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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_1_29_24_CH 13
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00:09 Ok, good uh testing. Um folks. Uh welcome. So,
00:29 how's everybody doing where you go You take a nap and it's
00:36 it's all work together to not all asleep, right? So, um
00:42 of the day, four o'clock, always easier said than done,
00:46 So, um, so let's uh did send an email earlier. Uh
00:54 today, quicker start for real. . Um We uh uh so working
01:02 equals it's registered, it's um has active subscription, right? So,
01:09 if you've been the points that you , now, are I still have
01:14 there, I'll take them off by end of the week. And so
01:19 you'll, what will remain will be points from today, Wednesday and
01:25 But I still put up uh some the old, old one just to
01:29 sure that you know that your pick working, right? Ok.
01:32 but those will go away at the of the week. Um So when
01:38 had those six free days, So whatever the excuse, you can't
01:42 it no problem. Uh You may , uh when you, when you
01:48 your clicker that remember that you it may ask you to add your
01:53 . Don't, you don't need to that if it's registered, it just
01:56 connects with it. So, uh week, um so basically this week
02:03 chapter 13, right? So you go through uh 13 and 14 pretty
02:08 next week. Um There is one , uh so read, read the
02:15 , you kind of if you kind glance over it fine. But do
02:19 , I put a line in It says scroll, scroll down and
02:22 sure you see that thing from Ok. So I got a um
02:27 email from the CASA director that said part of their registration thing. You
02:31 to do this bio biometric registration. . So just read, read,
02:36 a direct quote from him. So follow that information basically, right?
02:41 you already, if you've already done , I have to worry about
02:44 but just, just make sure if can't, uh they won't let you
02:49 for an exam if you haven't done part. So just make sure to
02:51 that and we got plenty of time the first exam. So just make
02:56 you get it done and I'll send email out uh announcement out uh a
03:01 more times yet. So anyway, , stuff that's due so we could
03:08 quizzed. You got until midnight tonight I say 1159 because when I say
03:14 that people get confused by that. , I it's 11:59 p.m. OK.
03:19 then uh the smart work. So uh we've got just a little
03:25 to finish up with chapter one. um let's just kind of look at
03:30 real quick. Here's kind of a of the stuff we looked at last
03:33 . OK. So, um so I start with pasture and germ to
03:41 ? So, uh the idea that established that microbes could uh responsible
03:48 for carrying out chemical processes. Uh The thing there was that microbes
04:02 be responsible for converting organic matter into products, right? And so
04:09 idea kind of extended to coke, thought, OK, human bodies are
04:16 organic beings, maybe microbes cause a in in humans when they have some
04:22 of disease. OK. Of it doesn't apply to every human disease
04:27 , but to uh only to infectious . But that, that then brought
04:32 down the road through um the medical if you will, OK. And
04:39 a disease microbe connection. OK. remember that Cokes postulates are aren't set
04:47 stone. There is still a valid to use when trying to connect disease
04:53 microbe. But um we know after and 50 years, different things can
04:59 , right? It can be viral you had no idea about or it
05:02 be a uh a type of disease the organism is not easily cultured and
05:07 forth. So we know these So uh it doesn't mean we can
05:10 out, we throw out what he's . Of course not, it's a
05:12 but we know how to, you , where the, where there may
05:15 um variables, variations. OK? The um the um a by genesis
05:25 pasture, but the swan neck flask establishing that in the presence of
05:29 you wouldn't get growth right smart generations you had pre-existing uh life there.
05:37 when he, when he dipped the into that swan neck, where the
05:43 were at containing the contaminant and how microbes then it would grow because those
05:47 grew when you saw your bus, ? Didn't just come from nothing.
05:52 . And then one variation there was who duplicated the experiments but sometimes saw
05:58 and it went after boiling the OK. So in those fours,
06:02 we'll talk about in the next unit a very resistant form uh that can
06:08 uh a period of to kill OK. So uh then of
06:22 as you're learning in lab this a development of basic techniques and pure
06:27 methods is all about is all kind came about during cokes, establishing micro
06:33 , the tuberculosis and having the culture and how to do all that.
06:38 uh basically doing the same way to day. Um the uh and so
06:44 of course, uh establishing that many can cause disease and it's ok.
06:51 do we, how do we control ? How can we get rid of
06:54 ? Ok. Well, that's for and drugs, antiseptics, disinfected that
06:59 comes in, uh targeting pathogens. And the, with the goal of
07:04 rid of them, treating, treating that are sick with infectious disease.
07:08 then, um, last part, we did last time it kind of
07:13 into what we're gonna be talking about week and next week and the week
07:19 , OK, these um aspects of metabolism, excuse me. Um So
07:27 a gray and others discovered this group uh this type of metabolism that hadn't
07:32 seen before, right? This little . OK. And so the prior
07:37 that is for, you know, grew organisms in, you know,
07:41 , these rich broths, right? broth or what have you,
07:45 And that only allows for a certain of metabolism like the metabolism that we
07:51 , right? And so this was completely new because now they're seeing organisms
07:59 , you know, not, you , complex uh organic materials like beef
08:05 and et cetera and sugars and but eating completely inorganic materials, iron
08:14 and gas as a energy source you know, strange, right?
08:20 they established that, but then you know, that showed is reiterating
08:26 in atrophy, atrophy, right? life on this planet, you can
08:32 in, in one of those two . OK? Because everything on planet
08:37 is carbon based life. OK? centered around our molecules. Our structure
08:44 centered around molecules mostly that have or of course stands for carbon,
08:54 A carbon framework. OK? And can add various atoms to it,
09:02 , sulfur, et cetera to make various biomolecules, right? So it's
09:07 based on that, which is why have to by life on this earth
09:12 to continually consume these things because we it down. We use, use
09:17 building blocks, OK? But there's fundamental types, right? So there's
09:22 that can use these OK, as food source. And there's types that
09:30 CO2, right? And those are two groups, right? Autotroph,
09:35 you use CO2, the trophy, you use this, OK? Um
09:43 that's, that's any thing on planet can be grouped in one of those
09:46 things. OK? Now we, gonna complicate slightly because there's different ways
09:54 , to use that energy. Um And so we'll get into that
10:00 , in the coming weeks. A little bit today as well.
