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GEOL6380 - Sequence Stratigraphy - Bhatta-7
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02:33 is being recorded this curious. Do have any students right now? Like
03:01 year's A C students? Yeah, Casey students. One masters, a
03:18 student starting and supposed to start this semester. But he's Nigeria, and
03:26 not able to get into the Yet. Here are they, for
03:34 most part, seeking jobs in the Ministry of the Iraq war. That's
03:43 got to students doing. I'm kind surprised that they're actually working on the
03:48 of shares. I think they both more of an interest in academic positions
03:55 then. One student definitely wants for business. I had to pasty students
04:04 past year. One of them was happy to get a job with some
04:09 Angie in Calgary, and then the student is working for an environmental consultant
04:17 until November. Hopefully, way applied a a joint government grants, so
04:24 got a a one year post with . They that's what jointly supervised bpd
04:32 sands. He's interested in your You know it's free to get jobs
04:38 days, and it's I think it's can states because it's just a small
04:44 off right now that was gonna be next question was, What's what's the
04:50 market like Canada or, you it's just it's just totally different right
04:55 . It's all controls for for young . It's interesting because my student I
05:03 the job in Calgary it's for Got job explicit because he doesn't have unconventional
05:10 . So husky energy. Some core to open a frontiers exploration group with
05:19 focus on East Atlantic offshore and the Sea. And all the cavalry people
05:26 oil sands and convention experience but works spice mixture trigger feed with Chevron working
05:34 post here. So he was the and taking out his permanent residency when
05:40 moved here from China and he worked Chevron for, I think, seven
05:46 and so we actually had experienced that lot of Count Count Regional just didn't
05:50 because he had experienced with three decides , default, Gulf of Mexico.
05:56 experience was much more relevant to front exploration of the sort of trail sands
06:06 Lucky right was kind of right place the right time. He also got
06:10 for a number of academic job, he published papers. He was competitive
06:14 both my student days. Kinison just his PhD. He's a cresting
06:22 He's a mature student. He started Degree University. You noticed it because
06:27 ended up becoming a professional stunt for 50 years, movies, robo cough
06:35 all sorts of stuff. And then the age of 38 decided that
06:41 there's no stunt men over 50. I think he said, I
06:46 you know, make you two movies . You know, they get paid
06:50 a lot for their stunts. Rights data. So they decide.
06:54 go back and finish is read your . And he started working with me
07:00 , like, somehow convincing to a . He's a pretty resourceful person.
07:07 his difficulty and I talked to John , who was a McMaster alumni and
07:14 the MPG about a Met Dave and being supported can be said that the
07:19 is he hasn't had any experience the business. So he needs that if
07:23 wants to be competitive jobs. And we were able to get this.
07:28 called my taxes. It's a program sort of specifically focused on providing opportunities
07:36 for students and recent graduates to get experience. So you know, the
07:43 puts into $25,000 federal government put in and the students gets $55,000 for a
07:51 . Post amazing money, but it's like pants, and it allows the
07:58 get their their foot. Right, , do great job you may
08:05 By the same token, I've got of mine. I don't wanna be
08:08 , but I've had friends of mine been in the industry for you 30
08:13 and off. You know, the was always very careful. When business
08:20 good, make a lot of Got a soft money, right?
08:23 I've got friends of mine. I my page. Do these 56 you
08:28 to export to travel on 40 He's never done anything magical other than
08:33 know, he's not profitable for this , he's probably worth for $5 million
08:39 know, he retired 50 sixties and work. It is time did the
08:48 K's and soft away and you didn't and ended up being a multi
08:56 I know lots of folks who retired 55 before they're 60 60. You
09:03 , there's no magic to the is it? Pays well. And
09:06 you, uh if you're rational with you know, if you got stock
09:10 and those kinds of what you get pretty well any company that you could
09:14 very well. But you know it's oldest. This is any worse than
09:20 other industry. You know, if work for American allies right now,
09:23 luck to you, right? Remember when? When, you know big
09:28 occurred in 98 when the price for was $11 nobody make. Miller was
09:33 speaking on about tech and jobs and . And yeah, you know,
09:38 the from the dot com bust those jobs are like, you
09:43 I mean, may be great to for Apple, but it's just a
09:48 if there is a big if there's big best price. The only job
09:54 charity Save is being a doctor and to age of 16 twin brother.
10:04 started university and I was adamant I not want to be a doctor,
10:09 a za consequence in my very first I took Geology is an elective in
10:16 , and I ended up being a . Having said that, you
10:21 if you're lucky enough or smart enough become a proft with tenure, you
10:27 it's it's pretty two of the ups downs of the rest of the
10:33 So you can tell me the end you think I know anything,
10:38 the information I have but one of one of the one of the
10:47 it's hard to get fired. So do something really stupid. Any other
10:55 for get started? Just thing with just reminded me a little bit like
11:05 same thing here is that my brother actually doing his rotations like he's like
11:22 . And in the end, you , I don't think my brother makes
11:25 much more money than a later, know, And he's got He has
11:30 office that he's a psychotherapist, so doesn't have like a nurse. And
11:34 just, you know, like if in India making half ladles year,
11:39 you have to have an X ray , a nurse, I mean,
11:41 know, and you have to pay a year off off Matt Practice
11:47 You know whatever Get stop options and get pensions, either. They also
11:55 to be careful. Make sure that don't overspend. I don't know any
12:02 . I don't I don't have Prices for gas of Canada's chief is
12:08 are here. Gas is free. is free to a first approximation.
