, it's |
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| 02:07 | when the red runner runs off the and and kinda goes after him, |
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| 02:11 | sits there and has to think about before he falls. Right, That's |
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| 02:14 | what happens with this type of When you're talking about a reflex, |
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| 02:19 | does not need to go up to processing center. So that there's |
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| 02:23 | You step on a tack. You your foot up. Then you |
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| 02:28 | oh right. So the processing, perception part comes up to the |
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| 02:34 | but the action is solely dependent upon simple reflex arc. So information is |
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| 02:40 | in other words, this is somatic . So, it's basically detecting uh |
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| 02:44 | pain that that information goes up, the uh the neuron in that |
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| 02:51 | This is called an interneuron. Interneuron then activate the motor neuron that sends |
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| 02:56 | causes the muscle to contract and you it up. All right, You |
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| 03:00 | have to think about it. It happens. And if you've ever been |
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| 03:03 | the doctor, you've had some fun they get to do stuff like |
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| 03:05 | Like when they've done the knee jerk , right? They hit you with |
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| 03:08 | little hammer and your leg and you're , no, no, watch, |
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| 03:11 | fight against it. It just Right? So that's a reflex a |
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| 03:17 | occurs or the reflex arc occurs in very simple way, information is received |
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| 03:22 | a receptor. Information is sent via a different pathway. So that would |
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| 03:26 | a sensory pathway. It's processed at level of the spinal cord in that |
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| 03:31 | . And then information is being sent being different pathway onto an effect or |
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| 03:36 | effect of being in this case of . Now, this isn't the only |
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| 03:39 | of reflex arcs. I mean you have like salivary, right? You |
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| 03:43 | something good like like a brownie sound good. Hot brownie ! Hot |
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| 03:51 | brownie with hot fudge on top and that mouth water. That would be |
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| 03:57 | reflex, right? You don't have sit there and go there's a brownie |
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| 04:00 | front of me. I need to hungry now. Alright, I'll come |
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| 04:03 | you. Right? So first there's just what this is trying to |
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| 04:07 | is that these reflexes can occur at different levels. And so the first |
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| 04:11 | is segmental, which is what I is basically staying at the same |
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| 04:15 | So information goes in stays at that and comes out being the motor pathway |
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| 04:20 | the same level. Inter segmental means going up or down through that spinal |
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| 04:26 | , right? So you can go an upper level or down to a |
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| 04:29 | level to a different level within the cord. And then super segmental means |
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| 04:33 | goes up to the brain stem to some sort of response. So now |
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| 04:37 | being sent up to a structure and what the dame, it says right |
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| 04:40 | supra. So it's telling you going a higher order structure. But generally |
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| 04:45 | in our class. And typically in we tend to focus here, but |
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| 04:50 | the course of your life you'll probably seeing some of these. So, |
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| 04:53 | there was a question way. so that's that's a response, that's |
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| 05:06 | a response to training. So if took any other person out here and |
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| 05:11 | a baseball at their head, you , there there's gonna be a reflexive |
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| 05:15 | of, oh, I see something at me, but what do most |
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| 05:17 | do when the ball is coming at head? They duck? Right, |
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| 05:21 | that's what most people or or you it hit you in the head and |
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| 05:24 | which case you learn that that's probably a good thing, right? So |
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| 05:28 | of the part of the training is going through the process of learning to |
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| 05:33 | your hand up and responding to that coming from you, right? But |
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| 05:37 | that's not a spinal reflex, That's a different type of reflex. |
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| 05:41 | so what we're dealing with this particular art, we're referring specifically to the |
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| 05:46 | reflexes. Okay, so these these the easy ones. Another one. |
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| 05:50 | a simple we'll get we'll talk about of these a little bit later. |
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| 05:54 | like it's the like if someone grabs arm, it's called what is called |
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| 05:58 | cross extensive reflex. So if I you and pull at you, like |
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| 06:01 | gonna take you, what is your response? Take your other hand and |
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| 06:05 | away. That's across extensive. All . And that same cross century flex |
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| 06:10 | what you do when you step on tack. When I step on a |
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| 06:13 | , I lift up my foot. if I lift up my foot without |
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| 06:16 | something else, I'd fall right on But what's the other thing I gotta |
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| 06:20 | ? Gonna extend this foot downward to it. So I go and now |
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| 06:24 | planted here, that's crosstalk sensor. the simple art shows you here that's |
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| 06:30 | on one side. But obviously there's communication that's going on, that creates |
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| 06:34 | larger, more complex reflexes. And just want you to focus on the |
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| 06:38 | reflex here receptor, a different pathway effect er processing taking place in the |
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| 06:45 | cord. So what this does it this transition. So we kind of |
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| 06:52 | the brief sprint through the central nervous . And what we're gonna do is |
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| 06:56 | gonna do a brief sprint through the nervous system and then from there, |
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| 07:00 | we're gonna do is we're going to at and I'm gonna remember, oh |
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| 07:03 | gonna look at the ways that the nervous system protects itself. And then |
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| 07:07 | last thing we're gonna look at is autonomic nervous system today and then we |
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| 07:10 | to do some fun stuff as we forward. So what I wanna do |
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| 07:13 | just kind of put in perspective with peripheral nervous system is alright, functionally |
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| 07:18 | , it's the part of the nervous that receives information and then responds to |
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| 07:23 | process of the central nervous system. , so if we went back to |
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| 07:27 | art, the thing that's sending the up as part of the peripheral nervous |
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| 07:31 | , the part of the information that's down here is peripheral nervous system. |
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| 07:35 | inside the spinal cord that processing is nervous system. So the peripheral nervous |
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| 07:41 | deals with those two aspects information goes to be processed, processed information coming |
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| 07:47 | goes to the effect er that's what we think about peripheral nervous system. |
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| 07:53 | , so what we're doing is we're take those electrical signals that are going |
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| 07:57 | move the length, we're gonna turn chemical signals. And then chemical signals |
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| 08:00 | gonna be converted to electrical signals, sent down their length, down to |
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| 08:05 | the effect of where chemical is gonna released. And again, I would |
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| 08:09 | you or remind you that when we're about these types of axons, these |
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| 08:13 | of neurons that have these axons, are very, very long structures, |
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| 08:18 | ? So they leave the spinal cord then they travel the length of the |
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| 08:24 | to which they're going to innovate. , if I'm like wiggling my pinky |
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| 08:28 | here, that fiber leaves the spinal is one long cell that goes the |
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| 08:32 | length. All right now we're gonna some nuance here. But I want |
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| 08:36 | to start there. So if you at this little map, this is |
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| 08:40 | of how biologists divide everything up. we like to put things in boxes |
