VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_10_17_23_CH06_CH07
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:04 Uh, change this. That's So, that is right.
00:38 um, yeah. Um, Hold that. Ok. Ok.
00:59 . Hello. Hello. No, we go. Well, folks,
01:12 , I got a haircut for Halloween . I'm not used to doing this
01:21 I've never had a cut error in life was short and my guy
01:24 what do you wanna do? I , let's try something different. He
01:27 , let's shave it off. I , ok, go ahead. So
01:32 my hair grows back fast. So see. Um, um, all
01:38 , couple things. So exam this , uh, today we only have
01:45 little bit to, um, finish on chapter six. But in the
01:51 I sent you yesterday, I, I, it doesn't show here I
01:56 have the full schedule but, the unit three, which technically starts
02:03 and for the most part it I'm not really, the bit I'm
02:06 today is really just kind of for of you may just be a complete
02:14 because you already know it. Um, some of you maybe are
02:20 the middle and go. Yeah, can't remember some of that stuff.
02:22 not quite sure. Um, some have forgotten it completely. And what
02:27 talking about is the gene expression overview that kind of precedes unit three that
02:35 , that I was gonna talk about Thursday. But I thought we don't
02:38 one of these, um, catch days between unit three and four.
02:43 I figured, well, let's get little bit ahead to give us some
02:46 there. And, uh, so I'm talking about today in terms of
02:52 three is just that just kind of basics of gene expression, which I'm
02:57 you've all been exposed to already intro and elsewhere probably. But uh
03:04 it's good to cover that because if need to relearn or re refresh yourself
03:10 it. Um because knowing that will you, I think in terms of
03:15 of the unit three stuff, Because we talk about regulation in,
03:20 chapter 10 and you really gotta understand gene expression works if you're trying to
03:27 how you control it. OK? that's kind of the idea there.
03:31 , and in any case, that's of those areas, um you
03:36 everybody in here is some form of science major, mostly bio majors and
03:41 cannot leave this university and know the of gene expression, OK? Or
03:50 of evolution, right? Which you , we talk about some of that
03:54 in various contexts. But you there's certain things you're a science major
03:57 should know, right. There was famous, it was famous, but
04:01 was in this workshop one time and showed this video clip of newly newly
04:08 Harvard graduates, biology majors. You know Harvard, right? Elite
04:14 , right? Super brainiacs come out there, right? And I can't
04:18 the exact question I wanted to find video, but the exact question they
04:22 asked, you know, just all got their diploma, right? And
04:24 they were asked a basic question about and kind of co2 fixation. Very
04:30 , nothing complicated. And most of couldn't answer was shocked. OK.
04:35 somebody asks you like, what's a , right? How you,
04:38 what does that mean? What's a ? Right? Basic stuff. Any
04:42 should know, know it, Don't embarrass university. OK. Or
04:49 . OK. Um, there's just stuff you gotta know, right?
04:53 like the same for other subjects, it's uh history or whatever. Um
05:00 , does anybody know what year World Two started? God sakes.
05:08 I know I'm Boomer. But I , OK, I wasn't born then
05:12 I, I um they're just general stuff you should know. OK.
05:17 , I got off my soapbox. , um uh let's see.
05:21 So, the Thursday Friday. So weekly quiz. So,
05:26 I know we have an exam but doing the weekly quiz as well.
05:30 just, just do it on right. So, if you need
05:33 don't, don't, obviously you got , the work that you're studying
05:36 but just save the quiz until Do it Monday. Right.
05:42 and, uh, I don't think any, yeah, I think smart
05:46 . Chapter six is new, I . Um, maybe that was
05:50 I can't remember anyway. Sorry. , anyway, all the unit three
05:55 , I'm sure you already know is , that all the stuff you need
05:57 that is already up. And um I think we only have that
06:04 couple 2.5 weeks, three weeks for cover that. And then we're on
06:08 , uh we're coming to the end pretty rapidly folks coming to the
06:11 Uh So, ok. Uh of , I'll be around if you have
06:17 minute questions about exam two or material exam two. Just let me
06:22 Ok. And so, uh the other thing, um so I've
06:29 a few emails here and there I'm using air quotes, a grade
06:35 to you on canvas. Ok? pay attention to that, right.
