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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture04_0831
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00:03 All right, good morning y'all. Yeah, I know. It's one
00:07 those. It's Thursday. It's the , right? Uh You guys tried
00:12 sign to cost and sign up for exam last night? Did anyone have
00:15 ? Should everyone should have nodded your ? Yes. No, everyone's
00:19 what? Oh, by the our exam is in two weeks from
00:23 . So I know. No, quick. All right. Um So
00:29 you try to go to and try log in to sign up for the
00:33 , you're gonna find that there's no there. It's for some reason,
00:36 can't find our class right now. really soon probably today. And as
00:41 as it happens, I will email and say, hey, you can
00:43 up for your test now. So the meantime, don't panic, don't
00:46 out. You still have a I know. I know you're upset
00:52 that. Um So anyway, I wanted to uh give you guys a
00:56 up on that. Uh Last email got from them because we're going back
00:59 forth all day was like at 3 they're like, we still can't bind
01:01 exam and it's like it's there a of it. Like, yeah,
01:04 see that but we can't see it our end. It, ok.
01:07 I think it's on their end. me. All right, today,
01:10 we're gonna do is we are going look at the cell and, I
01:15 , you know, the parts of cell, or at least you've seen
01:19 at least once in your life. you took biology in high school,
01:22 had like six weeks of, let's a picture of a cell and let's
01:26 at all the pieces parts and that's of what we're doing today just to
01:29 sure that if you slept through those weeks that you kind of know what
01:33 talking about. Um So what we're do this is kind of the opening
01:37 here where it says, look, are three basic parts of the cell
01:40 plasma cytoplasm nucleus. And we're gonna through all parts of that when it
01:46 time to study for this, the way to study and learn the parts
01:50 the cell is to draw a big circle like you did in uh probably
01:55 grade or the first time you look a microscope and they're like, look
01:57 the picture of the cell and draw parts you see and you looked in
02:01 and you're like, I see purple and I don't know what anything
02:04 but I'll pretend like I know what's on and I'll just draw what I
02:06 there, right? But it's kind the same thing, just draw that
02:09 and then just start drawing the pieces . You don't need to be an
02:12 and then label what they do kind get you yourself that bigger picture of
02:17 going on to work down to the so that you understand what each thing
02:22 to make that self functional. And reason we cover this, as I've
02:26 before is we're going to be looking all these different systems that will feel
02:32 . I mean, your muscles feel than the nervous system, which feel
02:35 than the renal system. But they have cells and all those cells have
02:39 same basic parts. It's just how create the proteins that allow them to
02:45 the unique things that they do. that's what we're going to do.
02:49 then towards the end of class, we're going to do is we're going
02:52 look at the process of transcription and . Again, this is not going
02:56 be to the depth that you'd see a regular biology class. It's just
02:59 for us to kind of understand the . Oftentimes I'll go off on little
03:04 and talk about things that are, think are interesting. But really we're
03:09 to kind of focus in on the picture stuff. So if this is
03:12 starting 0.3 basic parts of the we have the plasma membrane, this
03:18 the barrier. So the pink thing you see here is the barrier between
03:22 inside of the cell and the outside the cell. So there's already a
03:25 that you kind of start seeing in is that there are divisions. All
03:30 , there are compartments and we've already about the compartments of the cellular fluid
03:34 the extracellular fluid. You already kind see that there's compartmentalization in terms of
03:40 that there are structures that do unique . And so here is that first
03:45 where we start seeing that division is going to create an environment that separates
03:49 inside of the cell from the outside the cell. So that unique things
03:52 happen inside that cell. Now, going on inside that cell is going
03:56 be occurring primarily in the cytoplasm. cytoplasm consists of this watery goo plus
04:04 organelles that are designed to do things in the context of that cell.
04:10 so we'll go through the list of those different organelles. And then the
04:13 part is we kind of separate it , we call it the nucleus.
04:17 an organelle. So it really is another organ elle. But we we
04:22 we see something that kind of looks , we kind of set it
04:25 It's an organelle that contains the nuclear for that cell. And so it's
04:31 structure that is responsible for providing the to tell all the other things what
04:36 do. So it's kind of like brain of the cell. It's not
04:39 brain, it doesn't behave like a , but it's where all the instructions
04:45 . And so we kind of set aside as a special organelle. Oh
04:49 a nucleus. All right. So are the three structures we're going to
04:53 at and we're going to start as as I press the button right.
04:57 we go. We're gonna start with cytoplasm. Then we're gonna go to
05:00 nucleus first and then we'll go through organelles and then we'll deal with the
05:04 membrane. So we're kind of working way outward instead of working our way
05:10 . So the cytoplasm has also three . All right. So this,
05:15 I said is the, the, the yellow stuff and all the things
05:18 that yellow stuff in the little cartoon here. And so the yellow stuff
05:23 what is called the cytosol cytosol So the cytoplasm is all the stuff
05:29 the plasm membrane, excluding the Uh It's, well, it,
05:34 may contain the organelles, but the is the water plus the, the
05:39 that are found in the water, kind of a gooey like substance.
05:43 there's sugars, there's salts, there's , there's all sorts of stuff kind
05:49 floating around in that material. So it's just the watery environment in which
05:55 reactions are taking place, then we the organelles, these are the uh
06:00 machinery. This is where we kind sent. Uh uh part of our
06:03 , the organelles are compartments inside the compartment. So if you think about
06:08 home, for example, your home a wall that would be like the
06:11 membrane, right? And then inside home, you have spaces that are
06:16 specifically for unique things. So you a kitchen for cookie, you have
06:20 bedroom for sleeping, presumably you have bathroom for uh washing up and for
06:25 going to the restroom, you have living space where you entertain,
06:30 So there's different areas that are designed different things and that's kind of what
06:34 organelles are, they're compartments set aside do specific functions inside that cell.
06:41 then finally, the last thing are , different cells may have different types
06:46 inclusions. And these are the things don't really fall into the category of
06:51 material that's found in all cells and not really organelles. So they're all
06:56 of different types of things like for , you might see droplets, glycogen
07:00 or uh droplets of fat. So a fat cell is primarily a big
07:06 vale full of fat molecules, And so that would be an example
07:11 an inclusion, flowers have unique colors them, right? We all like
07:17 flowers, pink flowers red flowers, flowers, green flowers, those colors
07:22 from pigments inside cules inside the petals the plant or the cells that make
07:29 the petals of the plant. All , other things in there, uh
07:33 cells even have crystals inside them. really weird when you find those
07:37 But the idea is that these are that aren't quite organelles, they're not
07:41 kind of floating around inside of they're actually kind of set apart.
07:45 so we just say, well, , it's, it's something unique.
07:49 so when we come across them, might point them out to you.
07:51 right, we may not even talk them at all, but they exist
07:59 we talk about organelles. The ones we're mostly focused on are what are
08:03 membrane bound organelles, membrane bound organelles a couple of characteristics to them.
08:09 , that they are set apart from cytosol. All right, they are
08:13 up of the same material that the is made up of which is a
08:17 bilayer, right? We're gonna see lipids, they are more or less
08:21 with each other. So if you organ L A and organ lb,
08:25 we're going to see in a you're gonna see that 01 begets the
08:28 , they kind of are in an line uh type uh arrangement. And
08:34 that compartment is set apart because we making um the membrane as we go
08:41 and then we're gonna ultimately add that to the surface. Um The ones
08:46 we're most interested in include the which we're kind of setting aside.