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| 08:45 | it makes life easy for us, ? And sometimes things want to go |
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| 08:48 | six boxes, but we're going to focus on the simple boxes. |
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| 08:53 | So the simple boxes are if you of the peripheral nervous system information going |
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| 08:57 | and information going out, that means have sensory input and we have motor |
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| 09:02 | . So that's the first two So we're gonna look at uh |
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| 09:07 | right? And then how is it controlled? Alright. So we have |
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| 09:11 | is referred to as somatic and autonomic really just kind of deals with the |
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| 09:16 | , right things that you can So, when I'm talking motor, |
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| 09:20 | talking about muscles. You know, muscles. When I'm thinking about somatic |
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| 09:26 | sensory information, I'm talking about receptors the skin. Alright, receptors on |
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| 09:31 | surface or in the muscles. So can understand what's going on. |
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| 09:35 | here somatic deals with things that I control and have perception of autonomic, |
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| 09:41 | the other hand, deals with both sensory and motor aspects that I don't |
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| 09:45 | control over. All. Right. , we're talking about smooth muscle, |
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| 09:49 | muscle, salivary glands, glands in . Alright. And so we're governing |
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| 09:55 | trying to ask questions about what's going inside our viscera. Viscera being the |
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| 09:59 | of your body. Okay, So don't have any sort of conscious control |
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| 10:04 | just to prove it, I want here to stop your heart. Go |
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| 10:08 | . Just right. No. Maybe that maybe that takes a little |
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| 10:12 | of training. Uh So why don't speed up our hearts? So, |
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| 10:17 | can can you do that now? can. Okay, so, I'm |
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| 10:22 | the only one. Alright, when we talk about peripheral nervous |
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| 10:28 | peripheral nervous system is all about All right. There are no nerves |
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| 10:36 | the central nervous system. Okay, that's a very important point. And |
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| 10:42 | like, wait a second, what you mean? There are no |
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| 10:44 | You talk about nerve fibers all the . You might even see that in |
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| 10:48 | . We'll know a nerve is a specific thing. When you see the |
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| 10:52 | fiber, it's it's kind of a term. And when they put nerve |
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| 10:56 | , what they're implying is they're talking axons. So nerve fiber is really |
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| 11:00 | axon. Alright, so nerves are to the peripheral nervous system. It |
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| 11:05 | be a cranial nerve or spinal nerve the cranial nerves arise from. Let's |
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| 11:10 | from the regions above the shoulder Right? So it's basically the brain |
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| 11:16 | and the cerebrum. Okay, where you think the spinal nerves arise from |
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| 11:20 | spinal cord? See how hard this ? Yeah. So so that's kind |
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| 11:26 | our our first step now the way can think about this and this is |
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| 11:29 | has got the description for me in has gotten much more difficult as years |
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| 11:33 | gone by because everyone now uses cell . Very few of us actually have |
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| 11:38 | phones in our homes at this Anyone here have a wired phone in |
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| 11:41 | home still I do. I have kids that I refuse to buy phones |
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| 11:45 | because they're under the age of Right? So if they need to |
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| 11:49 | us they need to have a wired . Right. But I want you |
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| 11:54 | imagine. Have you guys been over Buffalo speedway and been over there in |
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| 11:58 | area. Have you seen that big brown building with no windows has a |
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| 12:02 | . And T on the side of . Okay, there's actually one on |
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| 12:05 | 88 down here, it's actually much . It's about a three story |
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| 12:08 | No windows again says A T. T on the side. These are |
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| 12:14 | buildings that exist as a result of old telephone system. They still use |
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| 12:18 | for telecom, but now it's all . And I want you to imagine |
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| 12:23 | you go look at these, you'll these pipes come out of these buildings |
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| 12:25 | they're like six ft tall pipes. ? And what they're doing is they're |
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| 12:29 | all the fiber optic used to be cables but its fiber optic now out |
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| 12:34 | that building and it goes out into neighborhoods and in your neighborhood if you |
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| 12:38 | around carefully you're gonna start seeing these tiny green towers that's about this tall |
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| 12:42 | those towers are away for that building connect to all the houses in your |
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| 12:47 | . It's a splitter and that splitter sends wires to every single house in |
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| 12:52 | neighborhood. And at some point somewhere the 80s basically all houses up to |
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| 12:58 | point usually had one phone line. then sometime during the 80s this idea |
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| 13:02 | every daughter on the planet had to a phone because they always took up |
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| 13:05 | phone line and so people started getting lines into their homes and so you |
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| 13:10 | the little princess phone that's actually the of there was a pink phone that |
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| 13:14 | would give little girls say it's your line. And so you have two |
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| 13:17 | . But you can imagine for each these things there's kind of a splitter |
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| 13:20 | takes place right? So you start with this big fat cable full of |
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| 13:26 | and then those get split into smaller which getting smaller ones which get smaller |
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| 13:30 | and finally go in your home and have multiple lines there. And that's |
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| 13:34 | of what nerves are. Nerves are axons traveling together from one point to |
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| 13:42 | . And usually that other point is sort of common point. So you |
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| 13:46 | imagine your neighborhood is a common But then you split off right and |
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| 13:50 | go to different areas and then you imagine there's wires going in the house |
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| 13:53 | that's a common point and then they again and then there's another common |
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| 13:57 | you know like oh all the phones the one line and then there's that |
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| 14:00 | that goes upstairs to the daughter's I don't know why son never got |
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| 14:04 | phone. We they didn't trust us it or something. So when you |
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| 14:09 | a nerve, that's what you need see is these are axons traveling together |
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| 14:15 | one place or the other. Now axons see what I have listed up |
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| 14:21 | just to make sure. Alright so it's a bundle right? It's just |
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| 14:27 | axon portion so you can see in cartoon here and they're actually wrapped up |
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| 14:32 | separated from each other. So you see here here are the Schwann |
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| 14:35 | So you can see that insulation. this would be the axon and that's |
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| 14:39 | insulation. But they're wrapped up in tissue and there's three layers. So |
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| 14:43 | each one is wrapped by what is an indo nuri. Um And then |
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| 14:47 | take a bunch of bunch of these that have been wrapped in industry um |
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| 14:51 | then you bundle them together so they're of traveling in unison and that's wrapped |
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| 14:55 | what is called the perron uri. And then you get a whole bunch |
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| 14:58 | these that are bundles that have been called fascia um or face tickles. |
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| 15:02 | then you take these fast cycles and bundle them together and then you have |
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| 15:06 | epidural and that would be the whole . So the nerve consists of many |
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| 15:10 | , many axons traveling in the same kind of like muscle in that they |
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| 15:16 | those three different layers. Yeah. now where the cell bodies are, |
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| 15:22 | gonna be depending upon which type of you're looking at. So if you're |