06:41 , the, you know, the, the weekly quiz scores,
06:44 , the exam scores, the, um smart work scores, you
06:48 the stuff that's posted on canvas, are, those are accurate,
06:52 But when you, if it's giving like an overall grade, don't pay
06:57 to that. Ok? Because it's calculated, right? Ok. So
07:02 ignore that right. There's a way I, I have not yet learned
07:10 calculate a grade properly or to give a grade properly. I just,
07:14 need to, it's a formula I , I need to go in canvas
07:17 learn how to do it. I don't know, but don't bottom line
07:20 , don't pay attention to any kind . Here's your grade at the moment
07:23 canvas, it's not accurate. So, but you can just go
07:28 the syllabus and pages seven and Give you like a step 123 of
07:31 calculate your great. So you you can do that. All
07:35 that, that's accurate. OK? If you do that, if you
07:39 the calculation, it would be great your own. Follow the steps.
07:42 remember you're gonna your, your total points is you can go ahead and
07:49 your homework clickers. Uh what else quizzes? Right? Those are all
07:56 8% or something that's fine. Uh remember your exam uh once you finish
08:02 two, right? Each of those worth 17% right? So you're what
08:06 gonna be dividing by, right? not one, right? Because you
08:10 have 100% of your grade. You , you have the call it 32
08:17 eight times 4 32 32% right? then 17% times 2, 34 your
08:24 two exams, right? So that's total possible right now. So,
08:30 just remember that if you have a , just let me know. Bottom
08:33 is, don't pay attention to any quote here is your current grade?
08:37 pay attention to that. OK. , all right. I think that's
08:40 I wanted to say. Uh Any ? OK. All right.
08:46 uh so again, uh as just a little recap if you have
08:51 questions, let me know. so I'm pretty much focused on,
08:58 , an animal virus, life right? Last time. Uh So
09:02 of going through um you know, process um you know, the an
09:07 virus is recognized the host. Now it gets in and so we
09:11 different methods by which uh o viruses enter the cell. So remember,
09:17 know, typically DNA viruses go to nucleus, that's what they do.
09:21 , the un coding is how we the free genome. OK. And
09:27 for a DNA virus, you tend go to the nucleus to do
09:30 to complete that process. If you're RN A virus, you typically stay
09:35 the nucleus. Um And you know different uh methods of like fusing of
09:41 viral envelope with the whoa membrane um using a route that other molecules used
09:49 get into cells. Um The receptor endocytosis forming a vesicle. Um and
09:57 it does that as well, it's a virus, it can form a
10:00 and it just goes to the OK. So these are all kind
10:03 what we call un coding processes, the genome. So they can be
10:07 be copied or you know if it's be inserted into the chromosome, whatever
10:11 life cycle is, right. So the, so here we look at
10:16 exit of a virus. So possibly can do it can be a virus
10:20 does this budding process. So um these are, these are for
10:25 for enveloped viruses. And so as uh assembled capsule exits, we uh
10:34 envelope for the host host membrane wraps it. And of course, there
10:39 be viral proteins that have been formed inserted into the membrane prior to
10:44 Ok. Um And this can the budding process can happen at
10:49 at a slow rate. So so the host cell remains viable,
10:53 It can ramp up in numbers and it could potentially overwhelm the cell
10:58 but there can be different rates of production if you will. Ok.
11:03 full blown, let's go nuts and gonna kill the cell to we,
11:08 be in the cell and be the will be viable. And the virus
11:11 just kind of cruising a little lot time, so to speak.
11:15 you know, it spans, it the range depending on the viral
11:20 Um and then uh so then looking RN A viruses, so remember that
11:27 , right? They have depending on viral type can be a template for
11:32 processes, right? So, always it's the um uh the plus RN
11:39 , right? Is what equals the A. OK. And so um
11:47 remember then we went through this as DNA virus. And so while I'm
11:54 , let me just do this. the um uh this is just an
11:58 of we go here. OK? an example of ad A virus.
12:07 you see the uh so you have of processes occurring inside and outside the
12:13 , right? So in the nucleus of the uh chromosome um transcripts being
12:19 and then tran is going outside the in this, in the uh so
12:23 was all being expressed coming back in assembling. So it's stuff going here
12:29 there out in inside, outside the , right? Uh OK. So
12:34 to a viruses. So we went this, right? And the top
12:39 by a minus ARNI virus. A or virus. OK. And so
12:44 both cases, so remember when you're the copying of these things with this
12:50 , Rnarnap viral enzyme that whatever you're , you're making the, the opposite
12:58 minus the plus plus the minus. . But always remember when thinking about
13:04 , um here's what's infecting, Get my pen back. Here's what's
13:12 , OK? And here's what ultimately you're gonna produce. All right,
13:17 gonna ultimately have to produce viral So what do you need to do
13:20 ? Lots of proteins and you need of genome. OK. Same over
13:26 . This is what's entering, this what the end, end game
13:29 OK? And so uh for minus a virus, uh if you're
13:35 these have to have, you don't to have minus RN a genomes,
13:43 ? So we have to then make make lots of copies of this.