08:50 we have the endoplasm reticulum, which being drawn here. We have the
08:55 apparatus over here. You'll have vesical lysosomes. Uh There's a lysosome,
09:01 you'll have the mitochondria which are really of cool. There's a mitochondria,
09:05 a mitochondria, uh zone is probably one shown up there. Um But
09:09 are just structures that are, are set apart because they have these
09:15 All right. Now, the other of organelle depending on which book you
09:22 is may be mislabeled, right? the truth is, is most people
09:27 textbooks are experts in like only a of the, of the subject that
09:30 writing on. And so they kind pick up stuff as they go along
09:33 they make up stuff, which is of crazy, right? So some
09:38 will go, well, we have membrane bound organelles and then we have
09:41 non membrane bound organelles, there's no thing as that. So if you
09:44 that you can just already go they, they don't, it's just
09:47 way to distinguish them from the first , what they are, the second
09:50 are called the bio molecular complexes. right. And why biome, why
09:56 weird strange names? Because they're not an organelle. Instead, there are
10:00 bunch of macro molecules, a large of molecules that have been jammed together
10:05 create this broader structure, right? they don't have kind of a
10:11 they part are found in the cytoplasm the job that they do. But
10:16 there's so many molecules, you can set them aside and say,
10:19 this isn't just something floating in the is all this isn't an inclusion,
10:23 is something you need. And so include things like the cytoskeleton. All
10:29 , we're gonna look at three of major players of, of the
10:32 We're gonna talk about ribosomes. And I'm sure most of you guys follow
10:37 science news daily, right? I , you're just like every day log
10:41 , you know, check your Twitter , then what do you do?
10:45 , you then go and check out science news, right? No,
10:48 , you should. No, there's actually big news on ribosomes.
10:53 . They were, one of the questions is no one's really understood how
10:56 actually work. Like they, the molecules themselves will see are,
11:01 these big giant molecules? How do get together and do the things that
11:04 do? And they actually did a of work to discover a lot of
11:08 this week. So it's kind of big deal. All right, if
11:12 care about ribosomes for the rest of , we just go on with our
11:17 . All right. And then things centris, which will talk about which
11:20 a role in creating the cytoskeleton. right. So, membrane and organelles
11:26 then we have these bio molecular So the distinction being one has a
11:31 and one is just a bunch of jammed together. Huh. So this
11:38 that you're looking at this eye of looking thing is not a cell.
11:44 right, what we've done is we've pulled out the nucleus and we're just
11:48 at the nucleus. And the reason have to point this out is because
11:52 kind of looks like a cell, ? It's round and it has something
11:56 the inside that looks like an All right, the nucleus, as
12:01 said, is an organ out, membrane bound and its function, as
12:06 said, is kind of the control . It's where all the nuclear material
12:10 the cell uses to do its work found. Now, I say that
12:15 you can see up there, there's little tiny, big exception to the
12:17 . All right. And this has do with the mitochondria, mitochondria has
12:21 own DNA. And this is just of an aside mitochondria and chloroplast.
12:26 do you find chloroplasts? Plants? . That's what I want to hear
12:30 just plants. All right. So two organelles are unique in the organelle
12:36 and that probably what happened very early as life was forming in the
12:40 Is that one? One organism, another organism, but it didn't actually
12:44 it and kill it. They created , a mutual relationship. All
12:49 And so the mitochondria is literally another , or another organism living inside all
12:57 in a mutual fashion. It actually its own DNA. It replicates on
13:03 own. If you need more it makes more of themselves.
13:08 Um, the cell provides the nutrients needs and the purpose of the mitochondria
13:13 learn in just a moment is to a TP All right. So that's
13:17 place where it has its own All right. But generally speaking,
13:21 you think of DNA, you're gonna of the nucleus. All right.
13:24 this is where the nuclear material is . This is where DNA replication
13:28 So, before a cell divides what it does is it organizes its
13:33 and it take a uh an exact , exact copy and then it goes
13:36 the process of mitosis in most somatic or in all somatic cells where it
13:41 , OK, what I'm gonna do take these copies and I separate them
13:44 , dissolve the nucleus and then I the uh the nuclear material in
13:47 then I split the cell in That's mitosis. And we'll go over
13:51 briefly. All right. But this where that replication occurs prior to you
13:56 that nuclear envelope and prior to that's where that happens. All
14:01 And so all the uh the activity the cell that is dependent upon
14:07 which is dependent upon genetic control occurs . All right. Now, there
14:13 parts to it. Again, you the theme here. Three parts,
14:16 parts, three parts. All we have the nuclear envelope, the
14:19 right there. That's the nucleus here be the nuclear en envelope and then
14:23 chromatin and I don't know how well can see, do you kind of
14:27 the the the darker regions around You see that in the cartoon,
14:33 artist is trying to demonstrate a type chromatin, there's chromatin throughout the whole
14:37 . But you can see there's darker and everything that's light on the inside
14:40 be lighter chromatin. All right. what is all this stuff? All
14:45 . First we start with the nuclear . All right. So the nuclear
14:51 separates the materials inside the cell from inside the nucleus from outside the
14:55 You can see in this cartoon that are two layers to the nuclear
15:01 All right, there's an inner layer then there's an outer layer, the
15:05 layer has on it on the inside has structure to it scaffolding called uh
15:13 on which the uh DNA is organized connected and it helps the cell keep
15:20 of where everything is. Um So can kind of see here, that's
15:25 this white lattice work is supposed to representing. And then the dark purple
15:29 . That's the chrome or the dark , that's the chromatin. So this
15:32 the DNA and it's saying, we're organizing this stuff. So when
15:35 comes time to expressing the genes that interested in, we know where exactly
15:39 everything is the outer envelope or the portion you can see goes and extends
15:46 to the next membrane bound organelle, is called the endoplasm reticulum. So
15:52 cell as it's making uh proteins and is actually that structure does. That
15:59 an extension of the organelle where we the nuclear material, the membrane that
16:07 the nucleus, that's where we're making membrane for the cell, but it's
16:13 and it moves on to the next , the endoplasm reticulum. So we
16:18 kind of this factory of things begin of at the nucleus and then they
16:24 to the next structure of the the endoplasm reticulum. Now, if
16:29 have DNA in here and we're gonna about this process, the way that
16:34 make proteins is I need to have A. Remember we learned about the
16:38 dogma of genetics, right? We DNA gives us RN A which gives
16:42 proteins, right? Well, in for that to happen, the proteins
16:48 made out here both inside the cytosol in the endoplasm reticulum. So in
16:55 for things to get out of the , you need to have an exit
16:59 sometimes things need to come into the and you need to have some sort
17:03 entrance. And so there are structures are called nuclear pores. And these
17:08 these really complex channels and they determine is allowed in and out. They
17:15 instruction sets that they read the material goes in and says, do you
17:20 the right signal? And if you , we can allow you in or
17:23 . But if you don't, you're allowed in or out. So it's
17:25 exclusive way of including or excluding materials and out of the cells or sorry
17:32 or out of the nuclei. All . Now, all this of course
17:36 energy because anything that requires uh scanning moving things usually is energy dependent.
17:45 nuclear envelope, specialized double layer determines goes in and what goes out of
17:50 nucleus continues with the endoplasm curriculum. may want to come back to this
17:59 later in the lecture. I'm not to, I try to say,
18:02 , let me just copy it and decided no, I'm just gonna point
18:05 out now. All right, because has a really good electron micrograph of
18:10 nucleus, right? So this is nucleus and you can see the dark
18:14 and you can see the orangeish areas represent the two different types of
18:20 All right. But what we want focus on is the eye of sauron
18:25 thing here. All right. That there is the nucleolus. It's one
18:30 the key features that stands out in nucleus. So it's a dot inside
18:34 big dot It's the place where we're make a ribosome RN A. In
18:40 words, the materials that we need order to make proteins are being made
18:44 the nucleus in a specialized location. is the nucleolus. All right.
