| 00:06 | Okay, I'm gonna talk a little about texture and mainly about composition. |
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| 00:14 | as usual, there's some references here all are on the in the topics |
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| 00:20 | , but none of which you required re next. You're pretty obvious. |
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| 00:26 | you've done it in your undergraduate Brain size sort and roundness composition framework |
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| 00:35 | matrix cement. That's all pretty Obviously, I'm just dealing with really |
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| 00:42 | classic rocks. Um Extra by all these. Uh well is impacted by |
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| 00:56 | variables down the environment of deposition. will turn determines a lot of the |
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| 01:03 | properties. So we're interested in texture a lot of reasons, but the |
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| 01:08 | of this course composition on the view no tectonic setting, there's availability, |
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| 01:20 | climate is chemical drilling and vastly biological . Now there's been a lot of |
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| 01:30 | about the implications of land plants and Lorien affecting the type. Uh |
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| 01:39 | Bank stability and therefore flu viel types systems we get. But we're finding |
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| 01:45 | the evolution of plankton plan, tonic , plank tonic organisms uh is important |
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| 01:54 | shells. So one of the things see is a hint that shells are |
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| 01:59 | . But again, this will be that I don't have time to focus |
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| 02:04 | transportation, definition of environment. Looking brain size and mechanical and chemical |
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| 02:12 | We'll talk more about die genesis at end. Uh My my background is |
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| 02:20 | folk. And so I'm gonna use Wentworth scale for gray size. Uh |
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| 02:25 | fee scale. Um Talking about sandstone, silt stone. Okay, |
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| 02:35 | is what I'll be using. This what first hit sometimes. Get them |
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| 02:41 | up and talk about microns millimeters, I'll try to stick to five. |
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| 02:48 | here we go, scale the categories straightforward. What is not straightforward is |
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| 02:56 | do you measure? Um I'm not go into the detail except to |
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| 03:01 | contending you sieves for most of the until we did it. And now |
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| 03:07 | mainly use settling tubes, settling tubes brain settling velocity, which is only |
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| 03:16 | a circuit of grain size sieves measure size and are unrelated in specifics to |
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| 03:25 | velocity. So we've already got a in addition must be getting below saying |
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| 03:32 | measuring by a variety of techniques, encounters, settling tubes again. Uh |
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| 03:39 | again, what we're measuring lastly, we measure clue probably mason the individual |
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| 03:49 | blocks because clay often flock yah, and are transported is stand size |
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| 04:01 | They're basically hydraulically. Why find say settling velocities much smaller like silk. |
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| 04:12 | a big movie. So, as see this has a understand on the |
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| 04:21 | in which shields reform ways in which is transported Also. Uh there's a |
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| 04:29 | of categories that we could use for in this case, poor syl fine |
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| 04:39 | , which is uh I'm gonna focus when I do that, we've been |
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| 04:56 | at the framework brains there's gonna be and coarse silt. They're basically going |
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| 05:03 | big mineral of rock fragments. And I'm gonna look at the cement. |
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| 05:10 | material precipitated from solution. The materials solution being reduced by chemical dissolution |
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| 05:23 | And then there's matrix uh matrix typically , they filled interstitial spaces between the |
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| 05:36 | but then Samantha is as well, there are predominantly re crystallize. So |
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| 05:48 | gonna see that both cement and matrix are filling the poorest between the framework |
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| 05:55 | and also with respect to re some of the matrix is formed by |
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| 06:01 | crystallization of framework brains. Let's look that. Here's a straightforward court sandstone |
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| 06:10 | , Karius cement. Okay, this a less straightforward quartz, muddy |
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| 06:21 | A lot of the clients by you don't see much cement here. |
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| 06:30 | question is uh what does the clay ? That's a large percentage of if |
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| 06:40 | like, interstitial four space. Was transported to try? Italy? Was |
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| 06:48 | re crystallized? Was it precipitated? , it turns out there are different |
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| 06:54 | of makeups, proto makers is basically tribal claim. Okay, um that |
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| 07:03 | be the stuff that wasn't deposited. was the non wash load stuff that |
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| 07:08 | deposited or transported in suspension, deposited suspended load or automaker was replaced. |
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| 07:18 | crystallized by replacing something else. Maybe fill spot heavy matrix that's interstitial, |
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| 07:30 | trying to clay and lastly sudo matrix is deformed, fine grained materials that |
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| 07:39 | squeezed into the pore spaces and for world looked like play matrix. |