10:04 um so this this this lit trophy atrophy, you see among microbes,
10:13 they can use those metabolisms to transform into different um um like de
10:21 for example, break down dead organic , right? Um Other types can
10:27 forms of things like phosphorus, sulfur in different forms. Uh because life
10:35 different forms of those right? Some use ammonia as nitrogen and some
10:40 Right. So, um but the there is that it makes these things
10:45 to others in ecosystems. OK. so um their producers rely on
10:54 right? Because they can't, they make NNP, they have to have
10:59 supplied to them. OK? That's microbial activity does. OK. And
11:05 um and so all levels, producers decomposes contain microbes. OK?
11:12 everywhere and they, and they have roles as a consumer, as a
11:17 , as a decompose. OK. critical for our life on this
11:22 OK. And so um sue kind last couple of topics to touch on
11:29 close out this chapter. OK. You know, of course, you're
11:33 about war where, where the microbes from, but not in the same
11:39 that those guys back in the 16 . Did you know we don't,
11:43 not thinking in terms of so when say spontaneous generation that comes kind of
11:49 in a way, OK. So kind of frame it as OK?
11:53 was at one time and a chemical . OK. So abiotic evolution that
12:08 to or developed into bionic evolution. . So um and there's all kinds
12:18 experiments that have been done, there still going on trying to simulate early
12:23 and how life would come about. we've done this in different ways.
12:27 We haven't yet uh been able to life as it might have occurred back
12:35 . But we're around it, we're there. Ok? But nonetheless,
12:40 point here is that early earth wasn't like it is now.
12:44 The very violent environment, uh, talking nearly 4 billion years ago,
12:51 of volcanic activity. Um, the wasn't 02, the atmosphere was really
12:58 thin. Uh, methane co2, vapor, these kinds of things.
13:05 . And so life evolved no water you didn't have an atmosphere to protect
13:09 this bombarding radiation, right? And um and so the things to be
13:15 to eat were things like inorganic materials CO2. OK. And so those
13:21 kind of metabolisms that evolved. Using things like this for energy and
13:27 know, really kind of li little , right? Using that for energy
13:31 then fixing CO2 probably the uh first of metabolisms on there. OK.
13:37 so um so, oh, I'm , it's I needed this thing spam
13:46 . Yeah, that's what I OK. Um Off and they need
13:54 . All right. So um So kind of a timeline in terms
14:00 life beginnings and where we're at OK. Is um shown here.
14:08 we begin, OK, back right? Life starts around here 3.8
14:16 years ago. That's billions with a . OK? Not millions but
14:22 OK. And so as I said , you know, most of earth's
14:27 has been occupied just with microbes. ? Prokaryotes, cyanobacteria, which are
14:34 prokaryote, um B periodic microbes, ? Not until about 1.5 billion years
14:40 when we get to begin to like diversify into more complex multicellular types.
14:47 ? And humans are probably this last sliver on that scale back on the
14:51 . Right. So, um so of the biggest things, events on
14:59 would have been this right here. . Well, yeah, right here
15:04 . OK. The evolution of these , OK, brought about oxygen in
15:12 environment for the first time. So course, it wasn't an overnight
15:16 It happened over hundreds of thousands of , oxygen accumulated, but that's what
15:22 to an atmosphere forming. It's you know, oxygen is very reactive
15:28 so it created, it changed the chemistry of the planet. OK.
15:33 many things died out as a but many things survived. And so
15:38 life evolved to form an 02 using , aerobic respiration. OK? Which
15:46 a very energy rich metabolism. You get lots of a TPS from
15:51 . So that led to being able then evolve bigger microbes, you carry
15:57 to bigger uh to multi cell et cetera. OK. So,
16:03 and so life could then have an and you could have the ozone and
16:08 against UV. And now, uh um my microbes um do certainly
16:28 kind of on their own. Uh they're living among millions of other
16:37 um both their own population and other and different species and what have
16:43 Uh And that's how they live their , but very important are interactions between
16:51 . Um symbiotic relationships. And when talk about in those symbiotic, that's
16:58 , an intimate relationship between the OK. They are in contact with
17:05 other. OK. And human microbiome a perfect example of that. Um
17:12 covered inside and out with microbes uh aren't your own cells. You
17:19 they certainly have a endosymbiont relationship with , right? Uh They're either really
17:25 two groups, they either are if both benefit from the association,
17:31 Or if the microbes and you really of just no harm, no
17:38 nothing really bad happening. New Year kind of holding on to them and
17:42 doing their thing. OK? But mutualistic relationships between your microbes and your
17:49 , OK? In many different immune system uh among others.
17:54 Uh nutritionally as well. And so an important one is the middle one
18:03 this plant bacteria symbiosis. We'll talk this later. But uh this is
18:07 relation to the nitrogen cycle. So the biggest contribution of microbes because
18:17 microbes that bring in 90% of the in the atmosphere into earth,
18:24 And converts it into various forms that can use uh of that group.
18:31 the types that are symbiotic that have biggest influence there. OK. And
18:36 I think something like a soybean um alfalfa, uh peanut plants we
18:44 legi, these are all plants that these kinds of associations. Ok.
18:48 very specific between the two chemical signals this and that. So uh very
18:54 . So another one you're, you're familiar with is uh ruminants,
18:59 Cows, horses, goats have like stomachs, right? Chambers, uh
19:06 chambers if you will and each compartment of has a unique microbial environment.