12:14 gas is is worth nothing like, , gas is really expensive. Is
12:21 tax free? Highly. So Gasoline is a dollar leader. That's about
12:25 down. I got gas a couple ago for 89 cents. It's four
12:34 that much can. I filled up hostage station right across from the duty
12:41 , and I came into Canada It was not. It's because of
12:46 were heavily taxed. We paid more than you guys for states, but
12:51 also have. But we don't right? So in the States,
12:57 know, I always had that always month taking out for health care for
13:00 second street is a benefit Remaining five was paid by either the university before
13:07 parking Can I pay nothing, Copays. When I go see a
13:14 . I think I pay five bucks a prescriptive month for this and
13:18 So the flip side is I pay of my money in tax free while
13:32 We're pretty happy. Folks up here for Husky here in the States with
13:43 was down screen finding. So I'm get started and start, Swisher.
14:02 what I'm gonna do now is give little This is a little big use
14:06 Review undergraduates, particularly on usually give before I got foundations Lecture. I
14:14 I was so whacked out this morning zoom problems that I kind of got
14:19 by election. But that's for Just because foundations is kind of critical
14:26 set up sequence photography. So what been doing this lecture is is just
14:31 through some very basic review of fundamental in general photography. We'll review Some
14:40 the few very basic malls have been since 1650 or so. Talk about
14:48 number going to this idea of various of different kinds of photography. Katie
14:54 formal and informal strata graphic concepts What concept of heart Iraqi, which is
15:00 critical in all strata. Graphic woman for systems emphasises concept of math
15:09 thes and things that are rarely addressed graduate courses. But they're very
15:15 It's critical to say supports volumes. . Those of you doing the petroleum
15:22 masters will have a second course in . Photography. Those doing the geophysics
15:28 . So this will be here for of you will be either an introduction
15:32 the course that don't teaches or to the and then I'll mention some,
15:40 some through other bits and pieces. you know photography is the study of
15:45 scale vertical and lateral relationships, particularly rocks and, uh, strata.
15:56 is defined on the basis of the locks for physical properties of rocks as
16:02 . Their opinion, geological characteristics. usually means what's the age fossils on
16:10 surgeries also defined based on where the are. So they're strata graphic position
16:15 the distribution, which which comes danced it comes down to how you placed
16:21 this information. So we're looking like Grand Canyon waken. See that there
16:27 a series of layers. There's the of schist of the base, the
16:31 Canyon the vertical to Pete's Sandstone, slow performing Bright Angel Trail, another
16:39 line stone called Redwall limestone. The I group, which is another,
16:44 for my unit. They're close to . Is the alien Coconino Sandstone Permian
16:52 . And then that's overland by the combat limestone that forms the cat of
16:57 Grand Canyon. Those layers could be be traced, met easily if you
17:04 off like the Grand Canyon. of course, they're giving these names
17:12 from all move limestone and so on so forth. Next, it's a
17:23 Renaissance scientist in the 17th century, the early Renaissance prior to the Enlightenment
17:35 the philosophy of science because it was , was really wants any sexting,
17:44 and religion dominated are thinking, and assumption is that yours was center of
17:53 universe and that, you know, were at the pinnacle of creation and
17:59 earth was was was a human and the water and magma in the
18:07 was to be the earth version off and tears and sweat. And the
18:18 was that was that the mineral world analogous and symmetrical with the with the
18:27 of life, and so things in rocks that looked like living things before
18:35 . We're assumed to represent the a symmetry um, created by God
18:47 to provide a symmetrical relationship that demonstrated really well. So the difference between
18:53 things and long living things they was symmetrical counterparts. And the assumption
19:00 that is, that figured stones fossils formed in organically by modifying processes in
19:07 middle around that would designed by God's a perfect symmetry and unity off life
19:15 minimal Uh, that's all well and , Steno said. You know,
19:25 are those things that look like sharks and these lines. Stones could actually
19:31 sharks, too. What is the ? Steve have to get them
19:38 They're solid fossil in a solid but he was a Renaissance thinker.
