VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL6381/4382 Introduction to Petroleum Geology - Van-3
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:05 okay, okay, Because I can't couldn't pull up the record button.
00:14 , Well, uh, if everything working on that and I'll just start
00:19 and today we're gonna, uh, out with lectures three, which we
00:24 of go through a number of terms concepts related to the oil industry.
00:32 , and I'm gonna put this on , that's working, but my mouse
00:51 work when I put that on. , So we always like to start
00:58 classes with what is it that we're , uh, teaching and talking about
01:05 what is petroleum? Geology? And is, uh, the definition out
01:10 glucose and Swarbrick. And, basically, it's ah, the geosciences
01:20 we know and learn, and we it Thio finding petroleum and petroleum bearing
01:27 . And, of course, that apply to both conventional unconventional resource is
01:37 here's the value chain again. And gonna reiterate this, uh, on
01:42 test question, I might ask you the four major steps and there's really
01:50 steps, but again on a test to make it simpler. And I
01:57 there's a thing called the rule of . Well, you never try to
02:00 things with more than three parts. this is four parts, so it's
02:04 little complicated. Management sometimes has trouble things that have list more than
02:10 but frontier expiration, expiration, appraisal, development and production. All
02:18 of these air different steps but exploitation are very closely related, and
02:25 are development and production. And in , if you're a developmental geologist,
02:30 probably going to be doing three and . And if you are an exploration
02:35 , you would be doing one and okay, on here is just kind
02:44 looking at the six steps. this is from the highest altitude,
02:49 here we're closing in and getting finer finer grain data. Ah, with
02:58 of these steps Ah, and the front end is where geologists spent
03:06 of their time. And in geophysicists spent ah lot of time in
03:13 and expiration because they were usually the to go out and get figure out
03:18 to do seismic surveys. They were things like gravity and Meg Magnetics to
03:25 to figure out where they were Thio actually do their size make where
03:29 most prospective areas were based on thickness sediment, tree wedges and that sort
03:35 thing. So a lot of work done up here in the front Now
03:39 we, uh now that we have story about kind of nowhere where that
03:49 is so we don't do is much and everything. So we know where
03:52 are. We kind of start at point and we're kind of looking instead
03:58 looking from the outside of the base in as we do here, we're
04:02 the basin and we're looking outwards from we know there's good production to figure
04:08 the extent of it. So we of explore from the center of the
04:14 and work our way out from where have a good sweet spot that we've
04:19 out with looking for better sweet spots that particular unconventional resource. So
04:27 with conventional geological effort is decreasing in direction with the event of 40 seismic
04:37 , lot Mawr eyes going on down in development and production now and with
04:45 . Of course, we've already uh, pretty much where the oil
04:52 gas might be, but we're trying figure out the intricacies of it.
04:57 we spend more time down here with is and we would up here looking
05:02 this. Now, of course, there are a lot of unconventional resource
05:07 out there that we haven't started to yet across the world. And
05:14 there will be people looking from the trying to figure out which one of
05:19 might be worth tapping into and And, uh, as it turns
05:24 , many of the unconventional resource is the United States already had some production
05:33 the way of straight holes without without . So we knew ahead of time
05:40 we're gonna have mm. Some production out of these out of these
05:47 But we knew it wasn't going to enough until we increase that surface area
05:51 using long reach. Well, bores perfect long sections of of a formation
06:00 than just a a short vertical Like, for example, if this
06:04 a layer of rocks right here, of just drilling through here, we
06:09 through there. You automatically increase the sectional surface area between the perforations in
06:16 pipe or the open part of the , however you've completed it and and
06:22 when you frack it, you you three amount of surface area that's
06:29 Thio Ah, lower pressure regime that the fluids to flow. Okay,
06:39 what do we call riel? Geological . Recently, I've seen some geophysical
06:46 , ph. D s and Um, correlate this data with real
06:53 and they're calling real data geophysics. I don't want to offend the Jeff
06:57 this But But because we have geophysics the room and I've worked with a
07:03 of geophysical data in my life you know, we we have Thio
07:08 all this, but you know, you're actually, uh, touching the
07:14 and not bouncing energy off the rocks my mind, that's what really Data
07:20 . And so I hope it doesn't anyone if I call this reald
07:25 But, uh, we've had a graduate student that that tied this unreal
07:32 to geophysical data and, uh so in case there's any confusion there,
07:39 is what I think. Israel data here. Things like a core.
07:43 other words, I pull a piece rock out of the ground I'm actually
07:47 at geology. If I get a wall core, I'm actually looking at
07:54 . If I get cuttings, I actually looking at pieces of rock.
07:59 I go in with wire line I've got a tool that's sitting right
08:05 to the rock, looking at what's next door to the rock. And
08:08 course, now we have things particularly ity, logs ah, that are
08:17 by the array of the fields. , that they have Thio look farther
08:23 into the formation. Uh, but seismic seismic really is. And,
08:29 and in my mind, seismic is form of remote sensing. And it's
08:36 , you know, sometimes you're very away from the actual surface of the
08:41 . For example, if you're doing notion survey, but you are sending
08:45 waves into the into the earth and getting reflections and refraction is back.
08:51 you're, uh, sorting out with fresh refraction and reflection Czar and coming
09:00 with an image that reflects what we when not only when we weigh look
09:07 Coors and sidewalk course. But when look at outcrops and it does it
09:10 a huge scale. Eso. It's neat you can get. Obviously,
09:15 can get seismic lines, whether it's d or two d, you can
09:19 at a section and you're looking at . It's much larger than most outcrops
09:26 could ever imagine seeing and so we and get a really good insight with
09:33 as to, uh, the way these sedimentary deposits and layers and structures
09:40 arranged with each other. And, , the architecture that it forms,
09:45 in sequence strategic fee. Uh, makes it possible for us to understand
09:51 these sentimentally wedges have actually developed before start drilling into them. In other
09:57 , where did the sand come How is it layered? Which way
10:01 it pro grade? Which way did transgress? All sorts of things could
10:05 seen in seismic because it Z like a toolbox that allows you to look
10:12 outcrops on a very large scale scale that you want to. So in
10:18 sense, you are image ing but you're not actually touching it.