13:50 how do we do that? we can only go through the copy
13:55 into a plus many plus strands, copy this into minus strands,
13:59 So we always have to go through route. OK? For the plus
14:04 virus, it must of course produce particles with plus genomes. And so
14:09 way to do that make lots of copies and then the lots of plus
14:14 . OK. So it may seem of complicated. Why can't we just
14:21 from minus RN A virus plus RN virus? The easiest thing would be
14:27 go do that right? Or do , right? Of course, that's
14:34 . But that's not the, that's the way nucleic acids work,
14:38 Because you can't do that, you're a minus, you're making a complementary
14:43 which is not identical, it's a strand or if you're copying a plus
14:47 , you copy into a minus right. So just it's just the
14:50 of complementary base pairing and rules of acid if you will OK. So
14:56 gonna put a big X on right? Doesn't happen, right?
15:01 that's how we have to do this plus all that stuff, right?
15:06 questions about that? And I know that can be like, why is
15:09 happening? Right? It's just the of meta assets. OK. All
15:14 . So, uh and then lastly retrovirus, right? So it's a
15:19 virus that goes through a DNA OK? Because doing this is part
15:27 its life cycle inserts into the host . OK. Uh And so it
15:33 reverse transcript chase again, vile enzyme that is used to produce.
15:39 here again is the rules, It's a plus RN A genome and
15:45 when you copy it, it goes a minus this time DNA,
15:50 So the same rules apply, Whether it's DNA, DNA, rnarnarn
15:54 DNA, right? It's always the minus like. Right. Right.
15:58 so um I think that was is there any questions about any of
16:04 went through a kind of with? uh anyway. All right. So
16:08 last couple of things to go over defenses, same kind of, same
16:13 we talked about with bacterial cells and defenses. So in uh uh animal
16:18 hosts, uh the same thing, resistance, right? That's always an
16:24 , right? The, you the way of virus gaze entry is
16:29 a protein glycoprotein surface molecule of some binding to it. So, if
16:35 can change the amino acid sequence of , you can likely change its ability
16:40 recognize that receptor. Um, you , if, if, if they
16:46 still recognize it, maybe it's not efficient as binding to it. So
16:50 it can't infect as well. Nonetheless, it's a, it's
16:53 it's a, you know, certainly way to, um, if not
16:57 the infection to prevent it from, , at least not being as,
17:02 well able to infect yourself. Uh And that, and that's a
17:06 . Any, any organism that's, being infected by a virus. Has
17:12 has this ability. OK. Um any interference. We'll talk about this
17:18 in a context of regulation in chapter . But it is a mechanism
17:25 I think, discovered in plants known be now widespread ma let things.
17:30 it's an RN A molecule that in of the protein recognizes a viral transcript
17:40 basically just prevents it from being OK. Uh Either by destroying it
17:46 or blocking, blocking the expression through affecting ribosomes from binding things like
17:52 OK. Um Your immune system, talk about this in the, the
17:57 unit. And so, of you can produce um uh antibodies to
18:03 virus, viruses, you know, what vaccines are about, right?
18:07 so you can produce antibodies to viral , uh neutralize them that way.
18:14 And then one of your innate immune is production of this antiviral molecule protein
18:21 interferon, right? So what that really quickly because we're going to see
18:27 again in chapter 23 is um it's, it's more about helping out
18:35 neighboring cells than the, than the infected cell itself, right?
