| 00:12 | what? Mhm. No. Well would be. Yeah. Okay. |
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| 00:46 | . Uh Let's get started. Let's . So um Today we're going to |
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| 01:00 | chapter 24 On the data immune Talk a little bit about vaccines in |
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| 01:08 | . And then um Thursday it's chapter . So it's kind of like that |
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| 01:15 | , so not a bunch of And around the different topics coming to |
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| 01:23 | check pretty fine. It's microbial. we'll talk about that and then uh |
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| 01:30 | see the next week, is So wrap it up with different |
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| 01:34 | So I'll mention I'll talk about that the third day. Um Smart work |
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| 01:40 | doing is deeply quiz this week. Exam three. So you can look |
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| 01:46 | that tomorrow, it will be up across uh and look at it the |
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| 01:52 | the schedule for the last exam should 26. I haven't seen it officially |
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| 02:01 | in a calendar in uh courseware, that's that's the 26th, two weeks |
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| 02:08 | the baby's aunt that normally wouldn't help . So uh but anyway, so |
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| 02:14 | let's keep an eye out on Um And so in terms of the |
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| 02:19 | three, the overall it's fun over Average seven nearly 72. Um half |
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| 02:31 | median. So certainly certainly uh more higher on this side. Uh good |
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| 02:42 | . Um so anyway, so um you know the so do take a |
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| 02:49 | at it when it's available questions. me know. Um But you know |
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| 02:53 | this point just having amnesia. Pretty good. Not so good somewhere |
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| 03:00 | the middle. Just have magnesia, all energies on the last opportunity to |
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| 03:07 | , right. Which are which are to quiz is still a couple of |
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| 03:12 | to do. Uh Then then the example. Okay. And uh they're |
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| 03:21 | this is still almost almost a month the last exam. So Three weeks |
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| 03:27 | generally more or less. And so plenty of time I will stand |
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| 03:32 | It's up to 34 besides this. uh if you have questions, I'll |
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| 03:37 | available throughout the financial security. if you want to take a meeting |
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| 03:41 | what have you? Not a So, but just let me know |
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| 03:46 | of time that won't that that will will be a problem. So, |
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| 03:51 | Okay, so uh what else we um any questions about anything you |
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| 04:01 | Okay. All right. Um So let's we're gonna start with a |
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| 04:07 | . Okay. So this is kind I'm gonna we'll start with a little |
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| 04:10 | of a recap and stuff from last . It was kind of meant to |
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| 04:13 | a little bit of that and then other things we don't talk about all |
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| 04:17 | things last time. Uh but we're get into more of the uh the |
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| 04:25 | of the adaptive immune system um that that you have of that and how |
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| 04:31 | operate. Uh So let's just kind see how we do here. So |
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| 04:42 | you're looking at this. So you a look at some of the |
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| 04:45 | Your book doesn't have an extensive section the vaccine. Some of the stuff |
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| 04:49 | talked about there is really from the I use for the pre nursing |
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| 04:55 | Um But not not meant to be great detail was kind of present. |
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| 05:00 | you know, here's here's different types vaccines to use a little bit about |
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| 05:06 | Covid vaccines. Um And so it's just like here's a survey of different |
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| 05:12 | and a little bit more in depth a couple of them. But but |
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| 05:18 | just kind of barrel knowledge type. dr was a Turning Point website. |
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| 05:28 | don't know how is it different? working. That's insane. Alright. |
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| 05:34 | hold on, let me uh the is working. But what's not |
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| 05:41 | The when you go on. Oh , I honestly can't tell you. |
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| 05:47 | uh All we can do on my is a cure. I mean if |
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| 05:53 | have the mobile app, you're seeing usual thing, right? Which you |
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| 05:57 | see on the on the mobile You're seeing the normal, everything's |
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| 06:02 | Okay. Mhm. Hold on. Let's see more responses. That's |
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| 06:14 | Right? Um That's still weird. . Work. Work. Okay. |
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| 06:21 | . Um assume assume. Uh this is Okay. Issues. All |
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| 06:31 | , Okay. Um Alright. So let's let's move on here. So |
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| 06:37 | see what we got here. just around the booth. They're moving |
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| 06:42 | again. Okay. Looks like uh let's let's just go through these. |
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| 06:48 | what's the false one. So the mostly immediate human oral t cells most |
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| 06:53 | sale. That's that's true. That's the that's just the definition there. |
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| 06:58 | . Um B cells can differentiate into secreting plasma cells. That's true. |
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| 07:04 | also into memory cells. Uh T can directly kill infected host cells. |
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| 07:12 | can sort of toxic T cells can that. B cells do not they |
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| 07:18 | directly kill cells. They work through . Right? So they can they |