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| 15:25 | at a sensory neuron that act that cell bodies located in that dorsal root |
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| 15:31 | . Remember we said that there was bulge in the dorsal root, that's |
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| 15:35 | the cell bodies are. But if a motor neuron the cell body is |
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| 15:38 | be located in the central nervous So they're ranged or structurally kind of |
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| 15:46 | these these structures, these neurons or um As I mentioned, they can |
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| 15:52 | in the cranial region. So they're from the brain and that includes the |
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| 15:57 | stem or spinal. They could come the spinal cord. Now if you |
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| 16:00 | at a nerve or not a nerve a nerve fiber, you asked the |
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| 16:06 | which way is it sending its If a fiber is sending it towards |
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| 16:12 | central nervous system, it's sensory, it's sending information away from the central |
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| 16:17 | system, its motor and then nerves can actually be bundled both sensory and |
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| 16:24 | together. That means the motor is gonna be motor sensory is always gonna |
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| 16:27 | sensory. But collectively the whole thing is a mixed nerve because it has |
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| 16:32 | those fibers bundled together. So, can imagine I have sensory fibers that |
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| 16:38 | in my arm that are traveling up I have motor fibers that are traveling |
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| 16:41 | to the same location. And so probably sharing the same nerve. Um |
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| 16:46 | go into that particular location. Not of them do that. But some |
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| 16:51 | them do that. And when you and do an anatomy class you will |
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| 16:55 | between which is which? Good Not anatomy class don't have to learn |
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| 16:59 | names of nerves today. All So sensory nerves always going into transmitting |
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| 17:07 | information. These are different fibers is way you can look at different fibers |
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| 17:12 | always motor. They're sending information down an effect. Er Now nerves are |
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| 17:23 | kind of interesting spinal nerves in particular With some of the cranial nerves, |
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| 17:28 | will happen is that as they're exiting they are basically dividing and splitting into |
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| 17:36 | structures called plexus Plexus is. I know what the plural is. I |
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| 17:41 | plexus is fine. Such a frustrating . So what you can imagine. |
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| 17:46 | if I have a spinal nerve what does is it split it exits |
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| 17:49 | So you can imagine I have here's here's my spinal cord. I've got |
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| 17:53 | two routes they come together. They the spinal nerve and immediately they split |
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| 17:57 | three parts. All right. These called the ray my there's an anterior |
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| 18:01 | there's a posterior ramus and then there's Remy communications and we'll kind of go |
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| 18:06 | them in a little bit. The one we don't really worry about or |
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| 18:09 | about all too much because it's just interesting. It just innovates the skin |
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| 18:12 | the muscles of the back seat kind boring. Right? But the anterior |
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| 18:18 | are the ones that become kind of because what they do is that they |
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| 18:22 | and divide and converge with other anterior of other spinal nerves and they form |
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| 18:28 | structures called ramos Or or sorry ma'am and a plexus. You can think |
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| 18:33 | it like this is that to ensure I have sensory fibers and motor fibers |
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| 18:39 | down to the structures that are being . I have multiple pathways to ensure |
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| 18:45 | information goes to and from that pathway to make that in english so that |
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| 18:50 | can understand it. Think about where live right now. Is there more |
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| 18:54 | one way to get to U. H from your home or vice |
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| 18:59 | Right. So when you wake up the morning and you find out there's |
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| 19:02 | 40,000 car pile up, you know to get around that 40,000 car |
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| 19:06 | right? You don't just get on and hopefully they'll get you through some |
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| 19:11 | neighborhood, right? It's like, , I've got my alternate plan right |
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| 19:15 | get get to school because we don't class. Right? Everyone nod your |
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| 19:19 | and say no we don't ever skip . Right? That's kind of what |
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| 19:23 | plexus is. It says I have coming out through this spinal nerve, |
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| 19:28 | have fibers coming out this spinal nerve I'm gonna send fibers down to that |
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| 19:33 | location so that if this nerve gets , I still have information that can |
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| 19:38 | to and from that particular locale through different nerve. That's really how you |
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| 19:43 | kind of think of these. All , And what they do is depending |
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| 19:47 | where you're looking there's four major plexus plexus, whatever in the body. |
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| 19:54 | And that those ones we kind of on. But what we do with |
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| 19:57 | plex is that out of the plexus the name nerves of like for |
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| 20:03 | the limbs. So when you start like the owner nerve and the radial |
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| 20:08 | and the um you know, the nerve and you know, yada yada |
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| 20:13 | . These are the nerves that have from the spinal nerves after they've gone |
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| 20:19 | the plexus. In other words, and terri ramos that's coming through. |
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| 20:23 | right. So, nerve plexus is a form of organization that allows for |
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| 20:31 | and motor input to get to the locale. And the other thing I |
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| 20:37 | to just kind of point out with to the spinal nerves is that it's |
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| 20:40 | very, very organized. Your body not just a bunch of wires jammed |
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| 20:45 | a, you know, a finite that there is organization to it. |
|
| 20:49 | so you can see where the spinal go. This is a map that |
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| 20:53 | that it's a derma tone. And , what this is trying to show |
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| 20:57 | is saying this area, These areas you see marked here show you which |
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| 21:01 | nerves are innovating that area so that know where information is going to and |
|
| 21:09 | . Alright, so, cue tania's here. There's also a Maya tome |
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| 21:15 | well. So, you can see muscles are being innovated by which spinal |
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| 21:19 | But that's not being shown here. , you'll see there's a slight bit |
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| 21:22 | overlap for some of these things. again, that's where you're seeing the |
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| 21:26 | crossovers as a result of the And this ensures that that that information |
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| 21:31 | is leading to those particular areas, that makes sense. So, that |
|
| 21:36 | of kind of understand this organization. , the takeaway from this is our |
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| 21:44 | are heavily heavily organized in terms of the nerves go to and from. |
|
| 21:50 | , ma'am. So, so that's a good question. So, the |
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| 22:03 | way to think about it is more its kind of an overlap in terms |
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| 22:08 | what type of signal is not gonna the same signal, but it's an |
|
| 22:12 | signal. All right. So, idea is that if it's a if |
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| 22:15 | a pain receptor, you might have pain receptor that travels down one track |
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| 22:20 | another and they're very closely associated with other so that if I stimulate |
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| 22:25 | I may not stimulate the other, they're close enough together that my body |
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| 22:28 | that stimulation is occurring in that general . That's probably a better way to |
|
| 22:33 | that. Right. It's not an pathway. It's probably probably a redundant |
|
| 22:38 | would be a better term, or redundant pathway. Any other questions about |
|
| 22:46 | kind of that organization of of the nervous system. Alright, we're gonna |
|
| 22:51 | back to all this stuff again, I wanted you to kind of get |
|
| 22:54 | big picture look so central nervous We we kind of ran through and |
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| 22:58 | said here are the different pieces parts generally speaking what they do, peripheral |
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| 23:02 | system. We got information goes We got information comes out highly, |
|
| 23:05 | organized. We'll see a little bit of this organization as we move |
|
| 23:10 | So would you all agree that your central nervous system is important and you |
|