19:14 But it's how the cow or whatever animal is, is getting its nutri
19:18 nutrition is from the microbe is breaking down so that the cow is grass
19:23 on it, chews on it, its microbes breaking all that down and
19:27 it informs the cow can absorb. . So, um anyway,
19:33 very close intimate relationship between host and . Ok. So, um all
19:43 , any questions about any of the we talked about in chapter one?
19:48 . So as we go into a don't be intimidated or scared about
19:58 . Ok. Um uh Number you're gonna see a bunch of chemical
20:06 in your book if you, if flipping through the textbook, OK.
20:10 don't think we're not gonna go in into the weeds and looking at every
20:16 reaction and every enzyme catalyzing every none of that stuff, right?
20:21 goal for me is that you gotta an overview of what's going on.
20:26 are the basic concepts that are going . Um We do have to go
20:30 little bit of detail in, but we get into uh Wednesday,
20:37 And we're going through the actual processes is kind of more concepts relating to
20:45 . OK. Wednesday is more actually at the process, OK. As
20:50 do that, it's more about I it down into four stages. And
20:56 it's more about what's going in and of each stage and each stage is
21:01 of multiple reactions. But we're not at all those individual reactions, it's
21:05 overall each stage. OK? you'll see as we go through
21:09 So again, if you wanna know individual reaction, you can just look
21:14 up, right? So my goal kind of here is the process here
21:18 kind of what it means. And what are the implications of
21:22 Because metabolism, you know, you go through um protein synthesis and
21:30 that all works and how DNA replication and all this stuff, right?
21:33 these basic processes. Well, you see the book textbook picture is the
21:39 of energy required to do that. ? And um for everything you
21:46 even just sitting there, right? , hopefully uh watching, right?
21:53 the brain's processing, even if you're thinking about this, you're thinking about
21:57 football game, whatever, right? brain's working, right? Tremendous.
22:02 most tremendous energy user in your body your brain tissue, right? And
22:07 uh that requires metabolism for you to those a TPS that your brain can
22:13 , right? So, um so our focus is microbes, obviously,
22:17 , this is a universal process, ? Applies to all living things and
22:23 bio majors or let's assume mostly you should know that, right?
22:28 know, the basics of it. So let's, I always start because
22:34 has different backgrounds and this and that in terms of some of that organic
22:40 , some haven't, some of them had other courses that can help with
22:44 material, but not that's easy to that. OK. But uh let's
22:49 see uh how we do here with . We'll, and we're gonna go
22:53 these things as we go through the couple weeks here. Let me pause
23:21 . So you can catch up Remember, you can collaborate,
23:33 Three heads are better than one Mhm. Uh OK. So you're
23:44 for the wrong answer, old statement there is one. All right,
23:51 can happen from 12. Uh So tie between F and G and
24:12 kind of matches with the one o'clock 11 o'clock class B. OK.
24:18 the 02 hell is converted to That's, that's true. It
24:24 OK. So all of these are statements. OK. All true.
24:32 . So um fermentation reactions occur in body, you know, if you
24:38 out, you know, if your are sore. That's fermentation in your
24:42 . Uh, pro lactic acid. . Um You don't rely on fermentation
24:47 a constant means to get your You use aerobic respiration for that.
24:54 , but certainly a is true. . Um B is true.
24:59 What you're eating is gonna be broken , oxidized. Ok. Uh Don't
25:05 this morning? Right. Well, you ate this morning, if you
25:08 breakfast, right? Or what you for lunch, right? Source of
25:13 . OK. Um So we're gonna through some of these things here.
25:19 again, as I mentioned earlier. right, here's a microbe and ability
25:24 divide cell division, binary fission, ? It's a bacterium. Uh lots
25:29 lots of cells that represents lots and of energy expenditure. OK? Um
25:35 takes energy to replicate DNA, to proteins in an actively growing culture where
25:41 cell can go to a million in to 6 hours depending on the species
25:48 is a tremendous amount of energy needed do that. OK? And
25:52 of course, it doesn't happen, ? You're a lab this week and
25:55 inoculating plates or liquid media, you'll that nothing is gonna grow unless you
26:03 boo of some sort, right? Because that's, that's the fuel.
26:09 uh this again goes back to the , and I'm gonna sound like a
26:13 record here, but let me just to this point here. So,
26:16 course, we're talking about heo tropes . If we're eating these kind of
26:21 and you eat all those in one , whether you're eating a steak or
26:27 salad, right? You're eating nucleic and lipids and proteins and carbs in
26:33 bite of food, different proportions of things. But you're eating all
26:39 Ok, consuming all those. And , um, and so we're lucky
26:44 a hetero troph in that we get two for one deal, right?
26:50 can eat these, you get break it down, but we also
26:57 the carbon from those. So we both of those. That's not the
27:01 for autotrophs, right? Whatever autotroph eating for energy, it's not getting
27:07 from that, right? A right? So sunlight for energy,
27:12 . Uh uses that energy to fix , right? A chemo autotroph,
27:17 litho right? Uses hydrogen gas gets from that, right? That's H
27:21 H two doesn't have C in So it's getting the energy source but
27:27 carbon source is different CO2, So we hetero trope get both in
27:33 . OK? And so the reason you see if you flip flip through
27:40 13, you see all these chemical , right? Leading from say glucose
27:45 CO2 in the water, there's something 70 reactions that are carried out.
27:52 It happens that way for a reason we capture energy in increments at different
27:59 along the way. OK? We use life, can't use energy in
28:04 form of what you see there. . So chemical energy can explode,
28:09 ? And of course, lots of is generated uh quite violent reaction,
28:14 ? Temperature increasing. Uh that's not we can do it with life is
28:20 , you know, eating glucose, ? You can, you can combust
28:23 , burn it and it, you , gives off heat, you can't
28:26 with it that way. Right? have to, we break it
28:29 not using enzymes, right? So allow us to do these reactions at
28:36 temperatures, right? And um but we we it works because we can
28:42 it at certain points. OK. so uh that's why you see so
28:47 chemical reactions occurring. It's not just thing, boom because it's also it
28:51 once a one step process that would kind of inefficient as well because that
28:57 would give up lots of heat and for sure. But how, how
29:00 you gonna capture all that in one ? Right. So a lot of
29:02 lost and so it's not very So life, if anything tries to
29:09 efficient in these things. OK. um OK. So a little bit
29:15 , his next couple of slides are , you know, categorizing metabolism.