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| 07:22 | produce antibody that can interact with a but they don't really kill directly. |
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| 07:28 | , so that's true. So this is single clonal population of plasma cells |
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| 07:37 | and bodies to many different episodes. it's kind of that's the key word |
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| 07:43 | . Colonial population. So they would colonial population will produce antibodies to the |
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| 07:50 | appetite. Okay, that's what Colin has. We'll talk about that |
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| 07:55 | And these B cell function. So have multiple sets of B cells in |
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| 08:02 | body. And each cool. Or of B cells can respond to particular |
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| 08:10 | . Okay. And then the one does only that population will then proliferate |
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| 08:17 | antibodies but almost any bodies you will specific for that one at the |
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| 08:23 | Okay, so this this is false written. It would be antibodies to |
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| 08:28 | single and the talent. Okay. make that interesting. Only still |
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| 08:35 | I'm sorry. Okay. Yes. we go doctor clothes. That's |
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| 08:45 | It doesn't matter. It doesn't It's um it's fine. Um |
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| 08:55 | Any questions so we're going to elaborate these points as we go through. |
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| 09:00 | . Um okay. So we talked this last time. Everybody at that |
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| 09:07 | to have kind of the features of and so elaborate on that. |
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| 09:13 | We did talk about more on the of antibodies and binding. So the |
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| 09:20 | episodes remember that the is the larger smaller important in the larger Anthony and |
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| 09:29 | occurs on the episode between it and and body. Okay. Um and |
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| 09:37 | of the angel's can be a variety things. Okay, there are many |
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| 09:41 | that can be on the periphery of virus or bacteria or protozoan and whatever |
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| 09:47 | and type is, which can be bunch of different things that challenge capsule |
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| 09:54 | on the surface of different types Okay. Um so so cleverly division |
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| 10:01 | is after cellular pathogens interest. And these cells respond to these antibodies that |
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| 10:08 | work on extra sailings. Uh so talking t cells interact with infected |
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| 10:17 | Do you help yourselves? Different types Iraq with the arrangement clinic cells b |
|
| 10:22 | etcetera more elaborate on that today. . So um when we talk about |
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| 10:29 | terminology structure. So remembering this y structure um you can define new |
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| 10:39 | So you have five IHSA types and and video type uh within a nice |
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| 10:49 | type. So you have a ice type. For example within that Dyson |
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| 10:54 | you can have multiple media types. ? And so we can define an |
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| 10:59 | . G. A. By the in uh sequence of the peptides in |
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| 11:07 | constant regions. Okay so all I . H. Will be the same |
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| 11:12 | that area. All I G. . Will be the same. Alright |
|
| 11:17 | but then of course we have differences you can certainly have A G. |
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| 11:22 | . That will bind it's an But you also advised us that will |
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| 11:25 | different engines. Okay. Um and the EEA type Aisa type difference. |
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| 11:33 | um and then uh the effects of engine mining. Okay so organization in |
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| 11:44 | nation and clumping reaction neutralization uh coding viruses, bacteria antibody will prevent them |
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| 11:51 | binding to sell. Uh compliment. dependent. So mediated toxicity way too |
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| 12:02 | . Um And so kind of reserved bringing down large multi sale. |
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| 12:10 | To do something like this takes a effort in a way to bring music |
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| 12:15 | together is through an inbox. And the sites. Remember you're gonna have |
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| 12:21 | just an engine binding sites out of . Okay but also binding site here |
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| 12:27 | that's where various cell types combined. it's for something like optimization. |
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| 12:33 | Um or this response. Okay so like using the phones will will congregate |
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| 12:41 | my antibody and then release toxins that the parasite. Okay so um so |
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| 12:49 | can now then look a little bit different types of hand body classes. |
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| 12:55 | so remember that I. G. . Stands for just another fancy term |
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| 12:59 | antibody. Okay so um so D. A. S. Are |
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| 13:06 | in um preventing potential pathogens from the to your services specifically from social |
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| 13:15 | So remember your mucosa is one of . It's a physical barrier. |
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| 13:19 | Also chemical barrier is mucus which can different types of criminals in it including |
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| 13:27 | . D. A. Okay and many of your respiratory pathogens um rely |
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| 13:35 | the here to yourselves of your respiratory which of course is farming forestry services |
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| 13:43 | I. G. A. Their those pathogens can prevent combined and then |
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| 13:48 | them from buying. Okay certainly. their ability to call it disease. |
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| 13:52 | so um the and this algerians type informal diet like this so basically increasing |
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| 14:01 | number of and combining sites. So ounce four for three. Okay so |
