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00:01 right? Mm. Mhm. There comes a year 2000.

01:17 Lightweight, turbocharged blow molded energy wise , nonpolluting computerized, intercooled hydro sprung

01:24 fiber, low drag, chip high speed magnesium chassis. Crash tested

01:30 set of wheels built from seawater. a treat. When you're finished with

01:35 heats the house for a week. that's just one version of the future

01:39 experiment. We're like that in the 20th century West, aren't we?

01:46 a dynamic, forward looking, high recycled. You name it world.

01:50 one thing you can be sure tomorrow be is different because we'll make it

01:54 that. We take nature on, it a million ways, and pretest

01:58 under every condition from the tropics to here in the frozen north, so

02:02 when the consumerist finally gets his hands it, it will be everything you

02:05 wanted until you want something else. nothing we consumerist, scant due to

02:10 world. It's just so much raw to be computer modeled into new

02:14 everything from blow dryers to babies. you need is the specifications.

02:20 the only constant in life is change its like that ironically, because 250

02:26 ago, somebody here in northern Lapland out to prove that the one thing

02:30 world never did was changed. see to your 18th century mind all

02:43 . You know, nature worked according strict mathematical laws that gave it No

02:48 for any messing about. They felt had a firm, rational grip on

02:54 was obviously on orderly universe. You hear what they thought in their orderly

03:03 . Okay, lets get the story to a cracking start. Here's Linnaeus

03:12 who'd been up north a really dull wandering around the really dull world they'd

03:17 made for themselves. Not a hair of place, so to speak,

03:23 , balanced like their architectures. This the kind of stuff you go

03:30 if you're sure as they were that world was created at 9 a.m. On

03:35 . The 26 4000 and four BC was never going to change. Cool

03:43 . They put nature in a pot a garden because that was the way

03:46 world waas for people like Linnaeus. . Now the trouble with all this

03:58 philosophizing was that it didn't work with . Three great outdoors in general was

04:03 disorganized mess. Linnaeus decided to sort out. It may look confused,

04:08 said, but the one thing God was confused. There's a pattern to

04:12 this. If I can discover the , I'll be able to get inside

04:16 head. Now. That may not very modest, but one thing Linnaeus

04:21 was modest. He noticed perspicacious that things tended to come in

04:26 you know, male and female. in the most decorous Swedish way

04:31 he took a close look at the of sex going on in the

04:35 Mm hmm. What he had his on, where plants six organs the

04:43 and pistols down inside the flower. he listed plants in classes according to

04:49 number and position of stamens, then on the position of the pistols on

04:54 types like this. It's a not a snowdrop. And then the

04:58 you see at the local horticultural the varieties based on the one feature

05:03 a variety that is different from all of that type, this one in

05:07 Hedorah. It's feature five leaves in Quinn, Cliff Olia. So Hedorah

05:15 , Cliff Olia. Well, that name system got rid of all the

05:22 . No matter how many varieties I , for instance, look at

05:24 They're all Campanella's. But this one Campanella. Rotondi Folio because it's got

05:29 leaves. This one's Campanella pyramidal is it looks like a pyramid. This

05:34 down here is gloomy rata because the in ahead this one Latif Olia,

05:43 on this one press sick If Olia a leaf like the peach and so

05:48 with this kind of approach, Lineas got nature firmly under control. Same

05:53 his garden here at Uppsala, near of where he was professor. It's

05:57 out like a system divided, classified as if God had been a

06:03 . In 17 68 the bestseller that with it was into its 12th edition

06:09 inflaming nature lovers uphill and down Dale here, the great outdoors was now

06:15 , balanced everything in its place on place for everything. Every species created

06:22 by God, a complete world. gaps, no failures. Perfect,

06:29 , fixed the way God had left at creation. Boring, isn't

06:35 Don't worry. It all went Remember those nature lovers inflamed by this

06:50 romantic movement went rambling off in more than one thing was what life was