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| 07:49 | now each of these is really important terms of die genesis in terms of |
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| 08:00 | the the source area from the original . For example, when we look |
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| 08:08 | relative amount in sports, That is standard between let's say four sides and |
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| 08:17 | corpses. What happens if the film being replaced by clay? If you |
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| 08:24 | recognize that, then you're not gonna able to reconstruct what it was |
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| 08:29 | Now may be okay for di genetic because that re crystallized play is gonna |
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| 08:34 | the float but it's going to completely up your confidence studies. He now |
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| 08:44 | minerals that we're looking at mainly and micro christian Children, those are the |
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| 08:58 | and then we have accessory minerals that not gonna deal with except to say |
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| 09:04 | like zircons have become really important because the way we're using it to date |
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| 09:10 | source areas. Okay. And we rock writers, minerals and rock |
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| 09:19 | Very good. Oh and what do all have in common? You're |
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| 09:33 | Great after how do we get Yes. Yes it is. Why |
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| 09:53 | it what happens to a grand? really that granny is now the court |
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| 10:17 | on men look friends. So you , we're dealing with sand sized particles |
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| 10:25 | you need a an igneous rock or or 4% of entry that has finer |
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| 10:30 | particles than them again. Uh and of course we have chemical cement, |
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| 10:38 | kind of uh quartz carbonate, Emma in like except now when we classified |
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| 10:50 | sandstone, we typically use a Q . Diet for elliptic fragments now. |
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| 11:02 | sports include. Sure or not. , fell far. Well, if |
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| 11:08 | did see a granite, what you it sells for of course little fragments |
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| 11:15 | be here. Well, there are fact 50 plus examples the way we |
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| 11:20 | this pod for this trial. and so what I'm gonna do, |
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| 11:28 | gonna use folks classifications I grew up , but as I also show as |
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| 11:37 | go along, uh, one, most important is that you define and |
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| 11:45 | understand which classification is being used if somebody says it's um, archives, |
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| 11:58 | which of those 50 classifications are they Secondly, you may want to use |
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| 12:03 | than one because different que of el tell you different things. One is |
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| 12:14 | for die genesis, one is better provenance. One's better just for general |
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| 12:22 | . And as folks said, there no perfect classification. Okay, just |
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| 12:27 | clear what you're using and know why using it and you may use more |
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| 12:31 | one, which by the way, when you point count, be as |
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| 12:36 | as you can because that's the raw and then you can assemble it and |
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| 12:42 | it in different classifications. Now in , the raw fried mechanically and chemically |
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| 12:53 | . Chemically unstated mechanically. They're sports both chemical and mechanical things. So |
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| 13:04 | general as we trend up this in towards increasing chemical and textural maturity. |
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| 13:17 | , so I'm going to talk about science arcos is. The paranoid. |
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| 13:29 | . And kind of loose when we that stuff build serenades, just know |
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| 13:41 | they exist. But I'm going to of restrict myself to these general |
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| 13:51 | So if we look at courts there More than 95% boards and Quartz |
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| 14:00 | So for this for my purpose, I say otherwise, I'm going to |
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| 14:05 | the church in the because I'm interested durability. Not necessarily pro tonight's |
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| 14:13 | interesting provenance. I might pull the and drop it down to. |
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| 14:19 | typically super mature, which means that well sorted. They are predominantly courts |
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| 14:26 | probably well rounded. Usually the product multiple cycles of deposition. Okay, |
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| 14:36 | is an exception. There are a places where the humid weathering is sufficiently |
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| 14:43 | that you can get what's called the cycle, forced air light. That's |
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| 14:51 | . The well rounded, well sorted sand stones in the past are almost |
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| 14:59 | multi cycled. About a third of fans stones, but about half of |
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| 15:06 | are in the late protas or early soil in part because it takes a |
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| 15:11 | time to go through multi sites and are also a major source of, |
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| 15:18 | here to be an example, can . Now, that's the photo of |
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| 15:24 | they're not if you like. Uh is a court and in particular notice |
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| 15:31 | got ports, you have optically continuous committed. So it's really hard. |
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| 15:41 | fact, you have to look at kind of dust rim to try to |
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| 15:46 | out where the cement ends and the begins. This is zero. I'm |
