| 00:45 | that's a custom. Okay uh Uh So uh let's see uh so |
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| 00:57 | last week we've got blackboard quiz again week. Smart work Um assignment, |
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| 01:08 | gonna finish up 13 today And uh into 14 on Thursday. So uh |
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| 01:18 | see. So we also have um what are the events we get? |
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| 01:26 | spring break? Um don't have the exam isn't until at the end of |
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| 01:32 | week after spring break. So um on track to follow the schedule. |
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| 01:44 | and so that's good. So then depending what you're doing during spring |
|
| 01:49 | of course, you have lots of between the end of the material and |
|
| 01:53 | the exam for two uh you really go over it a lot and |
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| 01:56 | got questions. Certainly. Let me . Um So uh yeah um any |
|
| 02:07 | about anything before we get going Alright, so uh just uh I |
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| 02:15 | put these things up doing over these last time, we'll continue through it |
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| 02:20 | and uh next time uh through next . So uh let's see. So |
|
| 02:27 | um under one. So we're talking um metabolism. Okay we are talking |
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| 02:37 | um really our life, although of we're focused on precarious in this |
|
| 02:46 | but obviously it's applies to all living including us, obviously that how one |
|
| 02:53 | energy from the things they eat to in basic terms, right? So |
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| 02:58 | focused really on 13 hetero tropes. uh taking these large, organic, |
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| 03:04 | complex organic molecules, breaking him We haven't gotten into yet. Natural |
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| 03:11 | of what's going on here, We'll that today. But more kind of |
|
| 03:16 | . This is this is what's going . And so this term uh Delta |
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| 03:23 | . Okay, think of that as the useful energy that um let me |
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| 03:32 | can use to do their functions, it's allow anabolic reactions to proceed or |
|
| 03:39 | processes to proceed. Um remember that negative, there's positive and negative delta |
|
| 03:48 | . S. Right? So this of combining energy releasing processes with energy |
|
| 03:54 | to process that the actions that can uh concentration gradient as we saw. |
|
| 04:01 | see here right away the energy transfers transferring electrons to pumping protons out. |
|
| 04:10 | . And then again, combining the , energy raising process of photons going |
|
| 04:17 | . And that's the energy requirement process the pieces all fit together. |
|
| 04:22 | And so then um uh so respiration what we're looking at here. So |
|
| 04:27 | I didn't mention this term last time was sitting on the slide. So |
|
| 04:33 | you see on that on this in diagram, Okay, we can uh |
|
| 04:41 | basically three ways to produce a Okay, Oxidative foster relations you see |
|
| 04:47 | involving involving all these components. There's photo phosphor relation which actually does |
|
| 04:54 | not the identical components but the same components. Right? So in photo |
|
| 04:59 | phosphor relation, it's light that is driver for the system. But you |
|
| 05:05 | have info to foster relations electron transport Stuffed in the membrane. You have |
|
| 05:11 | 80%. So all all of those are part of the photo phosphor relation |
|
| 05:16 | . Okay. Um and so and the other form of this uh the |
|
| 05:22 | way. Okay. This is what call substrate double phosphor relation. |
|
| 05:30 | Which is jumping the gun here because on a couple of signs ahead. |
|
| 05:36 | while we're here. Okay, abbreviate level. Very simple, very |
|
| 05:43 | Doesn't doesn't not as complicated as any this right here. All it is |
|
| 05:48 | substrate and subject can be any molecule medical pathway that's phosphor related. |
|
| 05:55 | So subject multiples phosphor related. Hands off to an A. T. |
|
| 05:59 | A T. P. That's Not even more complicated than that. |
|
| 06:03 | . And again, it's it's a a couple of three slides down from |
|
| 06:07 | . We'll see it again. But or on this picture anyway, I |
|
| 06:10 | mentioned it. So very simple. just have a phosphor coated substrate that's |
|
| 06:14 | of the reaction. And it hands frostbite filming to make a teepee and |
|
| 06:19 | it. And that happens a couple times in the process. We're about |
|
| 06:22 | go through black policies so try And so whereas substrate level of fossil |
|
| 06:31 | Theoretical yield was about four a Okay. The yield from oxidative is |
|
| 06:38 | 34-36 80 p. So a huge . Alright. Almost 10 times |
|
| 06:47 | Eight times or nine times higher than you get the substrate of the blocks |
|
| 06:52 | . That's why restorations. That's a deal. It's the amount of energy |
|
| 06:57 | can ultimately get from that in the of a TPS. Um So and |
|
| 07:03 | it's the dilemma of a fermenting Okay. Because all they have to |
|
| 07:09 | on in fermentation is only this. , that's what the fermenter, how |
|
| 07:16 | get this energy is your subject of low levels of ADP compared to |
|
| 07:21 | Okay. But even though it's a , it can still grow pretty |
|
| 07:28 | You know, it has to have public departments as we'll talk about |
|
| 07:32 | Ok, but just kind of have throw that in my over here. |
|
| 07:36 | there's things to remember are the right? You have to feed this |
|
| 07:41 | of electrons, right? And so need to have a source. So |
|
| 07:46 | then that has a food source if want to. Okay, remember the |
|
| 07:51 | source itself is not interacting that this be a it could be a |
|
| 07:57 | Okay. It could be your electron . Right? But that banana's not |
|
| 08:02 | to interact directly with the electron transport and give electrons up. Okay, |
|
| 08:06 | better bring it down, right? then eventually broken down to individual molecules |
|
| 08:13 | that then those are what your sellers bananas high in carbs. So it'll |
|
| 08:19 | those down to individual carbohydrate units and other kind of things in there. |
|
