| 00:30 | Oh, testing, testing, testing, testing, testing, sorry |
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| 00:58 | that. Testing. There we Testing, testing. Let's go |
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| 01:07 | It's not all right. Keep it and let me do this. |
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| 01:19 | um they, yeah. All So today we get to uh to |
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| 01:29 | up uh itself. So then we're dive in and um learn through the |
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| 01:42 | . You'll see there's a bunch of reactions out. The wazoo, there's |
|
| 01:51 | background circles of reactions and this, and the other uh I am not |
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| 01:57 | expect you to me. Um We'll through it the way that I present |
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| 02:07 | in a way that, you it is just the stage of the |
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| 02:11 | and what comes in, what comes . So some of that may |
|
| 02:17 | you know, pretty simplified the way start on the topic. But it's |
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| 02:22 | a reason because, you know, know the difficulty people have with this |
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| 02:26 | . So I gonna take it um of basic in the beginning, I'm |
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| 02:31 | throw some stuff at you and then gonna kind of come back and break |
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| 02:34 | down a little bit. So um is um it's obviously the highest we're |
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| 02:43 | about. But we're obviously the all it's like, it's uh probably the |
|
| 02:51 | important thing because um everything falls. can't without the table you can't. |
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| 02:58 | , you can't, you can't. I talk about the same table. |
|
| 03:03 | focus on the energy, the um releasing type of mentality you |
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| 03:09 | you eat free food and you get from that. That's what we're focused |
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| 03:13 | here. You can't do the process life or your pro themselves. Um |
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| 03:24 | eating all this energy, acquiring a in your body is what here, |
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| 03:33 | tissues in your brain are the most requirement. They only use glucose and |
|
| 03:38 | nothing else and um why they need of energy to fuel this. |
|
| 03:47 | um so obviously the hopefully, you , grow and, you know, |
|
| 03:57 | market growth. Uh So, uh we will go through that uh all |
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| 04:06 | it today, but a pretty good of it. Um So usual |
|
| 04:10 | right? So we're going to do quiz tomorrow. That's uh it'll cover |
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| 04:15 | what we uh I guess we we covered four and we're starting five |
|
| 04:20 | . So that'll be on the Um and then the next four on |
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| 04:28 | and I think that's pretty much Oh, so this thing here is |
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| 04:32 | last thing OK, so what we do there reminds me I have |
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| 04:36 | I need to post a video I'll do that. I'll do that |
|
| 04:40 | not after class, first thing in morning, uh, basically, what |
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| 04:44 | gonna do is you record a lecture this topic, um, lecture |
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| 04:49 | So you, you're gonna attempt to that material yourself. We'll talk about |
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| 04:54 | in class next week, uh, quicker questions and kind of frame it |
|
| 04:59 | way. OK. So, that's next Thursday. And so let's |
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| 05:07 | with what we ended talking about last . OK. So remember it's gonna |
|
| 05:12 | gonna be a question here. So look at this one. So I |
|
| 05:18 | we looked at these things, Look at these things at the end |
|
| 05:23 | my last time, right? OK. Question here. Just which |
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| 05:32 | would you guess which of these three A B or C would you guess |
|
| 05:39 | be the most resistant form? The check if you're not sure, take |
|
| 05:50 | guess. So basically there are different of the process. OK. Uh |
|
| 06:32 | . Let's count down from 37. thing KM 98. Yeah, |
|
| 07:12 | OK. All right. So who ? Wait, let's see. Uh |
|
| 07:18 | see what we do. 71. , 83. OK. So who |
|
| 07:26 | uh B as well? Why did , what did they eat? |
|
| 07:44 | Why is the deal? What's the ? Right? Yeah, it's completed |
|
| 07:50 | those four formation that's gonna be And so, um this form is |
|
| 07:57 | the process, so that's quite So this stuff this, this is |
|
| 08:02 | a full, full. And for , right, from when you get |
|
| 08:09 | here and it, that's gonna be full. So here is, of |
|
| 08:17 | we're talking about and those, So, um you can have uh |
|
| 08:22 | to rehash a couple of things from time. OK. So we've got |
|
| 08:30 | three to do this uh in terms medical importance, we'll talk about them |
|
| 08:39 | . Uh three and a number of that et cetera. So um uh |
|
| 08:52 | the uh the, so, so kind of species put the uh basically |
|
| 09:00 | be functioning no normally living uh and normal function for the OK. Or |
|
| 09:16 | differentiate the development of something how the more aware has something different like that |
|
| 09:26 | . OK. So germination exportation, process of forming the spor, we'll |
|
| 09:33 | about that here next and then uh uses, you know, basically the |