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| 15:55 | . This is your non reservoir This is also a because again, |
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| 16:04 | term is based not on the cement content. One of the framework |
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| 16:13 | yeah, hilariously cemented. This is and it's good even though there's no |
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| 16:22 | us to hear now with die this is easily secondary prostate in a |
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| 16:31 | like this. Now we'll drop We can subdivide. But basically now |
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| 16:53 | are angular the soviet moderately well and immature. That's telling us a |
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| 17:06 | So the first thing is the large of feldspar sand in your sad stuff |
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| 17:15 | . Of course, brain cells are rich source in your military and I'm |
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| 17:21 | content for humankind. I relieved. this could be the source could be |
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| 17:29 | nice more typically implanted. Again, can't get horse brain cells border without |
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| 17:36 | grain protocol. Every climate. the point here is that very |
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| 17:43 | Don't dissolve your films books right there climate, I believe. Well, |
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| 17:54 | a situation where um if you have lot of high relief, that humid |
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| 18:01 | zone which will just dissolved or replaced fellas bars is being stripped away so |
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| 18:11 | that it's exposing the unwed third Then again, we can subdivide as |
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| 18:20 | only two subcategories. I use a that's kind of an unusual and it's |
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| 18:31 | because organic folks, um but those all going to be left their |
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| 18:39 | Okay, here's a look there. I'm actually that might be called a |
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| 18:45 | way and you can see the but everything else is just the |
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| 18:56 | But if you look at it really , you begin to see that there |
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| 19:06 | brains here, that our rock fragments so it's poorly sorted, has a |
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| 19:26 | of rock fragments and some of this matrix, but a lot of it |
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| 19:35 | just silk and very fine grains So it's a literal what you would |
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| 19:46 | . It would depend on part the of these fine green friends, which |
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| 19:52 | can't tell. The field folks called a very hard ugly, dirty dark |
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| 19:58 | . You can't tell much about it pretty much cooked. Now, here |
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| 20:08 | the matrix that we're getting from. is more similar to what we just |
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| 20:12 | at. Um It's a literary night . This could also be a literal |
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| 20:20 | , but you can more clearly see Senate. So it's in one |
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| 20:26 | it's a field term kind of like we used to salt the reality is |
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| 20:33 | is a exclusive dark volcanic product as filter. We've got to get a |
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| 20:41 | analysis figure out exactly where it But as a field term, it's |
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| 20:48 | synergetic dirty sandstone. It tends to uh deposited during origin ICC events. |
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| 20:58 | got a lot of rock fragments is be a lift every night and often |
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| 21:02 | chloride clay matrix, which is that . And it's often associated with inter |
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| 21:09 | shells or flesh. So she's just old that now largely reflects deposition of |
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| 21:18 | of slope deposits in the lab. can be more specific, More than |
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| 21:26 | matrix, etc, etc. I try to avoid. Now The |
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| 21:40 | why it's got more than 15% as definition here is in part because one |
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| 21:46 | the ways of classifying um the much There's a transition there 196 and why |
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| 22:02 | now you're more familiar with carbonates when talk about lackey soups. Um but |
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| 22:10 | we could also happen. Okay, when we get into mud stones, |
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| 22:21 | Millican uh took picture for classes, take, what are we gonna call |
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| 22:31 | call? Because in point of fact you can't see much and to the |
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| 22:41 | seems really pretty. Very. So name's Dave laser me pr and others |
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| 22:52 | this classification. This is the one I think most people are using |
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| 22:56 | I'm using it for sure. Uh accident Instead of he says Buddy said |
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| 23:06 | more than 50% matrix and particularly still still in standing and you can't say |
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| 23:29 | those two classifications department. Yeah, classification is texture and you can you |
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| 23:44 | be able to say some of this feel a lot of it's gonna be |
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| 23:47 | microscope particularly on a textural classification is a sandstone. You then need to |
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| 23:59 | what is the composition. So if look at the composition we take a |
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| 24:10 | what what's and so we can modify delicious work. I'll carry as much |
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| 24:24 | more mixtures in and we think about compositions and play. We can also |
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| 24:38 | about the origin of each of those regarding carbonate as you well know of |
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| 24:59 | could be. Or my coverage is a might be really worried. Some |