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| 14:09 | uh so the percentages again are what presence are in abundance and blood circulating |
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| 14:14 | . So relatively low mostly in the . Bye. Um So then |
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| 14:22 | G. Um G. Is probably of the more workforce types of antibodies |
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| 14:30 | call it. They made their functions you see here higher concentration blood. |
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| 14:37 | highest of the five classes in terms blood concentration involved multiple functions neutralizing antibody |
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| 14:46 | . The optimization Activate complement. So it is the one when you get |
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| 14:54 | or if you have an infection G. M's are generally the first |
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| 14:59 | that come out but then they followed by I. G. And |
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| 15:04 | G. Tend to be more stronger and more active than say okay um |
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| 15:13 | I. G. D. So gonna have and body types that I |
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| 15:17 | either function alone just kind of float but rather they sit on top of |
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| 15:22 | cell. Okay. And so the interactive engine one way is through uh |
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| 15:30 | on their surface. Okay so the Tootie's and bodies will activate and get |
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| 15:36 | evacuate. Okay. Um And so because details are primarily found pathetic food |
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| 15:45 | I. D. D. And him to be where they're at. |
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| 15:48 | I'm not gonna be a high concentrations the blood for them. Okay um |
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| 15:53 | here would be a is it pathogen and creating effect? Okay. |
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| 16:02 | So as mentioned these are kind of first antibodies on the scene uh in |
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| 16:07 | possible infection. Um They have a uh forming these. Lawrence performs okay |
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| 16:16 | remember that the illumination function uh pathogens infectious units if you will. And |
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| 16:24 | lumping them together and now you reduce numbers so now you effectively bring it |
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| 16:29 | to fewer units to deal with. so uh because they have five of |
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| 16:36 | together breaking out 10 10 binding So. Okay and so um so |
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| 16:44 | the pathogens coming in here is the reform of I. G. |
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| 16:49 | And buying out these pathogens. Okay like I said this is early on |
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| 16:55 | are formed typically in uh infection and finding isn't as as tight as you |
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| 17:05 | but because they can give the conflict that's that's a benefit. Okay. |
|
| 17:12 | like I said we're not gonna go all the complexities of the human response |
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| 17:17 | it can get quite complicated but uh is a fascinating subject. Um uh |
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| 17:26 | you offer immunology course if that's something going to get all the dirty details |
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| 17:32 | the process. But one of the is with T cells and B. |
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| 17:38 | who I mentioned there's memory B cells there's also actually memory T cells as |
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| 17:42 | and there's also learning curves. So is pretty expeditionary. Get better than |
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| 17:49 | they do. Okay and so there's know like I said it's it's more |
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| 17:54 | than than what I'm giving you trying give you more of the um you |
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| 17:59 | basics of what goes on. Um Now it's not like I said |
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| 18:06 | . G. M. Typically are first ones to respond that is robust |
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| 18:10 | say. And then later on they overtaken by the I. G. |
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| 18:15 | which represents more interesting for antibody Okay and uh much more accurate. |
|
| 18:25 | uh so I. G. The last one there's also a type |
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| 18:29 | sits on a cell. And so mast cell invasive fields can contain these |
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| 18:35 | um this is a kind of involved the inflammatory response for these chemicals. |
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| 18:41 | remembers one of those that works on vessels more permeable. Um So uh |
|
| 18:48 | they can also be a problem. million analogy. Alright so um in |
|
| 18:57 | they're supposed to have a hyper response allergens. This is often the these |
|
| 19:02 | . G. Michael's buying bee pollen some other types of allergens and really |
|
| 19:08 | these cells of properties chemicals you know photographer response, things like water you |
|
| 19:15 | and you know we always think associated bad allergies. Okay. Um No |
|
| 19:23 | those are the five classes. OK so again these chemicals as a result |
|
| 19:31 | any questions about that? Yes. one comes second? The first one |
|
| 19:37 | . G. M. And then . G. G. We'll talk |
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| 19:39 | we get to the the response in of the vaccination or infection. We'll |
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| 19:45 | those that difference there. So I'll it up again shortly. Um Okay |
|
| 19:52 | here we are responsible for the other cells of what they do. And |
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| 19:56 | remember it's it's about response to extra pathogens. Okay. Not not infecting |
|
| 20:02 | . So there's two ways this happens bologna um A. B. Cell |
|
| 20:10 | . Well for his sandbox. So way is what we call the |
|
| 20:17 | Um Yes general the tent. Okay now T. Cell dependent pathway so |
|
| 20:29 | T. Cell is going to activate T. Cell. Okay so here's |
|
| 20:33 | extra set of engines um and binding a B cell through antibiotic. |
|
| 20:40 | This could be I G. I. G. M. Is |
|
| 20:43 | what I can do this. So we just saw it can be in |
|
| 20:46 | size like the five headed monster Right? But it also exists as |
|
| 20:52 | . And they can also be a like a. D. I. |
|
| 20:57 | . D. And it's on top a B cell. And so by |
|
| 21:01 | engine and that kind of uh um um because also they also they have |
|
| 21:09 | as well ingest them. Right? then present those to the body. |
|
| 21:14 | so E cells have MHC class two cells uh dendritic cells and macrophages are |
|
| 21:23 | MHC class to everything else has Okay so um so the engine will |
|
| 21:32 | sell they will show that energy into body. Right so both by the |