18:41 the role of the virus infected cell to really produce the interferon that will
18:47 help protect uninfected cells. Ok. what happens here is uh within the
18:55 cell itself, infected cell host uh the infection triggers the production of
19:02 . OK. And that then is into the surrounding area and nearby
19:11 if they have a receptor for, will bind interferon, it then comes
19:16 the cell. Oops sorry comes into cell and acts as a um activator
19:24 expression. OK. Specifically expressing these antiviral proteins. OK? And that's
19:31 they can then interfere with the viral when it comes in, either destroying
19:37 , running, running out translation. um that's, that's how it
19:43 OK. Um Interference. It still , it's a treatment that can be
19:48 in a shot, you know, who have viral infections uh that are
19:52 and still a form of treatment for among other things. OK. Um
19:58 anyway, it is a defense your your innate immune system in many of
20:04 cells can produce this. Um The last bit here is on
20:12 OK. Viral ecology. So when was learning this stuff, way
20:17 Um, the only thing viruses were for was really not much of anything
20:25 causing disease, but then using it a tool in the lab,
20:29 The benefits of it really came to maybe in the last 20 years or
20:35 . And so, um, in marine ecosystems, as shown
20:41 they've seen that um, the viral of populations like algae, uh and
20:49 , uh, of course, uh these, these are the ones
20:54 had the biggest effect are the ones are basically lighting viruses that infect and
20:58 the cell. And so in doing , they lace the cells as they're
21:03 and that releases, of course, parts of the cell, anything in
21:08 , right? Cho NPS that they're of, right? These now are
21:12 released, you know, detritus, ? The the the remnants of dead
21:18 material, right? So viruses like cells that material is not released,
21:22 nutrients are available for others to Ok. And so, um
21:28 and the other thing about this is , not just to marine ecosystems but
21:33 any ecosystem is viruses can control host . Um and in doing so can
21:45 diversity, right? So it kind goes back to ecology 101,
21:50 If you have um let's say you um here in East Texas, uh
21:56 got uh in pine forest, Think of, think of areas of
22:00 by uh uh by uh Laco doche up through uh Huntsville and all the
22:09 up going north you big pine right? And the that's a dominant
22:15 in those ecosystems are these big pine , right? And they limit the
22:20 of diversity you see in the forest , right? Uh pine needles
22:25 uh they actually turn soils very acidic that kind of can inhibit the types
22:29 plants that can grow uh as the types of herbivores and other animals
22:35 see there. And so uh more environments, right? Think of uh
22:40 of a tropical rainforest, right? of, you know, producer activity
22:45 and whatnot, uh lots of different found there. And so, you
22:50 , diversity promotes a very efficient um ecosystem. So viruses by virtue
22:59 of uh you know, they can their host population sizes. So you
23:04 , that can kind of uh negate effect of a dominant species arising perhaps
23:09 to create more diversity. Ok. it's kind of the um that's the
23:14 they, they have the nature is now you might say, ok,
23:19 , the viruses are controlling host are they making those host populations
23:27 Are they? Why not? So of just think of what we just
23:34 about, right? Host defenses, ? That's what, that's what um
23:39 prevent them from making a species extinct that the virus actually doesn't want that
23:45 happen. It's gonna want to have around but the host, because both
23:51 , right. So these resistance mechanisms , you know, arise such that
23:58 mutation occurs and the virus can't effectively the cell, right. And so
24:04 members begin to survive, right? then of course, the virus evolves
24:08 then finds a way to infect So it goes back and forth.
24:11 populations will do this right. Uh in response to the host or virus
24:18 host cell relationship kind of population is up and down. There's one evolves
24:23 counteracts the other one and so But the end result is we are
24:29 , you um you're controlling to a these population sizes and that promotes
24:35 OK. So that's a good OK. Um And it just,
24:40 as you kind of, so we to talk about this term viral
24:44 All that means is the, the generation of this, of this
24:52 right? The, the remnants of uh uh host that they laced and
24:58 the nutrients that they, that result that. OK. That's what the
25:04 shot me. That's what these things are basically just the, the blown
25:08 remnants of the cells they have right? So basically releasing nutrients in
25:13 and etcetera. OK. So of , all these things can benefit from
25:18 influx of nutrition. OK. So all right. Any questions?
25:28 So this effectively. Yes. Oh . Thank you. Uh OK.
25:43 Yeah. OK. So uh possible are seven, correct. So
26:00 do they go from here creating the Army? OK. Space for,
26:12 , it's about quantity, it's about . So you have that, you
26:17 that um this guy here. So plus, right? So to say
26:23 , this is, I mean, , I may, I'm basically at
26:26 top of this, I'm sure the un coding process has occurred,
26:30 So the virus infected with this uh it then becomes an issue of
26:36 it was to make progeny, then of the project is gonna have to
26:41 a plus copy. So it comes to quantities of stuff. OK.
26:45 yes, that, that one, positive strand absolutely can serve as A
26:51 to make proteins. And it there may be um for example,
26:55 could be that the RDRP enzyme, ? That, that could directly be
27:01 right away and then brings about the stages, right? But it's really
27:05 about, that's why I keep uh want you to focus on with these
27:08 . So you don't get, so can see the logic of it is
27:11 is what's coming in, this is it's gonna have to make down
27:15 So you're gonna need lots of copies genomes, lots of protein. So
27:19 gonna, that's why it becomes, make lots of um because one is
27:23 gonna suffice, right? You have make lots of copies of that
27:26 the stuff into all those captions. so the only way to do that
27:31 to go make m lots and minuses make lots of process. Does that
27:35 sense? OK. Any, it's one of the things you kind
27:39 gonna repeat yourself about a few right? But if you, that's
27:43 I focus on, here's what's here's the end result. But then
27:49 may, may help you make more of it. Why it happens the
27:52 it does, right? Any other we had? All right. So
27:59 comes some of you a OK. know this stuff. I'm ready to
28:06 . OK. Um But let's look , just indulge me. 01 more
28:12 . All right. This is, just put this in here really just
28:16 uh show you that um we saw the very beginning, you know,
28:21 the viruses, of course, like little thing span a range of
28:25 right? From about 20 nanometers to to almost a micron. Uh they've
28:33 found viruses that exceed a micron in . And so we call collectively called
28:38 viruses. OK? And these are that affect uh I think the first
28:44 found were those that infect Amoebas, ? Abas are protozoans, right?