| 08:23 | sure, I'm not sure. Always the banana. But um but |
|
| 08:28 | so the parts that it's gonna get off to electronic carriers, Right? |
|
| 08:32 | A D. H. D. . A D. H. |
|
| 08:34 | F. A D H I G . T. Right. Those are |
|
| 08:38 | molecules that interact with electron transport Okay. You see here an |
|
| 08:43 | Okay. And then uh then the keeping the flow going right now is |
|
| 08:50 | just to maintain the radiant you have sustain and keep it going into the |
|
| 08:54 | . Okay, So you you you your electron source upfront, That's feeding |
|
| 09:00 | . Okay? Then to keep flow , you have a terminal except er |
|
| 09:04 | so you organize your components in the to those that are very strong Electron |
|
| 09:11 | uppers. Okay, two very strong grabs right there were uppers to |
|
| 09:18 | Okay, In that oil. And um that keeps the total. |
|
| 09:24 | if you don't if you think I'm insane, just put a plastic bag |
|
| 09:27 | your head and tie it up and see how fast that that if you |
|
| 09:32 | that away, you're that well, got eight minutes, but essentially you'll |
|
| 09:37 | done in china. So, um that, you know, it all |
|
| 09:41 | to get keeping the float and feeding and then put me through the electron |
|
| 09:46 | chain. Okay? And then, know, sustaining that gradient, as |
|
| 09:49 | mentioned, right, these guys can down that proton motive force, right |
|
| 09:54 | attraction. Bring him in as well the concentration difference. So both those |
|
| 09:58 | combined. I wouldn't allow lots of to form a T. P. |
|
| 10:04 | . Okay so we're gonna direct this Here in a second kind of in |
|
| 10:10 | stage is kind of what goes This really is what we're focusing on |
|
| 10:15 | the rest of 13 is what's going here. Okay in this block. |
|
| 10:26 | . From electron source up to electron . What's going on in there. |
|
| 10:31 | what we're focused on. Okay so involves like palaces involves um fucking called |
|
| 10:38 | uh para away away the Krebs That's what's going on in that block |
|
| 10:45 | and then we get to the electron chain. Okay so the last thing |
|
| 10:50 | thing to mention before we go on fermentation. So fermentation does not involve |
|
| 10:56 | you see on that slide except for . Okay. And I'm not being |
|
| 11:03 | yet But it doesn't evolve electron transport or 80% based or anything. Okay |
|
| 11:09 | its own kind of thing. OK Any questions? Yeah. Oh sorry |
|
| 11:20 | me keep forgetting to move this All right there. You you always |
|
| 11:24 | that because I'll forget. All Um let's see. Okay so let's |
|
| 11:29 | at that correct, write the electron that are formed in the process of |
|
| 11:41 | down that food source. Those are interact but the source is that food |
|
| 11:48 | ? Okay but it's but it gets down and then certain reactions we capture |
|
| 11:52 | electrons and that's the role of electron that are before they actually physically interact |
|
| 11:59 | electron transport ship. Okay, so think of think of the food source |
|
| 12:05 | a as a mountain of coal and trying to carry another shovel that's throwing |
|
| 12:10 | into the into the fire burning. . Um Okay, here's the |
|
| 12:17 | Pretty basic question, but it's it seem silly, but I just I |
|
| 12:23 | to make a point here. Cata bolic processes such as cellular |
|
| 12:27 | released energy. Um based on the below, right in the box is |
|
| 12:34 | you can assume the energy released from could be used for the purpose of |
|
| 12:42 | a Tps. Um So is that assumption is correct or no. |
|
| 12:51 | assumption is uh false. Okay, um metabolism right releases energy. So |
|
| 13:04 | you assume that? But that's used 2018. Nothing worked. The screen |
|
| 13:15 | licking. Alright. That may mean the light was about to go |
|
| 13:20 | so hopefully not at this hour. hmm. Yeah. Okay. |
|
| 13:31 | So let's proceed B 21 survey says , good. Yes, the assumption |
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| 13:41 | correct. Okay, um so because of the one of the things, |
|
| 13:53 | , let me go to the next and I'll see if it's still |
|
| 13:56 | We'll see how that goes. so here's another one then I'll make |
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| 14:00 | point. Okay, so a positive G metabolic process. E anabel is |
|
| 14:09 | there's one that could be linked to teepee formation. True or false. |
|
| 14:15 | there's some some information that may you help you may find helpful to answer |
|
| 14:20 | question you know? So a positive G process is one that could be |
|
| 14:26 | to a teepee formation. Yes. . For do do do do you're |
|
| 15:08 | ? All right. 10. I knew I knew that would be |
|
| 15:15 | response. Okay. Which is precisely I didn't. Okay so this goes |
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| 15:21 | to the what I keep trying to home that coupling energy releasing process with |
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| 15:28 | public process. Okay so a um answered false? Why did you ask |
|
| 15:38 | boss? I thought that was you 14. So a positive delta |
|
| 15:53 | Process is what as you require. so what would that probably be linked |
|
| 16:05 | ? Yeah information and energy required. . Mhm. So that means that |
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| 16:14 | this whatever this delta G positive processes energy. So you want to link |
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| 16:20 | to something that will release energy like said. And that will be what |
|
| 16:28 | hydraulic sis. Okay so Annapolis um gonna be late to to negative delta |
|
| 16:34 | . Processes like like an A. . P. Hydra hydra Lexus. |
|
| 16:40 | is there something going out to tapping there? Something broke? Okay we'll |
|
| 16:50 | kind of yeah. Um Okay so to this again. Alright so um |
|
| 17:00 | a positive G process requires energy and we saw that with that um the |
|
| 17:07 | itty of delta G. To each . So we had that reaction of |
|
| 17:12 | plus uh phosphate to give glucose six was energy requirement was a positive delta |
|
| 17:18 | . But we added an A. . P. Hi causes to |
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| 17:21 | And the net result was an overall delta G. Okay so the answer |
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| 17:27 | this one is as written, it's . Okay. Because net positive energy |
|
| 17:35 | energy. Alright. A. Formation is energy requiring. Okay, |
|
| 17:43 | want a couple of injury requiring surgery ? Just gonna make it a bigger |