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| 25:19 | speculum system author Ganic said. And this just shows you what the different |
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| 25:27 | impulses, genetic components, how they they might come from their origin. |
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| 25:41 | one problem how you study mud rocks X ray diffraction always good. So |
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| 25:54 | it's fun formation population of so they other day Probably if you get 10 |
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| 26:13 | analysis I don't want you could look the variability. Those same same. |
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| 26:24 | are four different models. The information get will determine will be determined technique |
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| 26:36 | is obtaining Katie Millican at the same suggested a somewhat different classification. Oh |
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| 26:52 | grains. How about hymns while stylistic curious showing you this. Uh mentioning |
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| 27:10 | part is there's been a lot of about this classification and I can only |
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| 27:20 | one classification. I think lasers classification probably used more except for many of |
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| 27:27 | U. T. And Bureau of geology. Uh just be aware there |
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| 27:32 | two classifications uh and be aware of components and and in particular be aware |
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| 27:44 | the kinds of components uh why carbon . Sports and then where they come |
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| 28:00 | . Okay so let's look at some the controls on composition and focus now |
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| 28:05 | on mud blocks when focused mainly on nights. Uh huh. We'll go |
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| 28:16 | to mud rocks towards the end. most of what I'm going to talk |
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| 28:20 | is directly will need sam stones. start with provenance and within provenance. |
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| 28:29 | about tectonics. Bill Dickinson was. no committee. Oh and some of |
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| 28:44 | kind of pounded into thinking about how tectonic settings can affect the composition |
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| 28:59 | So one setting is company deeply eroded relief. The second would be recycled |
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| 29:10 | . You've got common congress provisions recycling sentiment volcanic a lot of relief I |
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| 29:18 | of the Himalayas and a magmatic This case is continent too. Oceanic |
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| 29:30 | a lot of volcanic plutonic relief. Platonic walks. Harvard it's pretty clear |
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| 29:37 | these three tectonic settings are going to the potential for different types of source |
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| 29:46 | and depending on how we can find using uh crystal of course and polly |
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| 29:57 | here we can find these different The specific boundaries are different because the |
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| 30:08 | counts are assembled different but they all arc setting recycled city and seven let's |
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| 30:26 | take the atomic up left and a of and then as you get more |
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| 30:36 | here over time the partridge are initially dissected as the dissection occurs. We're |
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| 30:48 | deeper and deeper with recycled. We're box lifted fragments elevation. Now early |
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| 31:03 | there were a lot of criticism about techniques. They were unrepresented economic |
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| 31:11 | There were transitions between. There was roll of climate in depth this |
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| 31:18 | And what about carbonate grains, other ? Okay, this happened built with |
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| 31:29 | but what it means is um that can only use these if you can |
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| 31:40 | closer at those other variables and we have more diagrams which we did. |
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| 31:49 | increasingly we are drifting away from Petra graphic analysis for provenance. Most widely |
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| 32:04 | area is a tribal zircons. And he said that we still are |
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| 32:14 | composition using Q FL. Telegrams in because it does have use in I |
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| 32:24 | cut it Robin is but also because has effects on die genesis as |
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| 32:32 | So what about con one of the was maybe climate is affecting this. |
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| 32:42 | here's mix out um study and look the same beginning. I feel much |
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| 32:55 | in different ones. Oh, they're . They all built into the communist |
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| 33:12 | provinces but where they said opinion Ben short mechanism references strokes. Climate gives |
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| 33:36 | superimposed detail, johnson looking at the of amazon differences, sonic are not |
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| 33:46 | even by long periods and hence tropical . So climate has an impact but |
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| 33:53 | doesn't erase the tectonic signature. Now talked about mechanical wondering being mechanical disintegration |
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| 34:06 | . No change in composition. Chemical by definition results in decomposition and the |
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| 34:15 | in composition. So the solids that are changed and was added is re |
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| 34:26 | solid into song. So if we at chemical weathering processes it's a process |
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| 34:35 | solution mainly by oh well okay um and especially the dissolution of oxidation you're |
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| 34:58 | or losing electron by the oxidation of vaccine to an iron oxide. Like |
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| 35:11 | replacement of like potassium or calcium. had it in my drugs for example |
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| 35:20 | alteration responding. These are the three process. Forget about hydration. So |