| 23:15 | to protect it? Yeah. Good. Mom made you wear a |
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| 23:18 | while riding a bike and we didn't it in our generation, which kind |
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| 23:22 | explains a lot about us, So your brain has these natural protections |
|
| 23:29 | are associated with it. All So first off, you have a |
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| 23:34 | structure that protects it. Well, can think of your cranium, |
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| 23:37 | That's an easy one, right? your your vertebrae protects the spinal |
|
| 23:41 | So bony protection If you've never played a live brain. And I'm gonna |
|
| 23:49 | ahead and guess that 99% of you probably never actually seen a live brain |
|
| 23:53 | pulled one out of an organism. , really? No, no, |
|
| 23:58 | haven't, 99%. And I'm telling , I've never would have I |
|
| 24:03 | I've I've, you know, an lab, you play with a fixed |
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| 24:08 | and that's hard and it's like a ham or something like that, |
|
| 24:13 | But a live one is more like butter. Right? It's it's really |
|
| 24:19 | soft, very malleable. And you , you touch it, it just |
|
| 24:24 | , right? That's why they fix this stuff in like formula and |
|
| 24:29 | You know, Did I play with ? No, I pulled it out |
|
| 24:34 | a mouse and turned it into our . A. So yeah. You |
|
| 24:39 | this this is some of the fun you get to do when you're doing |
|
| 24:42 | is like I wonder what is being in the structure. Let me just |
|
| 24:45 | it out and see. Yeah, just crack it like a walnut and |
|
| 24:51 | , that's how you find out. , you know, most structures you |
|
| 24:53 | pull out and they're solid. But you try to pull a brain out |
|
| 24:56 | like it's like it's like a watery . I know that's gross, you |
|
| 25:01 | , just hard to grasp anyway. . So one of the ways that |
|
| 25:06 | protect this is we're gonna have a of of membranes that kind of help |
|
| 25:13 | and shape that that brain and keep solid. The other thing that we're |
|
| 25:19 | do is we're going to create a barrier or a fluid barrier that actually |
|
| 25:24 | to absorb energy when that brain is . Now we don't see a lot |
|
| 25:30 | assault, you know, in the century or in the 21st century first |
|
| 25:35 | we saw a lot of salt. you can imagine life was a lot |
|
| 25:39 | for most organisms, right? You protect that one structure. And so |
|
| 25:42 | we have kind of a internal you know, internal helmets aren't very |
|
| 25:46 | against things that want to crack your open. Or when you like decide |
|
| 25:49 | do a face plant off a 20 cliff. Beauty, 20 ft place |
|
| 25:57 | Superman for 13 seconds or probably but it felt like forever. All |
|
| 26:03 | . And so that's what cerebral spinal is. It's it's a uh material |
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| 26:10 | is primarily water that helps to absorb from trauma and it surrounds the |
|
| 26:19 | It's actually found within the brain. made in these areas called the core |
|
| 26:24 | plexus. So, if you look the little picture right here, that's |
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| 26:26 | red structures that you see in our pictures, right? Which is uh |
|
| 26:31 | where you're gonna find the epidermal Remember we talked about the different types |
|
| 26:35 | glial cells and animal cells is one them. Alright, so you're making |
|
| 26:40 | by these, by these epidermal cells these structures called the core Oid |
|
| 26:44 | All right now, what's in it regulated because you don't want to mess |
|
| 26:49 | brain fluid. So, you're going regulate very carefully what goes in and |
|
| 26:54 | it helps to regulate. So, the hard word. Brain extra cellular |
|
| 26:59 | . BcF is brain extra. All . Through direct mixing. So, |
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| 27:04 | is one of the reasons why you to maintain its composition so closely because |
|
| 27:07 | does interact with the surrounding fluid. where do you find the stuff where |
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| 27:12 | find the core complex stuff? This gonna be in the ventricles and we'll |
|
| 27:15 | to the outside the cell and then look at the membranes themselves. So |
|
| 27:21 | is a side view or lateral Here's yet that front view or anterior |
|
| 27:25 | and you can see these four These are the cavities in which um |
|
| 27:30 | found inside the cranium. Now, don't want to go into all the |
|
| 27:36 | things but you start off life as tube. Alright. You're basically a |
|
| 27:40 | that gets twisted over and over and first tube in your body that gets |
|
| 27:44 | twisted is the neural tube. And that tube suggests that there's space in |
|
| 27:50 | and that tube turns into those that space inside terms into those |
|
| 27:56 | And so you can see here we two lateral ones left and right, |
|
| 27:59 | one And then they converge and form is called the 3rd ventricle. So |
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| 28:06 | can see the third ventricle over see how thin it is, very |
|
| 28:11 | and then it goes down and forms fourth ventricle. Now the opening between |
|
| 28:17 | two I'm not you're not need to about their inter ventricular frame and it |
|
| 28:21 | you in the name inter between ventricles framing his whole So in between the |
|
| 28:27 | hole, right? Got fancy cerebral does that sound fancy aqueduct? |
|
| 28:36 | okay. And it basically goes to fourth ventricle and from the fourth ventricle |
|
| 28:39 | continues down through the spinal cord as central canal. But there's also |
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| 28:46 | there's two lateral openings and one on back, the median opening our |
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| 28:51 | And so cerebrospinal fluid flows out into space that's gonna surround the brain itself |
|
| 28:57 | well. So the core oid plexus going to be located in very specific |
|
| 29:03 | within these ventricles. So again going to the picture you can see here |
|
| 29:09 | located around the third ventricle. They're in the 4th ventricle. There's some |
|
| 29:13 | here in the lateral ventricles as And what we're doing is we're making |
|
| 29:19 | fluid and it's gonna flow from those to the third to the fourth. |
|
| 29:23 | through the central and out through the into that space. And it's sitting |
|
| 29:27 | serving as a way to create pressure but also create a um a protective |
|
| 29:35 | externally. So this is me just all those things. So if you |
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| 29:40 | to read that, that's me just you where they all located. So |
|
| 29:45 | leads to. All right well what it where is it going to what's |
|
| 29:48 | and we're gonna look at its composition so surrounding the brain. I said |
|
| 29:53 | it in place are these three membranes to as the meninges singular form is |
|
| 29:59 | . So if you ever see it an X. That's what that |
|
| 30:01 | So it has a thick layer on outside. A thinner layer and then |
|
| 30:06 | really really, really thin layer The outer layer is called the dura |
|
| 30:10 | . The dura matter actually there's two to it. So you have an |
|
| 30:15 | layer and then you have a man geul layer. The ninja layer is |
|
| 30:19 | to that that next inner layer, layer is going to be near the |
|
| 30:23 | . And this this dura matter is , very thick. It's kind of |
|
| 30:27 | a gallon ziplock bag, freezer bag you've ever played with had one of |
|
| 30:33 | , you know what I'm talking Pretty thick, pretty hard. You |
|
| 30:37 | , not very stretchable. And these layers are really in close opposition towards |
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| 30:42 | one another. So they're next to other except in some places where they |
|
| 30:46 | together and they split and they create little tiny pockets. That little pocket |
|
| 30:50 | there is called a dural sinus. , in the cartoon, you can |
|
| 30:54 | the dural sinus in blue. You see the two layers of the dura |
|
| 30:59 | in green separated by the little odysseus layers. One on top the |
|
| 31:03 | layers on the bottom. All These kind of serve as blood |
|
| 31:09 | specifically as veins in the brain in very specific locations locations. So blood |
|
| 31:14 | of accumulates and then leaves through actual . But this is where blood is |
|
| 31:20 | of collected that's been gone through the underneath that this represented by this little |
|
| 31:28 | line right there. There's another one over there. Is the arachnoid matter |
|
| 31:31 | you hear arachnoid, What do you of spiders? Yeah, I mean |
|
| 31:35 | sounds like spiders and the reason it like spiders or its name. This |
|
| 31:39 | because just underlying the arachnoid matter is space it's called the sub arachnoid |
|
| 31:45 | And in that space you see these webs um of structure. All |
|
| 31:52 | Um They're called I'm trying to see . I'm just blanking on the name |
|
| 31:56 | I don't have it up here. sure it's true, particularly, particularly |
|
| 32:00 | basically means fibers. Alright, so have these fibers these ridiculously that kind |
|
| 32:05 | hold this space in place. So have a dura matter. You have |
|
| 32:08 | arachnoid matter. Then you have the space. And then the next structure |
|
| 32:12 | gonna be the p a matter that's third layer. But that subarachnoid space |
|
| 32:16 | the space in which that cerebral spinal is going to be emptied. And |
|
| 32:20 | it looks like there's a bunch of and webs in there. And so |
|
| 32:23 | way I remember this is this is the brain spiders live. Have you |
|
| 32:27 | had a brain spider? I know have you've been walking walked into a |
|
| 32:32 | and it's like why did I come here because the brain spider attacked took |
|
| 32:37 | thought away. No, I'm not go that way. Thank you for |
|
| 32:43 | . He's stinking. He's such an , stupidest dad joke ever. All |
|
| 32:49 | now. So, this space is just uh cerebral spinal fluid. That's |
|
| 32:54 | to be made in those ventricles and gonna escape out through those apertures to |
|
| 32:58 | into this space. And so you're the P. M. Matter and |
|
| 33:02 | below the arachnoid matter. Now, can see in our little cartoon, |
|
| 33:06 | little circles, right? Those little are blood vessels, and so large |
|
| 33:11 | vessels need to work their way down the brain. And so this is |
|
| 33:15 | of the first place you get the vessels that are out on the |
|
| 33:18 | And then as you start moving you move into smaller blood vessels. |
|
| 33:21 | eventually those blood vessels are gonna pass the pia and then they're going to |
|
| 33:26 | into the deep spots of the All right, So, the other |
|
| 33:32 | I want to point out here is little picture right here, see that |
|
| 33:36 | are called villa degranulation, as you see that the the arachnoid matter penetrates |
|
| 33:40 | the dura and it goes specifically into dural sinuses where it's sticking out. |
|
| 33:45 | so the these villi or these granule , there's depending on the size, |
|
| 33:50 | have different names. This is where uh cerebral spinal fluid is returned or |
|
| 33:56 | back to the blood. So, gonna take things from the blood to |
|
| 34:00 | the cerebral spinal fluid. And then we've circulated around, then we're gonna |
|
| 34:05 | that fluid right back to the blood which we took it. And this |
|
| 34:07 | how it gets there. I'm gonna you the flow in just a |
|
| 34:10 | So just bear with me, we have the PM matter right here. |
|
| 34:14 | I said, this is gonna be layer that's on the bottom. It's |
|
| 34:17 | close association with the viruses and the eye of the of the cerebrum. |
|