06:55 about. Never mind your lists and . Nature in the raw held the

06:59 of the universe. So they turned the Beethoven on Went looking for the

07:04 of life out there where a man be alone with the elements with the

07:08 of the soul with restless, ever world of nature. Come to think

07:12 it, it was ever changing, it? Mhm The theme. In

07:26 last quarter of the 18th century, was getting away from it all,

07:30 for the mysterious life force that united in a world that wasn't static but

07:35 a constant state of flux. Their waas to find an explanation of the

07:40 that would let alone this flux Of course, now you mentioned

07:49 There was a concept that might fit bill. Been around for some

07:53 actually, Swiss idea called the great of being giant list of how everything

08:00 into everything else as you went up importance from rocks to plants to

08:06 then on up to man and eventually angels and God, all inclusive,

08:10 see on it offered the possibilities of because of where it placed things like

08:19 above rocks but below mushrooms that is than a stone, but less than

08:26 mushroom, but almost a mushroom you given a chance. Now, truffles

08:32 always gone down very well with the . And it was an 18th century

08:36 zookeeper called Boufhal here in Paris, he ran this zoo who took a

08:41 look at them on but the rest nature. Mm hmm. After years

08:57 watching plants and animals in 17 78 came up with a few thoughts.

09:03 , 44 volumes to be exact history everything from the beginning until now,

09:09 years. He reckoned that Waas noted few things you'd think would have worried

09:13 in a world of individually created different species. If all birds were

09:21 creations, why one common structure? each mammal was unique, why do

09:26 all have four limbs? Could you separate creation for just varieties of things

09:31 ? Camels, monkeys, dogs, , apples, cabbages, but Buffon's

09:39 to the Bible. The varieties were degenerate forms of God's original two of

09:44 , or one if you were a . But no matter how things

09:50 no matter how similar things appeared like and buffaloes, or all the members

09:55 the feline species or mushrooms and each was originally a separate creation.

10:04 was no cause for panic. If hadn't created every single separate thing that

10:09 possibly be back at the beginning, , there'd be extra ones being

10:14 Gaps in the total wouldn't there on weren't extra ones turning up or gaps

10:19 there. Were they just the fellow blew holes in the idea that nothing

10:45 changed since creation was an engineer called , who in 17 96 was busy

10:50 his way across the English countryside, canals for the industrial Revolution? On

10:57 the oddest things in the rubble. things on what's mawr? Every time

11:02 cut through a new layer of there'd be new fossils to consider.

11:06 looked as if far from everything having existed, different animals had been alive

11:12 different times. Smith not being hide by the philosophical garbage of the

11:18 wrote down everything he came across on that this business of different fossils in

11:23 strata was so clear cut, you tell what level you were at if

11:28 you had to go on was one or no fossils. In the case

11:33 strata that didn't have any, See I'm getting at? What was going

11:39 Smith's mind was the awful possibility that with some more modern layers, which

11:44 more modern periods of history, having fossils and others having fossils of animals

11:49 might turn out to be extinct. , what that meant Waas that things

11:53 changed during history, that God had mistakes. Ah, thought to take

11:59 fellow's mind right off canal building, that was the bare bones of

12:23 It was when really bare bones started up that things took a turn for

12:27 more complicated back here in Paris, by 17 94 Buffon's zoo had been

12:34 into the Paris Natural History Museum on certain George Cuvelier was resident professor of

12:40 zoology. That is to say all lot, yeah, Q v

12:53 Like Smith had also turned up a problem. But one on the grand

12:59 People have been coming into the museum with bones. They dug up that

13:03 , definitely did not belong to any que va had ever seen. So

13:07 thought up a way to work out the whole animal would look if all

13:11 had to go on was one Let me show you how this detective

13:16 called comparative anatomy worked. Say all have is this tooth Well, it's

13:24 and sharp, so the animal eats . Now toe, hold these

13:29 During that kind of work, you a jaw this shape and hold the

13:34 . A skull this big. Now a meat eater, so it's lunch

13:41 tend to be running away if so it needs flexible clause to grab

13:46 . On the end of good hunting on, they need a spine

13:51 Hold them together in an overall shape for speed or there be no lunch

13:57 . The species will die out, it? So from tooth using Cuvee

14:01 comparative anatomy. You get Tiger and the cat family feel. But when

14:13 A got a bone like this on the same trick working out what he

14:17 and then reconstructing the animal. He nightmare monsters on a real problem.