18:51 , that's not all it does. not entirely sure the truth is um
18:55 you think about biology, it feels there's a lot of information, but
18:58 don't know a lot of stuff about cells work. It's, it's amazing
19:03 we don't know. And so one the things is like, well,
19:05 is the nucleoli do? Well, is one of the things, but
19:08 appears that it may be playing multiple in other areas. But for our
19:14 , ribosome RN A. Is that ? Yeah. OK. So um
19:24 didn't get to the uh chromatin. gonna get to that in a little
19:27 later when we talk about DNA. right. So that was the third
19:30 inside the nucleus. So we have nuclear membrane, we have the nucleolus
19:33 then there's chromatin inside there, which coming to in a little bit from
19:37 from the nucleus, we now move the endoplasm reticulum. Now, in
19:42 picture that we previously saw, we a specific type of endoplasm partum,
19:46 are two types. We have rough reticulum and smooth endoplasm reticulum. All
19:51 . Now, the simple thing is why do we call it
19:54 Why do we call it smooth? ? Now, remember when we first
19:58 stuff, we don't know what it . And so we're just looking at
20:01 microscope and we say, oh, , here's something they look kind of
20:05 . But this one is bumpy and one is not, that's where it
20:08 its names. All right. the bumpy ones, the rough are
20:13 because on their surface, we have structures called ribosomes. All right.
20:18 this right here is representing the endoplasm . These are the ribosomes.
20:25 we can see we're making proteins and proteins are being inserted into that endoplasm
20:33 . All right. So ribosomes play role in making proteins. So rough
20:41 reticulum must have a role in protein proteins. That's the easy way to
20:47 about it. Now, generally what we say is that there are
20:50 types of proteins that they're involved in those proteins that will be secreted from
20:56 cell. In other words, things the cell is going to release out
20:59 the external environment or the type of that are going to be inserted into
21:03 membranes of either membrane bound organelles or the surface of the cell. All
21:10 . So are the two types. so you can see structurally what they
21:16 like surrounds the nucleus. It's nearest the nucleus has the ribosomes and these
21:21 pits, these large structures are called the smooth endoplasm reticulum is a little
21:28 different. Again, it doesn't have . So it doesn't really play a
21:32 in making proteins. It has some in some places. But for the
21:37 part, no, instead here in smooth endoplasm reticulum and you can see
21:43 over there, it's kind of more in nature as opposed to cisternal in
21:48 has a kind of a unique role upon what cell you're looking at.
21:51 right. So in some cells, example, you might be um chemically
21:56 things that are bad for the So you might see that in a
22:00 cell, it's like all right, cells deal with the question of toxic
22:04 . So it'll take up these toxic send to the smooth endoplasm curriculum.
22:08 endoplasm smooth endoplasm curriculum will help break materials down so that you no longer
22:13 these toxic substances. Ok. That's nice. And the muscles smooth into
22:19 reticulum basically serve as bags of calcium store Callum inside the cell. Why
22:25 I care about calcium? Well, is what the muscles use to create
22:31 . It's a signal that signals time contract and so hiding up calcium makes
22:37 not contract, releasing calcium allows you contract. And so here we have
22:42 an organ that allows the cell to its primary function, other things uh
22:49 see uh wherever you're making steroids, is predominantly where you're making these uh
22:55 . And lastly, you see calcium also breaking down glycogen that would be
23:00 the liver as well. All So here we have something that is
23:06 in a plastic partic but unique roles upon what's associated with it.
23:13 You should always think making proteins in case of smooth. It depends on
23:18 I'm looking. OK. Next in line is the Golgi, the Goldie
23:27 named after the guy that discovered All right. Now, the way
23:30 like to think of the Golgi is here I am. I'm making
23:33 Does the protein know where it needs go? No, it's not
23:37 right? What the, what the apparatus does is it receives vesicles.
23:43 as the rain is making protein and them inside the uh in compartments,
23:49 it does is it pinches off portions you create a vesicle, which is
23:53 a little tiny membrane bubble. And find inside that membrane bubble, either
23:58 that are gonna be secreted or on , you know, in, in
24:01 surface proteins that are in the, into the surface of that membrane.
24:05 then what they do is they send stuff off to the Goldie apparatus.
24:09 , it's not just floating there, are uh a mechanisms that direct it
24:13 the gold and what the does it that and based upon the, the
24:18 of the protein. It knows where material needs to go. And so
24:22 sorts it out. This is kind like a post office, right?
24:26 send a letter, I know this a foreign idea because we don't write
24:30 . But the idea is like, , there is a zip code,
24:33 read the zip code. What do do? I know it goes over
24:37 . Uh I got the zip it goes over here. And so
24:40 goal is sorting the material to determine direction it needs to go and where
24:45 gonna go. The other thing that inside the goalie is proteins are modified
24:51 changed so that they can then become . So there is this uh post
24:58 modification is the term we use to these molecules to become functional. So
25:06 you're trying to say, well, is gold? You do? It's
25:08 of like a post office and helps protein get ready to be functional right
25:13 . There are two halves to You can see we have one side
25:16 here and another side over here. receiving side is the face sis means
25:23 , all right. So on the side as the endoplasm reticulum, that's
25:27 I'm sitting in uh sending these those vesicles merge with the cistern.
25:32 you can see they look like a of pancakes when you look inside.
25:35 if you're looking at a uh in a microscope, you see,
25:39 . The thing that looks like Yeah, that's the, and then
25:43 the far side, after the material been sorted and modified, then on
25:47 trans side, the opposite face, face, that's where you're going to
25:53 a vesicle and send it to the or you're going to be forming the
25:57 organelles that are other membrane bound Things like lysosomes, for example,
26:03 gonna be released from the trans So far. So good. So
26:11 see here, what we've done is started with membrane at the nucleus membrane
26:15 the nucleus formed the endoplasm partum portions pinched off and now have been sent
26:20 the merged with the LG. Things moved around and then you're pinching off
26:24 on the other side. And so membrane is now either gonna be an
26:29 and floating around inside the cytosol or organelle is gonna go up to and
26:34 with or not organelle that vesicle is merge with the plasma membrane. So
26:39 is how we build membrane and It is basically just moving through this
26:43 . And at the same time, delivering materials either to or out of
26:48 membrane. So this is one of organelles that is being made from
26:53 the li and we bring this one because it's a common one. All
26:57 . Again, here we can see and a matching expectation right. Lysosome
27:04 from lice. So when you lice , you break something, right.
27:09 so lysosome job is basically the cells system. All right, what it
27:16 is you take this, this, structure and you fill it full of
27:22 and then you put a bunch of inside that and then that lysosome now
27:26 to be merged with something that you've what we call an endo Zoe.
27:32 , endo is, again, it's means something uh a vesicle that I've
27:36 by bringing something into the cell. right. So that's all it
27:41 And so you take an endo Zoe a lysosome and you merge them together
27:44 then that low Ph creates the environment the enzymes to do its job.
27:50 right. So here we can see is our lysosome, not this whole
27:55 . This right here. This cell probably a macrophage is what the artist
28:00 trying to, to uh represent here a neutrophil, a type of immune
28:05 and it's gone off and it's found circulating in your body, something that
28:09 be there. A bacterium. All . Now, if you go on
28:13 , just do a search for Neutrophil eats bacteria and you can watch
28:17 stuff. This is awesome. This , this is the wildest thing
28:20 You see this little bacteria going around desperately to escape and then the neutrophil
28:24 just following it. It's a chemo . It's like a shark chasing a
28:29 fish. And what it does is goes and it reaches out, it
28:33 its membrane and it wraps it around like what you're seeing here. All
28:38 . And then what it does is engulfs and when it engulfs now you
28:42 this endo now because this is a and because it's actively seeking out of
28:47 uh uh uh a bacterium and it's a ap fay cell phagocyte means an
28:55 cell. You call the endo a . All right, it's still an
29:01 . And then you take that, merge it with the lysosome. All
29:04 enzymes get released that bacteria doesn't have chance. Basically, you just digest
29:09 into the little tiny piece of And what are the little tiny
29:11 parts. Well, the same thing we talked about yesterday, the amino
29:15 , the nucleic acids, you the simple carbohydrates and then the cell
29:21 what it needs to do and breaks what it needs to break down.