| 34:23 | it's just very very close association. fact when you take a brain |
|
| 34:27 | in fact the ones you'll be working when you go to medical school, |
|
| 34:29 | how I said when you know when work on brains, what you'll be |
|
| 34:34 | is you'll see that the brain still ps stuck to it because it's kind |
|
| 34:39 | the hard part to peel off. very thin, very very thin |
|
| 34:44 | The collective term for the arachnoid and is the lepton meninges. As I |
|
| 34:49 | , it is what defines the subarachnoid . And lastly this is one that |
|
| 34:54 | don't really see very often is the limitations. And so in the brain |
|
| 35:01 | you're gonna have a whole bunch of . Alright, those astrocytes, their |
|
| 35:07 | are called uh are called feet And what they do is they come |
|
| 35:13 | up to the p. A matter you push those astrocytes feet right up |
|
| 35:17 | to the pia. And it creates barrier. And so that barrier is |
|
| 35:25 | the glia limitation? So it says name glia. So it tells you |
|
| 35:28 | from the glia. And these happen be the astro sites. And it's |
|
| 35:31 | limiting wall that basically defines where the tissue ends and where those Durham or |
|
| 35:37 | meninges begin. All right now, this is tight, what it doesn't |
|
| 35:43 | , it doesn't restrict the diffusion of between the cerebral spinal fluid and the |
|
| 35:49 | . Extra cellular fluid. So this why you can have materials going between |
|
| 35:54 | two zones. So even though the spinal fluid is not mixing over |
|
| 36:00 | the materials can cross between that barrier back again. In other words, |
|
| 36:05 | and CSF are not the same They're separated from each other, but |
|
| 36:09 | can be shifted between the two So I'm gonna kind of try to |
|
| 36:14 | it back together so that you can . So where do we make this |
|
| 36:18 | ? We make it here in the oid plexus. Right? So it's |
|
| 36:21 | be the lateral and the 3rd and ventricles, we make about 100 and |
|
| 36:27 | 250 mils. Or that's sorry, have about 100 2550 mils. |
|
| 36:33 | I saw. And I can't remember it was. One of you two |
|
| 36:36 | a water bottle. I know it back over here. Water bottle. |
|
| 36:41 | it up. How about how much in that water bottle? How |
|
| 36:47 | How many not announces we're scientists. don't talk announces. No, no |
|
| 36:53 | units. How many? 500 So what is a quarter of 500 |
|
| 37:03 | ? I know I'm making you do man. It sucks when he makes |
|
| 37:06 | do simple algebra. 1 25. hold that bottle up again. All |
|
| 37:11 | . You see 100 and 25 So 1 25 is a quarter of |
|
| 37:16 | bottle. That is how much cerebral fluid you have circulating in your body |
|
| 37:20 | at this very moment. But we on a daily basis, 500 mils |
|
| 37:25 | day. So we completely replace C. S. F. Four |
|
| 37:30 | daily as much as that's held in 16.9 ounce bottle, I'm sorry, |
|
| 37:35 | mil bottle. All right now, does it flow? It starts in |
|
| 37:40 | laterals, right? Goes around through third from the third down to the |
|
| 37:45 | , and then it starts exiting out these apertures. Alright, and that's |
|
| 37:49 | this is trying to show you. trying to show you where it exits |
|
| 37:52 | and then it continues on down through uh central canal, down through the |
|
| 37:58 | of the center of the spinal And at the very bottom of there |
|
| 38:01 | an aperture there as well. So spinal fluid comes out. And so |
|
| 38:05 | you're looking at here? This yellow that you're seeing here. That's showing |
|
| 38:09 | the subarachnoid space. So the fluid in that subarachnoid space and circulates |
|
| 38:16 | And in order for something to that means you have to have an |
|
| 38:19 | of high pressure and area of low . The high pressure is where I'm |
|
| 38:22 | it, right when I make that's where I have lots of |
|
| 38:25 | So it's pushing away from there so has to go someplace. Where is |
|
| 38:29 | area of low pressure going to be up there at those uh granule ations |
|
| 38:38 | those ville? I Alright, so is leaving through that point. So |
|
| 38:43 | gonna be the low point of So the flow is going from high |
|
| 38:47 | low and its surrounding completely surrounding the and creating that protective barrier so that |
|
| 38:53 | you go slamming your head into a , your brain doesn't rattle around in |
|
| 38:56 | . Like oh I don't know, small peanut in a shell, |
|
| 39:00 | It's being held into place. All , so that's the flow. |
|
| 39:05 | how do we also affect float? remember our epidermal cells, We talked |
|
| 39:11 | them having cilia. I think I about that may not have. I |
|
| 39:15 | know. Alright, those cilia sits and beats it and says you go |
|
| 39:18 | way. And so it pushes that and the way you're sitting your postural |
|
| 39:23 | you're standing when you're sitting when you're down. Those postural movements cause the |
|
| 39:28 | of cerebral spinal fluid just like it movement of your blood in your body |
|
| 39:32 | well. And what we do is maintain roughly a constant 10 millimeter mercury |
|
| 39:39 | amount of pressure in that space. here ever seen an epidural couple? |
|
| 39:48 | you get to watch them do the ? What do they do after they |
|
| 39:51 | you? They pull the needle and do they look for? They look |
|
| 39:56 | fluid? Right. So you basically this this um now I'm blanking on |
|
| 40:02 | name. It's a catheter, You have a needle in the |
|
| 40:06 | you puncture in through these meninges into sub that into that subarachnoid space. |
|
| 40:14 | then you get in there and then pull the needle out with the catheter |
|
| 40:17 | still in place and you look for if fluid comes out, you got |
|
| 40:21 | right spot. If fluid doesn't come but that needle back in shift poke |
|
| 40:28 | again until you get it right? wait till you guys, you guys |
|
| 40:33 | have so much fun. All the you're gonna make. Yeah, so |
|
| 40:38 | that's it. And that that pressure what's allowing that fluid to exit. |
|
| 40:42 | what's driving the fluid out of that . So this is just kind of |
|
| 40:49 | deeper um picture to kind of show where these epidermal cells are. So |
|
| 40:56 | here this is supposed to be lateral is supposed to be your third |
|
| 40:59 | And it's showing you where this core plexus is all right? So what |
|
| 41:03 | the core? Right plex? It's bunch of epidermal cells and their tight |
|
| 41:08 | between them. So nothing can sneak between them. But they're in close |
|
| 41:13 | to capillary. Now keep saying You know what the word opposition |
|
| 41:17 | Right? I say it over and again. Fancier. It's a fancy |
|
| 41:22 | for saying right next to. So, if you're in a position |
|
| 41:26 | somebody, you're right next to All right. So this is where |
|
| 41:30 | capillaries are. And so, what allows is that materials from the capillaries |
|
| 41:36 | move out into the interstitial space and the epidermal cells can pick and choose |
|
| 41:41 | they want from that interstitial fluid. , so, your your core Oid |
|
| 41:50 | is one of those places where materials leave and enter back into the cap |
|
| 41:57 | fairly easily. But you have that still there for the epidermal cells to |
|
| 42:02 | materials that have leaked out of the . Just go wherever it wants |
|
| 42:06 | So, the epidermal cells are creating cerebral spinal fluid by picking and choosing |
|
| 42:12 | it wants. And this is what mean. Again, you don't need |
|
| 42:14 | memorize the picture, but it just you look at all the fancy fancy |
|
| 42:18 | and stuff. So it tells you ions and stuff. So, I'm |
|
| 42:21 | . And again, I'm not interested knowing the ions what If anything you |
|
| 42:26 | know that the this material is very similar to the plasma with some |
|
| 42:33 | small variation. That's all it That's all I want you to |
|
| 42:36 | So, it's just like plasma, it's not exactly like plasma. All |
|
| 42:42 | now, how do we get this well? Because cora plexus basically is |
|
| 42:47 | a lot of blood flow into that so much much greater. Alright, |
|
| 42:52 | no blood brain barrier which we'll deal . That's not better. Business bureau |
|
| 42:55 | brain barrier will get that in like slides and these cap players are |
|
| 43:01 | They allow material out. Um It innovated by the autonomic nervous system. |
|
| 43:06 | not so important, but it looks the sympathetic uh appears to inhibit |
|
| 43:11 | which would kind of make sense is I'm under you you were gonna talk |
|
| 43:15 | this. But sympathetic is when I'm know, stress. So whenever I'm |
|
| 43:21 | refer to as fight or flight. you can imagine, I don't want |
|
| 43:24 | create more pressure inside my brain. by inhibiting it it reduces the amount |
|
| 43:31 | pressure that's gonna be there. Should make you guys memorize this? |
|
| 43:37 | just making sure I mean if you to memorize it, you can but |
|
| 43:42 | just just showing you look here's that's what plasma looks like. That's |
|
| 43:45 | cerebral spinal fluid looks like. very similar. I'm just trying to |
|
| 43:48 | out the major differences. Again, memorize this um protein amino acids go |
|
| 43:54 | down. That should make sense to . Um If I have a big |
|
| 43:58 | , big things can't get through Um What's interesting is just the potassium |
|
| 44:03 | . Um Again, you don't need memorize but if you look at oh |
|
| 44:06 | , they do look a lot So C. S. F. |
|
| 44:10 | a lot like plasma. I think was a cool picture. That's electron |
|
| 44:19 | brain tissue. D. N. does that stand for? Dendrite? |
|
| 44:27 | . What does um I saw it here. A extend for acts on |
|
| 44:33 | . What do you think? S . Selma? Okay. And then |
|
| 44:39 | have this thing right here a s that astra site And it kind of |
|
| 44:44 | you how everything is just kind of up in there. If you had |
|
| 44:48 | find the space, do you think could find the extra cellular space in |
|
| 44:55 | ? I that look is good. saw that you're like, I don't |
|
| 44:59 | again remember what we said cells in body. There's not like this massive |
|
| 45:03 | . There's not these big giant caverns the body. These are cells that |
|
| 45:07 | playing the I'm not touching you Right? And so when you look |
|
| 45:12 | you see this little itsy bitsy teeny space between that line and that |
|
| 45:16 | you're looking at inter cellular space or sorry, extra cellular space. The |
|
| 45:21 | space. So you can imagine if material trying to get from one side |
|
| 45:27 | the brain tissue to the other is to be pretty difficult to do. |
|
| 45:31 | ? There's no like oh look there's this simple flow. This is I |
|
| 45:37 | have engineers in here but if I some chemical engineers in here talking about |
|
| 45:40 | chemical engineer. Alright. So so you describe the movement of fluids, |
|
| 45:48 | two miles underneath the earth, are big giant caverns holding oil if you |
|
| 45:56 | them? You know there's not it's hard cement. Yeah. Why do |
|
| 46:03 | why do we frack to make bigger ? Right? So this is like |
|
| 46:11 | , it's tight, tight, tight material that has to pass through that |
|
| 46:16 | to fuse through all that space and things. So it's very very |
|
| 46:22 | The B C. B. E . F. Is about 20% of |
|
| 46:26 | brain volume. So while you can't it in there it's there it's around |
|
| 46:30 | of the cells but it's very very , interestingly it increases with sleep. |
|
| 46:35 | do you suppose that is? Everything's kind of relaxed decreases with your |
|
| 46:41 | . Try to reduce that pressure. ? Um It's also the means through |
|
| 46:47 | these cells talk to each other. astro sites are talking to the |
|
| 46:51 | neurons are talking to the astrocytes neurons talking to neurons. So this is |
|
| 46:55 | environment that needs to be carefully monitored made sure that the ion concentrations don't |
|
| 47:02 | that much. All right. And also communicates with BCF communicates freely with |