14:25 couldn't say as you might with little . Oh, they're all around

14:29 I just haven't come across one. was very definitely not just hiding in

14:33 bushes. It was extinct. And meant God had to have changed his

14:38 . But like Moviefone Cuvee, it go for that. Had to be

14:42 answer on It was around 1808 when been digging holes all around Paris and

14:47 more monster bones, all of them strata, incidentally, also containing fossil

14:53 and general marine life that he got . Of course, oysters, water

14:58 was in the Bible are flood. had to be what Cuba described as

15:03 in history. Giant inundations caused by rising or something causing huge tidal waves

15:10 would wipe out any dinosaur or whatever the neighborhood that would account for

15:14 which left us. I mean, it shouldn't have any catastrophe that could

15:20 out the monsters should have made short of the human race. This was

15:24 academic problem. Meet William Buckland, professor of geology Andi Weirdo. He

15:43 the floods hadn't wiped out people because hadn't been there. They'd gone off

15:47 the Ark. Buckland was a queer with even queer a teaching methods,

15:52 it only got his job on condition wouldn't knock the Bible version of what

15:55 happened. Ha ha, my On opportune arrival, the proof Buckland

16:04 set on, proving that some animals extinct because God had sent the Old

16:09 flood deliberately. On that the flood what made the earth's surface. The

16:13 we see it today, foot His approach got mixed reviews. Some

16:18 were once expressed about the flood. said Buckland arose and always clear as

16:24 , but he seemed right about deep having been made by the flood,

16:28 the little rivers in them. on the other hand, could you

16:35 sure of a fellow who's gastronomic preferences to such delicacies as grilled mice on

16:41 , but never mind his eccentricities. reason people listened to Buckland was that

16:45 recent universal deluge ordered by the Almighty the only thing that explained all the

16:52 . The bones they found buried under in Morland caves the giant boulder sitting

16:57 isolated positions miles from any mountain. fossils discovered on this was a really

17:02 off lowland animals on mountain peaks By 23 Buckland record he'd solved all the

17:10 we might consider the bones of animals to perish by this great inundation upon

17:15 I have copiously written on, of upon which you have copiously read Hm

17:23 bones. However, there was still minor snag that made even Buckland think

17:28 eating his words. How come the , which was supposed to have knocked

17:32 all living creatures, knocked off all fish who could swim a off

17:37 I could be wrong now. The with floods and catastrophes and stuff was

17:50 it did require interference by the Almighty a supernatural finger in the pie,

17:56 wasn't exactly very scientific. So lot people started looking for more down to

18:02 explanation. One such type was a Scott called hunting. He went around

18:08 into ditches and riverbeds everywhere he could them on, announced that in his

18:13 , the whole lot could have been by the ordinary, effective erosion wind

18:17 water. I mean, if you enough time what it will make a

18:21 smooth sea now that would have taken lot longer than the biblical version of

18:31 would have. So others went looking more evidence. Further a field one

18:38 Scrap Are people of Buckland no less volcanoes and very old lava cut through

18:45 rivers, and you could see they've forever because of the different layers of

18:49 exposed in the walls of the It began to look as if it

18:54 all taken a great deal longer than Bible, said the answer Lay.

18:58 appeared in River gorges and volcanoes. what better volcano than this one?

19:14 ? Oh, 1926. Another of pupils, who didn't agree with him

19:20 bore called Charles Lyle, headed purposefully the slopes. Of that. Lyle

19:27 the view that the way geology happened didn't change from one period of history

19:32 another from distant past to modern So he went looking for evidence of

19:39 activity. To give him a yardstick it was a kind of evidence,

19:43 see, going up on a tourist that gave him his first hint.