19:46 rather being completing, driven by the that that this was formed by some
19:52 of weird, inorganic modifying process, said. But there is a high
19:59 . If that was a shark's 30 the shark is gone. It
20:04 have been eaten away by bacteria, that means that initially, the show
20:11 attached to a shark, but the has gone to on. The tooth
20:15 left to rock. The rock consist particles of sediment. Maybe that wrong
20:24 wrong, maybe was seven. Maybe solid was maybe it was and silly
20:35 , the idea wrote. He wrote paper called Solids with Unsolved for grown
20:42 songs within songs. And he also that crystals and igneous rocks represented solid
20:52 that must have grown because he understood Crystal Rose has been a solid growth
20:57 a song. Maybe the crystal grew elected state became solid later. So
21:04 hypothesized that both igneous rocks and sedimentary start off as madness and liquids,
21:13 beginning of fundamental beginning of modern, we understand physical processes of wrong moving
21:23 that later become compacted to form Raw the processes by which you get sediment
21:30 and that minerals were just always okay, twisted of the premium.
21:38 , of course, became the absolute off sentimentality. Outstanding realized is that
21:46 that fossils three were the fossilized remains the hard parts of living room.
21:54 salt parts beautified for away by Bacteria solid got into the settlement when
22:02 was still in a loose state Was that entombed? And then he
22:08 , You know, that also leads some ideas. If you have a
22:12 of layers, the layer tall is than the layer at the bottom.
22:19 , we can all, apparently the off superposition. If you walk into
22:26 room and you see a carpet and chair and the chair is on top
22:31 the carpet, you're all suit that carpet was laid down first. The
22:36 was put in later, none of over there was chair, and then
22:40 the carpet was slipped on the Later, that would make no
22:45 Likewise, we're all sitting on a . I believe I've got a computer
22:50 my desk on Social we would all is that the computer was placed on
22:54 best after the best present. None us assume there was a computer hanging
22:59 space by some strange supernatural force and on the table, magically appeared in
23:09 computer. The only place that happens days is now that the other thing
23:19 steady noticed sometimes rocks were folded for . You know, I didn't even
23:29 gravity that that that was that was . But nevertheless, Steno said,
23:34 know, my guess is that these were originally essentially horizontal. I bet
23:40 by some other process. So you to recognize that rocks contain of events
23:47 occurred over periods of time. And another thing I noticed is in
23:54 where he was doing his his You know, he might be walking
23:58 . Some family could never go to Grand Canyon. You know, Columbus
24:05 the Western world to Europeans. Maybe is that from this? Wentworth said
24:13 92. That extend had been able go to the Grand Canyon. You
24:20 these layers of both sides? Can separated by air? They were which
24:25 continuously, So he recognized that we the original continuous layers have been
24:32 violated process that led to his fall original. So is Walter's law and
24:41 of original continuity. Certainly it's there aspects of it, obviously, the
24:56 things or continuous. So, you , having incised valley and absolutely rocks
25:02 Marine, you're using both STEM knows things. Original stack of vertical federal
25:10 eroded standing sort of introduced the idea that time has passed between the deposition
25:16 the Lions and the subsequent erosion. world's law said, Well, how
25:21 it that the vertical layers deposited in next? So in a sense,
25:34 and so these are just the statements standards laws that govern players talk,
25:39 layers, original cars awful and road . That leads to the concept of
25:58 . So one of things that we're doing geology is trying to Carl Strata
26:04 cross section of that is I own Grand Canyon area that's going from you
26:12 Teoh, Arizona. And here's the and vision schist. There is a
26:22 , Grand Canyon Group. There's the shade on, you know, if
26:29 zombie on national park we see these crossfit sand stones of the novel.
26:35 you hide the Grand Canyon, which done a couple times, she beautiful
26:39 , Sam Stones of the Coconino Sandstone m stack of cross bedded sandstone.
26:50 not a Navajo was Jurassic in and the Coconino was pregnant. But
26:56 know, at first blush that they the same. So? So if
27:00 one area blind forward, you drug earlier and said, Is that say
27:07 ? You might notice that the layers from the long fight the same.
27:11 of course, if you ready to fossils, which is hard because they
27:16 from friends in front of sandstone. , of course, by Jurassic time
27:20 were dinosaurs, but still it for could physically correlate the layers.
27:31 I look horrible spelling relate. You be within a region, a constant
27:38 confidence, of course, one of that uses fossils to Carly straight Correlation
27:45 usually the act of determining whether all of the same different ages and you're
27:51 of the actual physical continues photograph of Navajo sandstone that's taken that just outside
28:11 National Park. There's a photograph of folk, a needle sandstone,
28:18 That's right there. I mean, rocks, red rocks, pink
28:23 Don't pick sandstone, you know, stuff below. It's not obvious that
28:29 were distributed that they're separated by many of millions of years, and so
28:35 know the actual field. One of acts of correlation is matching the same
28:40 straight may or may not be same or similar environments that contain the
28:46 possible on this cross section going from Westwater, just close to Grand
28:57 Colorado way? Some of these layers the macro shale is continuous. Morrison
29:04 . Morrison's continues to play with the area, although it's thicker in
29:12 and the moment Cokie is missing gets and it's preserved in conjunction that shows
29:25 Siri's Fosse's trial abides here. Bracket gastric pods. This is where,
29:32 rates for coral is, these are examples of of rocket problems followed by
29:44 tail. And then there were laying these OIC rocks with ammonites ways.