|
| 17:47 | delta G. Right, so you a couple anabel is um this process |
|
| 17:54 | say this okay. You might say makes sense. Yeah. So if |
|
| 18:03 | find it the energy from braking. . Right. Yeah exactly. That's |
|
| 18:16 | whole um there there are three phosphate that are all negatively charged together. |
|
| 18:21 | a lot of potential energy there. a lot of energy. So we |
|
| 18:24 | see that squiggly line with a P. High energy bonds. |
|
| 18:28 | Energy. Yeah. You're not in http they're using the you're gonna this |
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| 18:40 | what you're gonna do. Okay, gonna take it you're gonna do |
|
| 18:43 | You're going to break that a teepee and then that energy is going to |
|
| 18:49 | coupled to making that reaction go you add the phosphate group to it for |
|
| 18:53 | for example. But that's that's what gonna do to make the process go |
|
| 19:00 | let's look at um let's look at this process here again. So um |
|
| 19:07 | again what's uh in the tabloids when breaking down larger more complex molecules example |
|
| 19:14 | we'll see it time and again. glucose to see CO. Two and |
|
| 19:18 | right? Like causes and cell That's accountability process. Um So uh |
|
| 19:26 | that process as you see their releases . Okay we release energy in the |
|
| 19:32 | . We're gonna form things like any these electronic carriers and so forth. |
|
| 19:38 | . And we can use that Right. And so I noticed how |
|
| 19:44 | have Annapolis. Um Right let me assets to proteins. Uh synthesizing |
|
| 19:50 | N. A. Alright that's that's anabolic process. Uh C. 02 |
|
| 19:56 | make large organic molecules. That's Right. All those take energy. |
|
| 20:01 | . These are energy requiring processes. um so the A. T. |
|
| 20:07 | . Is the link Between the Right? Either um HTTP or ADP |
|
| 20:13 | . Okay so HTTP plus phosphate to a teepee requires energy. So this |
|
| 20:23 | requires energy. So the energy is come from metabolism. Okay we're gonna |
|
| 20:26 | that to metabolism and make a P. S. Okay well then |
|
| 20:32 | these A. T. T. . Um and then funnel them into |
|
| 20:39 | is um okay because when we hide them it releases energy. Right? |
|
| 20:44 | it's just coupling energy releasing process for energy requirements. Whether its metabolism linked |
|
| 20:49 | a VP formation or a tv hyperhidrosis released coupled to a positive delta |
|
| 20:55 | Process. Okay. Um Making them one makes the other go okay. |
|
| 21:02 | but whatever whether enables an orc metabolism have heat heat release. Okay. |
|
| 21:09 | uh whereas generally um bacteria can't do with heat. Of course we |
|
| 21:16 | We use it to to control our temp being endo. Therms. |
|
| 21:21 | But of course we also use uh have approximately 80 p as well. |
|
| 21:26 | we have we have people that we do stuff with them. Um Any |
|
| 21:34 | . Okay. So here's the question redox reactions. Alright. So and |
|
| 21:46 | you're answering this, the and so energy capture are the the transfer occupation |
|
| 21:52 | markets where we're gonna oxidized. Give electrons. Alright, cancel those electrons |
|
| 21:58 | characters. And then remember that, know, capture electrons capturing energy and |
|
| 22:03 | can do something with that as we've already. Right. Those electrons will |
|
| 22:07 | funneled down to like from transport chain do the whole Yeah. So maintain |
|
| 22:13 | proton gradient boost lots of HTTPS Okay. Uh but um so see |
|
| 22:22 | you can identify what's being optimized and being produced. Okay. And you |
|
| 22:29 | really in uh in biological reactions it's necessarily naked electrons being passed around but |
|
| 22:36 | hired you and it passed Alright, . Because the hydrogen represents one electronic |
|
| 22:44 | . Okay, so oftentimes transfer of Oops that one this 1 No mm |
|
| 23:12 | . Thank you. Yeah. Let's see. B B. Is |
|
| 23:55 | . Okay, so you get um you can follow the hydrogen is |
|
| 24:04 | You see here here. And that is one of those electrons have been |
|
| 24:12 | Captain. Right. So pie rate reduced. Right? It's it's um |
|
| 24:19 | up electrons here. Right. Two which equals two protons. Two |
|
| 24:25 | Okay. And in the process has black tape. Okay. A. |
|
| 24:31 | . H. Is the electron Yeah. Right. So it has |
|
| 24:35 | oxidized. This is deficient and A . Is deficient electronic given because the |
|
| 24:40 | has given them up my Canadian H pyrite reduced. Um the so a |
|
| 24:47 | of things. One oftentimes um people , okay, what's happened to |
|
| 24:53 | Okay, as lactose become oxidized or or? No, It's simply just |
|
| 24:59 | product of the reaction. Okay, only the only the oxidation reduction, |
|
| 25:04 | pirate reduced 88 oxidized. Okay, N A. E. Right. |
|
| 25:10 | the lactate are just the end Right? They haven't been oxidized |
|
| 25:16 | Okay, The N A D H been oxidized to anybody. Okay. |
|
| 25:22 | pilot has been reduced to lighting. ? Again, lactating any here's the |
|
| 25:27 | here. Okay. It could be energy becomes reduced, right to N |
|
| 25:32 | . D. H. We'll see happen. Right. But I just |
|
| 25:37 | you have to. So that's the here in D. Right. I |
|
| 25:42 | this oxides. That's not true. . It's just the end of this |
|
| 25:47 | lakhs reaction. Um Okay. And the Uh huh electrons, oxidation and |
|
| 25:59 | of course. Or how we're going capture energy. And we're going to |
|
| 26:03 | these kind of reactions occurring as we through the process of cell respiration. |
|
| 26:09 | so um in the in that when glucose is oxidized, Okay, |
|
| 26:15 | CO two oxygen is reduced to All right. And uh and in |
|
| 26:22 | process produced lots of energy that we yield us a lot of https. |
|
| 26:29 | . So, um so you're looking you know the methods or formulas of |
|
| 26:35 | things? Chemical formulas? So glucose the energy of course is in these |
|
| 26:40 | were going to oxidize glucose stepwise down pirate bait. Right? There is |
|
| 26:47 | major kind of fork in the road And then from there to eventually the |
|
| 26:54 | . Okay. And so in between gonna capture energy by electronic by oxidizing |
|
| 27:01 | to various intermediates. And then capture energy at the electron transport chain |
|
| 27:10 | burning up to two lots of a . Okay. Um and so that's |
|
| 27:15 | uh, blood from carriers are essential this. Okay, in this |
|
| 27:19 | So, you have a source. . But it's that source that although |
|
| 27:23 | source of electrons, it's going to broken down and it's in different stages |