|
| 47:07 | CSF. So if I build up for example, I have a way |
|
| 47:11 | shift those toxins off into an environment moving away very quickly. Right? |
|
| 47:18 | , I do have this this ability do so, but I am going |
|
| 47:22 | monitor it very, very carefully. This is gonna bring us to the |
|
| 47:28 | brain barrier. I do have a I want to tell with this and |
|
| 47:34 | the time. All right. what's the blood brain barrier? |
|
| 47:40 | in essence, it's a modification to capillary system via the astro sites. |
|
| 47:47 | right. So, you need both them and it's going to result in |
|
| 47:52 | actual anatomical and physiological barrier to the moving between the B. E. |
|
| 47:58 | . F. And the plasma inside blood vessels. All right. |
|
| 48:03 | I want you to picture for a , your hands and you're picking up |
|
| 48:06 | out of a bucket of water. right. So, if you go |
|
| 48:10 | and you scoop out that those those , water's gonna leak between your |
|
| 48:15 | The marbles are gonna stay in your . Right? You guys can you |
|
| 48:20 | that? Alright? So, throughout body, most of your capillaries are |
|
| 48:25 | that. And capillaries is where material taking place. All right. |
|
| 48:29 | when you're talking about gas exchange and you know, glucose and waste and |
|
| 48:35 | it's moving between different environments. This taking place at the capillaries. |
|
| 48:41 | So, you can imagine those those are like the proteins are too big |
|
| 48:45 | sneak between your fingers and even if cut your fingers like this, you |
|
| 48:49 | kind of see there is space in . Right? I don't know can |
|
| 48:53 | see that a little bit. so so this is most of your |
|
| 48:58 | so materials can leak through that are enough to leak through the brain. |
|
| 49:02 | not want that to happen. So what it's gonna do is it's |
|
| 49:06 | create this barrier, the blood brain , the astra sites. What they |
|
| 49:10 | is they wrap closely to the So you can kind of see here |
|
| 49:15 | what they've done and they actually have junctions between these in feet. And |
|
| 49:21 | they do is they send out signals the capillary cells which are right here |
|
| 49:25 | the pink. We're gonna talk about little yellow here in just a |
|
| 49:28 | And what it does is it tells capillaries um those leaky junctions you have |
|
| 49:32 | they are leaky tight junctions which is of the best oxymorons and biology. |
|
| 49:37 | they do is they say we need to seal those up. So I |
|
| 49:40 | you to take your hands again instead going in the bucket. I want |
|
| 49:42 | to take super glue and I want to stick it between your fingers and |
|
| 49:46 | glue your hands together. Now go the bucket and now nothing's leaking out |
|
| 49:50 | your fingers. Alright. So small can't sneak through because the astrocytes told |
|
| 49:55 | no not gonna allow that. The thing we have is we have here |
|
| 50:00 | yellow thing is a basement membrane. basement membrane is materials that are being |
|
| 50:05 | by this epithelium, right? The cells. And then materials made by |
|
| 50:10 | astrocytes that kind of serves as a between these two structures. So it's |
|
| 50:15 | of like a oh I don't know catch all. It's a screen door |
|
| 50:19 | the two environments. So I've got hard barrier but just in case something |
|
| 50:24 | able to leak through. I've got screen door that basically says no and |
|
| 50:28 | I have this other cell that sits the way as well. So if |
|
| 50:32 | have something that wants to get in here to there I have to pass |
|
| 50:36 | a capillary cell. I have to through a basement membrane and then I |
|
| 50:42 | to pass into an astro site before can ever find my way into the |
|
| 50:47 | E C. F. So that a whole bunch of requirements there. |
|
| 50:52 | you think so you can imagine not can pass on through now. I've |
|
| 50:57 | a whole bunch of hungry neurons that sitting in there going to give me |
|
| 51:02 | . So how do I get If I want to get glucose from |
|
| 51:08 | blood to that neuron, what would have to have transporters. So I |
|
| 51:12 | to have a transporter on the epithelial that makes up the capillary wall, |
|
| 51:18 | glucose has to be a molecule small to get through that basement membrane? |
|
| 51:22 | ? And it is. And then have to have a transporter on that |
|
| 51:26 | site so that that glucose can then into the astra site and then I |
|
| 51:31 | to have another transporter that allows that molecule to be released from the astra |
|
| 51:35 | into the extra cellular fluid. Plus transporter on the neuron. So the |
|
| 51:42 | gets to decide what goes into it its system. Right? Because this |
|
| 51:47 | serves as a physical barrier to molecules aren't capable of passing through those different |
|
| 51:56 | , that's the anatomical barrier. the physiological barrier has to do with |
|
| 52:04 | soluble itty of those substances. If water soluble, if I'm an ion |
|
| 52:08 | a water soluble, I'm probably small to get through that basement membrane. |
|
| 52:11 | I'm not gonna be able to get a capillary cell or get through that |
|
| 52:15 | site unless I have a carrier. , that makes sense. What if |
|
| 52:18 | lipid soluble, anything? Gonna stop , nope. So pharmacy students, |
|
| 52:26 | pharmacists, anybody know? No, one's gonna no one's gonna gonna own |
|
| 52:32 | to that. You're gonna get a of them. So if you're designing |
|
| 52:35 | drug that is supposed to work on brain. What do you think its |
|
| 52:39 | characteristic has to be lipid soluble, , That's in essence the physiological and |
|
| 52:48 | is what this this little picture is trying to show you. So it's |
|
| 52:51 | better picture showing you that barrier. physical barrier up here down here. |
|
| 52:56 | showing you what can and can't pass what you need in order to make |
|
| 53:00 | happen. Yeah. Well the blood water plus stuff in it. |
|
| 53:12 | They still Well so that that's a question. Right? And it's like |
|
| 53:19 | a second. You know, lipids want to be in the blood but |
|
| 53:22 | order for you to move steroids around body and other lipid soluble materials, |
|
| 53:27 | carriers in the blood. So what happen is that carrier comes along wraps |
|
| 53:31 | up, hides it away from from watery environment. So it stabilizes its |
|
| 53:36 | life and ensures that it can But it is governed by some of |
|
| 53:41 | chemical laws like the law of mass or law of mass balance. That |
|
| 53:46 | say how much is going to be up on? How much is free |
|
| 53:49 | dependent upon the concentration in circulation which leads us down a rabbit trail. |
|
| 53:56 | right. So the blood brain barrier that we create this kind of unique |
|
| 54:04 | . All right. I'm gonna paint picture for you dale. Do you |
|
| 54:08 | when the we came out? Do remember that? Alright, Alright. |
|
| 54:15 | in California. I mean there was anticipation but we would be as popular |
|
| 54:19 | it was. It was the year Xbox one came as Xbox one. |
|
| 54:25 | , Xbox 3 60 the PS those were the two big boys on |
|
| 54:29 | block And it was that it was Christmas and everyone wanted the PS three |
|
| 54:34 | and the xbox 360 and you couldn't anything anywhere. And then the we |
|
| 54:40 | out and they didn't make enough and they were just they were nowhere to |
|
| 54:45 | found. And you're sitting there, is this story going? What is |
|
| 54:49 | ? Well in southern California there was radio contest, you know how they |
|
| 54:53 | have these contests and it was you know, you've seen these types |
|
| 54:57 | contests where it's like, I Mr Beast does them all the |
|
| 54:59 | Put your hand on the car, gets the car, keeps their hand |
|
| 55:03 | the car the longest, you gets to keep the car, you |
|
| 55:06 | , whatever it is, the the island, I don't know where |
|
| 55:09 | gets his money. Anyway, it's made up, I'm sure. But |
|
| 55:14 | , so it's kind of the same where it's like we're gonna give you |
|
| 55:17 | a gallon of water to drink and holds it the longest gets to win |
|
| 55:23 | we right, So I always refer as the P for the week |
|
| 55:27 | I don't know what that was, was called, but it sounds about |
|
| 55:30 | , okay, so it didn't matter you were. They gave you a |
|
| 55:34 | of water to drink and one of contestants was a very very small woman |
|
| 55:39 | four ft something And she had to a gallon of water and within a |
|
| 55:43 | of like 30 minutes after drinking the she killed over in the contest. |
|
| 55:48 | basically uh respiratory failure, heart failure I think she ended up dying. |
|
| 55:53 | you can go look this up. is not I'm not making this up |
|
| 55:56 | a thing. Why? Why did happen? Alright. You know why |
|
| 56:00 | this horrible horrible thing happen? It to do with the movement of water |
|
| 56:04 | the body, right? The blood barrier is responsible for maintaining the proper |
|
| 56:10 | of ions and other salutes in the . But water is one of those |
|
| 56:15 | molecules that can kind of go wherever needs to go in order to maintain |
|
| 56:19 | osmotic conditions in the body. We learned that very early on, |
|
| 56:25 | know. So you can imagine here put in a gallon of water into |
|
| 56:29 | finite space. Alright. Your amount a person who's four ft something, |
|
| 56:36 | amount of blood you have in your about 4.5 liters. Alright, how |
|
| 56:39 | water is in your total body? about six liters. Right? So |
|
| 56:43 | put an extra gallon of water which 2.5 liters. That water's gotta go |
|
| 56:48 | it can go. And it's one places it's gonna go, it's gonna |
|
| 56:50 | in the brain. So you can why why this is kind of important |
|
| 56:54 | have a blood brain barrier. If I start mucking with ion |
|
| 56:59 | if I allow them to have this , I can affect other systems and |
|
| 57:05 | responsiveness. So this woman who who in this contest to win a toy |
|
| 57:10 | died by drowning in her own fluids her body. Right? And so |
|
| 57:17 | can imagine why is it so Why do I want to ensure? |
|
| 57:21 | , what goes into my brain? make it a little bit more |
|
| 57:24 | What do most of us like to on a friday or saturday night |
|
| 57:29 | Why does drinking so much fun? affects my brain in fun ways. |
|
| 57:37 | . Why does why does drinking why does alcohol do this? Does |
|
| 57:41 | blood brain barrier stop it? What is what is the what is the |
|
| 57:46 | that that that is in beer and ? And. Uh huh, |
|
| 57:52 | Alright. You you all took your chemistry too. Little carbon molecules and |
|
| 57:57 | alcohol hydroxyl group on the very Right. That thing slips right through |
|
| 58:02 | membranes, sprinting through. Trying to things to mess with. Starting |
|
| 58:08 | Oh I don't know uh inhibitory Oh, I'm gonna go pet that |
|
| 58:17 | . Yeah. Stupid things that we anyway. So blood brain barrier. |
|
| 58:23 | very important because it helps maintain the solute concentrations and allows our brain to |
|
| 58:29 | the way it's designed to do. ? There are areas of our brain |
|
| 58:34 | don't have a blood brain barrier they're ? These regions are called circum ventricular |
|
| 58:39 | . Circum near the ventricles. So they're near the ventricles and their |
|
| 58:44 | is to sample the blood for a specific regions. So for example the |
|
| 58:49 | is a circum ventricular organ and needs sample the blood to figure out what's |
|
| 58:53 | on in your body so it can the right hormones at the right |
|
| 58:57 | The pineal gland, pituitary glands, sort of thing. Right? Here's |
|
| 59:01 | fun one, vomiting center. Why I need the vomiting center to be |
|
| 59:04 | to sample the blood? What's the likely way for you to poison |
|
| 59:11 | Yeah, I mean come on, put it, we put everything you |
|
| 59:13 | live by the five second rule. , no, you drop a cookie |
|