29:53 we see is be layers 12345 by Former staff of rocks over here every
30:03 123 and then six with time of . Very good. The former,
30:21 course, with mythology, this that's a shame in it. So
30:28 mythology and fossil content allows the Now there are many different types of
30:45 . Faster May models types, Alestra trigger feed de positional suits,
30:59 , security sites, these formal That means that these strata graphics teens
31:16 in a document at the North American for the International striker Graphic Gone.
31:25 regulations you're required to follow if you to define a name and you
31:32 Started Graphic five started graphic strata graphic in the formal Steve Signature Trigger Fetus
31:45 does reappear in with formal strike. interesting because it's the most commonly
31:53 Sorry, little your ticket in the . This is five. String is
31:58 . Secret Stream is also used, it's already started. Graphic coat.
32:03 why we have a second course So let's run through some of the
32:11 schemes just to give you an idea how they work. We've already talked
32:16 in foundations problems with Let's just you know, some of the basic
32:24 . It's a recent photograph of rocks Utah. We have 100% exposure that
32:29 have shale. We have a You know, it's pretty Shelly.
32:36 this looks kind of sucks. Shale like it's a bit intra vented before
32:41 . Even more inter beds Shales. then you can see there's more inter
32:46 and then it gets too much for . Okay and waken pick the
32:52 The first exam mostly send above It's kind of Inter bended to shame
32:58 , some arbitrary fit that as the of the fair, you could if
33:03 want to pick up there, that's that so you could pick the
33:08 The fan there, typically waiting, these contacts is recently say, first
33:15 . Think of 1 m is defined the base of the fan for you
33:20 say the last shale figure than 1 forms to talk. In this
33:26 it's fat, thick sandstone that defines base. Now the other thing that
33:35 grass cures based on their mythological whether they're most in Shales, mostly
33:41 or limestone, get to strata So we don't define the destruct craftiness
33:49 . If there this is a critical to make, you will be asked
33:55 this quiz and many students mess up this. All strata graphic units have
34:02 heart, okay, and and you , these the largest units that you're
34:09 to find the smallest units within the . The basic unit is not the
34:19 . That's true. That's true. photographic steams. So let's okay,
34:26 is a The basic unit is the . If you're out in a field
34:33 formations. And Matt, you're required define the news formations. If you
34:42 May for convenience several formations together to a If you wish, you may
34:51 formations into members. Sometimes it might worthwhile to find a specific bad.
34:59 are also things called tongues and lentils define. We don't have to,
35:04 ? So a formation is not the unit noise, the biggest a
35:10 but it is considered to be the for the basic. Now the other
35:17 is formations to find as the No, that's That's a working definition
35:31 cause all of you some concern, what the hell does that mean?
35:39 many of you have in the fuel all the jobs? Have you made
35:47 than one and you would have made than 10 minutes. So those of
35:58 who answered more than one math, the matches, the same skin,
36:04 was the scales? Maybe like a kilometres at most, uh, for
36:17 . Okay, so that's something that the scale by one 50 like the
36:34 ? That's a key point. So you know when when you want to
36:39 when that a non state Geological Survey . All it was a matter
36:44 That has been before. Usually you have. Are you gonna Matt 10
36:51 and back in the old days before was John s given either 1 to
36:58 when? 50,001. 24,000 men. back in the seventies, when a
37:04 of candles being that for various reasons was common that you would be getting
37:09 little bit of certainly happening with the of Mines and energy is very common
37:15 make one's 1 24,050. But as or not, we're also mad one
37:25 . You know, that might be to 10 things for 15 So the
37:30 with content in formation is, that that is the scale of man and
37:35 not specified in any of the international for the North American Commission started after
37:41 moment. So what that means is one person was mapping in great
37:46 1 24,000 might define information. Some that might be just too small.
37:56 so scale of wants information. May ask on a scale not just at
38:03 point to think about so little Graphic units in the North American
38:10 Pastrana Graphic It's not North American Cross National Classical. That's the traditional steam
38:23 , formally naming, walking. And still used today, but its face
38:28 mythology distribution where they lost that you age. So for me rotations,
38:42 mating and, of course, a a graphic decision Shale underlies Castle
38:53 Does the concept of the way these were defined procedure for for saving them
39:02 defined on the basis of math ability the criteria from an ability is something
39:09 never very well from up to you figure out that and, even more
39:19 , procedure for defining the Estrada craft . All those concepts defined. Four
39:27 got it, took the subsurface so so formations were fundamentally defined.
39:39 of how you define started units were by people that made maps planting going
39:48 in the field. Not my geologist for coordinating hundreds of thousands. For
39:53 of consequence. Not all concepts of photography applied in a simple way to
40:04 . That's why I take courses. amazing example of off a map of
40:12 of the first air is for right like a large, and that's the
40:16 about birth. This is a big of real estate. Don't take you
40:22 day to drive across the problems. could take two days to get from
40:27 the U. S. Alberta bounder , and you notice almost map.