29:20 the focus in 13 is on right? And really focusing on he
29:26 the way we eat. So if ever forget what that is, it's
29:29 we eat, right? So, , it's that metabolism that we're focusing
29:32 . OK. We're gonna mention the types but the other types we'll talk
29:37 next week. OK. So uh , so heterotrophic, right? Metabolism
29:42 to break down opposite of that is . There's a build up,
29:47 And so metabolism releases energy, anabolism energy. OK. So here
29:55 we're just focusing on metabolism. So where does the energy come
30:02 And then molecules? So here's this , here is C 60 That was
30:08 too small. Here we go C H 1206. So we know what
30:14 looks like, right? Carbon, , carbon hydrogen ohs sticking out,
30:18 ? So where is the actual energy that molecule coming from anybody micro made
30:25 atoms? What connects the atoms together made of begins with e and within
30:36 , right? So the energy comes those electrons in there. So when
30:40 oxidize, right? So metabolism is about redox reaction, right? Redox
30:45 reduction oxidation, right? But we're those kind of reactions. That means
30:50 got electrons flying around, right? molecule, the source of them,
30:57 one takes them away and so back forth. OK? But if you're
31:01 electrons transferring electrons, you're transferring right? And so it's in the
31:08 steps of metabolism, it's in certain . So we capture that OK?
31:12 an oxidation. OK? And so it's in a nutshell, this
31:18 really, that's why that uh 11 in the question, Don, that
31:23 ate this morning to the source of , it is whatever you eating,
31:27 body sees it that way. Because that's what they're gonna get from
31:30 ultimately. OK? And so, , you have a, you have
31:34 food source. OK? But the , what your body wants from that
31:40 the electrons because that's what it's gonna . That's how the magic happens to
31:44 you to make you make lots of TPS and we'll see how that
31:47 OK. And so um a lot these terms and metabolism are mean the
31:54 thing. So a heterotrophic probe, thing, right? Um The organo
32:00 refers to the type of, of food source, you're using organic,
32:07 ? Um the OK. So fermentation respiration, right? So when you
32:14 at them side by side and this really a good comparison in this picture
32:19 . But when we get into it , uh by comparison, fermentation is
32:24 simple. OK? You're not involving the parts that are involved in
32:28 OK? And so one of the is, I mean, they both
32:32 , of course, with the same , right? Breaking it down.
32:35 we're getting complex organic carbon source. it's heterotrophic. Both of these things
32:39 heterotrophic, right? So in remember from past, there's no oxygen
32:47 ? And so we take a source break it down. So this is
32:51 we call in this, these molecules are in the products have energy still
32:58 . You can see it right? This is um acetic acid right
33:05 OK. Um ethanol. So there's still energy in those molecules. There's
33:11 that can grow, there's some bacteria can grow on ethanol that can grow
33:14 acid. OK? That's what we it. Incomplete oxidation. OK.
33:21 oxidation goes to CO2 and water. what respiration does. It's a respiration
33:27 a complete oxidation, right? And , and that goes to partly why
33:34 do not give you as much energy a lot of it still remains in
33:37 end products, you get some but , not nearly as much as respiration
33:42 you which I and almost more than to 1 difference in terms of energy
33:48 . OK? Because we are completely in restoration. OK? Um And
33:55 as a result we get in we are producing these energy molecules.
34:02 are all these three types, we'll time in the end and these are
34:08 molecules, right? A TP, can grasp that, right? We
34:11 that directly as an energy source. so too are these guys in a
34:16 and fa DH? Right? We're accumulate those at various steps along the
34:23 in respiration. OK. And so TP you can argue is kind of
34:28 direct energy source. N A DH fa DH uh we, we capture
34:33 energy from those a little differently, we're gonna get a lot of a
34:37 from that. OK. So I kind of, you're not,
34:41 not hearing the whole story yet, that's, that's fine. So,
34:44 but we, but we accumulate a of these in respiration. OK?
34:49 then with where they do their OK? Is when these electron carriers
34:56 here, OK? Or to this transport system. And so then finally
35:05 oxygen, if it's aerobic respiration, . So it can be that or
35:12 can be something other than oxygen on earth. There is as many,
35:17 not more life that does anaerobic respiration anaerobic, just living anaerobically than aerobic
35:24 far. OK. Think of your . OK. Lots of anaerobic activity
35:29 on there. OK. And so so it's not some kind of obscure
35:33 , right? Obviously, we're more with aerobic restoration because that's what we
35:37 . But don't think of anaerobic respiration something obscure. It's far from
35:41 It's very problem. OK. And in different forms, not just anaerobic
35:47 . Fermentation is anaerobic too. So uh OK. And again,
35:54 result. So even with these right? These are energy molecules but
36:00 will be converted. And I should they're not directly chemically converted.