|
| 09:40 | back to a cell to convert the to chemical radiation, et cetera. |
|
| 09:48 | It's uh uh they form a very coat around the cell and uh her |
|
| 09:55 | kind of a so uh the conditions back to that. The. So |
|
| 10:07 | and, and that to memorize these , you, you can identify among |
|
| 10:15 | types here, this list of you can identify the species of them |
|
| 10:21 | on four or five. So the of the cell terminal is near the |
|
| 10:27 | . So terminal, middle, central or so each species that's kind of |
|
| 10:35 | . Um All right. So in of the right, the um |
|
| 10:42 | So it's, the number one is we're creating a, a creating the |
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| 10:49 | floor. We uh are currently basically growing out of stones. We're gonna |
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| 10:58 | in a suspended state. OK. it means you're gonna have to, |
|
| 11:04 | gonna have to have to be. you. And that's step one. |
|
| 11:10 | ? But the, the thing that um characterizes formation, the formation of |
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| 11:17 | in form two part one big one . And so a small compartment is |
|
| 11:23 | they fall. Four. That's the compartment. That's where uh this is |
|
| 11:32 | the endos evolution from this becomes that end. So what you have the |
|
| 11:41 | that is the other compartment they call uh mother cell, right? Kind |
|
| 11:46 | a, a weird name. But what will happen is the mother cell |
|
| 11:52 | kind of its chromosome is directing the that are going on in here. |
|
| 12:00 | . And how do they do Well, when you are controlling the |
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| 12:06 | of genes, which is what's going here, you will um and do |
|
| 12:12 | through proteins. So there'll be proteins the mother cell chromosome is, you |
|
| 12:19 | , directing the synthesis of and then act on the force for chromosome to |
|
| 12:24 | , OK, let's start this part the process that's gonna get this part |
|
| 12:27 | the process and so on. So kind of just directing things at least |
|
| 12:31 | a good chunk of the beginning of process. OK. Uh So, |
|
| 12:36 | , right? And then what happens the mother cell begins to engulf this |
|
| 12:42 | force or now you that creates two around us. And I'm beginning to |
|
| 12:46 | the the the development of that thick . So by enveloping it, we |
|
| 12:52 | two membranes around it. And then uh this mother cell DNA is just |
|
| 13:00 | disintegrate, it's gonna go away. ? And so in between these two |
|
| 13:06 | , we form a uh pecan. a thick layer of like can remember |
|
| 13:12 | cell wall material, right? And um these chemicals, so it's four |
|
| 13:18 | coat, excuse me, begin the and you see the cell kind of |
|
| 13:22 | , right? So this form number four, right? This one |
|
| 13:26 | here and even probably number 33 and are really what, what this that |
|
| 13:35 | the the uh the uh this one here in our, in our |
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| 13:40 | it was a, so it's this right here. That's that this is |
|
| 13:45 | up, this is what's going Is this part of the process here |
|
| 13:51 | of the endoform? OK. And um these chemicals are specific to endospore |
|
| 13:59 | is DP A or acid. It itself, it kind of helps to |
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| 14:05 | calcium as well. So these will to kind of draw some of the |
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| 14:08 | out, OK. And uh to that spore coat right, to kind |
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| 14:13 | make it very, very thick and . And um so then again, |
|
| 14:19 | see the cell disintegrating and then the and those is uh released. |
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| 14:24 | After this all goes away eventually and left with that. OK. So |
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| 14:30 | the the uh back up. So , so then this free endo floor |
|
| 14:38 | uh and then under the condition Bible years, decades, thousands of |
|
| 14:44 | right? It depends uh millions of as we saw in. Uh and |
|
| 14:50 | under variable conditions like a seed growing flower, right? So, back |
|
| 14:58 | vegetative cells. OK. So, but again, the thing about these |
|
| 15:03 | that there is a level of right? So why we have to |
|
| 15:06 | an auto planes to, to stil to, to kill these? Uh |
|
| 15:13 | OK. Any questions about that? . That's really in a nutshell about |
|
| 15:18 | war for, right? Um So last thing here, I don't |
|
| 15:23 | why the, your book puts it this chapter, but we'll, we'll |
|
| 15:27 | with it here. OK. I put this in chapter one. But |
|
| 15:31 | , um OK. So this is very last bit of chapter oh |
|
| 15:36 | OK. So the end of semi . So, or have some bios |
|
| 15:45 | and, and what distinguishes symbiosis is they're actually relationship that could be |
|
| 15:56 | the end of relationship is one. think of a um a uh cat |
|
| 16:06 | , right? Have bacteria in their then um one of the is to |
|
| 16:12 | break down the material at least. then you make that. Um, |
|
| 16:24 | that's a very association, I And those you, that's an |
|
| 16:33 | So, so the idea or not idea, but, you know, |
|
| 16:37 | pretty well accepted that how you, because the first, you know, |
|
| 16:45 | , um, that you have been an iny relationship, uh, |
|
| 16:50 | in essence, that would have formed the, um but we now |
|
| 16:56 | it's the mitochondria chloroplast. OK. here is a one scenario. Uh |
|
| 17:02 | we have an early cell and uh have evolved into bacterial cells. So |
|
| 17:09 | heteros, that's how we eat, ? And so uh photosynthetic bacteria evolved |
|
| 17:16 | later uh they have the. So are a type that photosynthesize just like |
|
| 17:22 | and algae, right? And so of these would have evolved into this |
|
| 17:28 | , the um mitochondria, the hetro the photosynthetic type of toros. |