40:35 areas, very large areas. The are covered by one coming. So
40:41 would be the grow stale problems if you will formations that they're actually
40:49 . So, anything anyone tell me these of these of these, you
40:58 what's the depth of that around less one degree? Then you've got these
41:08 that represent narrow bands of green for what's tip of those units? That's
41:17 Rocky Mountains, Those Children. This departing planes those pretty far. So
41:23 could tell a lot about the geology the layers. As long as you
41:27 scales, what can you tell me the thickness of the Purple Unit versus
41:33 plan, which which is fitted? that there's not much difference in the
41:48 , this is the Great Plains. thickness of the unit, if it's
41:52 flat flying, is an expression and it's more than that. It
41:57 also be how split a clip for 5000. But if it doesn't slow
42:05 even though it's a very sick it's a pencil on. The men
42:10 house on a scale that is Forming units don't produce white areas that
42:16 slow forming units starting right air. , so so for those of you
42:24 asked questions, it's probably, you , those who haven't had much
42:31 Do you understand? So you know that's the of course. You also
42:48 the notes in front of you. you know, I ask questions and
42:51 answers there. It's nice if you , if you answer it all
42:58 Of course. You know, here's photograph of of geology of Utah.
43:05 we see is this cliff forming sand forming shales. Sometimes the shells covered
43:11 vegetation. Sometimes they're exposed. you know, if you're a few
43:17 , you pick basically cliff in the of the cliff and use that as
43:21 basis for men. So little opportunity very useful agent large scale mapping with
43:31 , a top graph of man, here's the Grand Canyon. So this
43:37 a more detailed and, you like blue is that sex? Kaibab
43:48 . And that's the top of the Canyon. So it's the most expensive
43:52 forming that start that's the edge of Grand Canyon. Go into the Grand
43:57 and rocks the base or in the . And, of course, the
44:02 to Grand Canyon represents these various units sandstone that forms of provision shifts can
44:11 close and so on and so And, of course, the other
44:16 that'll emphasizes in When did your field those who feel camp, what you
44:28 And then what did you do? what you did after you made your
44:32 was the next step. Take a section? Exactly. So a few
44:41 . Maybe that's the observation. And you strike debt and fitness and dimensions
44:49 thickness of formations to project owes in subsurface. On make an interpretive cross
44:56 . A lot of your grade was followed your process. In subsurface,
45:01 do the opposite, beginning with because you have his vertical day.
45:06 call it the layers, and then last thing we do is make a
45:11 of minutes, Right? So the end up, we end with the
45:17 . We begin with correlations across Start with the map and cross
45:24 Is the hard part cross section But I will say if you cross
45:32 is no good in action business, of all this course is about is
45:39 you the techniques for making General Cross like this is one of one of
45:45 first G loss across actions I And this was made as part of
45:51 PhD trying to sort out the uh, separation of reservoir sand stones
46:04 non Reservoir Shales and extremely complicated unit consists of debt information. That interesting
46:12 of shame for me, I'm gonna back this example entire lecture. We'll
46:20 that, too, and way to at a two things. So this
46:30 that this is the dunvegan formation and little strata. Graphically, there's the
46:48 that would be kind of that that that we have done Beijing's different little
46:54 graphic terms dumb dumb bacon in terms little photography that would be a little
47:10 across a unit. And then this , here is called the shafts.
47:14 different formation. Okay. We could a man on the tall of the
47:21 . We command the thickness of the . That's what these. So the
47:29 fins in a Facebook connection. At a dips with Southwest. So
47:40 sends to the southeast. I had ditch to the southwest. One of
47:48 questions is, is the Lysistrata Tall has a little jump.
47:54 Is a floating surface they're talking. , Vega. Okay. These upper
47:58 phones pinch out before they get That's electoral rotational. Because of that
48:06 gradation little strata, Graphic talk is . Questions is if you back on
48:13 little strong graphic basis. How does change the structural that matter?
48:20 Because the structural Mathis what used to tracking. If you make a structural
48:26 based on a little faces bandages, a little bit different. Maybe not
48:32 from the actual structural. If you to find subtle traps, better use
48:39 strategic, iffy because the myth of might might result in a a missed
48:45 opportunity. Okay, why is this ? Okay, so here's a madman
48:53 . I'm gonna show this again in couple of No, I meant,
48:59 , this family on the delta that you. Notice. I noticed that
49:15 this sandstone has a shale above it sounds don't have a shell. That
49:21 represents a strata. Graphically isolated sandstone . That's a little land bond.
49:29 . Seems so. I've defined a reservoir CEO. The problem is sandstone
49:41 in that direction and it pinches out that direction. So there's a
49:46 Man, that reservoir seal. Here's . Okay. Remember the structural tilt
49:52 that dress that it pinches out to southeast dips to the to the
50:00 However, there's a lateral picture on side of the delta on the side
50:05 the family. Feel that pitch out it. So now we thought,
50:10 , they're tilted to the north. are dipping to the Southwest and pinch
50:17 to the Northeast. But that's a not in front of pension. And
50:23 area represents a potential truck. Very complicated, subtle structural structural
50:33 traffic trap, and indeed but anymore in this area still right. So
50:40 you want to charge dominating with oil areas that will track or these areas
50:46 any world gets into this restaurant here spill out through that. That's extremely
50:53 . Petroleum system. George Reservoir Tom has going all these petroleum systems
51:01 with normally, we would have taken class after had told him systems,
51:07 you don't I'm showing with this example is to integrate your understanding, charge
51:15 systems and track all the elements with system to help you define a potential
51:24 . Okay. And so the difference a little and see photography is critical
51:30 identifying that this is a potential exploration keep. Okay, another security.