28:48 , um of course, uh it sense that a eukaryotic cell which are
28:54 , can, can bigger viruses would those. OK. Uh But uh
29:01 , within these uh large viruses, Mimi virus is one of those pho
29:07 is one of those, uh there's other virus they've seen now that they
29:18 contain other like remnants of uh of protein expression. So like having
29:25 some ribosomes, um having the ability maybe translate a few genes.
29:31 So this is, these are believed have been like maybe in the transition
29:36 what have been a cell and now transitioned into a, like a parasitic
29:43 the way to being a virus And now a virus or kind of
29:46 transition maybe. And so, um they have, have kept some of
29:52 parts, you know, that it to be a cell, right?
29:55 uh protein. Um I'm sorry, uh like trn a molecules,
30:01 stuff like that. Who knows? you look here in another 100 years
30:05 whatever, then they've lost that Right. But, you know,
30:10 , they're, they're interesting from that , they're a large size and still
30:15 some of these cell like functions as of their structure. OK. Um
30:22 , the, the weird, weirdest is this one down here, this
30:25 called Sputnik. OK. Um it's actually this one right here
30:33 So those little particles inside these are inside the bigger virus. So these
30:39 viruses that infect other viruses. Crazy. Right. And so in
30:45 to do that, then, you , these larger viruses like this apparently
30:51 some functions and parts that another virus , it's enough for it to use
30:56 then use it as a replication uh , so to speak. OK.
31:01 This is the only one of these aware of. So it's kind of
31:05 of these rare occurrences but who they look more into this, they
31:11 find more of these types. um anyway, it's very interesting.
31:16 I just wanted, again, I wanted to mention this something, something
31:19 little different in terms of viruses. OK, any last minute questions.
31:25 we're gonna transition to chapter seven, , but again, not really seven
31:32 , so to speak. Uh So is going to be so seven covers
31:44 um eight because you have had, not gonna go through the um excruciating
31:54 of protein synthesis and this sub unit the ribosome and this blah blah blah
31:59 all that. It's just OK. What we're gonna do here, this
32:04 of the overview thing that's, that's detailed as I get. But detailed
32:10 will be things relating to uh bacterial transcription translation that you may not be
32:18 of. Uh another version you learned same one I taught in intro
32:23 So um but I I'm just gonna out some things specific to bacteria.
32:28 . But not today, we'll start that uh Thursday. So um today
32:33 really kind of just, you like I said at the beginning,
32:37 of you may be kind of, , I, I've been doing this
32:40 . I kind of remember some of . I mean, all of
32:43 So some of you may be experts it. OK? Nevertheless, we'll
32:49 through it. You have questions, be a refresher if anything else.
32:53 . So let's, I think we've a question here. Yeah. So
32:57 the first question. OK? let me pause that, go back
33:04 here. OK. So we have a certain bacterium, it has been
33:12 that the region of the chromosome designated , OK comprises a specific protein coding
33:20 of DNA nucleotides. The sequence can converted into protein only when the cells
33:28 grown on gal lactose kind of sugar a sole carbon source. OK.
33:35 got uh chromosomal sequence X OK. converts into a protein only when cells
33:43 roon galactose. OK. Which the statements is true. OK. So
33:52 see. OK. The X phenotype revealed when cells are around glucose as
33:59 carbon source. The X sequence of , the conversion of the DNA sequence
34:07 a protein starts with the, starts the ribosomes binding to the X sequence
34:13 sequences A gene. OK. Two of the above are true.
34:44 . Let me start the clock Mm 3234, turn down from
35:39 I. So I wonder like whenever a two of the above. Thank
35:53 . Is it to the above? right, let's let's see.
36:03 I knew it. I know OK. It's not to the
36:09 OK. Who, uh let's see the tally is here. Who
36:19 Ad, let's see. Y GP and nothing else. Correct.