|
| 21:38 | of your everybody and ingestion. Okay Uh so certain T cells responded. |
|
| 21:46 | was called T. helper cells. two. Yeah their ceo bind to |
|
| 21:52 | recognize energy and then cause the release cytokines that act on the ECE. |
|
| 22:00 | and that's what activates it. So it differentiates too and by increasing plasma |
|
| 22:07 | and memory B cells. Okay um so again the activation is dependent on |
|
| 22:14 | T cell binding cuba. Okay and is the most common way the details |
|
| 22:21 | activated effect. Um We're like a independent activation And those terrible involved. |
|
| 22:30 | large polymer type molecule policy. Soccer . There's a reason for that I'll |
|
| 22:40 | . But most of your engines activate cells through this mechanism. Okay. |
|
| 22:47 | so look at uh further into this . In fact the activation and the |
|
| 22:56 | . That's what we call this. Conal selections. Alright. So um |
|
| 23:03 | the Antibody production. Right? So can there uh attended it's like 10 |
|
| 23:10 | the 13th popular combinations advantage and binding can be produced. Okay, So |
|
| 23:17 | means you can like to respond to anything that's out there. Okay. |
|
| 23:22 | has been number. Alright. And your B cells are unique in that |
|
| 23:27 | know, all the cells in your . Except of course your sex |
|
| 23:34 | But scared. Huh? The music hear in the horror movie. |
|
| 23:43 | Um To the Mhm. Um B um Oh yeah. Okay. The |
|
| 23:57 | cells um all ourselves are genetically Right? All the same D. |
|
| 24:02 | . A. Right? Um Except course, you know, gambits. |
|
| 24:07 | but the resales have a segment in genome that can be combined. And |
|
| 24:16 | how it can form these various engine types, sites on antibodies. And |
|
| 24:24 | it's a again it can form these different types of combinations, potentially responding |
|
| 24:31 | all sorts of types of management that be encountered. Okay so these B |
|
| 24:36 | populations that you have, Okay, mentioned. And potentially respond to lots |
|
| 24:43 | different types of cancers. And so what cool or set of them responds |
|
| 24:50 | course will depend on the presence of engine detective it buying into it. |
|
| 24:54 | . There is a very basic example just shows like four four pools of |
|
| 25:01 | . Right? What we call one two C three C four C. |
|
| 25:06 | , so encounter with a uh Okay, our ingenues let's say. |
|
| 25:13 | then and then within the engine But here's our red dots are the |
|
| 25:19 | . Okay? And it's pool number seed. I respond to it. |
|
| 25:23 | it has the antibodies that combined to . Okay, So that's the one |
|
| 25:29 | matches. Okay. And so then that population will literally. Right, |
|
| 25:36 | that's the clone expansion. Okay. called cognitive antigen. This pool that |
|
| 25:44 | hands because it's and it's the one it responds to the responds to. |
|
| 25:50 | . And so these are not close and we're gonna just make carbon |
|
| 25:55 | Right? And these are all The same identical handed things with the |
|
| 26:01 | identical binding sites. Right. And from a pool of plasma cells that |
|
| 26:09 | Okay, But then a bank of B cells that you hold onto. |
|
| 26:15 | , So plasma cells have about a of about 60 days. Okay. |
|
| 26:22 | then they go like all right, unless you stimulate that population again. |
|
| 26:30 | then they can produce, you so for that that figure in But |
|
| 26:36 | ourselves, those remain for 30, years and they have a long |
|
| 26:43 | Okay, now the numbers of those course wayne as you get older. |
|
| 26:50 | . To make So that was a population during the cells to the, |
|
| 26:55 | know, you know, over the and begins to kind of grow down |
|
| 26:58 | maybe they don't respond like they used and every for example, but you |
|
| 27:04 | he doesn't hang around for a long . You want them to write that |
|
| 27:08 | retained the memory of whatever the engine that they for a response to. |
|
| 27:15 | . So, um but that's really think the comes in memory cells. |
|
| 27:21 | , they can last a long but they do wayne. You |
|
| 27:25 | it differs to pay him the engine , But but it can be a |
|
| 27:30 | booster only 10 years or so. right. So, um varies depending |
|
| 27:36 | the type of vaccine. But so you're producing two types here are |
|
| 27:43 | that are immediate producers of antibodies, cells and then those that don't produce |
|
| 27:49 | . But hold on to that memory the engine they responded to. |
|
| 27:55 | And so the key independent activation. ? Not requiring a T cell to |
|
| 28:03 | cell. Again, it has to with these large types of antigens like |
|
| 28:09 | like this. Okay. And in the strongest and again, so when |
|
| 28:17 | say strong antigen, that means a a new response that's really strong. |
|
| 28:24 | get lots of anybody production tight by antibiotics. The types should have chemically |
|
| 28:31 | engines that are typically the best of . There's a large variety of |
|
| 28:38 | The infrastructure can be varied and second all kinds different properties for proteins. |
|
| 28:44 | so that tends to produce a stronger . Then you have to technically you |
|
| 28:52 | to have protein carbohydrates, fats, . Generally carbohydrates are okay. They |
|
| 29:00 | military a stronger immune responses proteins. proteins, carbohydrates, fats and in |
|
| 29:08 | war and fast um not a strong . Okay, so um so back |
|
| 29:17 | the t independent antigens. So here a of course can be a very |
|
| 29:22 | molecule. Right, big palmer. so it can bind multiple of these |
|
| 29:29 | on the surface of the resell. , so what it turns out and |
|
| 29:34 | , I'm not gonna expect notice but may help to to you know, |
|
| 29:40 | sure it's kind of understand this. it's about clumping together really somebody's antibody |
|
| 29:48 | the cell surface that's what you're called a B cell receptive. Okay, |
|
| 29:54 | just threw in this this figure here you don't you honestly, I'm not |
|
| 29:59 | test you on this but it helps know. Okay, so because your |
|
| 30:03 | doesn't really go into it. But so here's the police cells giving it |
|
| 30:07 | basic and a couple of antibodies. , so this is going to come |
|
| 30:11 | performance called and that's actually what So to do that you're gonna kind |
|
| 30:17 | bring these together. Okay. So can do it because antibodies have multiple |
|
| 30:24 | sites. Buy an engine can occur such what you call happy. And |
|
| 30:31 | process kind of creates that piece of there then activates cell. Okay. |
|
| 30:38 | uh normally have a contribution of the . Helper cells. Right? So |
|
| 30:44 | the T the deep end process. ? Um But a large like we |
|
| 30:54 | you can bring about much easier you bring them back with the coming together |
|
| 30:59 | these antibodies to so that's kind of going on, Right? It's so |
|
| 31:04 | . It can really bring together by its own right and create this beast |
|
| 31:10 | sell through this B. Cell receptor um and so it doesn't require the |
|
| 31:17 | of the T. Cell to help . Right? Because the engine's sell |
|
| 31:21 | and that's typically things like right so . But again the more common the |
|
| 31:29 | of the team Deep in what you about the T. seven process. |
|
| 31:34 | , that is more common in Canada's and aren't so big like this. |
|
| 31:41 | . Um very fortunate. Okay. . All right. So um so |
|
| 31:49 | , don't don't I just do this there for information first. Hopefully help |
|
| 31:56 | that's um Okay, so therapy Okay go ahead go ahead. And |
|
| 32:06 | I took that out uh and see you got the correct answer. Okay |
|
| 32:13 | uh so I'll talk about this while picking the correct answer. Okay um |