51:42 one talks about it. You have entire course on this. I may
51:51 and things that So what? This is the pair's on visa and send
52:06 airs They had broken into the traditional . And here we have a series
52:14 off groups. Some of them have extinct like trilobites and crafting nights.
52:20 of the mystery with us Iraqi But you know, some of the
52:24 pods like spirit, Afghan state What this shows is that that the
52:36 bikes were prolific throughout the Camry and Devonian, and a little trollop mines
52:42 the car for me. They were important. Okay, uh, clothe
52:51 calls were important in Devonian and somewhat so for the rest of you that
53:01 appeared in the pays over card differs when it state most of war or
53:14 . Does that mean if you something Roxburgh trollop? You know that has
53:18 be paid. If they went, went extinct. If you signed bracket
53:26 , could you can, depending on species. But I ran back in
53:31 itself. The more information So here's more information. Bracket falls. So
53:44 diagram is a spindle diagram that shows diversity of craft thoughts again throughout.
53:51 they were rare anywhere. Camry, , they diversified period in your
53:58 Devonian Permian. It was a Extinction of the end for me in
54:03 the bracket falls have never from that since almost went extinct. Now,
54:10 more detail, these air these air bracket falls and the older well,
54:16 are unique to the already camera. . It's existed from the early or
54:25 Cameron went extinct in the inevitability. if you saw the contaminated, you
54:30 that you're the lower periods of if find it overloaded for your hands
54:38 if you know how to identify and , who has that? So you
54:48 will be jumped. You would feel you required to do anything more than
54:56 Pasar for Mrs Owens on the best folks without training. So what are
55:04 doing? So what's the hope when answer is you learn about sexually and
55:11 for their own company? Get that from the trade Boston for That's the
55:20 that. So here's an example. a body strata graph chart. This
55:29 Piers. It was a pound. just forced Parliament on fragile eights.
55:34 we had on the vertical axis is . That's the best, the depths
55:38 the well and on the on the axes or a series of names off
55:46 fossils that were collected from the This left hand side is last appearance
55:54 the dollar, fragile A's and the hand side is the first occurrence of
56:00 . The organization of the function lanes from from youngest to oldest, so
56:07 on the left, far for younger on the right. So these from
56:13 here the young ones. And lo behold, oh, fine on the
56:19 of the world from That's the What this shows is the last
56:24 So if you see a group of that appear in the layers below that
56:29 absolutely the layers above that tells that's that's the point. Well,
56:34 went extinct. We live with Foster and goes to faucet transit.
56:42 did that. What extinct at the of the burning period That last to
56:49 that that debt, well, that's you charge by large, you never
56:58 charts but your body to the experts the oil company for the consulting company
57:04 does the Boston traffic announce for I will give you starts from the
57:10 without that used his charts. They'll , based on a range of of
57:23 individual tax. On that would be individual species. You could define a
57:33 face of last periods of one and so here's two False is a
57:41 together that lived together in time. this false have continued when that guy
57:47 that allows rabbit depending on the duration , they allow you to say
57:53 If that species millionaires, but there a 40 100,000 years. What's
57:58 Species that live when its state, you could use a part of it
58:04 own to actually get a. Of , you can use what's called a
58:11 zone, which is a period of time, which there are serious of
58:16 , and what that last to do greatly geological record in America by zones
58:30 shift with deposition environment. You have be careful. Donald will talk to
58:35 about that. And things just charged show different Different fossils fossil organisms and
58:47 number Syria represent the ages. Number species number of samples found number false
58:57 extracted from a given samples zones wells fast. This is kind of a
59:12 truck to look no commonly asked question this. You know, I think
59:19 is This is what number Don may with this. For those of
59:24 take this foster before most species like long time family, which is a
59:29 commonly used as own false, is . Individual speaks in our lives for
59:37 five years. There are some species was a shorter many years, is
59:43 a lot of time. Delta. is we get deeper people. A
59:51 of people like to use my fossils diet homes for indifference. Species of
59:57 tended. Long live So a lot the prostitute your micro fossil is it
60:03 these overlap zones. Teoh subdivide rock into bars, owns much sort of
60:10 of them. So it was an . Here's there's a well from the
60:18 base this is getting from the Bakken , and here we've got done date
60:27 . That's a little strong. Graphic Below shells, Little recalled, shafts
60:33 and shows off the casket. And here's the bythe buys owns based on
60:40 and casket pound unit, his signs allowed from a lower caste. How
60:52 Veda I za signs of firing minorities plexus. The lower shastri is Thea
61:00 . Shastri is bearing low Shastri minuto then the fearsome subsumes. So the
61:15 running back have to frag more. scourges subsumes resided while minorities perplexes zone
61:25 bodies. The broader media evidences sub in the bathroom. That would be
61:32 long time to know how to pronounce possible. My observation is that microphone