|
| 27:27 | give up those electrons. That's why carriers are important in that In that |
|
| 27:31 | . Okay. And so uh and CO2. This is a very stable |
|
| 27:38 | right at glucose. Right. If had a you get a state model |
|
| 27:45 | you see corresponding angles and things and course these are all the electron clouds |
|
| 27:50 | into each other. So there's a of inherent instability in a large molecule |
|
| 27:56 | that. Okay. There's a lot potential energy there. Right. So |
|
| 27:59 | kind of break it down, we'll some of that energy ceo to very |
|
| 28:04 | . Okay, you can't break down . Right, so what you do |
|
| 28:10 | those that can do it use it a building block to make organic |
|
| 28:14 | That's the other trucks. Okay, that takes a tremendous amount of |
|
| 28:20 | Okay, Because you can see we're a bunch of chemical bonds. Now |
|
| 28:26 | making a big molecule, It's gonna a lot of energy and that energy |
|
| 28:29 | come from light. Okay, um you're a you can already come from |
|
| 28:36 | inorganic chemicals have a little Okay, um the contrast between the two. |
|
| 28:43 | , I don't think that That going glucose to CO2 and CO2 to glucose |
|
| 28:50 | just simply the reverse. They're not , fixation involves different anxieties proteins and |
|
| 28:57 | , but but certainly they're the opposite terms, you know, they're opposite |
|
| 29:00 | terms of energy. One releases energy requires energy to build it up. |
|
| 29:06 | . Um so just a brief word the N. A. D. |
|
| 29:13 | probably, oh, every Dhs is as well. A D. Is |
|
| 29:18 | more president. It's obviously also a type of electronic carrier among all living |
|
| 29:25 | . And the the part of the that is involved in the transfer is |
|
| 29:34 | here. Okay. And you always it written out in this kind of |
|
| 29:39 | . Okay, N A. D two hydrogen gives you N A |
|
| 29:45 | H plus H. Okay, so reason for that um has to do |
|
| 29:51 | the nature of the aromatic ring. , that you see here. |
|
| 29:57 | And um they can accommodate two electrons that ring. And there's this property |
|
| 30:04 | resonance. Um and so that was of travel around that ring. In |
|
| 30:09 | , we're gonna hold two of those it can't accommodate an extra hydrogen being |
|
| 30:15 | to the molecule. Okay, so why it's uh with the two hydrogen |
|
| 30:21 | two electrons are transferred. Only one bonded to the to the rain. |
|
| 30:27 | other one is as a proton. , so that's why you will see |
|
| 30:31 | written when it participates in these reactions always written like this in this |
|
| 30:35 | Nth plus H. Um Now the and so we're going to generate a |
|
| 30:43 | of these molecules and we're gonna generate lot of these forms. And these |
|
| 30:47 | the reduced forms during the process. , bye. Constance. And cell |
|
| 30:52 | at different steps. Okay. And are along with F. A. |
|
| 30:57 | . H. These are funneled two transport chain and that's what's gonna interact |
|
| 31:03 | and give up electrons. And so then will become oxidized at the electron |
|
| 31:08 | chain as it gives up those Okay. Um and so we mentioned |
|
| 31:16 | also as well earlier generation of Right. Oxidative population photo floss |
|
| 31:21 | substrate level of phosphor relation. And as mentioned before, such as |
|
| 31:26 | Fox relations. Pretty basic. There's a few steps where it happens |
|
| 31:31 | respiration like policies um and uh but doesn't yield a lot. It's not |
|
| 31:37 | not a teepee. There's there are of ADP there's only a couple of |
|
| 31:42 | where this happens. Okay. But is the only way in which a |
|
| 31:47 | can generate energy. Okay so oxidative relations relations transport chain, the scent |
|
| 31:59 | have maintaining a gradient all these Right? So obviously by comparison is |
|
| 32:04 | more complex than just your basic substrate Foster relations. Okay. But all |
|
| 32:10 | are the ways to make A P. S. Okay, so |
|
| 32:17 | . Alright so here is just a to illustrate um You know when you're |
|
| 32:22 | growing bacteria you can obviously use different of carbon sources um Different types of |
|
| 32:29 | terminal except ear's depending on the E coli is one that can actually |
|
| 32:34 | all three. You can ferment, can inspire Arabic lee or anaerobic. |
|
| 32:39 | depending on we're on itself and the , what things are available to it |
|
| 32:45 | eat. It can go these these different rounds. Okay. And so |
|
| 32:50 | of the the so this is kind just meant to show you know how |
|
| 32:56 | amounts can vary depending on how you it and what you grow on. |
|
| 32:59 | , from our biomass is basically a amount of living material you're getting. |
|
| 33:04 | for example, here um we start we inoculate with a few cells and |
|
| 33:10 | they begin to grow and grow and over time obviously. But then what |
|
| 33:16 | this in terms of carbon source and accepted. Right, so we see |
|
| 33:21 | the table okay the components there. again this this diagram of electron source |
|
| 33:30 | ? Eventually give me an electronic electron chain and then going to a terminal |
|
| 33:33 | er right. So you're gonna see diagram time and again. Right. |
|
| 33:38 | so in the table, electron source the carbon source, right? You |
|
| 33:44 | the left most column, the Alright, is basically what the turmoil |
|
| 33:51 | er is. Right. So an becomes reduced. Reductive becomes oxidized. |
|
| 33:56 | , sort of thinking that way. so so basically here we have um |
|
| 34:02 | look at an ethical. Okay Okay And it's the one that's represented |
|
| 34:10 | all three modes here. Mhm. here. Okay, so so you |
|
| 34:19 | it's broken down by an Arabic Arabic and fermentation. Okay. And so |
|
| 34:27 | ethanol using ethanol as a carbon source electron source. Okay, aerobically. |
|
| 34:34 | . Using oxygen. Right. Highest . Okay, 26 g premier. |
|
| 34:40 | , bio so that's 26 g of if you will per mole of |
|
| 34:47 | All right. Here is 24. that far off. Okay. So |
|
| 34:53 | tells you that. Okay, aerobics best right, oxygen is the strongest |
|
| 34:59 | agent. It's the strongest electron Okay, but nitrates not bad. |
|
| 35:03 | , so they will be able to off but not dramatic. Right, |
|
| 35:06 | , I don't know about respiration although doesn't use oxygen. They still pretty |
|
| 35:11 | good. Okay, but of course see a drop here with fermentation. |
|
| 35:17 | , 3 1/2. Because there's no acceptance there's no kind of transport |
|
| 35:23 | There's none of the there's no oxidative relation going on with fermentation strictly relation |