29:26 kind of nice. Now, if take a lysosome, those enzymes in
29:31 lysosome are not specific to the things that are foreign, right? If
29:36 have a prote proteases, just destroy . It doesn't care where the protein
29:40 from. All right, it doesn't if it's uh from the cell.
29:45 doesn't matter if it's foreign. part of the reason we have lysosomes
29:50 separated compartment is because we don't want to self digest if you cause a
29:55 to break you release those enzymes out the cell. And then what you're
30:00 start seeing is you're gonna see the of the proteins in the cell.
30:05 right. So when a lys ruptures you start getting self digestion, which
30:10 what you just described, that's called . All right, there's also a
30:18 where the cell goes around and checks uh discovers things that are broken inside
30:24 cell. So if you have an that's misbehaving, you don't want it
30:28 around. All right, cancer is misbehaving, right? And so if
30:34 can find the things that are causing cell to misbehave, for example,
30:38 say to say the LG is misbehaving such a way, you can take
30:43 Lyo dome and merge it with that and you can destroy the organelle,
30:49 controlled fashion. This is auto. right. Now, both of those
30:55 are very close to meaning this kind the same thing, autolysis, self
31:01 , self breaking. So you're destroying stuff in there. Auto is self
31:07 . So it's very specific. ahoy is a a controlled mechanism to
31:15 self autolysis is a malfunction would be best way to kind of think about
31:24 . So, lysosomes are important because helps the cell break down things and
31:31 just a that's been broken off from with very specific things in there oxidation
31:37 Catalas, other types of enzymes to break down those materials so far.
31:49 you guys, with me this Is it not hard or is it
31:52 ? Oh, my goodness. There's much, oh, my goodness.
31:56 so much. Yeah, that's why draw the pictures when you draw the
32:01 . Like, oh, there's only of them so far. Right.
32:04 just, they're big words and big are scary. Some. Right.
32:09 . So we just kind of get the big words and we just start
32:12 about this one. Here's another This is one that has mostly the
32:16 and the cat in them. This a per All right. Now,
32:21 just gonna ask a question. What you do with peroxide? You can
32:25 . What else can you do? . Bleach your hair. You anyone
32:31 bother bleaching your hair? How bleaching teeth? Yeah, you can do
32:35 . Notice that your, your toothpaste in it. Hydrogen peroxide.
32:41 Ok. So peroxides are incredibly damaging or are chemicals? All right.
32:51 peroxide is like the least of the . It's like the most simple
32:55 It's ohoh. All right. that's in essence what it is.
33:01 when these molecules um are released out the wild, basically put into any
33:06 of environment they like to just kind break apart and they have this free
33:09 that's sitting there going, I don't what to do with free electron.
33:12 can I do with it? I'm gonna give it to you,
33:14 causes you to explode. All Now, of course, we're talking
33:18 a little tiny itsy bitsy molecule and giving it to another itsy bitsy molecule
33:22 damaging the molecule. But what they are what we, what we call
33:27 types of molecules are free radicals. right. Um You guys take vitamin
33:32 , everyone should not, their head the course I take my vitamin C
33:34 day because I want to make sure I am not gonna be harmed by
33:40 radicals. OK. That's trying I, I blanked on the
33:45 That's why I'm just sticking with free . That vitamin C is a type
33:51 uh yeah, eight slides from I'm gonna remember the word it's gonna
33:55 , right? And it's gonna be fun. Oh Yeah, it's a
33:59 right. Anyway. So free radicals incredibly damaging to DNA. You don't
34:06 to damage your DNA because then you to repair it and your repair system
34:10 a terrible spell checker. And so makes mistakes and this is how mutations
34:14 . And so we don't want And so the purpose of a is
34:18 take these material, these toxic materials are free radicals and then introduce these
34:24 , these catalyses and oxidation to reduce down into a very, very simple
34:32 , hydrogen peroxide, which you can convert to water All right. So
34:37 a way to remove toxicity from the . All right. Now, the
34:43 thing about these is that they don't originate directly from the Golgi. They
34:51 arise from the rough endoplasm reticulum. they don't follow the path that we've
34:56 looked at where it's like, my nucleus and rough endoplasm go and
35:01 they are spending, I'm coming directly the rough endoplasm reticulum. And the
35:06 thing that they'll do is you'll take small ones and get them together and
35:08 get a larger one. So they self arising is, is what we
35:14 to it as. So you're not dependent upon, you know,
35:18 let the rough enterprise in particular, caroms as I need them, they'll
35:23 self form from smaller versions of each to create themselves. But the goal
35:30 just is like, well, what's primary function? Primary function is to
35:34 with these free radicals and detoxify the inside the cell so that the cell
35:40 be functional. Let's see what Uh Now we're finding the mitochondria.
35:47 , the mitochondria, as I've mentioned unique because it's an organism or,
35:55 know, it's an organism that was by a cell a long time
35:58 And it just happened to create this uh unique symbiotic relationship uh with that
36:04 . And so now all UCA cells mitochondria and you can kind of see
36:09 structure in there. See what you on the outside, you can see
36:12 two membranes, we have an outer and then we have this inner membrane
36:15 gets folded on itself over and over . And the way you can think
36:19 this is that I have a endo right that came in. And this
36:25 said, well, I'm not gonna digs it. So it just kind
36:27 lives inside this, but it's bigger the space in there. So it
36:31 of folded over itself multiple times. the structure is this organism that's kind
36:38 squished inside this tiny space. All . Now, one of the things
36:45 unique about them, as I it has its own DNA and it
36:48 its own RN A that it uses its DNA. We receive our mitochondria
36:54 from our mothers. So all the in your body. Now, I'm
36:59 say this is an absolute, it's an absolute. There are some cases
37:03 that doesn't happen, but all the that you have came from your
37:07 which came from your grandmother, your grandmother, which came from your maternal
37:11 grandmother and so on and so on so forth. So we're all related
37:14 each other through that first female through our mitochondria. It's kind of
37:20 , right? You know, so one of the unique things about
37:27 Um in terms of what it does , uh you, uh we're not
37:33 go through glycolysis and through the crab and stuff. But basically the long
37:37 of creating a TP is done. You know, so, so basically
37:42 cycle and onward is done here inside mitochondria. So when your body needs
37:48 , it's using this cell to produce and lots of a TP. Um
37:56 else? Oh Yeah. So, . So if you have a cell
37:59 uses lots of energy, you're gonna that it has lots of mitochondria because
38:03 are self replicating. They'll multiply and make as many mitochondria as the cell
38:09 and it gets its nutrients from the . Yeah. Go ahead. Mhm
38:16 energy levels. Mother's great grandmothers also that coincide with our energy levels or
38:23 that just a no? So there , so you're asking a good question
38:27 , all right, you don't need know this. But why do we
38:29 it from our moms? All So why do we inherit just the
38:32 from our moms? All right. this happens to do with the process
38:36 fertilization. So, egg sperm come . What happens is only the nucleolus
38:42 not nucleus, only the, it's the pronucleus of the sperm because it's
38:46 a full nucleus, right? It's half the DNA. So you get
38:49 DNA from mom and everything else is by the o. So the mitochondria
38:54 the sperm used to power, the are destroyed and not incorporated into the
39:01 organism. That's the only reason Yeah. So it's, it's less
39:06 an, I'm inheriting something unique from mom other than the fact that
39:11 it just is what's left over after fertilization process. Yeah. All
39:22 So what we just covered are the types of membrane bound organelles. All
39:28 . So again, you can just of walk through, start the
39:31 We went from nucleus and applies the to type Goldie from Goldie to
39:36 Then we had that weird per and we had the All right.