10:25 , okay, um and, unfortunately, what happens? Ah,
10:31 of times is when we get into the past when we've done appraisal,
10:37 and production, a lot of times engineers and, uh, another types
10:43 petroleum engineers pretty much handled it. the detail that we look at as
10:49 in the in the in the realm things that we pull out of the
10:54 was very limited. In other geologists. We're always looking at this
10:59 of data to try to understand the of a reservoir. And early
11:07 Ah, lot of reservoir engineers and geologist uh, in production kind of
11:17 of looked at reservoirs as a as it were, and we didn't
11:23 look at or characterize all the heterogeneity that might be in that reservoir
11:31 Okay, so with conventional reservoirs as I pointed out yesterday, a
11:39 of money was put into the front because that's that's usually, um,
11:45 example, if we were Thio, drilling offshore the Atlantic coast. What's
11:52 very first thing we would start spending on? We would start doing
11:57 lot of seismic three D seismic There is a significant amount of two
12:04 already done on the East Coast, then there were even programs and the
12:11 that have pulled together a lot of two d to simulate the three
12:17 uh, image ing of the two data. But what with that two
12:23 data LAX is, uh, the added quality of riel three D
12:32 especially when it's ah, mhm multi movil and looks from every different
12:40 You miss the the added bonus of able to see what the seismic responses
12:49 with seismic waves coming in from different and not just, uh, sort
12:54 in our standard two D straight line of what raise and ways will raise
13:01 waves will dio when they reflect and refract through sections of rock. But
13:08 , so a lot of money is there because a lot of money is
13:11 there. Uh, term we used use is it was very sexy to
13:16 a an exploration geologist because that's where the money Waas and and of
13:24 uh, as such, um, lot of effort went into it.
13:29 lot of money went into it. if we go back to here,
13:34 working in production geology, we're actually as close as they could at the
13:41 . And if you can imagine even though the engineers in the past
13:44 have been ignoring this and from uh, this type of information down
13:53 , the production geologists actually had their on more well, bores more
14:01 more sidewall cores. In some enlightened like Norway, uh, they force
14:09 to core every single reservoir you So they had a lot of geological
14:17 stored in that country. I don't if they've tossed it like everybody
14:21 but but it really helps. when you're when you're doing geology and
14:31 you actually are down at this end you have a lot of, well
14:35 , you have a lot of core sidewall core and log data toe
14:40 You actually evaluate the geology with more a hands on approach, and then
14:46 you integrate it with those big pictures you get from seismic, the larger
14:51 pictures, you can get a really understanding of the reservoir and the configuration
14:59 the seals and and all the different , like false that affect seals.
15:06 , that sort of thing through the of integrating all of this type of
15:11 with seismic data. And so that's what happens when we when we move
15:17 Thio the lower end or the or more detailed end of the value chain
15:25 with unconventional. One of the unfortunate that I've seen is that a lot
15:32 geologists become geo steers and the mayor not get to use a lot of
15:37 they know. But I do. do know that when you are your
15:43 steering of your a better geologist, gonna be coming up with better
15:49 Thio understand some of the nuances that be there when you're looking at the
15:57 logs and the other geo steering tools people used to line things up because
16:02 have a better understanding of what types heterogeneity ease that wellbore might be
16:08 even though in the past, petroleum engineers looked at jail is just
16:15 rock type that was homo genius and no, uh, strange things going
16:20 in it. Okay. And of , part a big part of Jesus
16:26 is understanding the layering and the strata architecture of the rocks above that shell
16:33 that you're trying to hit and below , she'll unit and you end up
16:40 very concerned, though with things like total organic carbon. Uh,
16:47 uh, conventional is of course, worry a lot about the charge.
16:53 much do all got in there and lot about permeability. It's the same
16:59 with the unconventional is accepted. You , we have micro ferocity and we
17:03 microbe or actually micro permeability. One the interesting things about Shales is that
17:11 many cases they might actually have more than the sand stones. But the
17:16 , because the pore throats and the air smaller, you have a limited
17:23 . So again, getting back to main concerns of frontier. Ah,
17:32 what Those are, of course. big is it now? We'll go
17:36 this again when we start actually looking more detail at frontier expiration. But
17:42 are the things that are most Obviously, what type of basin is
17:47 where the depo centers in other a depot center, of course,
17:52 where some sort of distributing things like river or a delta distributing sediments will
18:01 it down in certain places in in ways. And you're looking for areas
18:07 , uh, in the case of , where where the coarser grained sand
18:13 , uh, might be getting And, uh, and then you're
18:18 at the types of structures that impact and the overall size of things that
18:23 form traps. Um And so that's of the first things we start looking
18:32 , uh, in the just underneath here in Houston. If you look
18:39 a seismic line, you see a of flat lying beds, and it
18:44 you wonder if there could be any at all. But if you go
18:47 a place that's a little bit more Lee active like the North Sea or
18:52 of the areas off of Alaska in off, um, Brazil and on
19:02 in the Gulf of Mexico, where have salt tectonics impacting structures and stuff
19:09 that, we start to get So we see structure in that size
19:14 and, uh, and then, course, one of the first things
19:16 have to figure out is really doesn't organic rich deposits, and,
19:24 and if it does, how deep they been buried. And so,
19:32 , probably in the late seventies, eighties, a lot of oil companies
19:38 went around the world and identified all major basins. I pointed this
19:44 Thio, uh, somebody from a that this had been done a long
19:49 ago because they got excited about this . They started to call super
19:55 And I pointed out that, you , we we kind of already know
19:57 the in quote super basins are, that's what we've been studying forever.
20:04 , uh, it's amazing and industry we come up with these buzzwords that
20:08 us get excited about things that we've doing forever, but that that's
20:13 But but again, in frontier let's take the Atlantic Coast, the
20:20 Atlantic again it's a good example of . And, uh, one of
20:27 first things they worried about was Do they have organic rich deposits?