|
| 35:30 | a bit of energy. So, energy always has a consequence in terms |
|
| 35:35 | how much cells you get right, energy means can be more cells obviously |
|
| 35:41 | also want to have adequate amount of but that correlates. Okay, so |
|
| 35:47 | you look at glucose. Okay, see with auction gives the highest amount |
|
| 35:53 | biomass. Okay, so glucose, molecule. Okay, more carbon in |
|
| 36:00 | . More energy. New glucose molecule to ethanol ethanol is is C two |
|
| 36:07 | H 602. Okay, that's Okay. And then glucose is C |
|
| 36:18 | H 12 oh six. God, about that. Okay. Um so |
|
| 36:26 | interviews in glucose mosque here. And that's why you see a bigger yield |
|
| 36:29 | glucose over ethanol under equivalent conditions right versus here. Okay, so uh |
|
| 36:40 | more http more growth. Right? by the main one of the main |
|
| 36:45 | here is a fermentation, comparably speaking is worse. So Arab respiration. |
|
| 36:51 | respiration, fermentation in terms of Alright. Very gross. But anaerobic |
|
| 36:59 | aren't that far apart, right? depending on what your terminal accepted |
|
| 37:05 | Nitrates pretty good in comparison to Not sounds good, but not |
|
| 37:12 | So, um so just to show have any questions. So, Um |
|
| 37:24 | that kind of closes out one. right. And so we're gonna we're |
|
| 37:29 | gonna be talking about these concepts. it's not like we're going to leave |
|
| 37:31 | forever. But let's go into kind So this is how you want to |
|
| 37:37 | this stuff. Okay, So I before you have to memorize every single |
|
| 37:42 | , right? I don't even show every single reaction. But what you |
|
| 37:46 | want to know is stages. so that's what we're gonna And the |
|
| 37:52 | you see here, you should be with if somebody is just basic |
|
| 37:56 | but but you know, in terms David foster relation and what that |
|
| 38:01 | So, you know these terms and then kind of stages as you will |
|
| 38:06 | it now. So glucose um It's to keep kind of track of uh |
|
| 38:14 | carbon is only in the sense of going Being broken down for so six |
|
| 38:19 | , glucose. It's broken down actually it too. Three carbon pirate |
|
| 38:26 | Okay. And pirates. Really the in the road. So from there |
|
| 38:29 | can go different directions. Okay, on what it can do its capabilities |
|
| 38:37 | what's what's going on in the Okay, so in this step, |
|
| 38:43 | this is the box is basically not is right so in it goes slippers |
|
| 38:47 | , those pirates and then in the you have some energy capture in the |
|
| 38:51 | of a teepee. And th okay uh one or 2 directions right? |
|
| 38:59 | fermentation. OK and again if it's do that. Blacker than no oxygen |
|
| 39:06 | . Okay, that's how fermentation And the cells are capable of doing |
|
| 39:12 | . And so uh that generates these oxidation, small organic acids, |
|
| 39:18 | Okay. The if it can inspire or Arabic lee goes, houses are |
|
| 39:26 | to it and it's capable, it go that route. Okay and the |
|
| 39:31 | there is a this is basically um obligation slash formation. Okay, But |
|
| 39:40 | we're forming so we have two of that goes to two of these. |
|
| 39:46 | . To asI look away. And we released C. 02 in the |
|
| 39:51 | that's where we go from a three to carbon, we lose a |
|
| 39:54 | 02 and then we form some in . D. H. Okay so |
|
| 39:58 | capture again in that stage then um cycle. Okay and that's the Krebs |
|
| 40:09 | and go through for each of away go around so we have two of |
|
| 40:15 | so twice around the cycle okay forming these energy molecules. Okay then these |
|
| 40:23 | into electron transport chain. Okay And whole proton pump https etcetera. So |
|
| 40:32 | it's more about what's we're at the is what's going on? What's coming |
|
| 40:36 | ? Energy captured. Okay so you of course electron carriers form here here |
|
| 40:44 | and here. Okay and there's different will turn in. Yeah well bring |
|
| 40:52 | the formation of lots of 80 as a result. Okay so um |
|
| 40:58 | we're gonna look at like paralysis and though I show you I'm gonna show |
|
| 41:02 | reactions that we don't need that the reactions of black policies. Okay you've |
|
| 41:09 | biochem later on you can memorize them that class. Okay but for here |
|
| 41:14 | kind of the overall stages what's going ? Okay um let's look at black |
|
| 41:22 | . Okay so and the Meyerhoff So we'll see you next slide. |
|
| 41:28 | alternate ways bacteria can can break down beyond and the Meyerhoff pathway. Um |
|
| 41:36 | this is the most common pathway we it as well of course. And |
|
| 41:42 | so one point here so even though process religious energy we're gonna capture energy |
|
| 41:52 | the form of in that game of teepee form eight and a th but |
|
| 41:57 | with a an overall negative delta So let me just show you picture |
|
| 42:04 | . So here is a rocks on of this hill, right? And |
|
| 42:10 | a negative delta G. Process goes . Okay, the downhill process, |
|
| 42:17 | a negative delta G. Okay, Federal lockup there, take that we're |
|
| 42:22 | down that releases energy. Um The that Rockport city has the hydro view |
|
| 42:31 | potential energy, Right? So potential is often about the state or position |
|
| 42:36 | matter. Right? So the the energy of Iraq is much higher sitting |
|
| 42:43 | top of the hill than it is we're sitting down here. Okay, |
|
| 42:47 | how do I know that? Because amount of potential energy, something has |
|
| 42:53 | translate that into how much change it cause. Okay, and so if |
|
| 43:00 | were standing here, okay, so that rock goes downhill, that's |
|
| 43:06 | create a heck of a lot of . Whereas not so the rocket is |
|
| 43:13 | and I'm standing here right level right. Of energy at that at |
|
| 43:20 | position. But the point is, though it's it's all these things negative |
|
| 43:24 | G. Lots of potential energy. , it still needs a kick in |
|
| 43:28 | pants to get going right? It's sitting on top of the hill, |
|
| 43:32 | have to get it growing down Okay, so I can come up |
|
| 43:35 | with a two x four and webbing between there maybe and get it going |
|
| 43:39 | spend a little bit of energy to the ball rolling. All right. |
|
| 43:43 | even though you're spending a little bit energy at the beginning, you're gonna |
|
| 43:46 | way more back. She's gonna net game in terms of Okay, I'm |
|
| 43:53 | saying all this just to explain what part of the cycle is about. |
|
| 43:56 | , this energy investment, right? even glucose and negative delta G. |