36:36 Because I was always buying to a not. Yeah, not the
36:42 Right. So, as young lady , um so X sequence is a
36:47 that's first and foremost, I'm, so genes are DNA. OK.
36:54 uh DNA of course, is a of the oxy rabin nucleotides,
37:00 Um The uh so that eliminates the X sequence isn't a protein,
37:06 DNA, right? Yeah, it code for a protein. But the
37:10 X sequence itself it says comprises a protein coding sequence, right? So
37:16 DNA. Uh the protein comes OK? Um The conversion of of
37:24 DNA sequence that starts with uh that's transcription translation thing, right? So
37:31 uh transcribe the uh DNA to produce um RN A version, right?
37:37 everyone is gonna buy to the RN RN A, not to the DNA
37:43 uh and then, so p so phenotype genotype thing, right? So
37:47 phenotype uh they often refer to it uh the visible characteristics, right?
37:55 by it that you can see. not always true because there's lots of
37:59 going inside your body, right? reactions and things you can't necessarily see
38:04 are going on. But nonetheless, the phenotype is is what's being expressed
38:09 any given time. OK. And we already know we're, we're not
38:13 see this particular X phenotype with this gal galactose, right? Not
38:19 Uh So, um, all So let's, let's um many questions
38:25 that. OK. All right. makes logical sense. OK. So
38:30 is the, I think I already it. Oh, yeah, that's
38:34 correct answer there. Good. um, let's look here which finding
38:41 is true about genotype and phenotype. so just read those and we open
39:08 . Let's see. It's gonna it's gonna be a tie between,
39:36 , wait and see. Yeah. . And down it's gonna be a
39:49 between D and E is my I oh Look at that.
40:01 Um C and E ce. Um Who picked? See,
40:13 Why did you pick C uh Right , but why did you not pick
40:21 else? The correct the OK. do you say that? Right?
40:44 . OK. So OK. So see your logic. So uh so
40:49 la, you said genotype is not constant because mutations occur. Um uh
40:55 junk DNA and et cetera, et . OK. So um my,
41:03 this, this goes again to interpretation words, right? So I'm not
41:09 you're wrong. OK. Um Uh my use of constant, there
41:16 more of it's uh the DNA is present, the routines are not always
41:25 . OK. But, but you're ? I don't dispute you. But
41:31 um so in your context, so you look at it in terms of
41:35 genome, right? So let's first genotype is DNA. OK. That's
41:42 DNA genotypes, DNA geno genes, . Um the phenotype is the expression
41:49 that, as it says in c that, you know, the genotype
41:53 so the proteins, right? Those the things that do the work in
41:56 living thing for the most part. um so the constant, right is
42:05 DNA is always there, right? pass it on to the next
42:08 The DNA is always, you it's intercepts, right? It's always
42:13 . You can, you can think it a little bit deeper than
42:16 right? So yeah, the DNA always present. But yeah, the
42:19 itself changes in terms of mutation and . OK. But don't forget this
42:25 constant, right? This this other , right? That it is always
42:29 , right? For the life of cell, right? The DNA is
42:32 , OK. Uh But knowing that life of the cell, right,
42:37 changes can occur like mutation. What you, right? We'll learn about
42:43 of these things in chapter nine, ? So, so my answer here
42:49 um uh was E OK. That is correct. But OK, that
42:58 B and C are true. But I just said, right, you
43:02 , this kind of constant can it's always there, right? But
43:05 in that constant c there's some change that, are you OK with
43:11 Yeah, you can call me out it anytime. OK? You
43:15 Good job. So OK. Um . So just a couple of
43:23 All right. So the other thing just to remember is that yes,
43:29 genes code for proteins but some, for some, the end product is
43:34 A. OK? Because you have RN A genes, you have transfer
43:39 A genes. The end product is A but certainly in terms of
43:44 most genes co for proteins, but are some, sometimes the product is
43:48 A. OK. Um And so kind of basic example here uh if
43:54 a lab, you're familiar with Um So here's the E coli uh
43:59 example, and um you can look it under this would be a light
44:03 electron microscope. Um and the normal it has right cell wall,
44:09 et cetera. Um We can express of these genes if you know we
44:15 it in a certain way, So if you want to see,
44:17 this thing use lactose ferment, lactose or not simply grow it in a
44:23 containing lactose? OK. And so fermentations tend to be acidic. So
44:29 have a ph indicator, this lactose , you'll see growth and a yellow
44:33 . OK? If it grows, it doesn't ferment lactose and you
44:37 you don't see that reaction. All . So it's giving us a lactose
44:41 if you will. OK. We're get it on a plate, uh
44:45 medium, right? Um determine lactose lactose negative. So, just
44:51 we're just seeing a phenotype here, ? One of thousands of phenotypes and
44:55 E coli can produce. OK. , um, so then the question
45:01 trans, how do we get from genotype? The phenotype which um uh
45:08 see here, right? So this is what we call a um you
45:15 all in one ID test, Each of these is a, is
45:19 compartment. So it's like a plastic compartmentalized each with a different um uh
45:27 uh biochemical test. OK. Uh you're in, if you're uh in
45:32 doing the unknown, right? You you had one of these because you
45:36 your answer like two days you'll be with the whole project. OK.