|
| 32:20 | . Secondary antibody response. So this to do with exposure. Right? |
|
| 32:24 | first exposure to either through infection, one way force or through vaccine. |
|
| 32:36 | uh this is a typical response. so um you'll get a longer longer |
|
| 32:45 | . So remember it's all about um detection, recognition binding. Right? |
|
| 32:53 | you get the output. That's going take some time as you see |
|
| 32:58 | Which I and then you note that the period here when you get through |
|
| 33:05 | the coast is more less time. left time upon second to go through |
|
| 33:11 | time. Right? That has to with the contribution of Yeah these |
|
| 33:20 | Okay. Oh that for details. . Very creative. We formed it |
|
| 33:30 | . Right? You for and memory , right? And then then if |
|
| 33:37 | get second exposure you worry about your cells are there ready to go? |
|
| 33:41 | so the second exposure will we'll activate . Uh They get time pretty much |
|
| 33:47 | because they're already they're already longer And so you produce um anybody much |
|
| 33:53 | in second response. So um the look at um the uh. Alright |
|
| 34:05 | next slide. Okay And go here sense. Okay so let's go here |
|
| 34:17 | this one. Alright so primary antibody . So we're gonna have again ever |
|
| 34:21 | be vaccination or through first exposure via . Okay and so uh the presence |
|
| 34:32 | antibody takes a little bit of And so with first form our GM |
|
| 34:41 | function. And uh but they're not and tight binding antibodies from this kind |
|
| 34:50 | when we were learning from here. ? So exposure to repeated exposure to |
|
| 34:55 | engine will kind of say strengthen the . Right? And you see that |
|
| 35:00 | the production of I. G. what actually happens in in in the |
|
| 35:05 | the that are responding to this and form plasma B cells and no form |
|
| 35:12 | . G. M. Okay, same B cells will then switch performing |
|
| 35:18 | . G. Molecules right? That and more stronger by any more |
|
| 35:26 | More more active if you will. . And higher quantity. Okay. |
|
| 35:32 | so I remember the GSR kind of all around type you know, compliments |
|
| 35:42 | , utilization, multi multi function type . Right? So and and high |
|
| 35:49 | but. Okay. And so but both types in this primary response. |
|
| 35:55 | . And then you have exposure to either to the uh the affection or |
|
| 36:03 | a booster shot. Okay. You've this bank of memory cells over form |
|
| 36:08 | they respond again with the same G. Very high response G. |
|
| 36:18 | . Okay so um but it's those memory cells that you are relying |
|
| 36:26 | Right? That's what you want to up And to be able to use |
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| 36:30 | money. Heat. Right. 2nd , what have you? Right. |
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| 36:36 | you know, this is of course basis for vaccination or immunization business. |
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| 36:42 | , um between crushes back. so as we not yet. But |
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| 36:50 | talk about vaccines. So knowing this the production of vaccines and how and |
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| 36:57 | they work is of course based on on this. Okay. And so |
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| 37:03 | T cells Okay um this uh so the T cells they of course |
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| 37:12 | antigen. Okay, but T cells with with cells. Okay, some |
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| 37:22 | with your own by myself and just settled in yourself etcetera that may potentially |
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| 37:28 | infected. Okay. Um as on left, right, so your psycho |
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| 37:34 | T cells recognize, remember all of body cells are MHC clash one try |
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| 37:42 | so that's how your T cells you know, worried about yourself that |
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| 37:48 | effective. Okay. And so so that those infected sounds there could be |
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| 37:56 | to the surface. Right? And uh and of course it's safe being |
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| 38:02 | right from the material, viral material an infection that infected cell can take |
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| 38:10 | of that find intelligent BC long hill bring it to the surface. |
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| 38:15 | And that's what you see here. . And so it will do. |
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| 38:21 | through things that seem electoral. so a sort of toxic T |
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| 38:28 | Okay, well recognized the androgen through T cell receptor and have a co |
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| 38:36 | . Okay, so this is the that recognizes the class the MHC |
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| 38:41 | Okay so this one specific for MHC one. So it's basically two |
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| 38:46 | One by then. Body or Excuse me. And one that binds |
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| 38:50 | the MHC molecule. Okay um now T helper cells and there's a couple |
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| 38:59 | types. One type interactive macrophages and cells. One type there are actually |
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| 39:04 | cells in fact but they do so these a different color receptors. So |
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| 39:09 | one recognizes a class two. Okay then of course recognition to the answer |
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| 39:18 | . So um so that's how you the how how these cells. |
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| 39:27 | Um so this is all part of media T cells um is one that |
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| 39:37 | recognize the virus because so for Okay um and the show it's true |
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| 39:44 | co receptor which recognizes this this class modern feeling. So the engine and |
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| 39:52 | antigens. What? Okay and so of course what you wanna do is |
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| 39:58 | rid of this as far as effective get it out of here. Okay |
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| 40:03 | that's the sort of topic T cells have enzymes and toxins to to kill |
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| 40:10 | cell anything also introduce a apoptosis or ? Is that program So that so |
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| 40:17 | can induce that much. We obviously to get this um Alright so we |
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| 40:22 | sell on the population. Right And what that's what they do um Now |
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| 40:30 | help themselves. Okay. They as seen already before I worked with one |
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| 40:37 | of work with macrophages and dendritic cells these antigen presenting cells. Okay and |
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| 40:43 | again through a different receptor. Okay uh receptors And uh before 24 and |
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| 40:56 | so T. Helper one cells and . Helper two cells and T. |