|
| 44:04 | glucose these ticket energized sort of Okay, so we have a little |
|
| 44:10 | of energy investment. A. P. A. T. |
|
| 44:14 | Right? So he falls for late post. Okay. Or intermediate in |
|
| 44:19 | pathway. Okay. And so phosphate here here that will energize glucose make |
|
| 44:27 | like the ball rolling down and get going. Alright. And so here |
|
| 44:31 | we break it apart into two molecules will become okay, we'll be |
|
| 44:39 | Um this intermediate called Glycerol three Okay. And that's what then becomes |
|
| 44:47 | okay, will be broken down further . Big. Um So really don't |
|
| 44:52 | so much about this around the philosopher I mentioned it only because that's |
|
| 44:56 | of what least on the road to bait. But certainly, you know |
|
| 45:00 | in this. Um And then we energy, we're gonna get energy |
|
| 45:06 | We're gonna get a surplus. So Tps form they're they're And then don't |
|
| 45:11 | any ideas also represents energy as Okay, in that game of 2 |
|
| 45:18 | PS. And to any of the . So this way of making a |
|
| 45:23 | here right this step and that's the not seven and 10. Alright that's |
|
| 45:29 | substrate level phosphor relation. You have phosphor related substrate that gives it up |
|
| 45:34 | ADP to make a teepee. Um And this so far a fermenting |
|
| 45:42 | which we'll talk about shortly. This you see here is all enhanced to |
|
| 45:48 | energy. That's it. So for this is it it doesn't have you |
|
| 45:54 | the the electricity doesn't use electron transport all those components to make a |
|
| 45:59 | This is it relies mostly on Okay um So so the other thing |
|
| 46:08 | remember here it's anaerobic. Right? doesn't require the presence of oxygen. |
|
| 46:14 | um to make it go okay um all the oxygen may be present which |
|
| 46:23 | would you know Arabic responding organism, have black horses and cell respiration going |
|
| 46:28 | . Uh huh. The the active of options are not required to make |
|
| 46:33 | lot of policies work. Okay. So the other kind of alternative pathways |
|
| 46:40 | this are shown here. Okay so black cause that we just talked about |
|
| 46:45 | then we have what's called pathway or . D. For short. And |
|
| 46:51 | see this in generally uh bacteria that have the E. D. Pathway |
|
| 47:00 | also have the E. M. . Pathway. Okay E. Coli |
|
| 47:05 | one of those. Okay so um E. D. Pathway is kind |
|
| 47:10 | a an ancillary pathway that enables it use some kind of sugars that wouldn't |
|
| 47:17 | be able to use. And those of sugars are these things called sugar |
|
| 47:23 | . Alright carbohydrates that have these chrome groups on them. Okay. Rather |
|
| 47:32 | . So where do you find these of weird sugar acids? Okay. |
|
| 47:37 | turns out they're found really in the secretions of the gut. So it |
|
| 47:45 | sense then for ecological this pathway because found in the gut right and enables |
|
| 47:49 | to use these sugar assets when So you you actually produced them in |
|
| 47:55 | gut. Okay kinda helps keep the wall moist helps keep you know communicated |
|
| 48:01 | passing through etcetera those kind of But the conservative food source if the |
|
| 48:06 | has that pathway. Okay so um thing about E. D. Pathway |
|
| 48:13 | it produces energy for sure. Not as much as E. Right. |
|
| 48:20 | nonetheless like I said for most bacteria can have the but they do have |
|
| 48:26 | . Okay um the Pentothal correct. we have this as well. We |
|
| 48:35 | have the easy path but we have the mv pathway we have the pintos |
|
| 48:41 | as we made it back to But that equates mostly too. Although |
|
| 48:46 | can't produce some energy you see here role is in producing things like certain |
|
| 48:52 | acids aromatic amino acids nuclear times he's things from bio synthesis. Right? |
|
| 48:57 | conform these different lengths of sugars. , Through this key intermediate here. |
|
| 49:06 | phosphate. Okay, so these are of building blocks to make these different |
|
| 49:12 | of modules. And so when you see pencils transformation, it rolls typically |
|
| 49:18 | sentences. Right, produce these building to make stuff. Okay. Although |
|
| 49:23 | in times of stress or things like , you can't refuse that as an |
|
| 49:27 | source. But its primary role is synthesis. Okay. Um Okay. |
|
| 49:35 | uh any questions? Yeah. What ? And the causes american investment? |
|
| 49:50 | , wait back on this slide It doesn't go with energy. |
|
| 50:00 | It's what does it go to the bottom left? Oh yeah. Well |
|
| 50:09 | it's it's it's um it gets quickly into this red line three phosphate. |
|
| 50:15 | , so you actually have two of up here and one is formed |
|
| 50:20 | One comes from that other rackets, you feel the enzyme that can paralyze |
|
| 50:25 | . But yeah, when you break , 16 different state in two. |
|
| 50:29 | of those becomes it goes around and other one doesn't but very quickly is |
|
| 50:35 | to it. Yeah, it's I remember the enzyme but it's it's a |
|
| 50:38 | reaction that occurs. So Yeah. . Um many of them. |
|
| 50:45 | Alright, so let's look at So is going to be the segway into |
|
| 50:54 | . I'm going to their detour home way. Yeah. So um All |
|
| 50:59 | , so like so dr black Right. So terrific acid is the |
|
| 51:04 | intermediate there and then we can go of two ways respiration which will uh |
|
| 51:11 | talked about this already kind of an context but we'll break it down |
|
| 51:16 | We're first gonna talk about fermentation. And so the thing to remember about |
|
| 51:22 | is its energy capture relies solely on causes. Okay. And so this |
|
| 51:32 | critical then to keep this part of going because that's what produces the energy |
|
| 51:37 | from from answer. Okay, now are some exceptions to this but I'm |
|
| 51:41 | gonna kind of keep it uh for most of them do. But the |
|
| 51:46 | of course is there is no oxygen . It's an anaerobic process. Um |
|
| 51:51 | so the thing is uh so having saw black Hollis is right, how |
|
| 51:58 | is the fermenter? Keep black Hollis going to keep maintaining Okay, well |
|
| 52:04 | of course you have to have a source and so the fermenters can use |
|
| 52:09 | kinds of things as as a sugar . Right? In lab the today |
|
| 52:15 | a matter of fact one last you of course glucose we saw sucrose and |
|
| 52:19 | saw lactose and sugar sources for Right? And of course there's 100 |
|
| 52:23 | things they can use as well. carbohydrate sources and so have a supply |
|