45:40 um the uh what we do here you basically Anno each compartment, you
45:45 for a color reactions you positive or . Anyway, we're just going to
45:49 on this. So pos this is positive test. It gives you like
45:54 purplish pink color. Does that OK. Well, that means this
46:04 . It means you can take the the substrate, the substrate in the
46:09 basically catalyze it to form ammonia. is what produces the acidic base basic
46:18 a APH indicator change to this pinkish . Um So that says,
46:23 this thing has a ASE enzyme. . Well, so that's the
46:29 right? So then remember this, all about this flow of information,
46:34 ? DNA RN A protein, So we're gonna have to then convert
46:40 genotype, right? So the specific for your ASE is here somewhere on
46:45 chromosome, right? And then we're , so the parts, right,
46:50 , translation and the parts involved, ? So RN A plier binds um
46:56 , to uh begin the expression, ? So we first transcribe this into
47:01 RN A form. So remember uh back to this constant, right?
47:06 is a constant, right? Uh the the book on reserve in the
47:11 , right? And your professor goes you need to know chapters 45 and
47:16 in in the book that's on reserve the library. So that book on
47:20 is the DNA, right? If wanna be able to read it,
47:24 ? You have to make copies of chapters, right? So the
47:28 right? That's a transcription translation right? And so the the the
47:33 parts of this process come and go ? Because you always have this
47:39 right? You always go back to book that's on reserve, right?
47:43 you can make copies of the chapters done with them, you just crumble
47:46 , throw in the trash, Basically the same thing here you make
47:51 , you make working copies in RN forms and those they, they're used
47:55 they go away, use and go . You can always make more of
47:59 because you always have the constant The DNA is there. You can
48:02 go back and make more. Um And so, but whatever,
48:08 you do that, the process starts with Arnie Plora making a transcript and
48:13 , um, that transcript is right? Ribosomes, Trnas come in
48:19 we produce a protein. OK. control. This process is as
48:41 if not more. So, So what's the one thing you never
48:45 in any of these diagrams is the of energy it takes to do
48:50 right? Because you, you're putting nucleotides, you're building stuff,
48:56 You're producing a protein. So that's it takes energy, right? And
49:00 know that uh more than one transcript made at the top, right?
49:06 formation, right? You know, lots of transcripts very quickly.
49:11 Lots of protein produced, right? lots of stuff being made, lots
49:16 energy being used. So you better this whole thing because this is just
49:21 gene being it could be multiple, genes in the chromosome, all of
49:27 chromosome being expressed at different rates at times and collectively, that's a lot
49:31 energy, right? So you got control all these things, right?
49:35 oops sorry and not, not let not keep doing this process if you
49:40 need the end problem, right. that's what we'll talk about in chapter
49:44 is how, how examples of how control these things that that's better and
49:55 efficient will take it over. So control is super important in all
50:00 and control. That's why understanding the R A, the protein thing because
50:07 happens at every stage at the level DNA DNA, the rnarn A,
50:13 protein, the protein itself, all those our control can be controlled.
50:18 . If you don't have kind of basic understanding of it, it makes
50:22 harder to understand the controlled part of . OK. Um OK. All
50:29 . So then again, went through parts, right? Uh So this
50:34 just kind of, and I think went over this before. Um since
50:38 coding, non coding. So kind re remembering that stuff. Um And
50:43 remember that when you have a right, you've got um uh there's
50:50 to it that enable it to be . OK? It arrives on binding
50:55 . OK. And so again, know, language of nucleic acids,
51:00 ? You have the plus minus But remember the, the labeling,
51:05 , five prime, three prime ends nucleic acids, right? So ribosomes
51:11 5 to 3. So it's gonna going that way left to right.
51:16 And so the uh and so remember a ribosome binds here will then move
51:25 free up the site, another one . And so that you got polysome
51:29 . Um And so let's just look quick here at the um uh this
51:35 same sequence we're gonna look at the sequence here. Oh I had a
51:39 . Oops, OK. Made this at the last minute right before class
51:42 got to put in there, So genetic code table, right?