61:39 is small, false or the longer long. What's important is that Is
61:47 arms to my page? Done, formation. No, this is Is
61:53 What is it with these things? zones for subsystems, the entire geological
62:00 . It is a single visor. what I was doing, my PhD
62:04 said, Well, did you Did look at the I said Yes,
62:09 wasn't very useful. Entire formations, visor. So I can use photography
62:15 find any further subdivisions in time, means complete stuff with based on services
62:24 surface boundaries. With law, I no other time started graphic thrown because
62:30 entire formation was deposited in a period time that a shorter that is the
62:38 . That was okay. That needs this concept of Kronos, a criminal
62:51 . A graphic unit is defined as the rocks of a characteristic time
62:57 as opposed to t a chronological which is the absolute time. What
63:03 results in is we always have two names for Chronos trotted graphic units way
63:10 a pretentious period, which is which for many years to 65 million
63:21 Now we have a petition system, is all the rocks. A positive
63:27 is about deformities. Not all of time interpretation periods is represented by rocks
63:36 we have to be so era, is all the time of the
63:40 So it that Roshan 2015 million years 65 million years. And then we
63:46 to be so Sarafem, which is rocks. Yes, I used very
63:53 made. Someone made mention this once courses. But most students, I
64:02 forgot way also have e pox ages stages, ages and stages, usually
64:12 the smallest subdivisions of krona Strada craft that are that use what that means
64:22 that is it. You guys were about this much of your commuters.
64:27 if you get into that publishing game me, people always have to be
64:34 of distinguishing. For example, quotations . There's chase bentonite, right?
64:43 man reflected a volcanic eruption That was late, pretentious event. Right?
64:50 we talk about a pretentious units and , pretentious events. All you will
65:00 hopefully times of course, these by . So this is example of the
65:08 from logic units that represent formal strata launched units defined by their agents.
65:19 course, this shows you the Chiames of this divided into into Lisa.
65:30 are considered periods, energy and aging for divided places in your price to
65:41 my see box. But of you see might be broken into a
65:48 off. Off Stange's on stage is some of the stages may be broken
65:55 buyers. So be on stage is due date of off that's commonly used
66:02 subdivide trigger feeling. Designed by Graphic subdivisions for Stryker Fee is a
66:14 new type of photography. Palestrina graphic is a genus unit means Mixture anthologies
66:23 find the base of founding this It's the closest thing to sequence just
66:30 . That's the strategy. For this diagram. We have alluvial fan
66:37 going to terrorist deposits of this flood river deposits, and they're bounded by
66:45 Saul's songs. Valence So Al Astrada unit to separate from Struck a graphic
66:53 , even others. No change change mythology. This case there is a
66:58 salt of incised value that separated these , right, that turns out that
67:07 that that payday saw incised Valley also classified as one of difference between Alistair
67:16 see. Photography is Alistair Trigger Feet not recognize the crowd of performance,
67:22 the catastrophic craft is fun here. only really have one conforming. So
67:29 of you not separated here they are for you. Three other type of
67:39 that's formalizes magnanimous much about but the Magnetic field has changed over to launch
67:49 . Sometimes interest during that late you know, between 10 and 50
67:56 years ago changed about 20 times. anyway, the calculation of tenderly finally
68:06 divided by 20 How much time is ? Five million years divided by 20
68:14 be anyone, uh, quarters. just trying to see your to 50,000
68:28 million years, right? So that that if the magnetic change that gonna
68:32 is changing rapidly, you can subdivide in 20 50,000. Now, in
68:40 quotations, you must call the pretentious normal. So when the risk magnetic
68:46 is lined with President Field called when field is reversed, we call it
68:54 call it a reverse created first. these air sometimes called crossings,
69:02 chrome's, and so from 110 85 years. Years ago, yours magnetic
69:10 was in the same direction for 10 15 2025 30 40. So
69:17 is not very useful interpretations, but very useful if you, of
69:26 magnanimous Photography is used to date the of ocean crust. Remember yesterday,
69:33 ? We talked about the cause of rise and text only used to seeing
69:39 when we have large areas of ocean on all the same age, that
69:45 periods of time when it was the covers also also remains to be appearing
69:54 that particular from. So Magneto Photography formal. There isn't foremost sugar from
70:04 on the definition of pani songs. also in the code. It's But
70:11 course, that's all fine and The reason that I gave you the
70:17 lecture before this one is to illustrate with news of arbitrary cut offs that
70:25 things very confusing. And part of was the difficulty off into figuring units
70:33 became critical defining reservoir CIA pairs in . Little victory is is a reasonable
70:42 . If you've got a brother accomplice a top graphic just making Mac of
70:47 service Inter figuring does make a big . What if wheels concerns? Is
70:56 you have a defender Units, you for Mitch, be it. I
71:02 , the problem is, if you that Matt, somebody might issue got
71:06 repeats or phone. So they were concerned that you might misinterpret structural geology