20:33 how deep is this and why would be worried about, uh, if
20:38 is still there? I can't see . But if someone's there, could
20:42 answer to me why it's important to deeply buried organics? Because I know
20:48 of you I think most of you just had geochemistry. Thermal maturity?
20:56 . If if it's not deep it's not going to be cooked.
21:01 , uh, if I mean a good example of a place that has
21:08 of organics is the Green River and that's where the oil shale comes
21:17 and why we have to call that shale and the stuff we find unconventional
21:22 shale oil because we're already using oil for undercooked organics that, with a
21:31 bit of heat in a little bit retorting, could be turned into liquid
21:38 . So this is really, really . And if we were, contrast
21:42 Atlantic coastal plain to the Gulf coastal . If you know anything about the
21:50 AFI of both of these, what's first thing that you realize about the
21:54 coastal plain versus the Gulf coastal shallow bedrock, the bedrocks pretty close
22:05 or the or the basements Pretty close the surface is this. Is this
22:09 fellow that went to school in South ? Yeah, exactly. Yeah.
22:16 it tricks anybody that's worked in the of Mexico, but the sedimentary wedge
22:22 the coastal plain itself is actually very thin. You have to go
22:27 off shore to get a thick, wedge, and so that bothered people
22:32 lot. And, of course, of the first things Exxon Mobil did
22:37 long time ago was drill a well on the Outer banks of North Carolina
22:44 they kind of stick out into the Ocean and they got some pretty decent
22:49 there. But you're looking at something 7000 ft at the most. Whereas
22:57 the Gulf of Mexico, of uh, if you drilled a well
23:02 , it might be very difficult to hit igneous and metamorphic rocks.
23:08 um, so the sentimentally wedge in Gulf of Mexico is much, much
23:14 . Uh, sediment. Infill and has been much more significant than on
23:19 East Coast. The the underlying basement been much more stable on the East
23:26 . Thin, of course, in Gulf Coast, which has been subsiding
23:29 it's cooled over the millions of It's all developed of the East
23:36 is is cooling just a little bit and subsiding a lot slower than the
23:42 of Mexico and sediment load has a bit to do with that as
23:46 Okay, so So the first thing we start looking for, of
23:50 is have the organics been cooked? then, of course, all of
23:54 things are important to I remember some projects probably 10 years ago where some
24:02 got really excited because they they were really sharply define a really nice trapping
24:13 . But the thing was very It might have had if it was
24:18 100% ferocity. Thes traps would have had less than 10,000 barrels of
24:26 They were just really small structures. one of the things that you you
24:33 to look for, of course, is there enough of a resource to
24:40 spend the money it takes to drill well and, uh, and pull
24:45 resource out and make a profit? . Uh, actually producing more than
24:56 a little bit. And and that actually one of the most significant differences
25:03 conventional and unconventional is in conventional. looking for those really high permeability,
25:11 porosity ah, fields that will drain awful lot of oil with one well
25:19 . And when you when you put unconventional well, a horizontal well in
25:25 ground, you're the surface area and of it's sort of a false sense
25:33 reach. The acreage that you might able to reach seems a lot
25:39 but the total volume of that acreage much, much smaller in conventional
25:45 And that's why you have to keep a well and drain that limited volume
25:51 that large area that you have of and gas. Because the pores as
25:58 process as you have the pores air small. The permeability reach is limited
26:05 so you don't usually drain as nearly much volume. Aziz, you could
26:11 in this in a smaller cross sectional in a in a conventional wealth.
26:19 so that size of the difference in size of the volume is significant in
26:23 of where you can put that pressure between the wellbore and the formation to
26:30 the oil and gas to flow. , so here again, based on
26:36 those things that we look at, , this is, um, whenever
26:43 put this figure one, whatever down , usually that means that it came
26:49 of glue, ISS and Swarbrick, I don't have it quoted down
26:54 But this is, Ah, a type basin, we call it,
27:00 this looks very much like the North and other rift basins around the
27:07 and we can see through time there's , may be sentimentally rocks was what
27:15 is showing that predated the rift So it's pre rift, and what's
27:21 on in here would be sin rift then post rift sediments up here and
27:28 these little symbols air showing you Here's where reservoir rocks could be formed
27:35 here's where source rocks could be Uh, once you have,
27:41 larger ocean basin and you have these fight of plankton falling all right to
27:46 sea floor, and then you have build up of sediments on top of
27:50 that buries it. And so you all these things that we're looking for
27:54 that list that I showed you. have something big. We have trapping
28:00 . We have seals, which they're cap rock here because otherwise they'd have
28:06 s and they have seals and Uh, so they're calling it.