19:48 . See those little hills down their mini volcanos cones sticking out of

19:53 side of Etna. Like that Well, Lyle did some reading and

19:59 that only one cone, that Big , Monti Rossi had come into existence

20:04 the beginning of local records. Lyle at that rate, not exactly grease

20:12 . It must have taken 100 or cones there were coming out of the

20:15 of Etna at least 12,000 years toe . And then up here he saw

20:40 valley cutting right into the side of , that one. And in the

20:45 of the valley he could see traces hundreds of earlier cones thrown up and

20:49 covered by lava flow from Etna later , So he took it slowly.

21:08 few cones down at the bottom. had taken 12,000 years, hundreds more

21:13 . It happened earlier on, then covered by lava coming from Etna up

21:18 . Therefore, they must have all before Aetna itself happened. But Aetna

21:28 now a pint of built up lava miles wide and 10,000 ft high.

21:35 at the rate things seem to have , Aetna must have started millions of

21:40 ago. All of a sudden, he stood up here looking into the

21:45 , planting in the thin air of on the sulfur, Lyle realized that

21:49 the Bible was that wrong about the of the Earth than the truth was

21:53 turn out to be very, very . Sorry. Went had to play

21:58 shellfish down the coast to think it . Oh, thank you. Thank

22:10 . Observe, as loyal Did these delights to be found in plenty in

22:15 fish market down in Catania, the at the foot of Etna. The

22:20 I dragged you down here is because little beauties rocked the stuffy world of

22:26 to its Paleolithic foundations. Because this the only place Lyle found shellfish.

22:31 found fossils off Hm elsewhere here. limestone is full of them. Any

22:39 you look okay. Uh huh. these have been off the menu for

22:48 time. Fossil shellfish. Okay, say so. What? Ancient

22:55 Only these are identical to their modern . Down at the market. These

23:03 ? You say, say what? they're not that old on. This

23:06 where Lyle took a deep breath because know, where that limestone goes all

23:14 way out across that plane to where cloud is, that's at math and

23:19 under Aetna, so that makes it than Aetna. So that makes these

23:25 millions of years old. You see I'm getting at? If you can't

23:30 the difference between to shellfish millions of apart, then the rate at which

23:35 happened changed through history can only be as somewhere between dead slow on dead

23:42 over a period of time that can be described as geologic Lyle. He

23:49 the next boat home to his Lyles Book Principles of Geology, about

23:56 wrong the Bible chronology had. Bean the prized possession of an intense young

24:01 who was collecting things tropical for museums home, and he went by the

24:05 of Wallace. Here he is in 57 beetle ng along on Malayan

24:13 collecting beetles 120,000 species by this time thinking about something that had bugged him

24:21 since he'd read what Lyell had said how long everything took tow happen in

24:25 . Ah, fact that could account what Wallace was getting a bee in

24:28 bonnet about the mawr. He'd caught little friends and stuck pins in

24:35 the more he'd seen something that intrigued . Now, to you and me

24:39 one beat when you've seen them Not Wallace. He'd noticed differences in

24:44 bugs that seemed to relate to where came from. The basic Beetle shape

24:54 the same, but the varieties seemed be dictated by the kind of life

24:58 beetle lead. Well, there was one way this amazing observation was going

25:05 get publicity. So Wallace wrote to important back home. It was a

25:11 that changed the world. Yes. letter Wallace wrote said, Essentially,

25:33 sir, I've been watching nature out , and I think I've come up

25:37 a theory that might explain why all life I see around me comes in

25:42 a wide variety of shapes and Andi, I think I can explain

25:46 they all ended up that way. say Wallace's letter put the cat among

26:05 pigeons would be to underrate the shock it caused. It made the fella

26:10 written to feel a prize idiot for start because he'd just spent three years

26:15 deeply involved with the pigeon breeding getting the bird right and left from

26:19 colleagues, ruffling the feathers of everybody the English scientific establishment as he investigated

26:26 breeding to find evidence to back up new theory. Ah, theory,

26:30 would fly in the face of The Bible set a new theory so

26:35 embracing as to survive even the most criticism. Last couple. What you

26:41 . He's got gaps in his muffs broken foot feathers, fat marks

26:50 It's nothing better than toenails trusted. , his new theory looked like being

27:01 old theory because it was precisely the as Wallace is on had been working

27:05 it for longer than Wallace, and read Lyle on Been All Over the

27:10 on come to the same conclusions like Wallace, he had also read

27:14 key book by a political person called , who had frightened the wits out

27:18 everybody by pointing out that the population rose faster than the food supply.