| 52:29 | sugar. Okay then of course have supply of ADP and phosphate. |
|
| 52:36 | That's not generally not a problem in . Okay. And then have keep |
|
| 52:44 | . Alright. Have N. D. Right there. Those are |
|
| 52:48 | three participants in this process, Sugar, ADP and phosphate and |
|
| 52:54 | D. Okay. So you got keep those supply to keep the process |
|
| 52:58 | . Alright. So we have lots sugar ADP and phosphate and A. |
|
| 53:03 | . And then you'll make a TPS you'll and you'll keep the process |
|
| 53:09 | So you have to regenerate right? gonna keep forming an A. |
|
| 53:11 | H. Alright, but you gotta a way to take this back to |
|
| 53:17 | . A. D. Okay, you're fermenting, right? They're not |
|
| 53:22 | . A. T. H. the fermenter while it's fermenting is not |
|
| 53:25 | to electron transport chain and become Right? Because for it just doing |
|
| 53:30 | . So this will accumulate. All . That will accumulate unless you do |
|
| 53:38 | actually stopped the process. So you to keep oxidizing in the H. |
|
| 53:43 | they can go back up here and continue sustained fermentation because that's how it |
|
| 53:48 | its energy. Okay, so you'll that um pirate bait gets converted to |
|
| 53:57 | like lactic acid, ethanol, lots other stuff. Right. Different types |
|
| 54:02 | organic acids and alcohols. Okay. those reactions um all of those reactions |
|
| 54:11 | some point lead to the formation of . A. D. Right? |
|
| 54:15 | can go back up until that And keep producing guarantees. Okay, |
|
| 54:19 | that's really what a lot of these fermentation reactions are beyond pirates are for |
|
| 54:25 | purpose. Two take the N. . T. H. And then |
|
| 54:30 | Andy go back up so it can sustained like houses for 80 P. |
|
| 54:35 | . Because that's the only way you get energy upper mantle. Okay. |
|
| 54:39 | let's look at um um that's the there. That's what the fermenter |
|
| 54:45 | Okay. Um So here is lactic fermentation, Right? And so um |
|
| 54:55 | our glucose or sugar source. I'm gonna form prior bait. See |
|
| 55:01 | . And then part of it forms acid. Okay, so in this |
|
| 55:08 | , all right. What is being ? Right, You have three |
|
| 55:16 | A B A N A. H. B. Para B C |
|
| 55:21 | . Which one is being oxidized in process? Okay. Yeah, approximation |
|
| 55:41 | that electrical. Thank you. It's yeah, he answered. What is |
|
| 56:02 | ? A. B. And A. N. A. |
|
| 56:04 | H. B. C lactate, , positive. Mhm, mm |
|
| 56:19 | Okay, it's actually a different version the question we had before That multiple |
|
| 56:27 | push other other one. All mm hmm. Okay. So uh |
|
| 56:39 | is correct. Is oxidized. so any th uh oxidized any de |
|
| 56:48 | bait is reduced to lactate? The is reduced. You can just look |
|
| 56:55 | here. So but the point that reaction is we keep regenerating this, |
|
| 57:02 | ? That can go back and look causes. Alright, so keep that |
|
| 57:06 | . And alcohol fermentation which of course yeast can do that. Okay. |
|
| 57:12 | can bacteria pirate bait to a hotel hide. Okay. And we have |
|
| 57:18 | D. Card box elation there. . And again from black holes as |
|
| 57:24 | get an A. D. Right to form ethanol. Okay, |
|
| 57:30 | without doing a clicker question on What's reduced shout out if you know |
|
| 57:36 | ? Mhm. So fire bait asked hide or any th what's reduced So |
|
| 57:53 | hmm. So what's participating in the reaction here? Alright. It's stuff |
|
| 58:00 | over here. So what's becoming B Yeah. Right. So here |
|
| 58:14 | here. Okay. So as the the ethanol. Okay, so that's |
|
| 58:22 | my favorite fermentation. Okay. For obvious reasons I hope. Okay so |
|
| 58:30 | so again the point is regenerate Alright. Regenerate. That keeps the |
|
| 58:37 | houses train running. Alright. That's the computer forms. Right? And |
|
| 58:41 | a fermenter has a number of obstacles to achieve a a high biomass in |
|
| 58:49 | . Okay, they get um uh metabolism that it doesn't produce a lot |
|
| 58:57 | energy because it's not respiration. could be a substrate level phosphor relation |
|
| 59:03 | to it's um Yeah. Okay. had products or inhibitory. So |
|
| 59:15 | ethanol for or um like the gas ph changes alcohols victorious and sort of |
|
| 59:24 | . So they face that eventually in of unless unless the material is dissipating |
|
| 59:29 | use it or it goes elsewhere doesn't but you know in a manufacturing process |
|
| 59:36 | you're doing these things back then you can't hit them. Okay. There's |
|
| 59:42 | to get around it. There's engineering to get around it. You can |
|
| 59:47 | Mhm. Uh have yeast that are to high levels of ethanol particularly. |
|
| 59:54 | ? So you can have wine production um Weinstein today's typically that used to |
|
| 60:00 | able to 99 or 10% alcohol. they can reach up to 18% alcohol |
|
| 60:06 | that's because of development of yeast strains are able to tolerate these higher levels |
|
| 60:11 | alcohol. Okay. Um Any questions . In the blackness and part is |
|
| 60:24 | because they're missing bacteria that ferment black do ourselves? Uh Yeah it's a |
|
| 60:33 | in an hour cells. Yeah that happens and that happens to be a |
|
| 60:40 | also has to have not just you have some whatever. How about certain |
|
| 60:47 | of people also can be intolerant, the intolerance. Like certain certain asian |
|
| 60:52 | have that intolerance I think as It just depends, it varies but |
|
| 60:56 | um but yeah it's become a deficiency ourselves to do that. Yeah. |
|
| 61:03 | The but I think you can't alleviate with probiotics I think um the |
|
| 61:14 | C. A. Cycle. So you don't need to know every step |
|
| 61:20 | the pc A cycle. What's wrong what's the overall process going on |
|
| 61:24 | Okay so again back to the fork the road thing. So it was |
|
| 61:30 | conditions with a back here is capable responses and the conditions and nutrients are |
|
| 61:38 | for it to do that, then will go this route which begins with |
|
| 61:45 | down pira bait to um acetyl coa . So when you look at the |
|
| 61:50 | process in terms of energy. Free energy. So initially glucose needed |
|
| 61:58 | have some energy put into it, the ball rolling and then we captured |
|
| 62:03 | energy along the way. Okay. then so think of staying with that |
|
| 62:09 | analogy right here is glucose is our let's say on top of the |
|
| 62:17 | Okay, put a little bit of in right? Got the ball |
|
| 62:20 | Right? Then we captured that as T. P. And A |
|
| 62:26 | H. Right now we're down here . Right? So now we have |
|