28:12 seal is the cap rock. It's really a cap rock, but it's
28:16 seal. And, uh and here can see, uh, during pre
28:25 during sin riff post rift and and , uh, this is post rift
28:33 you have thermal cooling of the basin starts to sag like this. Because
28:39 the drifting is ongoing, this is up in the air and we'll talk
28:46 that, uh, in section five electrified. So, of course,
28:54 conditions to convert resource is to a . You're gonna have to come up
28:59 money. You're gonna have to have . You're gonna have have to have
29:05 . And what else are you going need? Okay, Anybody have any
29:18 of what else you're going to need prospect exactly. You're gonna eventually have
29:25 thio have all that data that we talking about and you're gonna have Thio
29:32 able to do all the things that and geophysicists do but put this in
29:37 because a lot of times, as we're doing the and down here,
29:44 and we need to find all these that we were talking about that air
29:48 for frontier exploration, and, at the same time, we have
29:54 remember that just because we find something looks really good Ah, these things
30:01 the economics of of what we're gonna be doing. And so, at
30:09 frontier level, in the sort of new ventures level, companies spend a
30:14 of time, uh, looking at access can I get access to
30:19 And there's there's a couple of different some, some countries and some states
30:26 whatever, wherever you're trying to may have excessive rules and regulations and
30:33 . Uh, some places that you want to operate have unstable governments,
30:40 there may be civil wars going on that sort of thing, um,
30:45 you could have a place where there any civil wars in the government's unstable
30:50 on. And anyway, I and, uh, then another thing
30:55 , is there any kind of infrastructure ? And, uh, you
30:59 in a very, very frontier you kind of have to figure
31:03 you know, if I actually found , how how am I going to
31:07 that oil out of there? uh, but the up front end
31:12 all of this lot of people in corporation are going to be trying to
31:17 out, you know, for of its in Indonesia or something,
31:21 Papua New Guinea. Do I have to build, uh, docks and
31:27 , in some cases, ship channels get to get chips in their
31:33 pull some of these resource is And then, of course, how
31:38 is it in? The bigger it , the more capital you can
31:42 And and of course, that's a big part of the equation in the
31:46 beginning and in in the discussions that have when it comes to frontier
31:54 Okay, so when we move on what we do and expiration and exploitation
32:02 opposed to senses, strict frontier Ah, we figured out that we
32:10 all those elements in frontier and we're to look for, uh, these
32:18 and coming back to this diagram. know there's a lot of structure
32:24 We know there's big, big areas volumes that might have reservoirs, but
32:29 we have to kind of start looking each of these reservoirs individually and each
32:35 these petroleum systems as we call them . Like what? What is the
32:40 system here? What's the petroleum system ? So we have to start looking
32:45 it in more detail. And here we're trying to do is develop
32:51 uh, structures with optimistic and pessimistic on that sort of thing. And
32:58 really trying to come up with what call prospects here. Here. We're
33:05 grossly. You know, where could be prospects? But when we get
33:11 expiration, we're trying to, to develop prospects in and identify prospects
33:20 certain elements to them, like what actually the reservoir Iraq. What is
33:26 about this part of the basin that us that we're going to get sentiments
33:35 more likely than over here, that of thing? In other words,
33:40 all my play elements going to come and let me just ask all of
33:46 because I think some of you started semester some of you. But you're
33:51 working in industry. Why would someone at a large scale seismic section consider
34:01 would be a reservoir over here as to right here? Mhm. Because
34:14 the like. We were small. cyclical structure. Okay, so what
34:22 this What is this? These sets lines reflecting down lap into the basement
34:31 down lap into the basement. Here's a down lap. Right. But
34:36 what you have is, uh, better word to use is you see
34:41 gradation. You see pro gradation of across the shelf. And this
34:49 Nation of Sediments. Ah, uh, reflects the infill of a
34:59 with sediments of varying sizes. But we see, uh, these things
35:07 we call actually Klein of forms, are these kind of forms? Usually
35:12 a geology geological sense. Like if you a za geologist and you just
35:23 at this structure first thing, these air sediments, these air sediments
35:31 air pro grading out in this right. What's going on inside each
35:39 of these? Um, these these reflections or boundaries are the klein
35:45 forms. But the rocks between the of forms Klein of films.
35:51 um, these air, the Klein them is means things. So
35:57 I like to call him klein of . So these kind of things here
36:02 this. This layer of rocks right . What would be, um,
36:08 sedimentary composition? Just along here. , if I see something that looks
36:16 this, it's probably gonna be And if it's ringing like crazy,
36:21 probably gonna be basement. What if see layered rocks like this? And
36:26 , this first thing I know there's rocks here, and I also know
36:32 been structurally deformed, but here you see structural deformation. The tilting here
36:40 structural deformation. It's pro gradation. what are what are these Plano thumbs
36:47 to be filled with from, the top to the bottom? What
36:51 we anticipate as a geologist? Especially that's had sequenced fatigue? Ra
36:56 What can we anticipate might be in Klein? Oh, Finney, you
37:04 alternating sandstone and shale beds, And but, you know, that's
37:12 . And you know some of these subtle things they're really obvious. And
37:19 , But, you know, we to think about, um uh and
37:23 what happens is if we were to faces on this, the coarse grain
37:30 would be upheaval and the and then start getting more silkier less sand and
37:37 silty as we come down here. then we started getting more clay and
37:40 as we come down the Klein a . And if you see it in
37:46 later lectures, I'll actually show this you. But But when I see
37:50 like this, I know that across Ah, that there should be
37:57 And down here there's going to be . And but that's why they put
38:02 reservoir somewhere in this climate form ah, this may seem really
38:10 But when when we have seismic lines look like this. And this,
38:18 , one thing we don't know about sure is that there's sand in here
38:24 the time with three D seismic. we can kind of sort that
38:29 Uh, in some places, like North Sea, where chalk is still
38:34 major absorb er of energy, it be difficult to image down in the
38:39 below the chalks eso. Sometimes that even help. But if we can
38:45 Clinton forms, for example, if could identify client forms in these layers
38:50 rocks, one of the things decline forms tell us is we have
38:55 procreation. And when we know we procreation, we know at the upper
39:01 of it we're gonna have coarse grained and, uh, at the lower
39:06 of it, we're going to have grain sand. So it's kind of
39:10 , uh, a strata graphic and of a reservoir rock just above something
39:18 could end up being a source And you can see here there's source
39:22 here, and there's Reservoir rock there a cap over top of it.