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| 35:28 | we got. Where does that come ? Mainly in the soil. The |
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| 35:36 | . 02 concentration in the soil zone be up to 1000 times more than |
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| 35:42 | air. And that's because there's a of bacteria that are responding. Giving |
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| 35:49 | a seat you take that take let's out potassium please. That's a couple |
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| 36:05 | self exploration. Let's take that silicon just weathering down to an element of |
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| 36:16 | box and it was kicking in This is the origin of Fort |
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| 36:25 | So we're going with increasing alteration from night to Gibson. Okay so this |
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| 36:35 | some of the different families of plays are the weathering products of silica |
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| 36:47 | it's not just the about sports. could be making minerals as well if |
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| 36:54 | look at this um any of the of silver minute, No, I'm |
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| 37:04 | mixed or magic places and they give different big principles um play whether it's |
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| 37:18 | depending on their history. So let's at uh this micro climb on |
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| 37:33 | Look how much it's all the short it. Is that not all microplastics |
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| 37:50 | most stable. Played little or so played twice society. It's pretty |
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| 38:00 | So what you would expect is that potassium feldspar should be more abundant and |
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| 38:06 | weather then the sports, which is course exactly what we saw here seat |
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| 38:19 | stability, weathering stability for police. you, mimics bones reactions, |
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| 38:39 | And as we crystalline silica is from first to crystallize at the highest temperatures |
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| 38:49 | last to crystallize gap rose rose to . We can see and sequences now |
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| 39:08 | used to teach that that was because , the minerals formed under the highest |
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| 39:15 | and temperatures were most unstable under present , pressures. Just wrong. What |
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| 39:25 | really is is that we're going from The three Dimensions Still Architecture Here. |
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| 39:35 | the key here is that those covalin tester heater are tough to break |
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| 39:44 | The first thing and the easiest thing break are isolated that aren't even bound |
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| 39:49 | each other and a chain is easier a double chain. And a double |
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| 39:55 | is easier than a sheet. and sheet is easier than a three |
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| 40:00 | So what we're really seeing is the of Yeah, other amendments because are |
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| 40:15 | precipitated my igneous processes and therefore aren't within reaction service a line counselor. |
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| 40:30 | more durable these other because they are stable with sports. We'll try to |
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| 40:40 | ready for you can if you get a woman. And so so when |
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| 40:50 | think about the products of chemical think about she started what you end |
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| 40:59 | in terms of solid bring of solid what put into solution. Yeah, |
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| 41:06 | the way, in extreme cases of don't know anything. So here we've |
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| 41:15 | our soil horizon organics and to hey you're teaching. This is where amazon |
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| 41:30 | thick, each song being authorized in lives. Re precipitation. And then |
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| 41:38 | course the rest, that's what we're here. But of course the sequence |
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| 41:46 | thickness of those zones, barry's not much the secrets, but the components |
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| 41:53 | secrets varies depending on climate. So we have an profits. Again, |
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| 42:02 | and dissolution of neo most absolutely totally and metals leaving behind Neo members, |
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| 42:16 | gonna be your clay and at the top of your ladder, it's now |
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| 42:24 | go over here, they're still going get support from. But everything else |
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| 42:32 | gonna be holiday down in here even . We dissolved the governments, they |
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| 42:47 | all that two. And then in air zone well you got the relatively |
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| 43:01 | re precipitation of calcite in a horizon you're not getting many, if any |
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| 43:12 | . It's pretty much all apparent Notice this transition desert areas, the |
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| 43:38 | you look what's happening to the death reach, all the council leaving behind |
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| 44:15 | . So what we have in it's all out here. Thanks |
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| 44:27 | So we get more of a contribution dissolve solids in an open system and |
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| 44:36 | acidic soils because it's being flushed into . Now, the last thing I'm |
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| 44:45 | talk about a little bit is compositional variation scale gas reservoirs. This |
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| 44:55 | used classification we talked about earlier. is the Eagle. It is a |
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| 45:07 | range and one of the some of shells. So I'm very fortunate appearance |
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| 45:29 | out the age of the shale and the dominant pelagic organisms is a major |
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| 45:40 | in determining the composition of the So up in here before the greens |