39:46 Mhm Oh So right now with that , that was kind of an introduction
39:55 , right? It's like we're gonna about these things. So we're going
39:58 learn their locations. Well, not . I mean, so in terms
40:03 their order, like I didn't say over in the third quadrant or something
40:06 that, right? But the idea like, OK, what's the slide
40:08 all? What is the, the was is really do we need to
40:14 the locations of where these things So what I would say is generally
40:19 , yes, I mean, you to know where the organelles are and
40:21 of the order in which they you need to know kind of know
40:24 the site is all is, You need to know what the plasma
40:27 is, but we're gonna get we're hit these things up with more details
40:30 in just a moment. Right. that was really kind of more of
40:33 these are the things we're gonna talk . Date types of the slide.
40:37 right. Any other questions while we're ? I would also add if you're
40:42 lost, confused or just falling asleep you need a way to wake
40:45 just ask a question. I'm not to just to talk straight through.
40:49 just happen to do that because this the look I get from most of
40:52 all morning, right? So I silence. Actually, that's not
41:00 I enjoy silence, but in a , I hate silence. So if
41:04 not gonna talk, I'm gonna That was not an invitation to talk
41:09 ourselves. So, all right. we talk about the membrane bound organelles
41:14 now you need to new go to biomolecular complexes. And so the first
41:18 , the one that's important, the that we should uh be aware of
41:20 the ribosome. This is where that , this is gonna be taking
41:26 All right. So what is a ? Well, it's two subunits.
41:30 right. We got a large subunit a small subunit. Very cleverly
41:34 All right. Uh It is made of both protein and RN A.
41:40 right. Now, these subunits, ? So that's what the RR A
41:45 ribosome. RN A. All So these subunits, they come together
41:49 they, they surround the message that gonna originate from the DNA, the
41:56 set that we're gonna use to make protein. And then, so you
42:00 a structure that is RNA, you're something that's RNA. And then you're
42:05 to also be delivering something that contains acid or is attached to amino
42:11 But the delivery system is also which is called T RNA or transfer
42:16 . All right. Now, I these two micro graphs because they really
42:22 kind of demonstrate, you know, how much ribosome you have,
42:27 So up here on the top, we're doing is we're looking at free
42:31 um free RSS floating in the side all reading an RN A message.
42:37 this line that you see, that's RN A message right here. All
42:44 . And then this big round the big black thing that's the ribosome
42:51 along and reading that message. And along here, the thing that's
42:57 that's the protein as it's being right? And of course, this
43:02 in motion. But what you're looking is you can see it looks like
43:05 bunch of beads on a string and each moving along the length of the
43:09 as they're uh they're making the protein and longer and longer. And this
43:15 micrograph, this is rough endoplasm All right. So this you can
43:21 is the cerne that CNI, this the cerne the ribosomes are sitting on
43:26 outside of the cerne So they're basically up, they're finding a pore,
43:33 attaching themselves and the RN A is read and they're building protein that's being
43:39 into that CIA of the rough endoplasm . All right. So, with
43:46 to a ribosome, a ribosome can itself attached to the membrane of the
43:51 reticulum. It can be found free inside the cytosol or it can be
43:57 migrating into the mitochondria. But its is there to read Mrnas that you're
44:05 protein and you can be in the and you can be red or you
44:10 read your protein and then you dissociate then what you do is like,
44:13 , now I'm migrating over here, not limited. So if you found
44:17 in the side of all, you're stuck in the side of you can
44:20 wherever you're needed to do the job you've been designed to do. What
44:25 do I have here? Oh, . So generally speaking, I
44:31 again, these are generalizations. If found in the cytosol, you're making
44:36 that is gonna stay in the cytosol is gonna work inside the cytosol.
44:40 basically your protein that's found working inside cell freely moving about inside the
44:46 If you're a, a ribosome that its way onto the endoplasm Curti,
44:52 probably making a protein that's either gonna secreted, right? So that means
44:56 completely inserting the protein to uh be the uh endoplasm Curti or you're inserting
45:04 the membrane. So a portion is stick out um of the rep endoplasm
45:09 and will remain sticking out. So when that portion of membrane gets joined
45:14 the membrane, you now have a or some sort of molecule that's membrane
45:25 . When we get to a picture the of memory, I'm gonna show
45:27 some of these types of proteins I mean, they're cartoons, they're
45:30 the actual proteins, but it kind gives you a sense of.
45:33 now I see what I'm talking about we say inserted into the membrane.
45:39 , while cells have a shape to , that shape is a function of
45:44 is called the cytoskeleton. So here can see again another different type of
45:49 . The cartoon is saying look, got different types of of materials that
45:54 up the cytoskeleton, but this is of what it looks like. All
45:57 . So here you can see there's cell membrane, this right here is
46:00 cell membrane. So everything you see there is representing cytosol plus the
46:05 So you can see here's a there's another mitochondria over here, here's
46:10 that looks like a bunch of tubes a bunch of dots on it that
46:13 be rough a plasma reticulum, And so you can see in there
46:18 got some yellow things, we got green things and these are representing
46:23 The shape of the cell is dependent the type of cyto skeletal elements that
46:29 found in there. And that cytoskeleton the shape so that the cell can
46:34 the job it was designed to All right, when you think of
46:38 muscle fiber or a muscle cell, example, a muscle, you
46:42 plays a role in contraction, the that allows you to contract is the
46:47 . What is the shape of a cell? Basically, it's a cylinder
46:51 it's incredibly long. It's as long the muscle itself is. So think
46:56 your bicep. All right, your attaches here and it attaches there.
47:01 right. So a cell inside your is as long as that attachment or
47:08 those two attachments. All right. the cells are also not just
47:13 they have a specific shape. They're . When we see pictures of
47:17 they're gonna have a specific shape as . And you can go through every
47:20 one of your cells in your You're gonna see they have unique shapes
47:23 because of these things right here. right. Now, the cytoskeleton,
47:30 say, you know, cell muscle skeleton, what they are, they
47:34 the matrix or the network of fibers make up um the the internal structure
47:41 that cell. All right, they multiple roles. All right. So
47:46 not just support, they allow some of movement. One of my favorite
47:50 anecdotes is So when I was a student, I, I train at
47:54 Anderson. All right. And so was in the Department of Immunology.
47:57 was the weirdest thing ever. I doing reproductive studies in the Department of
48:01 and I could tell you why it's long boring story. But down the
48:05 from my lab was a group that on Integris. Integris are molecules that
48:11 cells recognize each other and they're found the surface of the cells and they
48:16 doing zero G studies. In other , they want to see what happens
48:21 you put somebody out in space, happens to the cells. And so
48:25 would take the cells and they put in culture, they adhere to the
48:29 that you put them in and then put them in a centrifuge to mimic
48:33 G and then they would actually I don't know how they got the
48:37 to do all this stuff, but part of the work that they
48:40 So they were spinning them and they cameras watching them and they would watch
48:43 immune cells that they're working on asking question, what do they do?
48:47 they moved around the plate just they would move just they would
48:50 But the way that they looked at movement was they tagged the proteins with
48:56 . All right, we're going to a picture like that, see how
48:59 got all those unique colors up That's immunofluorescence. Right. And what
49:04 would do is they would ask the , say, all right,
49:07 what's going on? And they could the Integris, they'd be like attached
49:10 the cell plate. And then what happen is as the cell moved,
49:14 Integris themselves didn't move. But when integra got to the end of the
49:18 , it would no longer be attached the plate. So it would run
49:21 the top of the cell and go the other side. It's like a
49:24 tread. It was really kind of . Right? And the reason it's
49:28 to do that is because of these of things, they attach themselves to
49:33 cytoskeleton. And that's how they moved is using these Integris and the
49:42 It was a lot cooler than me telling you when you see the
49:45 it's like, oh, wow, awesome. Right. So it holds
49:48 organelles in position when you look at picture, you know, go back
49:52 that first or second picture. You at the picture, it's like,
49:54 these organelles are floating around just like in a club, you know,
49:58 on their rafts, drinking their pina in the pool. Now everything is
50:02 place and held in place because of cytoskeleton. All right. The other
50:07 that we have here is we're gonna out that when we move things
50:11 they don't just float around if they're in place, that means you have
50:15 that move them and we have motor , these motor proteins use the cytoskeleton
50:20 move things from point to point. there's three different types of fibers.