27:23 result, too many mouths to feed you could restrain people from having

27:29 Our pigeon, fancier and Wallace realized that that's what nature was doing,

27:35 without the restraint. So everywhere there always be a desperate struggle for limited

27:40 of food. Any variety that was to live off some kind of food

27:44 else wanted would survive and multiply the . They die of starvation. That's

27:50 there were so many varieties around. survived because they were varieties. But

27:56 did variation have to beef up the that God hadn't done it all of

28:02 ? Well, nothing. Unless you show how variety happened, which is

28:06 our pigeon fancier was fancying pigeons. , he said, at a

28:12 a runt, a tumbler, a for a barb. You'd never say

28:19 . Not with the same species. in a million years, which was

28:22 point in mawr than a million Nature could surely do what it took

28:26 breeder, no time at all to . Look at the way in just

28:32 few generations by pairing birds with the features. You could go say,

28:37 the bird with no feet, feathers breed at each stage, the right

28:41 of birds to develop the feet, characteristic more arm, or until you

28:45 up with a bird that had been beyond recognition. Well, you couldn't

28:50 the feet for the felons doing that as it were. In theory,

28:57 pigeon fancier was able to show that pigeon varieties and there are a

29:01 All of them were descended from one ancestor, the humble rock pigeon,

29:10 varieties that could fit every ecological niche so survive had come into existence.

29:16 of them were so varied is to different species. The problem. Waas

29:21 fossil had yet turned up of an halfway between one species and another.

29:25 , there is plenty to go on Wallace to worry about. So our

29:29 fancier rushed into print with a slim entitled Origin of Species by C.

29:34 and waited for the feathers to He didn't wait long read all about

29:46 . God is dead. Great. Debate Church attacks Darwin professor claims papers

29:54 press left of the idea off the man, a concept that horrified a

29:58 Victorian society. Darwin will destroy society man an animal. That church wasn't

30:04 any of that nonsense. Yeah, suppresses science. Pope fans Darwin Darwin's

30:13 went beyond upsetting the church. It to influence life in the 20th century

30:18 three Fundamental Wait All about, it in Germany. Eight Man Found in

30:25 Pain. Meanwhile, down a hole in southern Germany, somebody plugged the

30:35 hole in Darwin's argument. You remember gap in the fossil record. If

30:40 had bean evolutionary changes from one form organism to another, where were all

30:44 half and half versions that must have at some point? Well, in

30:54 62 here was one. It's a archaeopteryx rex, and if you look

31:02 carefully, you can see it's half , half reptile, bony tail,

31:06 feathers on the wings, Birth. missing link wasn't anymore. So Darwin

31:12 foolproof, which was fine by certain here on the lunatic fringe.

31:20 Well, what would you call people build grottoes with doors in the

31:23 Hey, excuse me. Mad King of Bavaria. All this you must

31:32 he corner the market in bad Speaking of which, he also fell

31:38 Wagner, which is why he covered walls with scenes from the operas on

31:42 castles like this one. Noise where he could live out his fantasies

31:46 being a Wagnerian hero like the Swan guarding the Holy Grail. Big

31:51 one's logic. You should dress up lot on the quiet. Wagner himself

31:57 heavily into the new imperial Teutonic You know, Arians being the super

32:03 War is good for the health. obedience to the state favorite color

32:08 All the slogans his fellow Germans couldn't enough of it, operatic or

32:14 Well, put yourself in their place you could take it. Germany has

32:18 been united. They beat the French 18 70. So the top of

32:21 Military league industrial production is going up a rocket. They're talking about having

32:26 colony or two. They've invented An emperor on still polite European society