|
| 17:33 | So here's a possible scenario, here's , here's an early eyo cell um |
|
| 17:40 | of a nucleus occurring here. And this uh eyo cell enveloping in this |
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| 17:48 | , a heterotrophic bacterium. OK, that. And then another one, |
|
| 17:55 | one, the engulfing a chloroplast. these then become foreigners of the plant |
|
| 18:02 | and animal cells, right? Your cells. OK. And so, |
|
| 18:07 | there's, and there's just there's strong evidence for this. OK. |
|
| 18:10 | because we see um both of these their own DNA, right? Not |
|
| 18:17 | full chromosome, but they have uh a piece of DNA in each of |
|
| 18:22 | and you have their own Rhinos. as there are some, some uh |
|
| 18:29 | of the gene gene products involved in in the mitochondria are synthesized from genes |
|
| 18:38 | those DNA in those organelles. Um They have um they can be |
|
| 18:45 | by antibiotics that affect bacteria. Uh Because they have bacterial like |
|
| 18:52 | which again, uh strongly suggests their , right of being formerly being if |
|
| 18:59 | living bacteria, whether photosynthetic or And so, and also they can |
|
| 19:05 | themselves. So, in the process my is um the the um animal |
|
| 19:13 | . So um part of the process to, they only have rep so |
|
| 19:20 | , chloral can do that. But take that to me that if we |
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| 19:25 | a chloroplast or took a mitochondria type cell and we put it on the |
|
| 19:31 | which we get to grow. if you can, you can do |
|
| 19:35 | in the context of the cell in like nonetheless, all these strongly suggest |
|
| 19:44 | the uh the origins of these organs uh and they look at modern day |
|
| 19:52 | DNA to the DNA and they start see. So, so uh and |
|
| 20:04 | that's um you know, it's gonna on. And so if you all |
|
| 20:11 | the stuff, right? So you baby died and they things that you |
|
| 20:21 | this cell on your part, Grandpa was very negative ac differences between |
|
| 20:32 | two types. OK. Um let's uh go to like so I |
|
| 20:45 | start with this question just kind so let's take a look at |
|
| 20:55 | OK, we time to look at , right? So we've got |
|
| 21:04 | OK, so let's see to there can give me time to read |
|
| 21:18 | You're looking for the false statement. . Which one is wrong? |
|
| 22:00 | There you go. Yeah, I . And ok, let's count down |
|
| 22:15 | from 48. Yeah, please. didn't need a donut. That's why |
|
| 22:41 | just put it. Thanks. A prevention. Let's see. I'm gonna |
|
| 23:10 | the false statement you pick is, , I think you're gonna, I |
|
| 23:20 | if you're not sure you're gonna pick as a full statement. I'm not |
|
| 23:23 | that's right. I'm just saying I right. Oh, ok. Um |
|
| 23:30 | right. Tie between F and OK. If you picked G, |
|
| 23:39 | correct. So I, if you the option to inhale, he heard |
|
| 23:52 | lot. It, um, the , so friends here oxidized, |
|
| 24:12 | That's a, that's a term we a lot in this section. I |
|
| 24:16 | everybody pretty much, everybody pretty much that. Right. Um, there |
|
| 24:22 | reactions. So your muscles when they fatigued, you increase lactic gas and |
|
| 24:27 | get sore, that's actually fermentation Ok? Um, the uh, |
|
| 24:34 | everybody knows knows that one. That's easy. Ok. Uh But |
|
| 24:38 | 02, this is what's at the at the end, you're an aerobic |
|
| 24:46 | and you're doing that because you do . OK. Um That's half of |
|
| 24:52 | process. Uh So we're gonna go , we'll touch on all these as |
|
| 24:57 | go along. Um So we'll start with um a microbe, like you |
|
| 25:04 | , it's so in producing the dividing and dividing lots and lots of |
|
| 25:12 | right? So I said before, never see or um these building making |
|
| 25:26 | so as a building process stuff all care. So um so we focus |
|
| 25:36 | little bit about other type of, least this type, this is if |
|
| 25:43 | eat like this, this is a of, right? You're eating like |
|
| 25:50 | food, etcetera and uh this is you eat, you know, if |
|
| 25:54 | eating uh you know, eating depending what you're eating, right? |
|
| 25:59 | But that's where you get energy right? So you go, |
|
| 26:04 | OK, why can't we capture this ? Just one step? Why do |
|
| 26:08 | have to see 52nd reactions that, that's required to direct the energy to |
|
| 26:16 | ? Right. Well, he can't on, on all in one thing |
|
| 26:21 | it's not very efficient to do You know, when you do this |
|
| 26:28 | kind of just all at once, much involved. Plus you can't view |
|
| 26:32 | reactions where you're increasing the temperature Sherman wants to eat. And so |
|
| 26:42 | can't really do that cell. So most live in moderate conditions, |
|
| 26:47 | ? They eat it. So, your cells in particular are very |
|
| 26:51 | right? They, you know, . Operated at 37 seat, |
|
| 26:58 | So what you do is you you break down on hills and |
|
| 27:07 | the state at certain stages, capture end and you use it through |
|
| 27:14 | you don't have an enzyme. enzymes media all these reactions, |
|
| 27:19 | And um they are and they're able operate and pretty much um in a |
|
| 27:26 | temperature or good things. So uh that's what we do but, but |
|
| 27:32 | know, make no mistake in any of process. You are generating |
|
| 27:38 | you grow e coli to a a high self, right? You I |
|
| 27:45 | very high self that will become very , right? This is why in |
|
| 27:52 | in the industry when you grow, have to maintain temperature, byproduct of |
|
| 28:03 | of any process that you buy life be your car, right? So |
|
| 28:12 | so where does the energy come? we break it down? What is |
|
| 28:15 | energy in these things? Right. . What makes a walk with |
|
| 28:24 | You get bars. What's the or the box? You have real interaction |
|
| 28:34 | electrons is the keyword. And so breaking them off with the breaking bos |
|
| 28:40 | we're energy as electrons, biological systems that usually occurs through the transfer of |