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| 41:00 | one cells activate macrophages. T helper activity E cells. Right so remember |
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| 41:09 | this recall rather that this receptor is by um HIV HIV virus in fact |
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| 41:21 | helped ourselves simply with that electric And so HIV can of course uh |
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| 41:30 | population of these T. Helper cells you can see what what they're involved |
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| 41:34 | . You know those that their types actively B cells time to activate macrophages |
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| 41:40 | dendritic cells. And so if you're getting those guys out then you're obviously |
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| 41:45 | the energy your adaptive immune system that . Um But anyways so uh the |
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| 41:56 | sell me to the media. Okay so look at vaccines and their |
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| 42:01 | You you want to try to get all activated. Right? You want |
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| 42:07 | cells to become active. And um antibodies you want to ask you also |
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| 42:13 | T helper cells and classic T Okay. And that's why vaccines that |
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| 42:21 | be as close as you can to real thing bacterial infection. That's what |
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| 42:28 | you the biggest response. Okay um when we get to vaccines I'll point |
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| 42:36 | out. But it's kind of goals want to stimulate all the cell types |
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| 42:41 | the adaptive immune system to get the response and longest lasting response. Um |
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| 42:50 | here's a question that relates to this book surprisingly but just more terminology. |
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| 42:58 | that complicated but kind of you can at the responses of your system. |
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| 43:05 | categorized them, right? So that's to officially acquired active or passive. |
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| 43:11 | so let's look at this first Okay. Which one is it we |
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| 43:19 | talking about? Easy. Yeah. quicker question today. Holy cow. |
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| 43:25 | all three d. Right there always free. So um so vaccination. |
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| 43:32 | why does kind of seed fit? that's not the right. Um Is |
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| 43:42 | right? Is that right? Is ? Let's see really. Um So |
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| 44:00 | vaccination in the natural artistic clark? course. Obviously getting shot. Okay |
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| 44:07 | not natural. Um And so the versus passive that's really Are you doing |
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| 44:14 | work of making the antibodies or or ? Okay. And so the vaccination |
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| 44:20 | course is artificially acquired and um but it's it's it's provides an basically to |
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| 44:29 | use your body to make antibodies. it is an activist. Your body |
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| 44:33 | actually doing it in response to to engines in the vaccine? Okay so |
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| 44:39 | see is correct. And then down this one is about uh babies admission |
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| 44:47 | and advised by the base. Okay um the uh um passive process because |
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| 44:58 | get it through are getting preformed and making anything preformed antibodies but it's getting |
|
| 45:06 | ? Natural. Okay I'm not being with them. Okay and so you |
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| 45:11 | have as well um you can have have the cupcakes. So uh infection |
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| 45:23 | of course will be active, actively naturally required active meeting because of course |
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| 45:29 | get an infection then you produce Okay um artificially acquired, passive you |
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| 45:36 | you can go to the doctor was . It's not accommodated sharp I. |
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| 45:41 | . Right uh uh as as a . Okay but of course you're being |
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| 45:49 | these antibodies you're not making. So a passive process. Okay so um |
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| 45:55 | unappreciated, acquired. Right so uh questions. Okay so it covered um |
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| 46:06 | the immune system. So remember the between innate and adaptive. Right? |
|
| 46:14 | ? Dendritic cells uh coming together with as well. So um so let's |
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| 46:24 | at a little bit about vaccines and . Okay so the uh so we're |
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| 46:34 | about right this little vaccination. The exposure of the engine and then secondary |
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| 46:40 | . And you get a bigger response I already have a bank of memory |
|
| 46:44 | ready to respond. And then um so this right here so this are |
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| 46:53 | you might have seen this or heard this in the context of True. |
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| 47:03 | and um so the table of the that are old that they're thinking that |
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| 47:09 | a has a reputation number of representative how contagious a infectious agent. What's |
|
| 47:20 | ? So hi r. O number to a infectious agent that is more |
|
| 47:27 | spread of more contagious. Alright, that's 12-18 value. You see from |
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| 47:33 | needs 12-18. Other people can be by Singapore slings or infected with and |
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| 47:40 | Rather quickly into a number of Okay. So these will be more |
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| 47:45 | than monks. Right. Are Okay. So then that our value |
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| 47:54 | to an estimate of what you what would need to get to the population |
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| 47:59 | fully vaccinated people for that Infection Okay. Measles. You need someone |
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| 48:06 | range of 23-94% of the population fully . Thanks. So there are many |
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| 48:13 | we will talk about it again on but it's hurting me and it's about |
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| 48:20 | the majority of the population fully vaccinated they act as sinks to absorb the |
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| 48:29 | people. Okay? So if um I'm here. It is. If |