| 59:19 | the floor, like an oreo and rolls along the floor a little |
|
| 59:21 | It's like, nope, I got one in your own. Yeah. |
|
| 59:32 | . Yeah. No I know. . Well I mean 10 seconds you've |
|
| 59:36 | you have a wonderful immune system, be amazed at the horrible things your |
|
| 59:40 | can put up with anyone here. been bitten by a rattlesnake. |
|
| 59:46 | no, I'm just trying to hyperbole to wake you guys up? |
|
| 59:51 | One of the characteristics of being bitten a venomous snake. Alright. What |
|
| 59:58 | one of the, what was one the features Uh No, no, |
|
| 60:02 | , no. You know what the ? How did you how did your |
|
| 60:06 | respond? Uh Right. Right. now yeah. Yeah. One of |
|
| 60:18 | closest friends got a brown recluse in football pads and it was the same |
|
| 60:23 | and the cross necrosis and stuff was . But what is the feature of |
|
| 60:29 | of the major features of being Yeah. Go ahead. What |
|
| 60:37 | Nauseous Why Your body is not sitting going, oh he got bit by |
|
| 60:40 | snake. He's like there is something my body that shouldn't be here. |
|
| 60:46 | is the most likely avenue in which arrived in my body? I probably |
|
| 60:50 | something. And so it's like that's the vomiting comes from. So your |
|
| 60:56 | is looking for toxins and basically trying figure out how to get rid of |
|
| 61:00 | the quickest because if it's circulating your is probably still in the digestive |
|
| 61:04 | So when you get bit by a and you're wondering why you're sick. |
|
| 61:08 | there you go. Cotton mouth. ? What'd you do? Did you |
|
| 61:12 | to pick it up? Oh it just one of them ornery ones. |
|
| 61:23 | . Yeah. I almost stepped on copperhead but never been bit by |
|
| 61:31 | The antivenin. That's that's that's kind interesting. But most, most people |
|
| 61:41 | if you have a venom going through system it will be nausea. All |
|
| 61:49 | . Yeah. Right. Yeah. ? Because your body is just saying |
|
| 61:55 | did you? Where did this come ? It's sitting in the very very |
|
| 61:58 | of my bowels. I'm going to sure I heave every inch of it |
|
| 62:02 | of my body and then ring it to make sure gosh. Nothing like |
|
| 62:08 | sick. Is there? Alright? drink too much? I'm looking at |
|
| 62:13 | couple of you, you drink too , you know you're you're there and |
|
| 62:16 | vomiting your eyeballs out. Right? your body doing? Saying the likely |
|
| 62:20 | is that I poisoned myself and I to get it out of my |
|
| 62:24 | Alright. Last little bit here. nervous system. 20 minutes. This |
|
| 62:28 | easy stuff. Autonomic nervous system is easiest. There are three divisions to |
|
| 62:32 | autonomic nervous system five years ago there two of them. So we've gotten |
|
| 62:36 | new one since right, sympathetic versus . And then we have the weird |
|
| 62:40 | . The interior system which we'll get at the very end, the sympathetic |
|
| 62:44 | parasympathetic. These are structures both in CNS and PNS and you can already |
|
| 62:48 | where the nomenclature and dropping things in gets kind of confusing and we have |
|
| 62:52 | put things in multiple boxes. So there's parts here, what we're |
|
| 62:57 | with is innovating the viscera right? governing those things which we have no |
|
| 63:03 | control over. All. Right. our body is doing this at a |
|
| 63:07 | level of regulating and monitoring what's going . Generally speaking when we talk about |
|
| 63:12 | and parasympathetic. There is opposition between two. So you can think of |
|
| 63:16 | like this one is gonna be acting a gas, one is gonna be |
|
| 63:18 | as a brake. That doesn't always that the sympathetic will always be gas |
|
| 63:22 | the parasympathetic will always be break. just means under the under the conditions |
|
| 63:27 | looking at which one is behaving in way. Alright. Uh They have |
|
| 63:32 | very very interesting um anatomical organizations. the most interesting thing that we can |
|
| 63:37 | out is you can identify the autonomic system in the motor side very easily |
|
| 63:42 | you don't have one fiber going to to that, to that distant object |
|
| 63:47 | that effect. Er You always have . All right. And so they |
|
| 63:53 | within their characteristics something that's called a . Which we'll look at here just |
|
| 63:58 | briefly the enteric system is those different , those inter neurons, the motor |
|
| 64:03 | all associated with the G. Track. So it forms its own |
|
| 64:07 | plexus. It acts independently or can independently of the central nervous system. |
|
| 64:12 | do not need to tell your body food is in it. It actually |
|
| 64:17 | the presence of food and actually begins process of digesting independent of any sort |
|
| 64:22 | communication with the central nervous system. can act with it but it also |
|
| 64:28 | independent of it. So we typically that's controlled by fibers that are sympathetic |
|
| 64:33 | parasympathetic. So it used to be just part of these two but because |
|
| 64:39 | acting separately and independently of the N. S. They said oh |
|
| 64:43 | we'll just call it its own new and just have you guys learned something |
|
| 64:47 | ? So here's the structure you can here. This is the target that |
|
| 64:50 | looking at. So there's gonna be nerve fiber that begins in the central |
|
| 64:54 | system. It exit out into the and then it's gonna terminate on a |
|
| 64:59 | fiber that then goes onto the target . So where they interact where that |
|
| 65:04 | occurring, this is what it's gonna called a ganglion. There's a larger |
|
| 65:07 | there. So the fiber going in the pre ganglion IQ. The fiber |
|
| 65:11 | out of the post gangly oneK Alright, that's the first thing in |
|
| 65:17 | of the anatomy. Remember what I is that that spinal nerve typically is |
|
| 65:23 | to break into three branches. We one that's called the posterior ramus that |
|
| 65:26 | the skin on the back and terri which forms those plexus. And I |
|
| 65:30 | there was a third one. The communications. My communications is what the |
|
| 65:34 | nervous system uses to enter into and of ganglia. Alright so these are |
|
| 65:41 | of like indoors and outdoors into these structures. All right So this is |
|
| 65:47 | a great picture because we're trying to away from the Deep Anatomy. But |
|
| 65:51 | can see here here is my spinal and just immediately outside of that spinal |
|
| 65:57 | are a series of ganglia that are on top of each other. You |
|
| 66:00 | see the little circles are stacked on of each other. Those little tiny |
|
| 66:04 | stacked on each other are referred to the pair of uh pair of |
|
| 66:10 | not pair of ventricular para vertebral pair of means next to right. |
|
| 66:18 | I just kinda want to point out there's roughly one pair of vertebral ganglion |
|
| 66:23 | spinal nerve. Now notice what are talking about here sympathetic? Alright so |
|
| 66:28 | is very specific to the sympathetic nervous . Alright what we're gonna see is |
|
| 66:35 | speaking, there are some major differences the parasympathetic and the sympathetic that make |
|
| 66:40 | easy to identify anatomically. Alright, the trunk here is made up of |
|
| 66:47 | para vertebral ganglia in the sympathetic So here we have our spinal cord |
|
| 66:53 | is our pair of vertebral uh trunk para vertebral gang lit. So it's |
|
| 66:59 | sympathetic trunk. And what you can here the fiber right here is ventral |
|
| 67:04 | fiber right? There is dorsal. these red ones are motor, the |
|
| 67:07 | ones going in our sensory. And we can do is you can see |
|
| 67:13 | have the um motor fiber comes out what it's gonna do it's gonna enter |
|
| 67:19 | through one of the communications. gone to a restaurant. You've seen |
|
| 67:24 | door to a kitchen. There's two two floppy doors. One is the |
|
| 67:30 | one is the outdoor. If you through the door you're gonna cause a |
|
| 67:37 | crash at the restaurant. Right? there's there's order to what you see |
|
| 67:43 | you go into a restaurant. So same thing is true. Here you |
|
| 67:47 | enter in through the white Remy. always exit through the gray ramos. |
|
| 67:57 | said ramos and ramos should be the . Alright, so We're following this |
|
| 68:02 | one here at number one. We in. So here's this formula spinal |
|
| 68:08 | . Here's Remy communications. That's the . We come in we terminate this |
|
| 68:12 | our ganglia. And so here is post ganglia nick fiber leaving out via |
|
| 68:17 | gray and then continuing back out through spinal nerve. So you see what |
|
| 68:22 | did here? We went in through indoor, came out through the |
|
| 68:26 | returned back the way we entered in kept following down the spinal nerve. |
|
| 68:32 | , so that's one of the things can happen when you're dealing with the |
|
| 68:36 | neuron. Alright, exit out, into the gangland via the white, |
|
| 68:43 | out via the gray and keep That's number one. I can also |
|
| 68:47 | up and I can go down and the kind of the same thing. |
|
| 68:51 | I always come in through the white I always exit through the gray. |
|
| 68:54 | came in through the white. I up I'm exiting out through the |
|
| 68:57 | All right, so I can ascend descend. And the third one. |
|
| 69:01 | really weird. That's alright. Is go in through the white and I |
|
| 69:07 | the gray. And I go out the back door and I'm gonna keep |
|
| 69:12 | and go on to another ganglion. further on down the line. Alright |
|
| 69:18 | this ganglion has a different name. should be called the pre vertebral |
|
| 69:24 | So the pair of vertebral is next the spinal cord. The pre vertebral |
|
| 69:30 | way over here someplace right? So went in through the white and I |
|
| 69:36 | go out the gray. I went the back door to the pre |
|
| 69:43 | All right. So what big who cares? Why should I care |
|
| 69:46 | these things? We'll one because probably be on the test, but really |
|
| 69:50 | one is because by understanding its you'll be able to quickly identify sympathetic |
|
| 69:55 | parasympathetic. So the pair of vertebral , we have the cervical ganglia. |
|
| 70:02 | three of them. 123. Top superior. If I have a superior |
|
| 70:09 | , that means I have an inferior . And if I have a third |
|
| 70:13 | in that chain there must be one them between them. Right? That |
|
| 70:16 | sense. If I if I have superior, I must have an inferior |
|
| 70:21 | then in this case I have So that one in the middle is |
|
| 70:24 | the middle. Here we have a of thoracic ganglia? Right up |
|
| 70:30 | up up up. So they're associated the thoracic region. And then down |
|
| 70:36 | we have these lumbar ganglia. And the lumbar ganglia are basically going to |
|
| 70:40 | going out through just like we see the thoracic, what do I |
|
| 70:44 | They're going out through those back doors they're going on to these pre vertebral |
|
| 70:52 | . All right now one of the I want to point out here there's |
|
| 70:56 | anatomical feature is look at the origins all the sympathetic fibers. Where are |
|
| 71:00 | originating from? Are they originated up in the cervical region. Are they |
|
| 71:05 | in the thoracic region? Are they in the lumbar region? How about |
|
| 71:10 | steak hold region? Alright so when hear sympathetic think back is where they're |
|
| 71:19 | gonna originate. Okay thoracic and lumbar the origins of sympathetic fibers, sympathetic |
|
| 71:27 | from there will either go up to cervical or they'll deal with that thoracic |
|
| 71:31 | lumbar. If I need to innovate low. I am going to travel |
|
| 71:36 | and get there. I'm not using . That kind of makes sense. |
|
| 71:42 | make a lot more sense when you at the parasympathetic? Because parasympathetic. |
|
| 71:47 | they originate in the thoracic? Do originate in the lumbar. Don't even |
|
| 71:53 | in the cervical. Where did they ? Way up here at the cranial |
|