39:27 in here, we're going to get of sources down here. We'll get
39:31 . But up here, we're gonna a reservoir rock forming at the tops
39:35 that. In other words, each one of these climate forms is
39:39 be course up here and finer and it's going to integrate from that
39:44 defined as we come down there. that's just the way pro gradation
39:49 Delta builds out the heavy sediments, out first, and then the finer
39:54 finer and have finally it's mostly pelagic and phytoplankton being heavy plastic sediments
40:02 phytoplankton being deposited out here. So the fact, uh, from A
40:08 D seismic lines. Seeing climate forms us hey, there could be reservoir
40:15 . But then the next thing we to do is eyes understand the thickness
40:21 the section. The other elements of frontier are important. But as we
40:25 into exploration, we're trying to look what makes this element good. What
40:32 make this element good? And down we have another reservoir. What would
40:42 these sedimentary rocks a particularly good reservoir opposed to, say, this one
40:50 that one? And in fact, aren't these if that ISS So those
40:56 the kinds when we start doing we're not just looking for the big
41:01 of Are there these elements? We're to look at where all of these
41:08 come together. And so if I a source, if I have something
41:14 looks like a reservoir rock, how I migrate source material? I have
41:22 kitchen. Do I have migration, pathways to get to that reservoir,
41:26 charge that reservoir. And that's what start looking at an expiration in frontier
41:32 . We're trying to look and see we have these kinds of things.
41:35 we have these kinds of things. while we're at it here, we
41:39 a reservoir. I point out its brain. What? What geological process
41:45 have caused something like this to end being, Ah, Prospect of Reservoir
42:04 . As a geologist, as geologist geoscientist? Um, why would I
42:11 a wedge like this in a Excuse me? Like separate position.
42:26 what type of deposition? Mhm. , it is sin rift, but
42:33 a little bit more specific. I , this is this is a
42:38 but this this represents program nation obvious gradation. Okay, we've got climate
42:46 building out into a basin that's dead . What this is this is is
42:56 to, but again, it's a . But what is this cartoon?
43:01 would what would that have to Uh, mind you, all of
43:08 , this would be up higher when is going on and because this is
43:16 a rift might look like now. that's after we've had thermal contraction of
43:21 magma that caused the rift in the place. When the rift ing is
43:25 on, this is all up. this and the new layers Uh,
43:32 section of crust or moving in that . And in that direction, they're
43:38 off the flanks in either direction. during this period of time, which
43:45 sin riff. What's happening here? do you think could be happening?
43:52 that like a classic wedge that gets ? It is a classic wedge,
43:59 what kind of plastic? Which I'm say, Yeah, submarine fan.
44:10 , but not quite. Yes, what this is right here. This
44:15 a submarine fan. And and I since you came up with the idea
44:21 fan. That's what this little beauty in a cartoon because we're way off
44:30 . And here is the bottom of basin at that. At this point
44:34 time, Uh, that's the bottom the basin, which might not have
44:41 quite a deep when it was actually deposited, because we've had this much
44:48 occur and we're And as all of is going on, we were getting
44:53 contraction and sinking along this axis. , uh, what's going on here
45:01 that when this happens, these would popped up in the air and,
45:08 , this would be like the rims a Rift Valley like, say,
45:11 Turkana or the Rift East African Rift . You'd have these mountain ranges along
45:17 edge of the rift, and sediments be eroding and pouring down into whatever
45:24 of the basin had formed at that . Of course, this is going
45:28 be up uplifted a little bit when happened, but you're still gonna have
45:32 rift in the middle. Uh, the East African riffs and sediments they're
45:37 be dumping into it off of the fault blocks around it on either
45:44 and they're going to be forming. uh, large, uh, fan
45:53 . We sometimes call these things on large fan Delta right here is going
46:00 be something like the brace Sands that off in the Jurassic. So it's
46:08 like in a in, uh, some cases, it may be on
46:12 surface, and this could actually be alluvial fan coming off of a false
46:17 , but a zit turns out there a bit of a Rift lake going
46:24 and actually had some marine incursion into at that time. Eso it wasn't
46:30 like anymore. It was a a early Rift Basin and you had
46:36 it pouring off. And you can here there's an uplifted block here
46:41 and this would be more of the when that formed. Uh, for
46:46 , if we remove all of this here and go back to the time
46:50 this is sticking up in the thes air, huge mountain ranges
46:55 uh, and sediment is being eroded the top of these things, you
47:00 see that it's thinning in that direction and it's pouring off into these
47:06 And the brace sands in the North are exactly like this, right on
47:10 edge of a rift fault block that the boundaries off the north of the
47:18 robin right now. And the South Robin, uh, also. And
47:26 have actually the junction of central grabbing the South Viking. Robin, you
47:31 these things pouring off there. So have these huge Jurassic, um,
47:36 not submarine fans like this, but fans that are more like fan Delta's
47:42 they're coming into, uh, ocean salt water masses rather than just into
47:50 alluvial plain. Uh, and so not just alluvial fans coming off that
47:56 see in rift blocks right now, , in different parts of the Western
48:01 . S. Okay, so that's of it. So what's interesting about
48:08 little cartoon is it tells you an lot about all these different ways that
48:14 can develop reservoirs. We can develop and we can develop sources and and
48:23 mhm. This would be a different concept than this prospect concept. And
48:32 would be a different ah petroleum system reservoir concept, then that one this
48:39 has to get a charge from a place than that one. This one
48:44 sediments derived from a different place than one. And so these air all
48:49 different elements. But these elements arrive in a petroleum system through different processes
48:58 time through the overall development of the . Which is why we like to
49:03 basins because they this rift system right has an enormous number of petroleum systems
49:14 in it. Because of all the , actually, is the easiest way
49:18 say it to create, uh, instances of these elements of that petroleum
49:28 occurring together, and that's That's one the things that's really incredible. Incredible
49:33 rift basins and why we get a of hydrocarbons out of rift basins.
49:39 , so that's what we're doing with and exploitation. Uh, with
49:46 We're trying to see if we have of elements, you know? Is
49:50 big? We have lots of Is it deep? Is this deep
49:53 to actually create a lot of source ? Could this source rock charge that
49:58 , that reservoir? And how would charge this reservoir? And we can
50:03 it in the big picture. But , in frontier and exploitation and
50:08 we try toe put these elements and this would be a prospect
50:13 This would be a prospect concept that be a different prospect concept. And
50:19 once we drill into it, you , that's when we go from
50:23 Excuse me, Exploration, exploitation. we try to figure out okay if
50:28 one here. Is there one over ? If there's one here, is
50:33 one over there? In other we get this prospectively concept in our
50:38 and and we look at the base more detail to figure out if you
50:44 , here we have one here. where else are we gonna have?