|
| 28:51 | hydrogen on how we transfer not always in other, ask to see that's |
|
| 28:59 | it happens. So, ok, metabolism, um of course, is |
|
| 29:08 | uh you look at a chart of a shark you see heroes going |
|
| 29:15 | this way. Um And that's because many reactions the chronics are, are |
|
| 29:23 | reacting for. So it's very common see a one which were not just |
|
| 29:28 | the right, you go to see this way and be that way. |
|
| 29:32 | so things hi each other and so , right? It's very, basically |
|
| 29:36 | all, it's all the all the reactions that go around your body project |
|
| 29:43 | . We're focused more on energy that's what we did. So um |
|
| 29:51 | so you can, I have two , right? And those some reactions |
|
| 30:00 | those that release energy so we call . All right, and those that |
|
| 30:05 | energy required, right? So other for this are anabolic is energy, |
|
| 30:16 | , anabolic is energy requiring. Um There's a term that we we |
|
| 30:23 | go into, into bioenergetics and all kind of stuff like I do in |
|
| 30:27 | other class, but there's a term throw it at you called del |
|
| 30:31 | OK? And that value can be plus or it can be a |
|
| 30:37 | OK? And so negative delta Gs cata bolic positives or anabolic. |
|
| 30:45 | So a different way to express Yeah. So um and so cool |
|
| 30:58 | anything if you remember? OK, up wait up now. Um Are |
|
| 31:04 | , you combined, you combined energy processes with energy requirement processes, but |
|
| 31:14 | what you're doing all the time. , you're combining those two things, |
|
| 31:20 | ? Um You should one makes you , the better that we're gonna see |
|
| 31:25 | of example that so most of us all are all right, called universal |
|
| 31:33 | molecule, right? Uh there's other molecules but you know, of |
|
| 31:39 | focus on but the the energy releasing of the comes from uh right |
|
| 31:49 | right? These three sate modules, close together, OK? And so |
|
| 31:55 | all, they all, so, part of a call that a TP |
|
| 32:06 | , we put a um I'm just draw the three phosphates here. 12 |
|
| 32:11 | we put a squiggly line, On this one. A squiggly line |
|
| 32:16 | a higher bond, right? A hydrolysis is what we use to break |
|
| 32:27 | up, break it off, This is, it is just one |
|
| 32:34 | and it kind of all happens with . It's always release but it's |
|
| 32:40 | that's one side of agree because you these OK? And you have to |
|
| 32:49 | and so that's this part and that's is actually hard, right? So |
|
| 32:58 | the soul, you know, I , I don't from for 20 years |
|
| 33:07 | and, and there's a question you see and most people I I I'll |
|
| 33:15 | you a question shortly but um understanding concept of making these people together. |
|
| 33:25 | . So OK, we'll, I'll hammering on this. OK? But |
|
| 33:30 | remember that. So here's the question here. So let's look at this |
|
| 33:38 | . It's really just a yes or question. OK. So uh let |
|
| 33:43 | move this over. OK. So processes such as cell restoration release |
|
| 33:49 | OK. Based on the information we just saw, you can assume |
|
| 33:54 | energy released from metabolism could be used the purpose of forming a tps. |
|
| 34:01 | . So the choices are, that assumption is correct. No, |
|
| 34:06 | assumption is false. OK? I it sounds pretty basic but I wanna |
|
| 34:13 | sure we're all on the same OK. So I don't wanna see |
|
| 34:16 | 50 on this one. I hope don't see 50 50. Yeah. |
|
| 34:31 | cat process and you eat some food process, you break that. You |
|
| 34:38 | , what can you do with Now is the key metabolism releases |
|
| 35:14 | What could you couple that with? . What could you associate that |
|
| 35:19 | What did you move? Did All right? 543 you broke, |
|
| 35:36 | broke this street. It's 50 So um OK. Yes, I |
|
| 35:47 | if you are metabolizing, you're giving energy and that's what you do you |
|
| 35:54 | , you capture energy to make OK. So um uh so here's |
|
| 36:01 | the opposite. So anabolic processes, not gonna be a quick question, |
|
| 36:06 | anabolic processes, it, an anabolic is one that could also be linked |
|
| 36:13 | a TP formation. True vaults. true or false. Yes, thank |
|
| 36:23 | . Whoever you are. OK? it's the opposite of this like metabolism |
|
| 36:27 | energy used to make a TPS Annabel up, building stuff, the the |
|
| 36:34 | structure that energy and you're gonna need um call cannabism with um a |
|
| 36:44 | So I OK. So uh this just again, I know I'm I |
|
| 36:54 | I'm a broken record here but this just to reiterate that point. So |
|
| 36:59 | is why it is from my other . This is why I mentioned delta |
|
| 37:02 | . So just focus on the on . So the the possibility is energy |
|
| 37:07 | , right? The negative one is release, right? So we already |
|
| 37:11 | what P hydrolysis is energy release. here is a, this is actually |
|
| 37:16 | one of the first steps in I think it is this is the |
|
| 37:19 | step. OK? And so this an inherently energy requirement process, |
|
| 37:25 | So how can we make it go you combine these two? Right? |
|
| 37:28 | combine it like. So, so is the glucose to glucose six phosphate |
|
| 37:38 | , right? From up here. here's the A TP to a TP |
|
| 37:43 | phosphate. So you can buy right? So that the energy releasing |
|
| 37:49 | the energy requiring, you can add together. And if the sum total |
|
| 37:53 | in this case, a negative delta then it goes and not not all |
|
| 38:05 | time. It depends, but usually will work sometimes, maybe have at |
|
| 38:12 | . But, but as long as that result, you have it |
|
| 38:16 | then he does and overall and resistant he, he, he made, |
|
| 38:23 | made and um high rise billions of a second when you see you're making |
|
| 38:32 | you're using it insane that you and . Right. Right. It's really |
|
| 38:43 | out. So um uh and so again, you have a right. |
|
| 38:49 | ad P formation you do. And here's the process, this is |
|