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| 45:50 | the zone, the uh in low the the Cambrian, each of these |
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| 46:09 | reflected in what's going on. We to get Radio Larry is in |
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| 46:15 | Land plans save plans, performs an grasses. And so the biogenic component |
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| 46:28 | your shales. We're very depending on biological productivity ball mass. It's changing |
|
| 46:40 | evolution. Okay, so what about talks about tectonics and climate. What |
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| 46:50 | transportation do? Why should it The answer simply is we had side |
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| 46:57 | abrasion. We had the addition extraction and we have chemical collusion. So |
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| 47:07 | some of the things that result in changes. I'm great now dream decrease |
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| 47:16 | distance, berries with composition obviously Right down by 4. 3 selective |
|
| 47:29 | . Final material was transported part of course. That's really only an important |
|
| 47:34 | in things like alluvial fans. It's less important in George rivers, |
|
| 47:42 | additional extraction that will be tributaries coming , extraction, deposition and basis chemical |
|
| 47:52 | . We can actually see in the where Mhm and our Kosik sediment becomes |
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| 48:06 | quart Sarah Knight just in the weathering 100,000 years. Uh this is just |
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| 48:15 | changes. Denberg. We've been known long time but we also figure |
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| 48:24 | Not only a great song is grain sorted and again that may seem |
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| 48:30 | , but it's really longer the sediment been transported. The more sorting has |
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| 48:38 | on. Now. Wellness is a story. We look at rounding, |
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| 48:50 | at changes in realm which just 100 upstream versus mom short transporting No |
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| 49:06 | It's only when we begin to say Olean trans that we see the dunes |
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| 49:17 | big increase in realities and the reason simply is that building they're great for |
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| 49:30 | problems but not sand. Beach maybe to 0.2 millimeters aeolian. Do |
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| 49:41 | You're fine grained sand. Why it to do with disgusting water and rivers |
|
| 49:53 | also niches a little less exam patient in in water grains don't hit each |
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| 50:01 | as much because there's a water So And it's only about percussion that |
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| 50:10 | you to curse. On the other , air has a much lower |
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| 50:15 | things like so there's a lot of to grain content, an aeolian process |
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| 50:23 | therefore much more rounded. Now we see downstream changes in composition, relative |
|
| 50:35 | , relative mechanically durable. And rocks more easily mechanically altered as well. |
|
| 50:58 | what you're looking at is the relative and mechanical durability. Oh different types |
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| 51:07 | different types of forms, different types fragments. And the other thing turns |
|
| 51:13 | is is science. If you take big scoop of sand privilege, look |
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| 51:22 | the relative amounts of very courses But then we get into reports, |
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| 51:35 | and then good news is we don't those in our Q. Fl diagram |
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| 51:44 | we do use the provenance. So I took a two FL driver and |
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| 51:50 | poor spray sample might look like If I took it from. |
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| 52:00 | back in general you can see them increases in in prince with increasing. |
|
| 52:17 | what does that tell you about Dickinson's ? Well, they are restricted in |
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| 52:25 | grade sense. And meeting with But one of the things you have |
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| 52:30 | do is make sure that you're comparing sounds great sense. The other thing |
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| 52:39 | if you look at big rivers, you start and you're an area for |
|
| 52:51 | weather texted. Right? That's Get down here. You're gonna end |
|
| 53:02 | having to lift their numbers start with saying the region. And in some |
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| 53:11 | you can actually get down reports here this is kind of summarized and they're |
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| 53:19 | that reputation does not change. It not significantly change the conversation. |
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| 53:32 | Or and or temporary storage and increase it's source shield much more. So |
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| 53:52 | go from to look at all the in the end works it. So |
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| 54:15 | you want a sandstone that gives you has preserved a climatic signature star with |
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| 54:32 | uh second transform it works 3rd and deposit adult or low water system or |
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| 54:52 | end of the the spanish place and shallow burial district. Early segmentation. |
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| 55:03 | eliminates the the mature extension continental Robbins founded by basement believe it looks |
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| 55:14 | . Those are where you preserve the signature most carefully. The oppositional |
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| 55:23 | It does have that effect. If look at transition thing sorted will be |
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| 55:42 | 14 11-3 28 8 24 to 15 was here 68 20 Morning California. |
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| 55:57 | one of my students. 50 - . So we see a progressive loss |
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| 56:03 | your mechanically less durable period. These are just one of them |
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| 56:13 | Um his studies trying to improve on petra graphic solution for program using different |
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| 56:29 | . Excuse chemistry. Everything you think the conclusions are results can't be extended |
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| 56:41 | to get serious are the best approach in this case? Yeah, you |