32:32 them as if they've got collective b what they need for their national

32:37 He's a touch of class on Here's , with his scientific proof of the

32:42 of the fittest. That struggle is and necessary that even slime could get

32:46 the top. If you give it enough, he must have been music

32:49 their ears. Well, as there's an unsung figure behind ALS the

34:01 who are in this case, a called Heckel, a zoologist on Darwin

34:07 . Without him, all this might remained so much Bavarian baloney. But

34:11 did what he did. So I'll you all about it. Next time

34:15 get a chance. Yeah, thank you. This is what happened

34:32 18 68. Heckel, having read and decided that he was the answer

34:37 everything in the known universe, produced book modestly entitled The Natural History of

34:43 and started spreading Darwinism Heckel version. the next few decades, Heckel and

34:49 produced some rather interesting variants on the message. Let me treat you to

34:53 of the choices samples the fittest says Darwin. So victorious Germans must

35:00 biologically superior to any losers on. must be kept that way. So

35:05 that might weaken the race criminals, , imbeciles, Democrats must be sterilized

35:11 shot. Racial hygiene, it's called involved breeding stations where pure Arians could

35:18 together with other pure arians to produce . Pure Arians Man is an

35:24 says Darwin, and obey the laws nature. So just as the cell

35:29 in order to save the body so life of the individual may have necessary

35:34 sacrificed for the greater good of the . The struggle is necessary, says

35:40 , so nothing must prevent wars to or enslave the lower races. Hybrids

35:48 sterile, says Darwin, so marriage Germans and non Germans would be a

35:57 Find a way. It's all this century pseudoscientific garbage beginning to sound

36:04 In 18 99 heckles next modest little called The Riddle of the Universe sold

36:10 half a million copies and really spread word. In order to get the

36:15 across to the next generation, they a youth movement founding member, Heinrich

36:22 . Crazy about everything, Heckle had . So was his friend, You

36:27 , the one that misquoted Darwin so in speeches here at Nuremberg Eagles for

37:06 . Of course, Darwin was bound go down well here in the States

37:10 another academic preached his gospel of evolution enterprise style. This time, name

37:16 Sumner, a professor at Yale he Darwin on made it socially meaningful for

37:23 upwardly mobile. That is to the struggle for survival was part of

37:28 great American tradition that brought all comforts those who worked for them. The

37:34 weeded out the weak, the unfit the stupid unless you gave them unfair

37:39 with dangerous nonsense, like government aid welfare or education, in which case

37:45 breed more like them on dragged the down. In a heart warming little

37:50 published in 18 83 Sumner asked the , What do the social classes

37:55 each other on came up with a answer. Nothing for Sumner. Darwin

38:02 proof that what America should be all was liberty, inequality, survival of

38:08 fittest. In other words, the should inherit what's left. For

38:14 The best equipped to win the struggle the great American businessman, as long

38:19 his survival wasn't endangered by evils like , regulations, factory acts, that

38:26 absolute freedom of action was what had America great. And now that was

38:31 scientific fact. Yeah, well, a country founded on the principle of

38:40 is, um, out here in West, where a man walked tall

38:44 was right. Life was rugged, you could be anything you wanted to

38:48 if you had the guts to fight it. In that kind of

38:52 Darwin's theory made no more than good sense. All you had to do

38:56 stay on the horse. Yeah, business saw things in terms of the

39:18 West. You had to be tough self reliant just to stay solvent in

39:23 country expanding incredibly fast theme. Only to get anywhere in commerce was to

39:28 hell for leather for what you wanted anybody else got to it on.

39:34 make sure they knew your mark was it first. So the second way

39:44 put his brand on modern life was the idea of success in the American

39:49 sense where nothing came to you on plate. Darwin had proved that the

39:54 animal struggle for food applied to everything society did to only for food read

40:01 , power money. America took Darwin's ethic into its boardrooms and turned every

40:08 deal into a rerun of gunfight at Corral for Theo, Sudden death encounters

40:17 business life. Ambitious Americans saw the example of evolution in action. Crushing

40:22 incompetent, outsmarting the competition on coming king of the heap. In the

40:28 century, American industrial robber barons went social dominance. Um, like flies

40:32 , ah, Handcock. It gave they like to call their entrepreneurial activity

40:37 of scientific respectability. After all, Sumner said, millionaires are the product