50:48 can we exploit the space? And on this concept, in more
50:54 because of what we've learned and what blocks, for example, I've hit
50:59 fault. Block. What other fault might have been charged the same way
51:03 this one is. I just discovered and gas, okay? And that's
51:08 we kind of go with exploitation. and then, uh, so you
51:15 have gotten some acreage to drill that prospect. But then, when you
51:21 of shift into exploitation mood, where am I going to find that in
51:26 base? And based on the seismic I have, I don't have any
51:29 wells there, But based on the , where else can I move this
51:37 concept of what a basin is? me. What a petroleum system is
51:44 that area, okay. And so as we get ready to drill
51:51 uh, exploratory wells, we look a lot of these different things.
51:56 again, I like to add these that aren't geologic because as geologist,
52:05 not trying to discover just oil we're just trying to discover where our reservoir
52:13 could be, although in frontier, those elements aren't there, there's no
52:20 in looking any further. So that's we do that in the beginning.
52:25 once we start trying to tap into , all these other things that I
52:31 talking about become important. Where do actually locate the will? What's going
52:37 with all these things? Uh, guess many of you know that Mobile
52:43 , for example, is a is an area that has some major gas
52:49 , uh, in it. And long do you think it might have
52:55 Mobile was actually the first a company drill, uh, there. And
53:02 long do you think it took Uh huh. From getting a
53:08 And they purchased acreage and they started , well, sites. But how
53:17 do you think it took them? of environmental concerns to to get the
53:24 to actually drill on that acreage that had purchased. Anybody have any rough
53:38 ? It's anybody's still there. Was it years? Was it
53:45 Yes, it was years, and was about 10 years. It's,
53:52 think, Actually, it was nine in so many months before the
53:57 uh, approved it. And uh and so ah, lot of
54:03 went into the frontier part of a lot of seismic went into
54:08 Uh, they actually had thio pay the lease upfront Bonus. They did
54:14 an extension on the the time of least. Normally, you have a
54:18 amount of time Thio drill and find . And but that was extended.
54:25 it took It took nine years. why? Because Mobile Bay is ah
54:30 an area. Uh, you that's environmentally significant for ocean health or
54:38 Gulf of Mexico is health because as most folks now and I'm assuming that
54:44 do, because all of you are science majors, uh, and maybe
54:50 a lot of science courses in high , but the estuaries, like Mobile
54:57 or where ah lot of the life the ocean starts out and you don't
55:02 to damage sort of the birthing spot many, many things that actually end
55:08 contributing to the health of a notion terms of organic productivity. So,
55:15 , that's why that took so And of course, safety is always
55:19 . And but then you have to thinking about all of these things,
55:24 , because, uh, if you're shore, there's a way to do
55:28 . If you're offshore, there's a to do it. If you're sitting
55:31 in front of an environmentally sensitive you have to be really careful how
55:39 dispose of waste. And all of adds to the cost. And
55:44 as geologists and geophysicists or geoscientists in , we always have to be thinking
55:51 of, you know, if I more of this to deal with,
55:55 I have more of that to deal when I'm a to this stage,
56:00 need to be looking for bigger Resource because the probability of success and getting
56:11 that's profitable is impacted by these elements here that have nothing to do with
56:17 geology. Okay, so here we , uh, as I was mentioning
56:26 the bigger diagram, because I thought was good, too, to sort
56:31 go from the bigger diagram to the diagram. So when we get the
56:35 and exploitation again, we're looking at prospect level and we might decide this
56:43 the best one. But if we oil and gas here, we might
56:48 exploit that opportunity and try to determine that same opportunity might be here a
56:55 . And so that's pretty much kind the way those three things go.
57:01 then, um, then we get . We actually drill a well on
57:08 best prospect of its successful we we get a flu to champagne.
57:14 it's not successful, we got a bottle, and this is almost a
57:18 as the humor gets in my Uh, because we're not really allowed
57:25 cuss anymore, and I don't know , but humor benefits often from foul
57:31 , but but But anyway, this is a little bit of humor
57:36 , but the other thing is, we hit a fault. And,
57:41 , I mentioned this before. if you're yes, you're not drilling
57:49 exploration well, but you're drilling in will. You might hit the faults
57:55 you might hit you all water but you may never find out.