| 71:57 | . And down here. So when think of the parasympathetic back of the |
|
| 72:04 | and your butt. So para sympathetic the two opposite ends, sympathetic is |
|
| 72:11 | the middle thoracic and lumbar. There go. Alright. So again, |
|
| 72:19 | don't want you to get bogged down all these details in the sense of |
|
| 72:22 | I need to memorize every single All right. But I want to |
|
| 72:26 | you what the pre vertebral. if you look at this, if |
|
| 72:29 | look at these fibers, look at line, the red line is |
|
| 72:32 | The blue line is long. Red is the pre ganglion fiber? The |
|
| 72:37 | line is the post ganglia nick So there's a feature that sympathetic fibers |
|
| 72:42 | short preys long posts. What do think? Parasympathetic have long preys short |
|
| 72:52 | . Alright, so they have Alright, now we said we have |
|
| 72:57 | pre ganglion IQ fibers that are pre pre vertebral ganglia that further on. |
|
| 73:03 | here's three of them. All We have the celiac. We have |
|
| 73:06 | superior Superior. Mesen terek. And here is the inferior mesons. |
|
| 73:11 | Okay, superior is higher than What's mesen terry? Do you guys |
|
| 73:15 | what the mesen terry is? It's guts. Right? And so what |
|
| 73:20 | is telling you is that we have region that goes to my guts, |
|
| 73:25 | have this other region that's further And if you look at its |
|
| 73:30 | So celiac is up there. Look what celiac is dealing with. So |
|
| 73:33 | you think of cilia or celiac, do you think of? Probably think |
|
| 73:36 | celiac disease? Right. Right. celiac disease it deals with digestion? |
|
| 73:41 | . So look at the structure that dealing with. We're dealing with the |
|
| 73:45 | , pancreas, the liver, also gallbladder. We're dealing with the |
|
| 73:52 | And as we go further down now dealing with the digestive track and the |
|
| 73:56 | track. Then we're down to the and down to the reproductive organs. |
|
| 74:00 | you see the organization here? Look top we're dealing over here. What |
|
| 74:05 | we dealing with higher order structures And we move down lower structures so there's |
|
| 74:11 | to it. Alright. But these uh ganglia, these pre vertebral ganglia |
|
| 74:18 | primarily with the abdominal and the big regions. So you just gotta think |
|
| 74:24 | in my what's in my gut. . My stomach and all the structures |
|
| 74:30 | . All right now this organization is to the sympathetic system. As I |
|
| 74:37 | out, here's the parasympathetic. We these long fibers that then are that |
|
| 74:43 | pre gangly. Onek then we have short post ganglion fiber. And you |
|
| 74:47 | see there's all these ganglia all over place. These ganglia are typically closely |
|
| 74:52 | with the structure that they're innovating or actually on the structure in the structure |
|
| 74:56 | you're innovating. So parasympathetic is gonna primarily cranial nerves and sacral nerves with |
|
| 75:03 | pre ganglion fibers. Short post ganglion . And we're gonna be innovating everything |
|
| 75:08 | the sympathetic does. So one is be an activator. One is going |
|
| 75:13 | be an inhibitor of whatever system you're at. Okay so I'm just I'd |
|
| 75:18 | these things just so that you can which kind of nerves are involved. |
|
| 75:21 | is not a memorization thing. Although I said you should always know vagus |
|
| 75:26 | . This is the most important one it just does everything in the |
|
| 75:34 | This is just a close up. at all the nuclear. Where are |
|
| 75:36 | located in the brain stem. So when we're dealing with the autonomic |
|
| 75:43 | system, what we're dealing with is doing a gas and a break. |
|
| 75:48 | just gonna see what we have. we got two slides here I think |
|
| 75:52 | I might actually finish on time and us up for a change. What |
|
| 75:55 | shocker. Alright so what I want to think about here is when you |
|
| 75:59 | about the autonomic nervous system, I you to imagine for a moment um |
|
| 76:03 | studying late at night at the Does this sound like something that you |
|
| 76:06 | do? All right So you you fortunate enough to arrive on campus a |
|
| 76:12 | bit late and so you had to in B. F. E. |
|
| 76:14 | know that's that parking lot. That's far away that it might as well |
|
| 76:17 | in Egypt. Yeah you can now seeing what B. F. Stands |
|
| 76:22 | you know? Anyway, here it 2:00 AM, you're leaving the library |
|
| 76:30 | you're walking all by yourself across our darkened campus. Alright now it used |
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| 76:36 | be that the parking lots over here covered in shells. Right? And |
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| 76:39 | you start walking across this parking lot you can imagine you can start hearing |
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| 76:43 | you walk across the cells, a crunch of your shoes. And then |
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| 76:47 | hear behind you crunch crunch crunch, crunch now, what is your response |
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| 76:53 | you look back, you died, haven't watched the movies. Rule # |
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| 76:59 | is we don't look back, That's that's a guarantee you're gonna |
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| 77:03 | It's gonna be that close up of ah and then they find your body |
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| 77:06 | next morning. Alright. No, I just I just have a great |
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| 77:12 | for this too. Huh? What right smart person would do. I |
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| 77:17 | walking faster, pretend like I Right, so you're going to |
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| 77:21 | crunch, crunch, crunch, And then you hear those footsteps behind |
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| 77:23 | again, crunch crunch crunch crunch So what's happening now to your |
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| 77:30 | Heart rate starts going up a little of that sweat going on, |
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| 77:35 | respiratory rate goes up actually eyes dilate for a path of of of |
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| 77:41 | The other thing you're now doing is getting ready for the run or the |
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| 77:46 | right? It's fight or flight that's right now you're really not going crunch |
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| 77:54 | crunch, crunch, crunch, crunch crunch and then you feel that hand |
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| 77:58 | your shoulder right? You turn Well we'll see that now you now |
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| 78:07 | there right? You're now into right? So what are you gonna |
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| 78:10 | ? You're ready to either go down or you're going to curl up in |
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| 78:13 | ball in the fetal position crying you like uh you know that's the you |
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| 78:19 | or you might run screaming you know escaping by wetting yourself. You know |
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| 78:25 | the emergency response right? But it's best friend right? And they're like |
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| 78:30 | you forgot your laptop. I just to make sure your phone, I |
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| 78:33 | to make sure you got it. , so now you're ready to kill |
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| 78:37 | . Right? And so do you your heart rate to return back to |
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| 78:43 | quickly and get you back into normal homeostasis or do you want to just |
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| 78:48 | it ride on out until all the goes away and it's like okay two |
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| 78:53 | later I feel much better. Which do you think your body wants? |
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| 78:58 | . Yeah. It wants to bring back out. So what you have |
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| 79:01 | is when that sympathetic is going That parasympathetic is being dominated. Being |
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| 79:06 | down right? And so what we here, two systems that are fighting |
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| 79:11 | the same thing and one is going dominate over the other. There's not |
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| 79:14 | one is on and one is They're always both on. It's just |
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| 79:17 | one is dominating. So like when exercising and you're running you're sympathetic is |
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| 79:22 | . You know, your respiratory your heart rate, you know, |
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| 79:26 | to get you know, blood All that stuff is trying to be |
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| 79:29 | regulated but it's acting as a brake on the digestive system. Right? |
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| 79:36 | speaking, when you're sitting down glow being on food, your parasympathetic becomes |
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| 79:41 | dominator at this point, right? it's basically saying I want to slow |
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| 79:45 | my heart rate. I want to down my respiratory rate. I wanna |
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| 79:48 | dilate. And what I wanna do I want to up regulate the digestive |
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| 79:52 | so that I can start you know or consuming that material that I need |
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| 79:57 | do. All right. I don't what this slide actually had to do |
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| 80:02 | I because I thought that point was and let me just see what I |
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| 80:06 | here. Oh yeah. That that a slide that I was just trying |
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| 80:09 | describe the antagonism. Um I'm gonna backwards. I know. What do |
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| 80:13 | have? Like a minute. Oh more slide. Um Interest basically is |
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| 80:19 | what I just told you. It's peripheral. You don't need to have |
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| 80:23 | the the central nervous system actually Don't require don't require that this, |
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| 80:33 | maybe we'll talk about it or it's not really all that. If |
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| 80:37 | skipped over it sources, I use secondary source but included something really good |
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| 80:46 | it. But here's the thing. the thing is the primary source that |
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| 80:51 | I like looked through the article and it forced me to the primary |
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| 80:56 | it's a dot com sign. That's I was emailing. So what do |
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| 81:00 | mean? It's a dot com site , like the the the the, |
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| 81:04 | the was it the science page that that article and that information. |
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