36:09 they're, they're a way in which make a TPS. And I'll show
36:13 what I mean by that here in sec. OK. So uh respiration
36:19 . So you have aerobic respiration, respiration and fermentation. Those are the
36:24 we'll focus on in chapter 13. . Bow Hitter Trophy. It's another
36:31 bolic class. OK? And um and so the operative word
36:38 Hetero Trophy. And I say that you might think OK. Photo phototropic
36:46 . OK? I I know that be like the pixel two but not
36:50 guys. OK? That's why heterotrophic the operative work. So they can
36:55 light and energy, but they still to have an organic complex, organic
37:01 of carbon, they can't fix OK. Um And so uh we
37:07 know this, I mentioned this earlier I in a in every textbook,
37:12 always you start with glucose, Just know that there's a bazillion of
37:17 things that can fit in that right? Many other sugars. Um
37:22 just it may be that um glucose in particular pathway, OK? And
37:30 it just may be that whatever you're that if it's not glucose and maybe
37:35 protein or something, it it funnels at a different point, but eventually
37:40 they all intersect. OK. The is you can eat lots of
37:44 bacteria can eat lots of things that can't aromatic compounds, right? Things
37:51 um acetone, just nail polish right? Um Different types of of
37:58 and things. So they can eat really, really toxic types of compounds
38:02 many cases. So they can lots lots of different metabolisms with, with
38:07 . OK. So I only mention just because just to kind of complete
38:12 the different categories of metabolism, we'll more on this next week. Uh
38:17 we have these other other pathways, ? So both of those, all
38:24 uh fix CO2. OK. So autotrophs. So this lit atrophy using
38:30 sources, uh photo trolls using light . Uh the those energies are used
38:38 take CO2 and build it into more complex organic molecules. So,
38:45 here we have six carbons, Making it glucose. So we've gotta
38:50 six of these together. OK? completely building something right? From a
38:57 unit to a big unit. And so that's what that takes
39:03 OK? And the energy comes from on what you are. Photo outtro
39:08 , then light energy is fueling that . If you're a litho, then
39:13 oxidation of inorganic compounds that are feeling OK? But both can only fix
39:20 . OK. So um that's why had this division in terms of energy
39:29 , right? And carbon source, ? Whereas in the hetero trope,
39:34 could be all, all in right? We eat glucose that serves
39:39 a carbon source and energy, So uh OK. Read this question
39:46 I will, this is about OK. Any que any questions so
39:53 ? Yeah. Yeah. So photo trope um example will look at um
40:07 week, a week after is bacterium . And the only Hero heros I
40:12 are mi microbes. I don't know anything bigger, like there's, I
40:15 , I'm not aware of any plants are p but Rhoto is a type
40:20 bacterium that can, it kind of as a hetero trope. Ok.
40:26 it has, it can supplement it a way to make a TPS using
40:31 . So kind, it has like uh an additional pathway to help itself
40:34 . That's kind of what photo hetero are you kind of have that?
40:39 , their basis is the hero then they have this extra one that
40:44 use light, the APS, that's what they are. OK.
40:51 So we're looking for a component that not be required for all types of
40:59 . OK. Let's see what we here. OK. So, I
41:13 , just look at this back up second here. All right. So
41:19 have two ways to aspire either with without. So, a is not
41:26 absolute requirement for respiration. OK. If you're an anaerobic spirer,
41:35 you're not using oxygen. OK. , um but everything else.
41:40 OK. So I'm gonna show you diagrams here, the first one.
41:48 and we're gonna zero in on, this diagram in the next slide.
41:53 the point here is um OK. one, this is respiration obviously,
42:01 ? Respiration. And uh this is to whether it's anaerobic aerobic respiration.
42:10 . The process sustains itself by having source, right? So you have
42:17 transport system. So electrons are OK? You transfer electrons, you
42:23 up energy. OK? There's energy from that, that number one.
42:28 So if you're trying to sustain a that is supported by electrons feeding
42:36 right, then you have to have as a source, right? That's
42:39 a is, right? So a a source of electrons. They mentioned
42:44 , right? Uh food is is a, that's the doughnut in
42:48 question, the donut you ate this , that's the source of electrons.
42:53 . Um So you have a source electrons. OK? Now it's all
42:59 flow, keep the flow going. . So to do that, what
43:06 , you kind of set the system here to be. So it's redox
43:10 , right? So you have some molecules you just better at giving
43:14 electrons. OK. Others are really at taking them, right? So
43:18 have two categories and there's a, a uh gradient of those,
43:26 You have those that are really giving up uh what we call strong
43:31 of electrons, right? You have . So on because this, this
43:46 is comprised of multiple components, but components are arranged in that way in
43:52 of their strong donors up front, acceptors at the end. OK.
43:57 what helps maintain the flow. We electrons flowing A to B left to
44:03 . So then what you wanna do molecule that is the super strongest at
44:12 on electrons, right? Scoops them . Uh a very, it's what
44:18 call a very strong reduction potential. the word we'll talk about next
44:25 OK. So a very strong ability become reduced to gain electrons.
44:32 you have like, you know, , we heard the term reduction you're
44:35 OK? It must be getting right? Must be losing weight,
44:38 ? No, the context of redox means gaining electrons. So it's one
44:43 the things you just have to OK. And so AAA really good
44:51 market with a really high reduction really good at grabbing electrons. Of
44:57 , no surprise oxygen is the best that. OK? And so not
45:02 behind are things like nitrate in but not as good. OK.
45:10 , so you put those molecules there , that have the highest ability to
45:14 electrons there and that keeps the flow that, all right. So you
45:18 flow going. So what do you with that? Well, the you're
45:23 a proton gradient with that. So remember the energy release and
45:30 and that's another big concept here with energetics is combining energy releasing process,
45:38 is what this is OK with the requiring process. And that's what the
45:45 pumping is. So we have low iron concentration to high. OK.
45:52 so if you're going in that go to h that's energy requiring,
45:57 to stuff stuff more protons on one where there's already a whole bunch.
46:03 it's of course, it's gonna take . And so how do you supply
46:08 , supply it from the energy release electron transport? OK. So one
46:13 these two things together. Um And , so I know from the word
46:20 also confuses, confuses people. Coupling, combining um interacting uh 11
46:32 the other out. However, you to think of it, that's what
46:34 mean by coupling these things things One is providing a service the other
46:39 , you know that way. Uh That proton pumping process needs something
46:44 give it the energy to do That's what electronic transfer supplies. So
46:49 do this all the time metabolism, these two things. OK? And
46:54 fact, in this slide, there's example of this. OK.