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| 48:40 | sitting here. Okay, that's Okay. And I have and I'm |
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| 48:46 | vaccinated. But the triangles are vaccinated and most of the population is vaccinated |
|
| 48:55 | we have let's say there's another on vaccinated person here. Okay. So |
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| 49:03 | me and me. All right, I'm a vaccine and this person is |
|
| 49:07 | . Okay. I've got a lot vaccinated people around both of us. |
|
| 49:14 | . So they act as sinks to the effective agent, which means likelihood |
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| 49:19 | me getting it from somebody else's And we have all these accidents people |
|
| 49:26 | . Right so there's a certain You want to be at you're gonna |
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| 49:30 | lots of triangles and vaccinated people. . Wanted her effect to take to |
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| 49:36 | meaningful. Okay So um I feel the lower marks for the seminar you |
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| 49:44 | need to have a minimum of 75% . About three quarters fully vaccinated because |
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| 49:49 | everyone can be vaccinated one. They don't believe in it. But to |
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| 49:54 | just can't mean dramatic reasons they can't . Um Or other things. There's |
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| 49:59 | gonna be a proportion that can't be . So you try to do it |
|
| 50:05 | forties. Um very contagious and deadly . Pertussis, rubella particularly dangerous for |
|
| 50:12 | . Okay so um you of course to protect those that can't get |
|
| 50:18 | It only works if you get to threshold value right? Um are over |
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| 50:25 | is on the low end. Okay is around the last I saw him |
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| 50:31 | four 45. Um but that's still threshold of 75%. Are we in |
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| 50:39 | U. S. L. And then reached that threshold fully |
|
| 50:49 | Look at it today I looked at a long time. I wouldn't have |
|
| 50:56 | . We in the US are So we fully vaccinated. Um The |
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| 51:07 | of course there's differences across the country which stated the highest vaccination but as |
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| 51:20 | I think California up there for sure new york, I saw the 77% |
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| 51:25 | is 54% texas was 61% Alaska. don't know what they are. Not |
|
| 51:35 | . But but yeah, so it's And I think the last time I |
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| 51:40 | right about six months ago we were like 58 or 55% I think. |
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| 51:46 | we got like we had a surge the very beginning when vaccines came |
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| 51:50 | That was like very swell. So were so but thankfully going down. |
|
| 52:01 | um anyway, so let's um look so I don't really memorize these |
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| 52:12 | Okay, so again, it's kind more uh the this kind of survey |
|
| 52:18 | here is where the vaccines are Um which ones may be more effective |
|
| 52:23 | others. Okay. What forms will more effective than others? So you |
|
| 52:27 | have, we talked way back in beginning about attenuation. Right? Can |
|
| 52:34 | live vaccines, compassion, europe and . And so you will get my |
|
| 52:40 | your vaccines. This part of it the closest you'll get to the actual |
|
| 52:45 | agents. Okay, uh you whole killed organisms. Toxoid. Remember |
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| 52:52 | toxins like botulism tetanus, right? know those those manages to use toxic |
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| 53:01 | or what worked against toxins. so the tetanus shot is actually a |
|
| 53:09 | subunit. So now we get into realm of recorded DNA technology and following |
|
| 53:17 | jeans to produce just parts the interesting of the organs. Okay, Bradley |
|
| 53:28 | certainly my safety uh called virus black . You can mention that. And |
|
| 53:35 | uh so it's a voluntary backseat. this is gonna be the closest you'll |
|
| 53:39 | to the actual infectious agents. Um gives the best response because it is |
|
| 53:47 | to the real thing, right? activated through chemicals temperature but it's still |
|
| 53:56 | to replicate and that's the key. . Doesn't cause disease but it can |
|
| 54:01 | . And so it can replicate the . It can uh continue. |
|
| 54:11 | The other thing is um it will both hue, mural and sailor |
|
| 54:20 | Okay, so you can get into body cells, right? And that |
|
| 54:26 | turn into a set of toxic T can respond. Right? And then |
|
| 54:30 | of course and cells can show those E cell. So you gotta get |
|
| 54:37 | out there all these guys. And you can give a a really good |
|
| 54:43 | response. Okay. And so uh me see, just back up a |
|
| 54:50 | . So live attenuated vaccines. And see the long list here, right |
|
| 54:54 | with a long list of them right , measles, mumps, etcetera, |
|
| 55:02 | etcetera etcetera. Okay, so a of vaccines in that category. Now |
|
| 55:10 | inactivated killed. So these don't Okay, so it'll be in the |
|
| 55:18 | . Um and for green and they details can respond and produce antibodies uh |
|
| 55:25 | this really doesn't really uh affect. the T cells are not really so |
|
| 55:35 | response responders toxic. So um but safe right. There's a chance that |
|
| 55:45 | by the vaccine might revert right committee form. Okay. Not common. |
|
| 55:52 | making sure how how anyone is fairly event. But nonetheless a chance uh |
|
| 56:01 | actually really killed vaccines. But you you lose out somewhat on the how |
|
| 56:09 | the immune response robustness of it compared a vaccine. Um The sub unit |
|
| 56:17 | so different from the previous two whole organisms, bacteria. Well Um 70 |
|
| 56:29 | are using parts of the antigens are of the organism, the angiogenic |
|
| 56:37 | right? The parts that stimulate the system. And this can be several |
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| 56:41 | of this to just to purify protein . Um back in injected. |
|
| 56:50 | To um recommended vaccines. So you the genes when you chrome that floor |
|
| 57:02 | there. And then a lot of is really about the delivery system. |
|
| 57:08 | are you going to getting into the and you know, are you gonna |
|
| 57:12 | it get into cells and have them it? So the delivery is a |
|
| 57:16 | part of this. Okay. And among the common vaccines, So DNA |
|
| 57:23 | are vaccines, you know, better is acid vaccines, vaccines, vaccines |
|
| 57:30 | vaccines. Uh The other one is Conrad vector vaccine, J and J |
|
| 57:37 | . Um So again, you're manipulating genetic material um so that the the |
|
| 57:45 | will produce the get inside yourself and you transcribe and translate that region to |
|
| 57:52 | the energy in fact. Um So uh and that's the the virus virus |
|
| 58:02 | partners. Okay. So these are be made from viral proteins average self |
|
| 58:11 | to it viral unit. Okay. it doesn't contain the viral Gm. |
|
| 58:16 | it's not really the infectious unit. this great kind of box office |
|
| 58:24 | And you put your own engineer genetic in it to express the um |
|
| 58:33 | Um So uh different ways of doing . So again, always have a |
|