71:13 you have interfered informations and keep the on the map. So it looks
71:18 you got a if you assume is always about business, but it
71:25 You know, you get serious problems you might misinterpret that it's from from
71:32 . If you knew strikes, tips state, they were concerned that might
71:37 a so the formal street geography, is where we left off in the
71:43 lecture, is also a styling by problems of psychic Alternations off repeated straight
71:54 packages, particularly the fascination of sandstone for porous limestone on Forest Line stones
72:02 sore spare units and meeting minutes, of which are critical to defining source
72:10 , seals, reservoirs, petroleum. addition, mapping based on tonight dismissal
72:19 boundaries versus time strata. Graphic units result in small differences and structural maps
72:25 are critical for defining. So all elements of the petroleum system are better
72:34 . If you start a graphic they , they get more uncertain. That's
72:43 superstructure feet is important. So informal included size with your ticker feed is
72:51 to talk about the next lecture See figure, which we'll talk about Elektra
72:57 that. And then the officer ticket , which some of these older informal
73:05 graphic schemes such as a genetic and straight about Dad Bush aggravation cycles,
73:13 formats. James Forgotten home, the we don't use anymore, but actually
73:20 concepts for gods and used to work . I'm uncommitted. Lips on,
73:26 , longs on those have strategized My answers, of course. And
73:32 used those all the time nets now to see teachers. Damn, Bush
73:38 strong. I could not. I pick these local course, of
73:43 and genetic cycles Well, logs, like and of course, you know
73:49 straighter anymore. We use Paris he says, and systems track.
73:54 so and then Anderson pumped weight aberrational and carbonates on that lets the science
74:01 cycles photography pastoral. So these scientists century scientists that played a big role
74:12 many of the structure trophies that Today, we'll talk about so much
74:17 they're in a historical footnote. Most these most of the scientists, with
74:23 exception with Anderson, we're heading, or ignored by the plate tectonics.
74:29 geologists focus. No one of things lead off with is, is what
74:39 the reason for doing so? uh, this has nothing to do
74:45 evil. For her husband in that should be person. But if
74:57 as opposed to imperil on, let's say that you're a geologist who were
75:03 and in order, get 10 have publish papers. Let's say that you
75:07 for geological survey and you'd like to the person of defines information. So
75:14 keep publishing papers with new formation Well, you know this Gloria
75:20 and you might get the publication, also make it you also get
75:26 May may cause confusion by having two with is there are folks that wanted
75:33 do some names because you get Whether it's for reputation for 10
75:39 it is a consequence. Can you said very stiff rules disallow naming something
75:47 unless you follow the rules for expressively most major adrenaline is, well,
75:51 person from North America wishing strata graphic Fletcher for the Strata Craft Guide that
76:01 any papers. Attention introducing information, enemy's strategies to call eight days.
76:09 , there's family when correlating things. , of course, there's venue in
76:15 the elements strata. Graphic elements of systems that's primary reservoir source. Seal
76:24 . So I should put Reservoir in and to me, do you can
76:31 so in our business that you're focused this, we're gonna focus on this
76:35 us. This is the least thes of. The main reasons that we
76:42 very focused in the electricity's afternoon understand for correlation of suspect well, logs
76:53 better to find reservoir pairs. So wrong? And track a message that's
77:01 structural geology, which the separate And I think putting a talk by
77:05 there is that case. Steve's a guy, senior exploration advisor for Shell
77:13 a great about Steve is that has in the trenches for decades. Financials
77:19 exactly how strong structural geology defies ride off medications Of course, I've already
77:32 about the fact that this is contributing , very confusing because they say,
77:39 , that's same bonds or assistance shale for you to call it a different
77:44 . Wait now arbitrary. Cut off there's a line stone 1000 ft rough
77:51 that pinches out lying down from that then requires formation. But it's the
77:57 shield. To say folks is turning . So one word you call that
78:02 formation. So this caused a lot angst literature, particularly between bombers,
78:09 that used the age of the Minister Carly signal apologies and middle contributors
78:14 we were very focused on arbitrary for , of course, secret, particularly
78:21 e addresses. Confusion. That's cause arbitrary middle strata. Graphic families.
78:31 , that's the thing that we're gonna out after lunch, okay? And
78:37 we're gonna end our morning there. believe it's It's 12. Your time
78:44 one o'clock here. So let's meet at back. Is that okay?
78:55 that too much time speaking at a munch or you have to stop females
79:04 on the apartment off, kids have time with folks. Let's go back
79:18 for Maria. She wants to be the video like that. Also the
79:27 time guys couldn't think you have any that will start lunch with guns.
79:33 another lecture after lunch. Then after lecture will end of the afternoon our
79:40 the exercise with we'll see if he , really and also electric go one
79:47 two lectures and then and then So you guys, after much
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