| 62:34 | we have to pump pirata right to to make it more reactive, so |
|
| 62:38 | speak. Right? We need to bring it back up. Okay, |
|
| 62:42 | what this is about. This is to kuwait. Okay? Or like |
|
| 62:48 | . Okay, A Okay, it it's a Tps are often wrong with |
|
| 62:57 | . That uh the show. So have three phosphates in a teepee. |
|
| 63:01 | ? That terminal one has that squiggly on it. Right? So high |
|
| 63:06 | phosphate bond. Right? That gets right? In the process of hydraulic |
|
| 63:11 | releasing energy. Right? So as look away has the same thing, |
|
| 63:16 | also has that high energy bond, what I wanted. So when we |
|
| 63:23 | at the way it too has had high energy bond so you can attach |
|
| 63:30 | to a molecule and kind of pumps up so to speak. Okay. |
|
| 63:34 | so that's what we that's the purpose doing that the pirate made just kind |
|
| 63:38 | and inject some energy into it. now we can we can get it |
|
| 63:43 | the T. C. A. and then capture more energy right |
|
| 63:46 | Get a surplus back. Right? so along the way in this pirate |
|
| 63:53 | slash cynical information we're going to capture . Okay. In the form of |
|
| 64:00 | an A. D. H. ? We're gonna lose seO to a |
|
| 64:04 | to group and now we have two and silica way that goes into the |
|
| 64:08 | cycle. Yeah. And so we two of those. So you can |
|
| 64:15 | at it two ways, right? you can have um per or per |
|
| 64:24 | . So goes around the cycle. formed three and a th okay. |
|
| 64:32 | 23 one F A. T. . Two. Those are electron carriers |
|
| 64:38 | we have one step That's one of substrate level of phosphor relations. Okay |
|
| 64:44 | ADP directly. So 311. Now we can also look at it |
|
| 64:49 | terms of per glucose right? Um goes to two Acetyl Coa ways |
|
| 64:57 | So we double up. Right so glucose is twice because we formed two |
|
| 65:03 | these and he travels around watch. . So basically doubling our energy apple |
|
| 65:09 | glucose. Okay. And so um so at this point then glucose completely |
|
| 65:18 | the sio two is all forms. , you see here is the remaining |
|
| 65:22 | to here and here. Okay, now we're at SEO to walk right |
|
| 65:27 | the oxidants. It's so uh you , along the way we've accumulated uh |
|
| 65:34 | of these N. A. H. Is actually 10 A |
|
| 65:38 | H two, F A T H and uh four https total. |
|
| 65:45 | our next game. Right. And the the the tch cycle is one |
|
| 65:53 | those what we call central points in . Okay. You ever looked at |
|
| 65:59 | metabolic chart? You'll see arrows going eligwe pathways every which way. But |
|
| 66:05 | you'll see a bunch of arrows going and going away from the T. |
|
| 66:09 | . A cycle. It's it's a where proteins when they're used as energy |
|
| 66:15 | , they eventually funneled down to the cycle. Fat metabolism, funnels in |
|
| 66:21 | T. C. A cycle, number of these molecules. And tch |
|
| 66:26 | itself are building blocks to make other like amino acids and nucleotides and stuff |
|
| 66:32 | that. Right. So it's uh for both processes. Both kept embolism |
|
| 66:37 | and vandalism are linked by TC a in many cases. Okay. Um |
|
| 66:44 | but the work for what we're talking . Right? It's it's of course |
|
| 66:50 | big energy producer in terms of these characters being formed. Okay. And |
|
| 66:56 | um and so we look at the process. Okay. And again, |
|
| 67:03 | we get into 14 uh we'll focus little more on some of the specifics |
|
| 67:08 | . But for now it's just kind an overview. So in respiration, |
|
| 67:12 | complete oxidation of glucose involves the black is part of the beginning and then |
|
| 67:17 | respiration respiration part which involves the accumulation electron carriers. Okay. That will |
|
| 67:26 | follow down to electron transport chain and produce lots of 80 p. |
|
| 67:33 | so that again, all of this as mentioned before is oxidative frosty |
|
| 67:37 | All this that you see occurring Okay. And um again, the |
|
| 67:45 | between what you get through oxidative foster . Words of energy versus substrate |
|
| 67:52 | false relation is huge. Right? that um that is of course embarked |
|
| 68:00 | to maintain growth and functions etcetera. know, your most uh your most |
|
| 68:07 | using tissue in the body is what , read teacher. They can only |
|
| 68:14 | glucose. Right? So um it's Yeah, thanks. Will you put |
|
| 68:20 | socks and compete to keep that brain go. Alright, so um |
|
| 68:27 | Any questions, what I wanna do this I'm gonna this is relatively |
|
| 68:32 | I'm gonna I'm gonna go to these of clipper questions. So aromatic metabolism |
|
| 68:37 | can uh we can wrap that up quick next time. But let's look |
|
| 68:40 | a couple of questions. Okay, here's uh you know, kind of |
|
| 68:47 | something a good exercise to do to how well, you know, the |
|
| 68:51 | and things. Right. So, you identify where the lakota way might |
|
| 68:59 | ? Okay. Mhm, mm Okay, Sharing 100 se de um |
|
| 70:07 | is correct. There are two Yeah, you got you got full |
|
| 70:23 | whether you got it right or Don't worry about it. Yeah, |
|
| 70:28 | in a test. Of course, see it. So you answered that |
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| 70:37 | ? That right? All right. right. Okay. Let's look at |
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| 70:43 | not that one, but this one I got purpose for this one. |
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| 70:58 | , mm shame drugs. So, the true statement, I think I |
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| 71:31 | what everybody's gonna pick. Maybe Let's see. Yeah, time is |
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| 72:08 | . I'm not sure. Just pick . Mhm. Alright, let's |
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| 72:38 | Okay, um that thing won't So try so see. Okay, |
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| 72:51 | The correct answer is done. It's the source, the food is the |
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| 72:59 | . I said that 10 times. . And I thought presentation seems anaerobic |
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| 73:07 | . No, no, no, respiration is a very specific thing. |
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| 73:12 | , so you got to go do own fermentation lab. Alright, so |
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| 73:18 | go do that. Alright. Sucrose and glucose presentations. All right, |
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