50:26 mean there's lots of these different types fibers but they fall into these three
50:31 . All right, we have the , we have the intermediate filament,
50:33 have the microtubule and I just went smallest to largest. So microfilament is
50:38 smallest intermediate filament is the middle You can see it says in the
50:42 intermediate, right? And then the one is the microtubule. And then
50:47 here these little uh things and princes just the most common type and we're
50:51 gonna worry about that, right? as I mentioned, what we're looking
50:55 in this picture is a cell adhered a plate. And what they did
50:59 they took um these uh molecular dyes basically attach to very specific substances.
51:05 antibodies in essence. And what they've is they said, all right,
51:09 will attach to this and then we'll it with the right wavelength of light
51:12 then that's gonna glow and then we a picture of it and then we
51:15 it because the camera doesn't see the , it just sees light. And
51:19 that's what you're looking at here. can see we have a blue
51:22 we have a green dye and we a red dye and it kind of
51:24 you there's some overlap as well. blue dye you see there is staining
51:28 nucleus, it shows you where the is. The red dye is what
51:32 interested in right now, that stains , specifically, it stains active and
51:37 shows you where the Ain is If you had to guess looking at
51:41 picture, where is Acton located? do you think? What's that?
51:48 , right next to the membrane. this is the micro filaments are basically
51:52 there creating the barrier or the the structure of the cell. All
51:58 So that's what micro filaments primarily They help determine the shape of the
52:04 . All right. And what it is basically a series of little tiny
52:08 called act. They have a specific and you bring them together and they
52:12 and change, which has another specific . And then what they do is
52:15 twist into the alpha helices that look of like really weak ropes and they
52:20 extend all along the surface of the and they help to maintain the outer
52:25 of the cell. Now, some use things like acting for movement.
52:32 when you've learned about muscles a long ago, you probably learned about thick
52:35 thin filaments that for those of you have studied this stuff before the thin
52:40 is made of Acton. And so pulls on acting and that's how you
52:46 movement. So acting plays a role that cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the fancy
52:57 for saying cell breaks apart during cell , right. So, cytokinesis occurs
53:06 of acting filaments, taking and dividing creating that uh furrow and then slowly
53:14 tight, you know, like you're , the la to cause that cell
53:18 split in the tube. That's what micro filaments are used for. All
53:25 , in a very general sense, bear tension. All right. So
53:30 you pull on them, they're gonna that force throughout the cell so that
53:35 not ripping the cell at that particular . The second class here are the
53:41 filaments. This is a different picture you can see that the dye that
53:45 used basically uh is creating this uh pattern. What you're seeing here.
53:51 are the intermediate filaments. Now if you look at it in terms
53:55 the cartoon, look at the It's still a rope like structure,
53:58 it's a very different type of rope , isn't it? Right? What
54:01 looks like? There's more fibers in and they're tightly twisted together and they
54:06 a stronger substance. Now, the in this particular structure come from a
54:12 called carrot. All right. That's your nails are made of. That's
54:17 you find skin and in your All right, there's lots of different
54:22 of carrot. Notice your nails are nails hard please say yes, they're
54:28 . That's bad. Right? Your is mostly soft. Does it feel
54:32 relative to your fingers? Yeah. there's still a little bit of stiffness
54:36 it? All right. Can you this to your skin? It doesn't
54:39 flaking off. All right. All right. What Carotin does is
54:45 fibers are there to resist tension and stabilize the cell. All right.
54:51 when I pull on a cell, forces are going to be distributed along
54:56 intermediate filaments which then attached to proteins the cell surface, which are then
55:03 to other proteins in the cell surface the cell next to it, which
55:06 then send those fibers throughout its cell so on and so on and so
55:11 . So the idea here is that going to uh to distribute these forces
55:18 just within the cell but between All right. How many of you
55:22 are younger siblings? OK. Did have older siblings who used to beat
55:28 on you and torture you? Did they ever peak belly,
55:34 belly, smiling, older siblings are smiling right now. They're like,
55:37 , pink bellies is when they sit you and they slap your belly,
55:40 pink, belly, pink, belly . No, didn't do that
55:43 OK. How about how about Here's the gross one where they and
55:48 they, you know, hold the . Did you ever do that?
55:51 you heard that one. Yeah, was like, yeah, I know
55:53 one. I'm sorry. You if I'm bringing up past traumas.
55:57 right. You got the Wet right. Did you ever get the
56:02 burn? All right. So I'm trying to walk through all the tortures
56:07 see. All right. So some you going, what's an Indian
56:09 An Indian burn? And I, , what you do is you grab
56:13 arm and you twist in opposite right? And it hurts, it
56:22 , right? So, notice these all different types of tortures.
56:26 the, but what I wanna focus is the Indian burn, right?
56:30 notice that when they did that, just hurt that the skin didn't come
56:34 off your body, right? It a lot of force to get skin
56:39 rip off your body. Usually you're about 10 miles an hour on a
56:42 . You hit that microscopic rock, ? And then you go flying,
56:47 go hands down and, and then get the, yeah, see,
56:50 can all feel it right now. like, oh yeah, that's,
56:54 a lot of force but, you , twisting your arm doesn't do
56:58 And the reason it doesn't is because take the force that are being applied
57:02 each of those cells and distribute it all the cells, those cells are
57:06 to and the cells that those are to and then the cells that those
57:09 attached to and on and on and and on and on. This helps
57:12 make your skin tough and all the cells as well. All right.
57:19 , these structures, once they're they kind of stick around when you're
57:23 with micro filaments, they can be and destroyed as needed. In
57:29 the next one, the microtubule, are built as needed. I'm,
57:34 I need it, I'm gonna put together. And if I don't need
57:37 , I'm gonna just take it apart now. You can see structurally what
57:41 it? It's, it's a And what you'd have is you have
57:44 proteins, these little tiny molecules that dir and you take a bunch of
57:48 Diam dimer are twos, right? pairs and then you add them
57:53 And so what they do is they this large tube structure. And you
57:57 see that's where all the green is our uh in our picture up
58:01 And what these are used for are different things, but mostly what they
58:06 is they create this internal structure, kind of is rigid things and allows
58:12 to keep the organelles in place and you to move things along these internal
58:18 to where things are needed. All . So one of the things that
58:25 see, I think it's in the lecture because I or it's actually as
58:29 approach the epithelium, there's structures on called sy sperm are the only one
58:35 have flagella, but it's the same makeup. When you have movement in
58:41 like silly or flagella internally, you microtubules and on attach those microtubules,
58:48 have these motor proteins that basically sit and pull them back and forth like
58:54 to make them wiggle. Uh What do we have up here? Oh
58:59 cells divide, we talk about cytokinesis the, the cell itself is actually
59:04 in half to move the nuclear material this two halves, right? We
59:10 intermediate filaments that are attached to the . And what we're doing is we're
59:15 them to the two halves. That's these players in. All right.