| 38:56 | cost and the overall this, these like four year 15 or 18 reactions |
|
| 39:04 | between. But this is the overall , it say it, say do |
|
| 39:09 | process. So uh we can use with this right? To I think |
|
| 39:18 | work just combining energy recently. that's the, so um and, |
|
| 39:29 | again, I'm gonna show you stupid reactions but there is other ways to |
|
| 39:33 | it that this concept uh fits without strictly chemical reactions. And you'll see |
|
| 39:40 | uh here shortly. OK. So , this is kind of go through |
|
| 39:45 | one more time. So here's our overview if you will, right? |
|
| 39:48 | the cata processes, of course, look at this uh in, in |
|
| 39:54 | , in these next couple of days glucose to CO2 01 that's complete um |
|
| 40:01 | of glucose, OK? The respiration that releases energy as we just |
|
| 40:08 | OK. And so anabolic process of taking amino acids and making a |
|
| 40:13 | taking nucleotides and making DNA, they're taking building blocks and making something bigger |
|
| 40:20 | takes energy. OK? And and so that's right. And |
|
| 40:31 | and then, so what is a , whether an or, or, |
|
| 40:41 | season? OK. And so, where does a TP? Right. |
|
| 40:48 | ad P so a TP formation that energy, which requires energy. We |
|
| 40:56 | that from me. I so other we use a TPS hydroly them in |
|
| 41:09 | because that boots pardon that releases a hydro use that to make an |
|
| 41:21 | So um OK. Before we go any questions, I know it but |
|
| 41:30 | me here does seem to work. sense. OK. So uh |
|
| 41:39 | So potential energy, where does energy from? The we'll talk about that |
|
| 41:44 | ? Bonds electrons. Um how do ? Well, we do it through |
|
| 41:51 | uh we call re action reactions are that um a molecule needs to |
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| 42:00 | So you kind of have to suspend um not realize that the term reduction |
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| 42:09 | kind of do it, right? you reducing, you think, oh |
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| 42:13 | small but it's it's actually gain intellects you kind of. So there was |
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| 42:23 | common um what do they call The device may have used to |
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| 42:31 | Oil rig. OK. So oxidation loss reduction is gain of electrons in |
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| 42:39 | context of electrons. OK. And um So here's glucose and here is |
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| 42:45 | the bonds. OK. Um Not about show, but if you |
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| 42:50 | Um and it's also obviously a very two dimensional draw. So if you |
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| 42:56 | three dimensionally, it's gonna be like bond angles, right? Uh But |
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| 43:03 | all these things have and of the down. So electrons are negatively charged |
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| 43:09 | they're gonna repel each other. So a in a crowded molecule like |
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| 43:15 | there's gonna be lots of energy, of instability, you can bring bonds |
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| 43:21 | get energy from that, right? uh think of glucose versus fat, |
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| 43:27 | fat has a lot of energy, ? Molecules, lots of bonds. |
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| 43:32 | fact, so we know that um can uh you can eat fats, |
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| 43:37 | get lots of energy. But we also know we can eat too |
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| 43:40 | of it and something else happens. um anyway, that can happen with |
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| 43:47 | . Um so it's about about attacking molecule that way and doing these redox |
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| 43:53 | . OK. So in, in , as we go through there sort |
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| 43:57 | for people for the whole process of causes for inspiration and breaking it |
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| 44:03 | we go down eventually to a OK. So bring it all the |
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| 44:07 | down to that and along the way like call and aspiration be, they're |
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| 44:16 | kind of going to OK. So , not quite, but just, |
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| 44:21 | for, just for um keep it , basically, you're gonna break this |
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| 44:26 | two, right? Because we end with two of these and we start |
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| 44:31 | one of those. OK. um but along the way, we're |
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| 44:38 | capture energy, right? We're gonna it down, we're gonna um uh |
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| 44:43 | over to specialize molecules here. And ones that are involved are electron carriers |
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| 44:53 | that I have right here. Uh called right next slide but uh N |
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| 44:59 | DH, OK. N A DNA and then uh F ad fa bh |
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| 45:13 | . So these two types and this is universal, we had the |
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| 45:18 | thing and um the uh these these have been, these are one |
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| 45:27 | electron, these two organic molecules, ? So two or eight, |
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| 45:42 | And so um so that's that So example is to glucose. Now |