46:59 so having a source right of electrons source an acceptor. OK? And
47:11 these components in here strong donor or while it keeps slow going, that
47:16 energy that allows you to pump So what, so, so what
47:21 about what's proton pumping all about? . Well, this creating this
47:27 I think it's stored energy. Stored energy the soul can use,
47:32 ? You do the same thing, cells do the same thing. So
47:37 the, so the question is how we harness the energy? So we
47:40 it stored how would you make something of it? Ok. Well,
47:45 you gotta do is provide a way have it come back into the
47:49 OK. That's because again, saying concept for if it took energy,
47:55 pump them out low to high, a must release energy going the other
48:00 and it does, right? So go from high to low as they
48:03 down, the gradient energy is there's an opportunity to use the energy
48:09 do something, right? And that this example here is to make a
48:15 right? To do this. So they come down, the energy
48:22 allows it to convert this the A because this process is energy required.
48:33 . So again, energy releasing process the energy requiring process and it makes
48:37 go. OK. So um so examples of that concept here.
48:44 So um so again, as long you keep, so that's why you
48:53 you right, what, how, do we need, we need a
48:56 , right? An acceptor, these of things. OK. All about
49:00 reactions. OK. And this concept . So your goal obviously is to
49:07 supplying A, which you do by yourself throughout the day. Um You're
49:13 B by breathing, OK? Living oxygen, atmosphere and breathing. So
49:18 doing A and B and by doing and B you're doing basically everything
49:24 OK. So um so let's take um a little bit more different view
49:31 this here. OK. So um the components of restoration and it is
49:40 know, in photosynthesis as well, begins, all the action occurs in
49:45 membrane at or around a membrane always ? Give your own cells and and
49:52 membranes, a plant cell and and coid right, photosynthetic apparatus and
49:59 It's all membranes, right where this happens. And so having a membrane
50:05 you to have a division, Two sides you have inside and
50:10 OK. And that this is what you to set up a concentration
50:15 Now you can push molecules to one creating a gradient. OK. And
50:20 how you can set up that stored . Think of that as like a
50:24 almost. OK. So uh cell is always a central part of respiration
50:31 photosynthesis. OK. Um And so within that membrane, we stuff it
50:40 of these components, right? Electronic system, right? We can fold
50:44 a membrane, right? That creates surface area, you can stuff it
50:47 of more of these electron transport systems its photosynthesis full of chlorophyll pigments and
50:55 , right? So um so then source, right? So now we
50:59 the the fuel to supply that electronic system and we have a source.
51:06 here you look over here the source see. OK. Are we looking
51:10 Little Trophy? Are we looking at Trophy? Right? Is it a
51:16 combat inorganic source? OK. Is H two or is it glucose?
51:22 . Now, there's a distinction between source and the carrier, right?
51:28 remember in restoration, we're going to uh these electron carriers, right?
51:36 so different steps we generate uh the form. OK. So this guy
51:43 in grabs electrons becomes reduced. So the source itself, whether it's
51:49 , if you wanna go big be a banana for breakfast, that
51:55 will go into your gut, be down to small molecules. And those
52:00 molecules will travel to your cells. that's where we'll begin this process.
52:05 . So the banana or the glucose does not physically interact with the electron
52:12 chain. OK? Giving up it happens stepwise. OK. So
52:17 various steps in the process, we is reduced carriers, electronic carriers.
52:24 ? And these are what will interact electron transport chain. OK. So
52:30 and they do so they become now become oxidized back to ned and then
52:36 up electrons. And so various components the chain uh alternately um grab electrons
52:46 then hand them off to the next . And so there's this memorize,
52:50 said there's a specific arrangement of these donor acceptor and then um finalizing the
52:59 acceptor. So this guy is gonna the strongest at grabbing electrons,
53:04 So uh it can be. And that's what maintains flow my electron
53:09 It can be aerobic can be OK? Um And this is
53:14 where water is formed if it's aerobic reduced to water. Ok? Um
53:20 then again, as I just right? These electronic transfers are what
53:23 energy release is, what provides the to pump protons and then pro time
53:28 four, we'll talk about that next as well. This is um there's
53:32 22 forces that attract protons back into cell. One is the concentration,
53:44 ? High love, right? So one. OK. So because they'll
53:51 flow from high to low and release , the other attraction is a
53:56 right? So not shown. But this is true for most, there's
54:02 here and there. But most of living things, the cells are such
54:06 the inside of the cell is ours are as well. OK?
54:10 that's due to the proteins in the um at, at the ph cells
54:15 , the proteins are negatively charged. where the charge comes from mostly.
54:20 the point here is that, you , positive charge and attracted to negative
54:24 . So that's the other force. you have like an electrical force and
54:27 have a chemical force, right? both those combine to make the proton
54:33 force. OK? So that's the part here is we gotta have a
54:38 to get them in. And because proton is charged, it can't easily
54:44 through that lipid bilayer remember, lipid of membrane is very hydrophobic,
54:48 hates water, hates polar molecules, ? So we have to have an
54:54 channel for the get through. If do, we're gonna get a lot
54:57 energy out of it, right? that's what the ETPH does,
55:01 So it's specific for protons and is to the A TP formation mechanism.
55:09 . So protons come in energy release from high to low and that is
55:16 to um form a TPS. So TP formation takes energy. OK.
55:23 the energy comes from the protons going the gradient. Yeah. So um
55:30 this is, you know, this what you're obviously constantly doing, you're
55:35 and breaking down millions of A TPS second basically. OK. Uh The
55:42 your various processes that are going OK. And so um OK.
55:51 And so it is important thing So terminology stuff. So uh everything
55:56 see on the screen now, That's oxidated phosphorylation. So when you
56:03 oxidative phosphorylation, you think everything on screen. OK. Um which actually
56:12 relation respiration go hand in hand. . All involve all these components.