59:22 again, they're not permanent, you them as you need them. So
59:27 are the three elements of the So just distinguish them. You got
59:30 small one, the medium, the one. And how are they different
59:33 each other? One bears tension, , distributes force and, and compression
59:38 so on and so forth. I this one up here next because this
59:46 from where microtubules arise. All Now, these are the centrosome,
59:52 right. Um They're actually always going be in a pair. Uh They're
59:58 connected to each other, although that's particularly important for your case. But
60:01 can see here, uh in they're gonna be at uh at right
60:05 to each other. And so that you to send the microtubules in very
60:10 directions, right? What we call is we call this the microtubule organs
60:14 center. And I think you could maybe in this one right there,
60:20 might be able to tell that it's there, maybe there. But this
60:24 who knows, maybe right there is the centrosome are. Um but it's
60:29 , this is where all these micro are going to arise. All
60:33 So when you, when you learn mitosis and cellular division, the centrosome
60:38 divide and split and go to the sides of the cells, you probably
60:42 about that. So that's why we're to create these intermediate filaments that go
60:47 to the centromere and uh of the and being, being able to pull
60:52 apart. The other thing that I mentioned, we talked about them being
60:57 having the, the CIA and being able to move because they have
61:01 filaments at the base of each of cylia, you'll have something that's called
61:06 it used to be called the basal . But we discovered that it's basically
61:10 same thing. So centris and basal are the same thing. So this
61:15 be the cent together. It's the centrosome and they're the ones that send
61:20 microtubules up and into the CIA so they can move around. So that
61:30 of covers the different types of organelles you will find in the cell.
61:36 , does it seem like a huge ? There's only like eight of
61:40 But you can tell me you can out nucleus endoplasm, partum golgi
61:44 peroxisome, mitochondria. That's six. then we talked about ribosomes and we
61:50 about the, uh, cents or really centrosome. And then Cyle,
61:57 I count it right? Or did leave one off? Eight?
62:01 So, like I said, the easiest way to learn it is
62:05 draw it, draw it. I'm you, you draw it out.
62:09 be like ah this is so Let me make big words up here
62:13 . See how I said that big on big words. It's easy
62:19 I know you're looking at me like , trust me, right? Don't
62:23 it a hurdle for yourself. Look it and just draw it out and
62:26 oh Yeah. OK. This is plasm membrane we said is the outer
62:34 , right? The barrier between the and the external side. All
62:40 we talk about all the stuff on inside. So now let's just deal
62:42 this thing. So what it does it separates out the inside of the
62:46 from the outside cell. You can see in the picture, what do
62:48 have here? You can see inside right? You see how it's holding
62:52 there in place. There are two that make up the plasma membrane for
62:56 most part semantics, you can say three, but really, there's two
63:01 , the plasma membrane consists of So, lipids forming a lipid
63:07 these are specific types of lipids. have phospho lipids that are found in
63:12 . And that's what the predominantly what is. So you can see there's
63:15 , there's the head, there's are tails hanging down, the tails are
63:19 inward towards each other because they're being from water. The heads are attracted
63:23 water. So they point towards whether it be externally or internally.
63:28 also have cholesterol jammed in there. right, cholesterol finds its way.
63:33 inserts itself into the membrane stabilizing the . There's other types of fats that
63:38 not gonna go into just because it's important for this class. All
63:45 oftentimes you'll also see things uh called lipids. So a glycolipid is basically
63:51 fat that has a long sugar chain to the outside. And so we
63:56 to uh I think we talked about just briefly, I might have
64:00 this might have been my other the human phys class. But other
64:05 of fat, the sugar chains hanging are, are there to help create
64:09 identifiers for the cell? They only outward, they never face inward.
64:15 , apart from the lipids, you see the pinkish purpleish things here.
64:21 are the proteins, the membrane proteins there's all sorts of different types.
64:27 gonna go through them as we need . But in essence, what they
64:30 is they're two basic or they, allow for interaction uh from the outside
64:36 the cell to the inside of the . So it basically creates an environment
64:40 that materials um can pass through the or you can communicate across the
64:47 So there's two basic types here, have what are referred to as integral
64:50 proteins, integral proteins are those proteins are inserted in the membrane. So
64:55 are integrated into the membrane. So we're talking about the reps,
65:00 inserting proteins into the plastic membrane or the vesical sides, this is what
65:06 doing is they're introducing things like this the membrane. So that when it
65:11 up, it joins in, it's inserted in there. So that for
65:15 , you can insert a channel into membrane or a receptor. The other
65:21 is a peripheral protein. And the word tells you exactly it's found
65:24 the periphery. It's usually associated with , not like you see here,
65:30 like attached over here. So it be attached to the surface of another
65:35 . They're not integrated in the See how this one is inserted into
65:39 membrane. That would be an integral . This is a bad artist and
65:43 bad editor, not knowing what they're here. All right. So it's
65:48 on the periphery. It's not directly into the membrane as you see in
65:52 particular picture. All right. So loosely associated, loosely affiliated and then
65:59 can also have glyco proteins. They're like glycolipid, except they're proteins,
66:03 have a sugar attached to them and point outward and they serve as a
66:07 as a way for the silk to by the organism. It's not the
66:12 form of organ of identification, but is a type of identification.
66:18 when you look at this, what want you to understand is that the
66:22 and the proteins are not linked to other, they're not covalent linked.
66:27 right, they're freely moving. So lipids are kind of just moving around
66:33 their side up here and they're moving on their side down here. They
66:37 ever really flip back and forth. really really difficult to do because of
66:42 hydrophobic nature of the inside of the that uh membrane. But if you're
66:48 lipid over here, you're not stuck . You can wander around all you
66:51 to and same with this leopard, can wander around over there. Proteins
66:54 the most part have the freedom to around as well. I gave you
66:57 description of that integral, basically running the other side of the cell as
67:03 needed to. You have the freedom do that if you're not attached to
67:06 side to the side of skeleton. , sir. Protein. Yes.
67:13 , so generally speaking that, that where we, we saw well that
67:17 see here as well is a channel is a type of protein,
67:23 It's a specific, as a specific because it's allowing material it opens up
67:27 creates a channel between the two It's gonna be an integral protein.
67:32 right. So generally speaking, if in the membrane, it doesn't have
67:36 go all the way through. It's be called integral because it's integrated.
67:40 right. And there's channel proteins, carrier proteins, there's receptor proteins,
67:45 enzymes, there's all sorts of things we're going to learn as we go
67:49 and we're going to OK, here's membrane protein. All right. So
67:56 molecules can move wherever they're needed. some are going to be attached to
67:58 side of skeleton and when you're attached the side of skeleton, you're probably
68:02 going to be moving around all that . So, your membrane has this
68:08 , we refer to the membrane as what is called the fluid mosaic
68:13 Did I even have it yet? mosaic model over there? All
68:16 So why fluid, well, fluid that it has this, this
68:20 you can think of it like see they kind of give it that wavy
68:23 . You, they're trying to give an impression, it's like a water
68:25 , you know, it's kind of kind of, it's not this stiff
68:29 . All right. Mosaic meaning that aren't equally distributed around the membrane.
68:36 , there's clumps of stuff and there's be times when things spread out.
68:40 it has this this generic mosaic pattern to what is actually found attached to
68:47 into or attached to the surface of distributed around the membrane itself. And
68:54 are a couple of things that can this fluidity, right? So things
68:58 moving around freely. They have that . So first off temperature can have
69:03 effect. All right, you take stick of butter, you put it
69:06 a, on a frying pan, , we'll make it even easier.
69:08 not gonna put a lot of heat . If you take any bakers,
69:12 have any bakers, OK? When take butter out of the fridge and
69:16 it on the counter, what's gonna to that butter? It's gonna
69:20 right? It gets really gooey. so you don't pick it up and
69:23 it real hard because it's gonna end everywhere, right? All right.
69:27 temperature remember is, is not just and low, it's not just something
69:32 and something cold, it's represents And so you can imagine if you
69:37 temperature, then what you're doing is increasing the energy of the molecules,
69:41 molecules move more freely, right? in the case of the butter,
69:47 it's cold, the molecules get closer closer together. And so you create
69:50 that's kind of like a solid. when that butter warms up molecules have
69:55 energy. So they kind of separate each other. And so it becomes
69:59 fluid, right? It gets All right, of course, you
70:04 butter and put it in a it becomes a liquid, right?