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| 56:52 | recognize differences between alluvial. The only that's because the source is different and |
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| 57:02 | flu real fans don't preserve the meteorology whether it was limited to inherit down |
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| 57:09 | , it's unlikely a globally applicable set elementary analyses. Elemental analysis can be |
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| 57:17 | . Rather you're gonna have to a of stuff. So the point is |
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| 57:24 | you do want to measure composition. do want to get the cat, |
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| 57:26 | do want to do a lot of but do not rely on any one |
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| 57:35 | and recognize the variables and constraints like Quiet source. Okay, I'm gonna |
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| 57:43 | with die genesis action simulation going from of primary Iranian ferocity to increase the |
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| 58:04 | pastilles. So here we see reduction philosophy into pressure solution and and deformation |
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| 58:21 | a great my God, rock think should have been lost. Oops ! |
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| 58:42 | it was here and now it's We've already talked about the fact that |
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| 58:54 | can have this solution of the chemically stable rock fragments are minerals, you |
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| 59:01 | have loss of primary precipitation by But fortunately with the potential later |
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| 59:10 | secondary porosity or you can see the loss of ferocity to the ports. |
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| 59:18 | shin, you can see a night that was originally a detrimental health part |
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| 59:34 | you can see the dissolution of Please with increased dissolution along the twin |
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| 59:51 | , we see that different composition. stones compact and lose primary prostate. |
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| 60:01 | with depth differently with lipstick bells bars the same depth, that same |
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| 60:11 | having the lowest prostate towards sandstone is highest. But then we find it |
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| 60:20 | interesting problem. Not probably observation that percent clay coding under napoleon ports, |
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| 60:29 | affects the integrator of ferocity and if have no courts, I'm sorry. |
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| 60:39 | , they're trying to play. This the rate at which You lose porosity |
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| 60:50 | about 2000 ft. On the other , if you have 100% play coding |
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| 60:58 | doesn't change hardly at all. 2000 6000. And then compare that with |
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| 61:09 | range of prostate changes with sandstone. pregnant census. We'll talk about why |
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| 61:22 | clay coding is important, but the answer is that if you have that |
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| 61:26 | grain completely coated with, depending on time with an epi matrix with a |
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| 61:35 | coating of the grain, you can't that optically contiguous courts, cement |
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| 61:43 | There's just no place for it to . Now this thing would be shales |
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| 61:56 | with high porosity, shales process and the way, I'm using shale in |
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| 62:01 | way you shouldn't use it, which say it's mud rock. But all |
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| 62:07 | here are some porosity reductions of mud with depth that's comparing it with the |
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| 62:13 | types of sand stones. one thing emphasize with ferocity of shells, Inter |
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| 62:23 | porosity is very, is the important for stances are consist, if all |
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| 62:32 | this is poor, take this little area here. That's an organic chris |
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| 62:43 | these are the micro porosity ease that get in ship and notice they're |
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| 62:55 | They're on the order of nana the different types of tourists, clay |
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| 63:07 | , organic ferocity, people pellets also micro channels. This is all the |
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| 63:17 | porosity and permeability that you have to with in shales and we had fun |
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| 63:25 | lastly the composition of the shape determines physical properties. One all mud rocks |
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| 63:38 | highly anisotropy. They show clearly in some are more ductile, some are |
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| 63:47 | british. If you want to frack you want to it to be brilliant |
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| 63:55 | don't try to fry conductor, which saying mud rocks with a lot of |
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| 64:00 | and organics West 15 counseling productive, the carbonate felt one force they're |
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| 64:12 | So what we look here is that you go With more than 50 calcite |
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| 64:26 | or uh boards you're getting the most shells and therefore the ones most likely |
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| 64:42 | for Well simulation. The most effective component is re crystallized biogenic copeland |
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| 64:53 | It gives you this framework of court . So what is the worst for |
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| 65:01 | nights is ironically almost the best for . Their tribal courts on the other |
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| 65:09 | , that's so good. Okay, that's all I'm gonna talk about. |
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| 65:19 | , That's all I want to talk directly about composition. It's the only |
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| 65:24 | I'm gonna talk about. Well, will revisit these variables as we look |
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| 65:31 | each of the case studies and each the deposition requirements, so thus in |
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| 65:36 | texture composition. And we can stop |
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