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| 45:54 | process is not very, is not , the thing that reversed this because |
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| 45:59 | involves different components or this is CO2 . That's how a plan. What |
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| 46:09 | , I guess they could co2 co2 a super stable molecule, right? |
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| 46:17 | cannot break this down or you can from it, you have to build |
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| 46:23 | . That's what the does to make organic moles is to use this and |
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| 46:31 | it. And so um so I it's uh CO2 fixation. OK. |
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| 46:43 | so we got to put in a of OK. And so I also |
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| 46:49 | well, some to uh convert that um to use the or you can |
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| 47:01 | of just get the energy from oxidizing compound. And you said so, |
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| 47:13 | . Uh but those involve ox reaction so. OK. So you wanna |
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| 47:22 | a small bag. And um so we look at respiration, OK, |
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| 47:31 | it's aerobic, like you all whether it's aerobic, which many bacteria |
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| 47:37 | do. Um It involves this or it's photosynthesis, it also involves |
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| 47:45 | OK. Um And that, that is this a membrane, all right |
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| 47:52 | a membrane, this thing right OK. Um It involves a proton |
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| 47:59 | . So you see the protons there ? High out here low in |
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| 48:06 | OK. Then um we have the of an A TP ace. That's |
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| 48:13 | short name. OK. That's what is. OK. And what we |
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| 48:21 | then is electron transport system which electrons being transferred. So there's a bunch |
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| 48:26 | components in here. OK? That ultimately giving up electrons, others are |
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| 48:34 | them and handing them off. And um so we have to maintain |
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| 48:40 | electron flow. OK. Maintain electron because the energy to pump protons |
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| 48:47 | So number one remember the energy releasing together to pump protons. So that's |
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| 48:54 | active process. We're going flow time out. Yeah, that takes |
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| 49:05 | So or is coming from the electron , the grow in that box that |
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| 49:12 | transfer electron transfer it as you approach same value energy releasing of energy per |
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| 49:21 | those two days that's an example of process is occurring for one reason and |
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| 49:28 | required. OK. Then um so member is important because it creates the |
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| 49:35 | sides in a it also serves the of stuffing it full of excuse me |
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| 49:42 | the components of the electron transport You can stuff it full in the |
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| 49:46 | of these things. OK. Um . So we gotta maintain, maintain |
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| 49:53 | electron flow, you maintain the proton . So how are we gonna maintain |
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| 49:58 | ? Well, you gotta have a here, right? Source of |
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| 50:05 | So the e superscript dashes might turn electrons source of electrons, right? |
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| 50:11 | you have to have an acceptor back , right? The terminal acceptor. |
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| 50:18 | for us it's oxygen, right? source can be something like glucose. |
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| 50:25 | ? And so if we keep that , you have the glucose as the |
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| 50:28 | of electrons. OK? And you auction as the acceptor that keeps it |
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| 50:33 | , keeps the train going right? you keep you keep the electron transfer |
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| 50:39 | . That energy is used to pump out. OK. But then how |
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| 50:43 | you gonna get the energy? How you gonna make a TPS? |
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| 50:47 | You're gonna do it. So these possibly charged, right? So remember |
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| 50:53 | membrane here in the middle is very . Thy right doesn't like the |
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| 51:00 | it is not very, not very high. So a possibly start |
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| 51:08 | . We can't get in there or . Uh but we got the force |
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| 51:13 | the concentration difference right behind the low will draw it in. There's another |
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| 51:19 | too that draws it in not just difference in concentration, but the difference |