70:07 again, it goes back to that that we saw when we talked about
70:11 in general. So you can kind see here, this is just demonstrating
70:14 happens when it comes to temperature. this is true for all your
70:18 your cells when you heat up the activate up and they start getting
70:25 But why don't I melt? Like wicked witch of the West? That's
70:29 Wizard of Oz reference. Do you ? OK. A lot of people
70:34 seen that now. I mean, used to show it every year at
70:37 specific time but you guys watch TV . So it's sad you need to
70:43 Wizard of Oz. Oh By the , I will, I will literally
70:46 100 TV and movie references over the of the semester. You might want
70:50 start taking a list. OK. right. So, remember we have
70:55 fatty acids and the the rate of . Remember if you have a saturated
70:59 , you have a straight tail. you have an unsaturated tail, it
71:02 out, right? And so you up gap. So the more gaps
71:06 have, the more fluid you So you can imagine we have a
71:08 here. This is where cholesterol comes . Cholesterol becomes really valuable because it
71:14 itself in those gaps. And so makes a membrane that wants to be
71:20 more solid, but it also has opposite effect. So as you
71:27 as temperatures rise, cholester cholesterol stabilizes membrane. But when it gets
71:35 that cholesterol now is in the way getting too close together. And so
71:39 prevents the membrane from lying. So it's too hot, they can't get
71:48 , or they don't get far apart it's cold, they don't get close
71:51 . And so this allows you to along a wide range of temperatures.
71:57 , again, we don't really think this. But do you melt when
72:02 gets 100 and 20 degrees? I mean, you feel like you're
72:06 but you don't melt, you're All right. Do you freeze up
72:13 it gets really, really cold like ? But you don't, you have
72:18 wide range in which you can exist which is why humans have basically taken
72:22 the world. Why organisms living organisms I have are found all over the
72:27 is because of things like cholesterol. we have sugar on the outside,
72:34 called the Glyco Calix. All the Glyco Calix is um a structure
72:41 basically allows cells to recognize other cells the same body. OK.
72:49 your immune system has mechanisms to do . But what's unique about the glycolic
72:54 that you produce your own. It's unique, it's a unique structure that
72:59 you produce. In other words, if you have an identical twin,
73:02 do not have a similar glycolic as , your glycolic is unique to
73:06 And it's one of the markers your uses to identify self cells versus non
73:10 cells. In terms of functionality, basically serves as a barrier to make
73:17 inside versus an outside. So materials are water soluble can't find their way
73:22 the extracellular fluid to the intracellular There needs to be some sort of
73:26 that goes through the membrane to allow to move from one side to the
73:31 . Now, if you're lipid that's not gonna stop you right.
73:36 way we use this is we primarily this to separate out ions and we
73:42 ion movement to create action in the . We can create uh uh both
73:48 energy as well as potential energy through movement of these ions. So what
73:53 do is we create these gradients. gradients are what we use to allow
73:56 cells to do the electrical activity that do. The other thing that it
74:01 is because we're uh segregating materials, have things in the membrane like
74:05 This is how you communicate from the to the outside. All right,
74:10 comes knocking at your door and I want to come in. How
74:14 you know whether or not you're gonna them in or not? What do
74:16 do? You open the door? , I was gonna say my
74:20 Please don't do that. Right. , you look at little pele,
74:24 ? You listen. So those are the receptor, they're, they're mechanisms
74:28 ensure. Is this something that I to happen? And so it's a
74:33 of communicating on either side of of that um membrane. Now,
74:41 know we're running slowly out of We got about five minutes left here
74:45 we need to deal with this question transcription translation, right? That
74:51 and if not, we'll get to tomorrow. All right. So we've
74:54 learned this, this idea, So now we're just gonna kind of
74:57 these structures together and ask this one . How do cells, how do
75:01 make these proteins? How do they the things that they do?
75:05 Well, we have our new nucleus DNA in it. The DNA is
75:08 be transcribed when you transcribe something that you are listening and you're writing what
75:14 hear, right? That's what transcription . That's kind of what we're doing
75:18 . We're making a copy or a of the thing that's actually encoded in
75:22 DNA. That's what the RN A . It's a copy, not the
75:26 thing that we um it's not the original we take that we trans
75:33 that out to the nucleus and from the nucleus, then we're going to
75:37 it. Proteins are made from amino , nucleic acids, they are made
75:43 nucleotides. Great. So nucleotides are amino acids and vice versa. So
75:49 I am moving something from one language the next, what am I
75:54 Translating? So this is translation. what we're gonna do is we're going
75:57 translate the code of nucleic acids into code of amino acids. And it's
76:03 proteins that are those chains of amino that do the work of the
76:11 Now DNA, that your genome, genome is all the DNA that you
76:17 inside the cell consists of structures called . These genes are interrupted sequences.
76:24 you'll have a sequence then an interruption a sequence and an interruption. So
76:27 and so forth. The parts that , the sequence that you need are
76:31 to as exxons. The parts that don't need, the interrupting sequences are
76:36 . We're not going to go into we have enrons and exxons in here
76:39 it would spend the next hour and half talking about it. All
76:42 But you have these interrupting sequences. already talked about the different RNAs.
76:46 are more than these types of RNAs exist in the body. But these
76:50 the ones that are involved in We talked about transfer RN A briefly
76:54 RN A is the RN A that to an amino acids and brings that
76:58 acids to the site of protein We have our RN A, our
77:03 A is what allows you to build ribosome. It's part of the ribosome
77:08 . And then we have the MRN , the MRN A is the
77:11 It's the thing that we've read from DNA. And now we have an
77:15 set on how to build the That's the message. And we're gonna
77:21 this stuff. We're gonna use this to make our protein. All
77:28 So first off understand that DNA in nucleus is not just DNA, it's
77:32 . Remember I said we're coming back chromatin. This is our chromatin.
77:35 right. So when we think of , we like to think of these
77:39 because that's the pictures that everyone gives . But the truth is is that
77:43 this is what we're actually seeing inside nucleus. It's just a bundle of
77:49 of DNA. And that DNA is just DNA chromatin is DNA plus proteins
77:55 histo plus RN A. And this kind of what it looks like when
77:59 compact it up into chromosomes, But this is really what it is
78:03 looking like. So you have these , these regions that are not being
78:08 , that's heroin, it's very tight very dense and it was dark,
78:13 what we were looking at in the . And I said, remember the
78:14 areas that's what you're seeing there that's DNA. But genes that you're trying
78:20 read in that DNA are gonna be these areas that are active. And
78:25 you've loosened up the DNA so you read it. That's euchromatin. And
78:30 we're gonna take that euchromatin and in euchromatin, that's where we're gonna find
78:34 genes. Now, you'll see pictures this and this is just us trying
78:40 understand or represent what we're under what gene is. A gene is a
78:46 of DNA. That is an instruction . It has a beginning and it
78:50 an ending and I mentioned it's interrupted these sequences. And so that's what
78:54 is trying to show you. Here's beginning. This is the promoter
78:58 This green stuff says this is where , where the reading begins and then
79:03 have sequence that I need and then have sequence that I don't need.
79:06 until I get to the very that's my terminator. And so this
79:11 all the instructions, every instruction for protein looks like this. All
79:19 So if I want to make RN , I'm going to have to find
79:27 area of euchromatin, I'm gonna have come in and I'm going to find
79:33 beginning of a gene. And then gonna read through that gene to the
79:38 to make a message. And with message, I'm going to translate it
79:48 a protein message. Now, I'm at the time here and it is
79:54 49. I think we'll go ahead deal with the question of translation when
80:01 come back. So what we're looking here just so that, you
80:07 taking this message, this gene and it into RN A that is
80:16 OK. Transcripts.
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