57:58 oil and gas there. And so the location that I talk about here
58:06 . You get it this scale, don't drill. Ah, well,
58:10 here to figure out where that oil contact ISS. You know, if
58:14 drill a well, let's see if all the way out here because then
58:16 know it's worth drilling. Let's drill right here, because then we'll get
58:22 well water contact in the seal. you need to do is to get
58:26 here and make sure you actually have nice, thick wedge of sediments that
58:31 charged with oil and gas. So exploration well is going to be different
58:36 those appraisal wells and some appraisal You might get lucky. And,
58:43 example, maybe you think about what contact is up here and you drill
58:48 here and you get more sex section there and you can turn that into
58:52 producing. Well, the dog can Can I make a comment? So
58:58 , I think, I think, because of, um, cash
59:04 like you're saying we almost jump that are in exploration, but we want
59:10 appraisal well, right. We want get the two coins, and and
59:16 sometimes it's frustrating because it's a geological . it's proven the play, but
59:22 we gotta push back because it's not course big enough for yeah, of
59:27 . For the company, That's uh it doesn't make profit for
59:31 But, uh, like you're saying is not exploration anymore. You're
59:36 But if I If I may, that's really sort of a false
59:42 because on their part, because when drill a well right through here,
59:51 am I going to figure out? going to see that oil water contact
59:55 , just like I will out Onley here. I will know what's
59:59 it. And and maybe we think oil water contact could be here,
60:07 the oil water contact could be And if the well water contact is
60:12 , we're probably not gonna wanna I to do any more drilling. But
60:16 I drill through this, I find oil on top of it, and
60:21 thing called in oil water contact is be underneath it. So I just
60:25 to make sure I go all the . And of course, of in
60:29 drilling plan to save money, they go this far. But it's still
60:35 oil, water contact. It may down here, and that's going to
60:39 excite them. If you're still above oil water contact and s o
60:48 if you if you go for the lode, you confined some of these
60:52 . Mhm. Just by going a bit deeper, we don't have one
60:58 . Right? But if you had fault over here that you were worried
61:01 sentiments like that, you might, you could also hit a fault or
61:05 trap. Excuse me. And in , water contact. Where did you
61:09 in here like this? You do the fault, but make sure,
61:14 , the whole sections not faulted out it would be right here. Do
61:21 think that, like, kind of follow up? Do you think that
61:24 companies, when you know, it's hard to recommend drilling a well,
61:28 for the sake of science? But you think that have you or have
61:30 seen that For the most part, have benefit benefited for doing something like
61:35 where, unlike in today's time, so hard to convince people to drill
61:39 for the sake of collecting data, know. Oh, yeah, But
61:42 here, you for that first? , you might have. You have
61:47 gonna have some indication of where that water contact should be. And if
61:52 not sure, if you if you it. But the the height of
62:00 hydrocarbon column is going to be limited the strength of the seal above
62:06 And I think Steve talked about that little bit, and I'll be talking
62:11 that. But some people have often in the past. Before they thought
62:17 how seals leak in fracture from hydrocarbon , they might have just automatically put
62:26 it way down here. And with little bit of calculation, you can
62:32 out that that the buoyancy of a that high is probably going to exceed
62:37 strength of the seals in that particular . And that's another thing that you
62:43 do, and especially if you If you're in exploitation and you have
62:48 fault block like this somewhere else, it's in the same reservoir around the
62:53 depth, should be in the same regimes more or less than that sort
62:58 thing on you. Haven't you have idea The strength of the seals.
63:04 , you can get a better idea where that oil water contact should
63:09 And drilling straight through like this for expiration. Well, is basically trying
63:17 find the most important thing that you drill with that first well, is
63:24 oil section. And that's what you're for is the oil section. If
63:31 if you miss it, you you've you've wasted a whole well and
63:36 nothing. And, uh, if just come in over here, you're
63:42 have a thin section be worried you know, does it shell
63:45 up dip. And and it depends the structure and the deposition. I'll
63:51 and the sequence photography and where you in a client a form, for
63:55 , as to whether it would be dipper down dip. But all those
63:59 you have to take into consideration. if you come in and drill
64:02 you're gonna figure that out just from straight through there. And that's that's
64:09 you know, your first of all to be here. We're here and
64:14 right on this fault to figure out that fault boundary is and not right
64:18 back here to figure out where the closure on the oil water contact might
64:26 . And, of course, with two D seismic, you can figure
64:29 where the structural closures might be. that shouldn't be something that you're drilling
64:35 when you drill that first. um, you really should be looking
64:40 the bull's eye, and I don't how to say it any any any
64:45 . Um, do not. You that first dark that you throw needs
64:50 be in the bull's eye. And you think the sweetest, thickest section
64:56 , that's where you need to And when you're doing unconventional, that's
65:00 what you need to dio. You go journaling out in the middle of
65:05 with no idea of what the what micro permeability might be like. And
65:14 , of course, with unconventional, also looking for, uh, water
65:19 there because the more water that's in , the more more of that terrible
65:25 about permeability you'll be ableto capture into fractures. Okay, so I hope
65:36 know if people are getting in the about drilling here vs there that's that
65:41 be why they're missing a lot of . And, uh, in the
65:47 Sea that I meant one thing that mentioned, they danced around it like
65:53 . And, uh, there was fault over here, and there was
65:56 million barrels of oil in here the fall. Down there, there was
66:01 . There was 110 up here, there was lots of oil and gas
66:06 here on the other side. They figure out whether there was sand here
66:11 they kept drilling here and here. they kept missing the sand for reasons
66:15 than the ah, there wasn't anything the middle. He if you miss
66:22 bull's eye, you might not even . Uh huh. Where these boundaries
66:27 actually going to be? Because you drill a well over here and you
66:31 drill a well over here, and what they were doing. Okay,
66:37 So when we get Thio appraisal, when we really wanna We really want
66:41 figure out your very second Well, you know, there's something significant with
66:46 first Well, then you do have go out and drill the 2nd and
66:50 . Well, now, if you're at something really tiny in the first
66:55 , you still need to figure out that hydrocarbon column looks like. And
67:02 only way to do that the way figure out the absolute height of that
67:07 is to drill right through here. it can only be so high because
67:12 seals can only hold so much oil . Okay. And then,
67:24 eso you do do the rest of things. And, uh and so
67:29 appraisal, you start drilling these and here you find out your past
67:33 all water contact, you've drilled these and you figured out there's false separating
67:39 . And what you find out a of times with appraisal wells is that
67:45 reservoir that you once thought was this is actually more compartmentalized.
67:54 then you thought it waas And I the idea of trying to figure out
68:00 that compartmentalization is in the beginning. if you drill this well, you
68:05 never come. If that's your number . Well, you may never come
68:08 to this at all, and there be a significant economically recoverable,
68:14 reserve in here that you're going to if you drill this well first.
68:19 in that one second, you may do it. You drill this
68:23 First, you may not ever go and look at that resource. But
68:28 where it looks like it's most perspective well, you drilling when you drill
68:33 well, you should be able to out where this is right here.
68:37 only thing that you're actually doing when drill out here it's not finding the
68:41 water contact. But when you drill here, you're trying to figure
68:46 um, if there's some sort of between this well and that oil water
68:53 out here and if the strata graphic the structural closure that you think is
68:57 is really there or not. So figuring different things out when you start
69:01 as appraisal wells. In other you might have from your seismic you
69:06 think the closures like way over here this. When you drill that
69:10 you'll find out that's not true. appraisal Wells help you figure out the
69:16 extent. But they also help you out how broken up that resource
69:21 So this target should be something that very perspective in the first place.