56:21 . Um Photo phosphorylation. OK. similar. OK. Different components were
56:29 similar except of course, light is is driving force but you still have
56:35 transport system proton pumping a TPS. that there's also photo phosphorylation.
56:42 Now, uh so contrast that to involves none of this. OK.
56:51 the only thing on the screen that involved in fermentation would be this,
56:59 part, right? A source, ? You do form these and that's
57:06 . There's no electron transport chain, no A TPS, none of that's
57:10 in fermentation. OK? And we'll see that on, on
57:14 But uh just wanted to point of now. So the only thing on
57:18 screen there is fermentation, what you circled there. OK. So AAA
57:24 simpler process by comparison. Um So uh any questions? So I
57:33 I'm throwing a bunch of stuff, at you and we're gonna go through
57:36 again. So I figured uh let's see what it's all about and we'll
57:41 it out more. Um OK. of course, we're talking about
57:47 bioenergetics, context of living things. And the terms here Delta G.
57:53 So delta G, you can basically all chemical processes and lump them into
58:01 of the two categories. Either either a process that releases energy, negative
58:06 G or uses energy requires energy input positive delta G. OK? And
58:13 uh of course, there's degrees, negative delta GS that are small,
58:17 are large, same with positive, , large and everything in between.
58:22 . Uh But generally we refer to the GS as exon cat, you
58:30 uh positive and organic an AOL which now the um and so delta
58:37 the focus on that is because that usable energy, energy life can do
58:43 with. OK. Um And so , the, so when we look
58:48 energetics typically define it through a right? And the system can be
58:56 almost anything, OK? It can just a series of chemical reactions.
59:03 can be uh a cell, it be a a it can be an
59:09 , it can be an ecosystem, can be the earth, you
59:12 as long as you have a way monitor these heat heat uh changes.
59:17 . And so we refer to the and the surroundings, right? Is
59:21 changing with the environment? Right? open systems obviously do. Life is
59:26 open system and we exchange with our , right? Um Close systems do
59:33 . OK? But that has a um implication, right? So if
59:38 can think of a, the same over here, so we just have
59:42 plus B uh giving uh C plus products. OK. So we put
59:50 in a closed system, right? put a lid on this thing,
59:55 ? No exchange X, right? exchange, they are a closed
60:01 OK? Well, um A and will continue to make products. So
60:07 add plop A and A and B in, in there and it'll start
60:11 make C and D but they will to make C and D until
60:16 until what happens, begins with e , right? Guess equilibrium. There's
60:25 no further net change, right? of ends. OK? Open
60:31 Not that way. OK? Because can add, it can take in
60:37 of A and B. OK? can convert C and D to W
60:43 X some other pro that's metabolism kind linked that way. So products of
60:48 process can be reckons for the next and so on and so forth.
60:52 . So, um and so uh in an open system, we're not
60:59 ever uh coming to equilibrium, It's always, we always going toward
61:05 , but never, never quite getting . Although we do get there at
61:09 point, right? And we get equilibrium. When, when do we
61:15 to equilibrium? You're no longer on earth, you've come to bye bye
61:27 you are changing with the environment, not taking food in, you're not
61:32 metabolizing, right? So the last is one that will last for a
61:39 bit. You'll make some a tps of that, but then it's lights
61:44 . Yeah, you've come to So I'm obviously closer to the equilibrium
61:48 you are. So uh so I'm to hold off as long as
61:53 Well, OK. So open right? The exchange going to
61:59 not quite getting there. Uh But keeps the whole train running,
62:03 The whole att the, the proton and all that stuff, right?
62:10 um now uh oh entropy, So entropy think of that as a
62:19 it was different ways to think about . One is oftentimes what they call
62:22 measure of order or disorder and you at it. So if you look
62:27 , for example, keeping it with molecules, right? Let's look at
62:35 , just briefly here. OK. not gonna say it's gonna be completely
62:42 . Here's a glucose molecule that before , right? And we're gonna have
62:49 Ohs and HS uh like that. again, this isn't gonna be accurate
62:57 I forget myself. Let's see which point here is that um 1112,
63:11 . OK. Uh hh OK. age or maybe there's an oe uh
63:19 point here is that um I know is this, let me, I
63:24 kind of forgot the chemical formula or molecular formula. Anyway. So the
63:30 here is that this represents an ordered . OK. That's an ordered
63:36 I I visualize if I had the angles drawn, right. Right.
63:41 a a ordered molecule uh lots of in it, right? And those
63:47 , electrons, lots of energy they have a fat, a fat
63:51 , lots of energy in there, ? And so um so in the
63:57 of, of this is something you to break down because you can get
64:01 of energy from it. OK. imagine these, you know, I
64:06 wanna go too far down the chemical but you know, you know that
64:09 electron clouds around here, right? so you know that the bond angles
64:16 kind of represent making some distance between two, but it's such a big
64:21 , it's gonna be a lot you know, like electron clouds in
64:25 that create some instability, right, charges when the others, right.