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| 51:23 | charge, right plus charge right in , from most living things, the |
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| 51:31 | of a sound negative, OK. charge here. And that's primarily due |
|
| 51:39 | the proteins in the cell. So big proteins that have and creates a |
|
| 51:48 | charge that some believe itself the most kind of stay inside. So that's |
|
| 51:59 | , so you have that positive right? So you have the chart |
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| 52:06 | and you have the concentration there. both of those are the force that |
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| 52:10 | them in, but you gotta have way to bring them in, |
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| 52:13 | Because they don't like this, this hydrophobic membrane here. So how do |
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| 52:20 | get them in? You? You a pathway and that's the path with |
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| 52:24 | TPS is a path that they can through it. OK? And so |
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| 52:31 | , as they do or how to it, the releasing after the A |
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| 52:40 | is like a that and so so it makes a lot uh for each |
|
| 52:56 | on paper, it can be anywhere like 34 the 36 A TP. |
|
| 53:05 | . Compared to fermentation, fermentation can two A TPS for, right? |
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| 53:14 | that's a huge difference, right? a fermentation type metabolism versus respiration. |
|
| 53:21 | so, so um I think we described all this. So the other |
|
| 53:28 | is I mentioned it here. with that concept, but the term |
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| 53:36 | phosphorylation, this is written on, the slide, but I'll mention it |
|
| 53:39 | at PS four. So when you that term number one, just because |
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| 53:47 | says oxidative people, people equate that oxygen. No, don't do |
|
| 53:55 | That same process occurred in a So we can talk about on the |
|
| 54:01 | today source, we do electron, ? And then, and then uh |
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| 54:14 | A TP and you, you keep time that and so uh but |
|
| 54:22 | all these components here are represent restoration . Um but we could mix it |
|
| 54:32 | and say the drive perceptive driving force light, right? If, if |
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| 54:39 | have that, then we have then we could uh have um um |
|
| 54:46 | photo phosphor, right? Well, what we see in photosynthesize that's |
|
| 54:50 | But they have similar components. They like some transport chain. They got |
|
| 54:55 | AEP base, the same concept of gradient, right? All that's the |
|
| 55:00 | . OK. Components may different a bit for sure. The idea the |
|
| 55:05 | is the same. OK. So happens in plants too and it likes |
|
| 55:08 | draw out the force but it's happening the time, energy releasing energy |
|
| 55:14 | OK. Um All right. So realized I threw a lot at you |
|
| 55:19 | , right? And we'll, we'll back and do parts of this |
|
| 55:23 | OK. Um Oh Here it is . All right. So let's just |
|
| 55:30 | saw all this already, right? that we have that type of source |
|
| 55:33 | . It gotta feed the beast, ? Feed the electron transport system. |
|
| 55:38 | you look toward this side over here then the oh, am I give |
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| 55:43 | the is it, is it, it type of source that kind of |
|
| 55:58 | those two right? Now. The thing I need to mention is the |
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| 56:04 | this is the source, right? let's say we we talk about glucose |
|
| 56:07 | lot, right? Glucose can be source, right? The glucose itself |
|
| 56:12 | not going to transport, it's being down and you're forming these electron |
|
| 56:23 | That's what actually does the interaction at electron transport. OK. So this |
|
| 56:29 | the source but these are the kind the ones that actually do the |
|
| 56:32 | OK. And so I mean to flow by having eternal acceptance. So |
|
| 56:38 | be 02002. OK. Aerobic, your aerobic arrow. Is that |
|
| 56:45 | OK. Then um electron transfer comes tom pumping we talked about and then |
|
| 56:53 | yeah. So yeah, all this basically that oxidative phosphorylation. OK. |
|
| 56:59 | I'll put fermentation here because because none this is all um associated with. |
|
| 57:21 | uh and there's less energy form as . OK. With fermentation. So |
|
| 57:31 | , before you go to that any questions so far. So I |
|
| 57:34 | it's like, but you know we're , we're gonna keep repeating. So |
|
| 57:38 | look at this one because we're talking redox reactions, right? That's how |
|
| 57:44 | going to um capture energy, So we have chemical X has been |
|
| 57:52 | by chemical Z. What does this speaker? So I remember uh |
|
| 58:06 | Oil ring. Mm OK. Let's down from 40. I OK. |
|
| 59:40 | for a second. All right. we go. 321. Hm. |
|
| 59:48 | . We got C and E seem be the choices. Write that |
|
| 59:54 | See E OK. So I put on there just to make the point |
|
| 60:02 | when you see oxidation or oxidized, doesn't mean anything, it doesn't have |
|
| 60:06 | mean anything about oxygen, right? it's not bad. OK. Um |
|
| 60:13 | the other thing, uh of is in any of these kind of |
|
| 60:18 | reactions, if something's being oxidized and course something else is being reduced. |
|
| 60:23 | , they go together like peas and . OK. So, so X |
|
| 60:29 | been oxidized. That mean X has electrons. OK. Um So there's |
|
| 60:39 | there that says X has lost OK. So that means that's |
|
| 60:43 | OK. So uh if X has electrons um then that means Z has |
|
| 60:55 | electrons. All right. So that's . So that matches C A so |
|
| 61:05 | hadn't lost. OK. C is then. Yeah. So they always |