40:42 natural selection. Financial giants like Rockefeller Carnegie showed just how far that process

40:48 take you. I have nothing How to make a million Darwin style

41:33 wave. Darwin's theory helped to change world was very different. On a

41:56 afternoon in April at the Sweden Finland , last stage of a momentous journey

42:01 taking place. Hurrying to catch this was a man called Ulyanov, coming

42:07 slay the last few miles of a that had brought him all across Europe

42:11 secret, which was how he had for 17 years, moving from place

42:15 place using a network of agents, , clandestine operations, Ulyanov carried a

42:22 from a man already dead that would the course of history, a message

42:28 would almost certainly put Ulyanov in Theo. Dead Man whose message Ulyanov

42:37 was a German ideologist who had seen Darwin scientific support for his beliefs.

42:43 . Ulyanov kept alive mhm. The of the world that drove Ulyanov towards

43:01 death for his beliefs on that had his German mentor was a social version

43:06 Darwin's views. Those views of Darwin be echoed in the struggle that lay

43:19 . Yeah, Darwin's theory that successful and I hated their opposition would be

43:30 in the total victory that would Darwin's denial of any supernatural design in

43:36 would put control over their destiny into hands of ordinary working people, not

43:40 and kings. Darwin's mechanism of evolution to natural laws, fitted the plan

43:46 those laws would be used to design new society. Darwin's concept of the

43:51 of a species towards its perfect form the dream of a new society,

43:57 ahead to a world where superstition and would be made redundant by reason and

44:02 . Yes, above all, Darwin's that change was inevitable served to show

44:07 the success of the new ideology was inevitable. On that a new world

44:12 only be built on the ruins of old one. Ulyanov, of

44:15 was carrying the message of marks to on after his triumphant arrival of station

44:21 ST Petersburg. He would come to revered by millions not as Vladimir

44:26 but by the revolutionary alias he'd always Vladimir Ilitch Lenin. In 1917,

44:45 designated Russia as the center off world , in which the first benefits

44:50 The evolution of the new society would enjoyed. The fruits off the Marxist

44:55 that was as basic to the improvement the human species as the fight for

44:59 was in nature, a struggle that sow the seeds of world revolution with

45:04 new tools available to those who believe changing history was a matter of molding

45:08 ideological attitude of whole populations through directive propaganda. Above all, that

45:16 would only be one, as Darwin said it was in nature through violent

45:21 . The only way the proletariat would the power necessary to change the world

45:36 the struggle continues to bring the whole of man to socialism because the revolutionary

45:42 admits no half measures for marks. logical and necessary end of social evolution

45:48 socialism. Justice for Darwin, the and necessary end of natural evolution is

45:54 organism that exists because it's best fitted exist. But with half the world

46:00 to the other side of the argument how humanity should progress committed to individualism

46:06 free enterprise, the struggle has taken form with which we have become all

46:10 familiar. So Mm hmm. Uh , yeah, thanks to Darwin on

46:58 sides of this east west border here the Arctic Circle in northern Lapland,

47:02 we began, or anywhere else, find it on both sides. The

47:06 is the same. People and societies be changed. The argument is about

47:11 to do it on what kind of they engineered daily life. We engineer

47:18 , they suppress. Antisocial individual um we rewarded because it's maverick

47:23 Yet on both sides, the view is equally clear, equally optimistic in

47:28 of our ability to manipulate nature, materialist in the philosophical sense of the

47:44 . Once we lived in the image the creator according to the divine

47:50 in a perfect and unchanging world created functioning with a purpose you could clearly

47:56 anytime you read the Bible. Thanks Darwin and the people who built on

48:01 work, the universe no longer looks straightforward. Were made of the same

48:14 as the rest of nature. Not different or special in the universe on

48:18 there is a an immediately recognizable it is like everything else.

48:22 man made one here all on the side, and that's for the

48:28 Well, in the absence of it's what you wanted to be.

48:31 so is your future on If that turn out right, Well, you

48:36 yourself to blame. Mhm Oh

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