64:28 all that collectively gives you a molecule if you break it down, you're
64:34 get energy from OK. And so break this down into something simpler,
64:40 is what we do in respiration or , right? Co2 and water,
64:48 ? We're going to something simple. you generally go from larger molecules to
64:53 smaller molecules, it introduces more uh less order, right? So
65:00 that's these are things that are negative G. OK. When the entropy
65:05 becoming more disordered, more random, are processes that are negative delta G
65:12 to going the other way co2 to , you're creating much more order there
65:17 takes a lot of energy. So um all right. Any
65:26 OK. So OK. So with G, OK, can we manipulate
65:34 ? And yes, of course, uh not every process is set up
65:41 be one that doesn't require energy That's absolutely does, right? Because
65:46 have an anabolic processes going on all time. Canonic processes help to fuel
65:52 things, right? So here's a example. So you can kind of
65:56 can add these things together, So here's glucose, here's the
66:00 glucose plus phosphate equals six plus So that plus is the units of
66:06 of uh of uh delta Jeep kilojoules mole. So the size, the
66:13 plus. So that takes energy to this. OK. So then,
66:18 uh what can you, how can do that? Well, you can
66:23 that from this diagram. So free change is increasing, right? So
66:30 of it, we had a ball here or a rock rolling it
66:34 Of course, it's gonna take right? Compared to a TP
66:41 right? All rose downhill. And and a a release of energy
66:51 the process. OK? And well, let's combine that with our
66:59 process. OK? So in other , let's take this and 80 people
67:09 OK? So this is a negative . OK? And now you just
67:20 . So is that we add those is the net negative and it is
67:26 ? That's how a TP hydrolysis is to combined with linked to one provides
67:36 service for the other. However, wanna words you want to use,
67:41 ? That it works. OK. net negative 16.7. So it's,
67:47 becomes that process now can, can forward, right? So um and
67:53 happens all the time in metabolism you know, using a TP and
67:58 source to fuel the process. It's not always a TP. Sometimes
68:02 like GTP is is one that's used . But you know most of the
68:07 it's typically is a TPS. But , um OK. So we talked
68:12 gradients, right? So gradients a of stored energy, right? Is
68:17 type a way to harness it, ? And so we talked about gradients
68:22 in the context of of a TP , right? Um these gradients for
68:30 use gradients for all kinds of not just making a TPS, but
68:34 it to bring molecules into a cell out of a cell to move a
68:39 to do all different types of OK. So it's used as a
68:44 for many different processes. Um Then manipulating reactants and products. OK?
68:52 you don't need to memorize this Uh but you can manipulate delta G
69:01 manipulating reactant, some products. So um and this shows you how
69:07 can happen if you add an excess reactants, OK? Or conversely or
69:18 taking away product that is being which happens in metabolism, all the
69:23 products are used for some other So if you remove those and reactants
69:28 keeps that ratio pretty high and when have that right, you change the
69:37 G. OK? And so you with microbes, particularly bacteria in certain
69:45 on paper, they may have a process that is a negative delta G
69:51 shouldn't be providing them a way to energy, right? But in the
69:55 we see that it works because they to be in an environment where
69:59 there's a large supply of the OK. And there's such an excess
70:07 a normally posit energy process actually works there's so much of it. And
70:12 we see that periodically in, in , depending on kind of the environment
70:16 microbes in, I may just have supply of these things. Typically that
70:20 when it's due to human activity. a lot of times we have like
70:23 operations where we dig into the dirt , and pull out things like copper
70:27 other elements, those can provide environments you have concentrated pools of different
70:34 And in those scenarios, you can microbes growing on something that they otherwise
70:39 . But only because there's an excess those reactants. OK. So um
70:47 . Now, um OK. So you're gonna think you're gonna think this
70:56 super basic. OK. But this to just remembering this idea of concept
71:05 energy releasing, combining with energy OK. So what I'm gonna do
71:11 ? So remember memorize this, Right. Because people think with a
71:19 that is, it's that, that's there is. It's all about a
71:23 . You have to remember a TP hydrolyzed. A TP is formed.
71:28 . So if we have a Right. Yeah. And of course
71:33 is a PM phosphate. OK. so how do these things? What's
71:40 they cycle back? And forth as said, a million times a
71:43 you're forming and reforming a TP. . And so if this is the
71:50 of going this way, right? . That obviously is um 80 ft
72:00 , right? That's energy required. is a make a positive delta
72:06 OK? Going this way, 80 hydrolysis. All right. Energy releasing
72:17 delta G. OK. Leasing energy . Everybody agree with that.
72:23 I drew it. OK. So , yes, let's just look at
72:27 process we'll see at nauseam here. to uh obviously multiple arrows, but
72:36 going to CO2 the water. That's a negative delta G.
72:47 This is energy. We just saw , right? This is energy.
72:51 ? And then we have, let's we have um uh looks like a
72:59 . OK? Let's say nucleotides, oxy rins um going to the,
73:12 oxy my bow. It's the OK? That's certainly gonna be a
73:22 LTG that building building DNA from building , right? So four processes,
73:34 ? A TP formation, a TP , an example of a canna bolic
73:42 metabolism, this anabolic um So you also break down a TP hydrolysis would
73:58 um cat bolic, a TP building anabolic, right? So,
74:06 OK. Any questions about that. I'm gonna show you a question.
74:10 right. And having looked at All right. So when we talk
74:14 linked to coupled to combined with one the needs of the other,
74:23 That's when we're taking either this, something else that would make sense to
74:29 it with or taking this and making fit with another process. That should
74:34 a natural fit. OK. So a good question. OK. There's
74:40 thing, right? So a positive G metabolic process. Bye is one
74:49 would, you would associate with or to a couple two or one serves
74:54 need for the other. However, wanna describe it, right? So
74:59 one that would be associated with a formation? True or false? Is
75:05 statement as written? True or Would you take a delta, positive
75:12 G and go, I'm gonna fit with a TP formation because those two
75:19 naturally go hand in hand, one make the other go think of that
75:23 would make the other process go true false. OK? Or vice
75:28 right? So think of it in of linked to, right?
75:38 not if they're the same process but with nature fit those two together.
75:44 other words, will one make the go think of it that way.
75:48 one make the other go? And it won't make the other go,
75:53 you, then it's not true. . Oh Of course, I haven't
76:02 , forgotten it today until now. open the poll. So again,
76:09 not asking whether it's if the, the positive delta G process is the
76:18 type of process as one of those there. But rather with life combined
76:24 positive due process it, it will it with something else that would help
76:29 out. Right. I would help out. Uh, ok.
77:05 Ok. I'm gonna save the answer next time because we're out of
77:11 Ok. We'll go through it on . Ok. All right,
77:18 Yeah. Have a good one.
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