|
| 61:11 | Paris, right? Something's gonna be like like all the, you go |
|
| 61:20 | A so um let's look at All right. So as we just |
|
| 61:37 | , Peabo reactions. Uh OK. we talked about the electron carriers that |
|
| 61:44 | gonna accumulate previously um in biological reactions transferring typically um hydrogens. OK. |
|
| 61:53 | one contains and it's usually in So it's usually two hydrogens are, |
|
| 61:57 | transferred typically in these reactions. Um so, so this is the would |
|
| 62:05 | the, the oxidized forms. That become reduced. OK. So |
|
| 62:14 | forms and reduced forms. OK. so we're gonna form these in the |
|
| 62:24 | , right? So we look at respiration which we see this reaction a |
|
| 62:28 | , right? Glucose plus oxygen to CO2 and water and energy. |
|
| 62:32 | So ABC D which molecule is oxidized and that's an easy one. I |
|
| 62:41 | said it like two seconds ago. . So which of these? |
|
| 62:52 | One choice, right? That um , we start the clock here |
|
| 63:48 | All right. Get number two OK. Got it. Uh Of |
|
| 63:58 | , it's glucose. OK. Glucose oxidized. Sorry that and oxidized. |
|
| 64:16 | , reduced. Just answer that one . OK. Those are answers. |
|
| 64:23 | . Glucose oxidize oxygen is reduced. ? Yeah. So um OK, |
|
| 64:33 | let's look at, I think we another one. I know this is |
|
| 64:36 | a broken record here. So let's this again. OK. So which |
|
| 64:41 | correct regarding this redox reaction? So like I said, these uh |
|
| 64:54 | reaction typically involve hydrogen transfers right. how electrons are around. So kind |
|
| 65:02 | maybe let's follow that, follow the . You see something pop up. |
|
| 65:39 | . OK. Pause for a All right. E 21. |
|
| 66:00 | Uh Little around all over the map , I think. Uh OK. |
|
| 66:05 | if we look at, if you at that right, you see, |
|
| 66:13 | something up, right? And ended over here. OK. So N |
|
| 66:20 | DH gave something up, right? Hs All right, see if we |
|
| 66:27 | get that out the way. So a DH became oxidized. OK. |
|
| 66:36 | , and the H became oxidized, ? Pate reduced. OK. So |
|
| 66:47 | a point to make um mm you like mhm So with these kinds |
|
| 67:06 | um reaction, OK, if you the market that becomes reduced when that |
|
| 67:13 | oxidized, but you also have end . So black taste, nothing happen |
|
| 67:19 | la. It should be the end of this, you know, so |
|
| 67:24 | , any of the end product of oxidation product say, right? So |
|
| 67:40 | again, it's just green on the any question about that. So generating |
|
| 67:57 | TP so the main mechanisms, R this is one you see this |
|
| 68:08 | fermentation and reparation, it's in fermentation all it relies on so called substrate |
|
| 68:16 | and all it is is what you here. It's a molecule that's in |
|
| 68:20 | series of reactions that has a phosphate on it and it's simply just giving |
|
| 68:25 | up to AD P to make a . That's it, it's as simple |
|
| 68:28 | it gets. OK. This happened couple of times is uh happens in |
|
| 68:36 | and cell respiration. This happens a of times. You don't get a |
|
| 68:39 | of A TPS this way, but do get some. OK. Um |
|
| 68:46 | so in oxidative phosphorylation, photo we talked about, we know what |
|
| 68:52 | all about, right? That's the we just saw, right? So |
|
| 68:56 | rely on the proton gradient and the A so much more complicated. |
|
| 69:02 | So, so if you look at I'm gonna do is uh OK. |
|
| 69:09 | carbohydrate me tablets, that's kind of what we're focused on here in, |
|
| 69:14 | , in uh aside from the end chapter five is about photosynthesis and |
|
| 69:18 | But before that, it's mostly about metabolism. So remember it's not always |
|
| 69:24 | glucose, glucose, glucose, you know, lots of other |
|
| 69:27 | right? Um uh You know, eat, you eat a uh um |
|
| 69:33 | meat, you're gonna get all, of these OK? In different |
|
| 69:36 | Of course. So um and so two processes of course are ferment, |
|
| 69:42 | and fermentation. OK. So of , respiration as we saw much more |
|
| 69:47 | involved and more complicated compared to right? Thing about fermentation is in |
|
| 69:55 | respiration, you go down to CO2 water, in your respiration. |
|
| 70:03 | And that's you can't go any further that. OK? You've, you've |
|
| 70:09 | all the energy you can't, you get any more energy out of CO2 |
|
| 70:12 | water. OK. But in you have things like this, |
|
| 70:18 | Um And others like small organic uh use like C three, C 123 |
|
| 70:26 | four, typical or small uh organic . C 1234. OK. It |
|
| 70:32 | on the species. They all have one or many different things. |
|
| 70:36 | but the point is you get a of energy left, you can |
|
| 70:39 | you can grow bacteria on these things they'll grow because they are still in |
|
| 70:43 | molecules here, right? That's how call it incomplete oxidate. There's |
|
| 70:49 | there's still meat on the bones but we're not, it's not being |
|
| 70:52 | , right? So that's the nature fermentation and we'll talk more about that |
|
| 70:58 | . But um and so let me go to here real quick in terms |
|
| 71:03 | what we know about this at the 50 something, even though these |
|
| 71:13 | right? So the middle of these , right? And so stage |
|
| 71:23 | right? The Green House. All . This is, look at |
|
| 71:33 | You go skin it out, you ski. OK? Was like me |
|
| 71:40 | night already done. Um Next this is the fork in the road |
|
| 71:45 | way to make higher rate any fermentation if you like if there's a thermal |
|
| 71:57 | present and right then you go, play uh because the energy again better |
|
| 72:08 | , more energy. And then we to, so these all end up |
|
| 72:15 | a DH, a DH and these up here. OK. That's where |
|
| 72:22 | all go, giving up the electrons run the uh electron transport chain proton |
|
| 72:28 | , et cetera. So don't go , not all the reactions in between |
|
| 72:37 | have to go. So we'll uh up there next time and, and |
|
| 72:43 | lot. Yeah, it's a |
|