| 58:39 | part to either just type of the protein itself. Alright. Or would |
|
| 58:47 | like to hear like coach for the right. And none of these are |
|
| 58:53 | using the whole effective agents in fact parts of it. And so um |
|
| 59:02 | with these types. Okay. Um policy correct type. Because these are |
|
| 59:09 | used because one of the targets are capsules. The capital had created in |
|
| 59:18 | response being quite sacharow did not as necessarily be as protein type of |
|
| 59:24 | But remember the cholangitis organism you got for is of the type like this |
|
| 59:32 | the vaccine um the there are other of manufacturing to take acid basically just |
|
| 59:39 | . So we'll talk a little about . And so here's the vaccine. |
|
| 59:45 | , so again this article I sacrificed do the team um independent activation. |
|
| 59:53 | . But again it's not uh a response. Okay. You can enhance |
|
| 59:58 | response. Okay. Actually added a to the mixture. What are the |
|
| 60:08 | acronyms called? Conjugated vaccine facility? the it's a two part vaccine a |
|
| 60:14 | . So it has to play Sacha in there at the edge of then |
|
| 60:18 | a protein to it. Okay. that actually does use a stronger |
|
| 60:23 | Okay. You got involved in the cell now as well. Okay. |
|
| 60:29 | so he's to be stronger tech antibodies these types. It's just okay. |
|
| 60:38 | and so the fake acid vaccines. these are like what the code |
|
| 60:44 | of course the Moderna Pfizer is a vaccine. Okay, so here you're |
|
| 60:52 | the gene or genes and the engine it into a vector. Just fascinated |
|
| 61:00 | they can change that that portion. . And then you you wrote grow |
|
| 61:06 | plasmids up, right. Make a of thousands of copies of it. |
|
| 61:10 | then that's what becomes your vaccine. , here using this this term |
|
| 61:16 | Okay. Um and so basically just vessel to deliver. And so the |
|
| 61:21 | is delivered into the intra muscular Okay, so muscle cells are multi |
|
| 61:28 | eight. Okay, so that actually in. They begin to express the |
|
| 61:35 | . The system recognizes response to Okay. And so you get a |
|
| 61:41 | from both sides of the adaptive immune . Okay, so both B cells |
|
| 61:45 | T cells respond. Ah the the long lasting it is is the question |
|
| 61:53 | these these plasmids, I don't know long with their lifetime is in the |
|
| 61:59 | . And how long did your self keep keep producing? But um we |
|
| 62:06 | out that that's you know that the has a can wane after Sharon |
|
| 62:16 | Okay um because again these plasmids aren't . Alright so um we're coming effective |
|
| 62:26 | , this is like the J. . Vaccine is very common. Um |
|
| 62:33 | wait wait vaccine. So using a virus and event a virus which is |
|
| 62:37 | DNA virus has been used for this a long time. Mr Fergus. |
|
| 62:42 | so if you do is take advantage the ability of the virus to infect |
|
| 62:46 | cell. You take out the parts make it infections. Okay. And |
|
| 62:51 | replace it with a genome that will the genes of interest that okay. |
|
| 62:59 | you want. And so here you flu virus gene for this particular protein |
|
| 63:07 | the surface is H. A. and you insert that gene into this |
|
| 63:13 | that you've engineered and your delivery system this virus. And so the virus |
|
| 63:20 | contained the genetic information to produce that affect yourself then that angie was produced |
|
| 63:27 | then the immune system can respond to . Okay. Um so here's the |
|
| 63:35 | program vaccines. Okay so uh cheap you know about this by now I'm |
|
| 63:43 | you're seeing person these pictures a But the so the interest here are |
|
| 63:48 | spike proteins. Right? And that the information that makes those is what's |
|
| 63:55 | in the vaccine. Okay, so targets there and then two forms the |
|
| 64:03 | and then the. Okay so there the essential information and translate that to |
|
| 64:14 | the in this case the spike Okay. That um uh M. |
|
| 64:22 | then is is what is injected. . Uh next fight will show you |
|
| 64:29 | not just naked M. R. . That's being injected. That would |
|
| 64:34 | think it would be unstable and wouldn't that long. So it's delivered in |
|
| 64:39 | in a uh probably I think it's that he's making protected. Made plans |
|
| 64:49 | go. Okay. So um so so this kind of very simplified of |
|
| 64:55 | . Um are they going into the cell cell expresses it? Here's the |
|
| 65:01 | spike on the surface and now maybe just a response. Okay. And |
|
| 65:07 | funeral and some immediate response occurs. are neutralizing antibodies produce. Right took |
|
| 65:14 | virus virus came back um now the again. So here's our there's our |
|
| 65:28 | and RNA. So we're going to get all the eukaryotic elements to |
|
| 65:35 | Alright, it's gonna be translated. your tail. Right when we're talking |
|
| 65:40 | this in the three compared new materials throwing aerials and their genomes um that |
|
| 65:48 | a lot of processing that goes on you have to add things to the |
|
| 65:52 | to make it translatable. So that's all the elements are about. |
|
| 65:55 | so this and then here is the which is enclosed like this lipid |
|
| 66:03 | So kind of not a lipid violators you know it's meant to house the |
|
| 66:08 | . R. N. A. . And keep them up. Uh |
|
| 66:12 | bible and stable delivery system that once they'll uh entered the cell. And |
|
| 66:20 | of course express express the engine that they don't want the surface of the |
|
| 66:26 | , the game quarterbacks. Okay, vector vaccine. So again here it's |
|
| 66:33 | the genetic material that closure that spike putting into a viral genome. |
|
| 66:41 | And then putting it into the Right again this event a virus which |
|
| 66:46 | very well understood um has been magnificent not be infectious. And so especially |
|
| 66:53 | vehicle that will affect cells uh can to affect cells producing a good |
|
| 67:02 | Okay. Um so the uh again honestly this is not an R. |
|
| 67:11 | . A. Being injected but globally strategy but the same end result is |
|
| 67:15 | produce the spike protein that's obviously really commonly using that same but in different |
|
| 67:22 | . Okay. Um now the. . Uh Yeah. Yeah. If |
|
| 67:35 | not getting the article virus inside you why don't people feel sick when they |
|
| 67:38 | the vaccines? That could be a of reasons. So sickness from the |
|
| 67:46 | could be from often from things that that are part of the, oh |
|
| 67:53 | tried to purify the because the agent the process for delivery to somebody. |
|
| 68:02 | , there are gonna be certain types chemicals in there as like to preserve |
|
| 68:07 | maintain stability as those extraneous types of , not the actual engine that maybe |
|
| 68:15 | are reacting to. You can react these other kinds of chemicals that are |
|
| 68:18 | there. You will be purified and . That's where these things can |
|
| 68:23 | That used to be in the older uh used um when they cultivated |
|
| 68:28 | you often cultivate viruses and chicken embryos they would then harvest the antibodies to |
|
| 68:35 | the vaccine and it will often be parts of the chicken a reactions in |
|
| 68:42 | because oftentimes these byproducts that are part the the process of making the maximum |
|
| 68:48 | people react to. Yes, Okay, so this is again, |
|
| 68:58 | . So yeah, again, don't memorize this table. But you should |
|
| 69:03 | been, should I say in the versus the vaccine, you know, |
|
| 69:08 | make a difference. Is there? in the differentiation between the two covid |
|
| 69:13 | ? So these kind of things um have questions let me know. But |
|
| 69:19 | just more of a survey than anything . Okay, alright folks, see |
|
| 69:24 | on thursday. |
|