51:46 of what. So remember this is um you produce a transcript,
51:51 And obviously, that's just one part the equation we have to convert that
51:57 a protein, right? So we a genetic code uh book, so
52:02 speak, that we follow, To make that happen. OK.
52:06 genetic code table itself, right? go look it up. What does
52:11 consist of? OK. OK. down 10, 43. Hm.
52:54 . That come on. There we . OK. So OK,
53:04 you got some refreshing to do OK. Brush up on this
53:10 OK? Um The OK. If answered um c you're correct.
53:26 Oh, that's not right. That's right. I, I didn't put
53:30 box there. So that's all Let's see. I'll show you,
53:34 look at the table here. So here's a table. Um So
53:42 see number one, there's use, the clue, it's RN A,
53:48 ? So it's actually the transcript. here is, let's look at this
53:52 below. OK. So again, , anti sense um relationship. So
54:00 sense strand of DNA, right? strand, OK. If you
54:06 we, so the goal of transcription to make a RN a copy of
54:12 , we'll make an RN a copy that plus strand. OK. And
54:16 do you do that? Well, don't copy the sense string as we
54:22 , you just be copying into a string, right? So the plus
54:25 is what contains the information. So , we make a plus strand of
54:29 by make by copying the antisense right? So we copy this antisense
54:37 minus DNA strand into an RN right? So you can see that
54:43 MRN A is basically identical to, this, all these are identical here
54:51 , that except obviously where there's a there's a U right? But in
54:58 spot they're the same. OK. that this, this is this transcript
55:02 carrying then basically the RN A form that coding DNA strip, right?
55:08 , so then the genetic code So we have to figure out
55:15 what are the punctuation marks in our ? Right? So we have to
55:19 for an A UG, right? start codon, right? So remember
55:27 kind of the um the the identify sentence by, you know, the
55:33 letter of the first word is right? So here we look for
55:37 A UG right. So groups of right, coons use code for a
55:43 amino acid. OK. And so a UG is meth, right?
55:48 once you find it, right? so remember, I know a lot
55:52 , um like you may have done kind of problems in intro bio where
55:57 give you a sequence is to you know, as the sequences.
56:01 They'll often make it easy for you make it just starts with a
56:05 That's, that's not reality, There's gonna be bases in front of
56:10 . Uh So, but the point you start here at the five prime
56:17 and then you go this way and know where's an A UG? You
56:20 it and you go boom, then three every three after that,
56:24 And then it's, it's labeled right? So you find the A
56:27 , then bam Gcaugg man so forth you keep going and so these of
56:34 , correspond to an amino acid, ? And you keep going until you
56:39 one of these, OK? So one of the three stop code
56:43 So that's like the period at the of your sentence, right? So
56:45 have three different periods your sentence can with, right? And then that's
56:51 end of the transcript. OK? the coding sequence. OK.
56:55 so again, what we're looking at , this, these bases are what
57:04 in that table, right? So , the, the table represents
57:09 the coons you find in the right? So it's R and A
57:15 is coming from the transcript. That's they that's what that table is.
57:20 ? The anti codons. OK. if, um, you,
57:25 you pheno ale, OK. The would be AAA OK? And the
57:34 is not made up of the, does not consist of anti codons,
57:38 codons. OK. Um, so what's in the table, not anti
57:43 , right? Coons of the MRN transcript ribonucleotide. That's what's in the
57:49 . OK. So, but I , I'm not going to ask you
57:52 decipher a transcript sequence, right? figured you should know that,
57:58 So we're not gonna do that, this is more about stuff. You
58:02 try to jog the old memory bank , on this stuff. OK?
58:10 Any questions, right? If you you need to maybe you a little
58:16 , that's fine. You have Let me know. OK? But
58:19 is basic stuff. OK? So should know it. Uh At
58:24 you know, again, you're gonna all the gory details in various
58:28 you know, if you got the but you know, just have a
58:32 overview, understanding of it. Um a good thing. I think being
58:37 bio major. So any questions, it's not, we're done for today
58:43 , we can go and see you Thursday. What's your Halloween? This
59:00 know yet. Uh wife and I working on it. So we go
59:05 a um we always go to this pub. They have a Halloween
59:09 Contest that we won two years in row. And this year they always
59:15 a theme. The theme this year what we, the, the,
59:20 know, because the, the the Barbie movie is a, is
59:23 big, the theme is hottest Cannon Barbie. So we have no
59:29 what got two weeks to figure it . So, yeah. Yeah.
59:39 . You dress up. Yeah. . Yeah. Oh, ok.
59:48 , that's, yeah. Yeah. . Yeah.
-
+