69:26 want to do something like a bull's in the sweet spot and try to
69:31 out what but that hydrocarbon column really like not by looking at the
69:39 but by looking at the middle of and, uh and then also what
69:45 of compartmentalization it is, because when do production and development, uh,
69:50 a field like this, it's gonna a whole lot different than something That's
69:54 simple, where you can put a pipes in there and drain it without
69:58 effort. Okay, so when we to development and production, of
70:06 moving product becomes important. You may infrastructure, but you might realize you've
70:12 this really big field and you need get more pipelines, which is happening
70:17 the Permian Basin right now. uh, you want to figure out
70:25 you know, how much of a do I need to put on
70:29 On? That show could have something do with how much product you can
70:35 . There may be limitations in the . There may be, uh,
70:40 in the price, and you might shut it in when something like that
70:45 , if you can again. If drilling unconventional wells, you have to
70:50 drilling and you have to keep And you have to keep that cash
70:53 rolling, or you're gonna have have with cash flow. And how many
71:01 does it take? And then you to start thinking about things like reservoir
71:06 A TSA um, point, because as geologists, we know we
71:13 these structural heterogeneity ease that you see this diagram. But then you may
71:18 deposition of heterogeneity ease in this in whole oil column that affect the rate
71:26 flow in different directions. In other , there's anti Satrapi to the flow
71:34 and there are a lot of different that we have to look at.
71:38 , particularly we're looking at the strata architecture of the of the sediments that
71:43 up that. That column if it's sandstone or a silty sand stuff,
71:52 , and and again, when we into production, Andi, we're gonna
72:00 looking at all of this a little closer e don't want to give it
72:04 away, but again, we're looking different details. But here you can
72:07 we have injection wells Thio, try help things out here. You have
72:13 quality sands coming in through here, it could actually extend extend across
72:18 In other words, you can have sorts of issues with faces and what
72:23 that start compounding things. And before started putting in, inject an injection
72:29 like, for example, one here probably not going to do you a
72:31 lot of good. You need to , Ah, the overall structure and
72:40 . All these things that we used define rock types start to become
72:46 And what's really odd about this is doing really good production takes a lot
72:53 geological input, and, historically, za petroleum or reservoir geologists would be
73:02 at. This is a big tank the ground, uh, even though
73:07 lots of wells and there's lots of really geological data. A lot of
73:10 used to get ignored. Nowadays, not being ignored like it was in
73:15 past. Now we're we're spending a of time in development and production to
73:21 better characterize these reservoirs and look at flow characteristics and the heterogeneity. Is
73:30 occur within these sand stones? as geologists, we know that sand
73:36 and Shales air not homogeneous. so So basically, you get to
73:45 appraisal thing, you start to delineate . Then you start to develop again
73:50 and you do that. Reservoir management recovery. When I was working in
73:56 Marsh Island 1 28 I was Um, South Marcelin 1 28 is
74:05 still the most productive three square mile in the entire Gulf of Mexico.
74:12 , it's interesting field that probably has this point in time. 30 or
74:17 pay zones. Hey, layers uh but also, I don't know
74:24 I mentioned this already, but they had, um, strata graphic traps
74:31 that all the production geologists and exploration overlooked. They were actually down dip
74:37 some of their oil water context, we were able actually to find those
74:40 start producing those. So when I working on that field, I actually
74:45 doing we were working in an area we were trying to do water
74:51 So we're working at this scale. were doing, uh, appraisal
74:57 trying to figure out what the downward of some of the mass of sandstone
75:02 were with with well over 20% ferocity the same time I was looking at
75:12 . Um, if this petroleum system strata graphic traps, where could they
75:17 be? And how could we possibly those and drill does. And so
75:22 found a lot of stuff that was down dip in a strata graphic trap
75:28 the same fault block of something that a higher oil water contact for,
75:34 , sandstone that was isolated from this graphic trap. So it was It
75:39 a really, uh, really good for someone starting out in production,
75:45 and the oil industry to actually learn awful lot. And, of
75:49 at the same time, I had field these Cameron 81 that had a
75:54 gas blowout with 100 million cubic feet gas going to blue sky,
76:02 somewhere around five months, and, , that really got me into another
76:07 of what it's like to be in oil company. All over the same
76:12 of time and in a relatively short of time. So it was a
76:15 interesting time in my life. So again, you know, what
76:21 the types of data? You're petroleum . You're always talking about this kind
76:26 stuff. But we're looking for the porosity, The permeability. Ah,
76:33 , what kind of, uh, or barriers do I have in a
76:37 direction? In other words, toe flow. Ah, vertical barrier creates
76:44 flow. A, um um let , uh in other words, if
76:53 have variability in this direction in other , in a layer that's like this
76:57 a layer that's like that it creates , uh, avenues. And if
77:04 have something, uh, that separates this way like a vertical fault that
77:14 flow in a vertical direction. So configuration of the layers could be,
77:20 ah. Little bit different than actually way the barriers actually are. We're
77:25 looking for total oil in place, , by, um, zeroing out
77:33 rock space and the fluids, the space, and we're trying to figure
77:38 what the actual recoverable reserves are and of course, the A P I
77:44 can have a lot to do with flow conditions. For example, when
77:48 found two billion barrels in place in South China Sea, the luau structure
77:57 , the A p i gravity we really low ap I gravity. But
78:02 viscosity of that particular oil was a lower for that particular gravity of oil
78:09 of bio degradation from bacteria and the that was driving this water drive and
78:18 as it migrated through through the the , that was actually, uh,
78:25 from source to the thing that actually the of viscosity a little bit lower
78:31 it should have been for the for density of that particular oil. So
78:35 were able to put cheese on It was relatively deep water over 300
78:41 deep, and they were able to sheets on it, and that was
78:46 heavy oil. With just a little of heating, they were able to
78:49 it the flow. And, of , sometimes this is not a problem
78:53 all, because you have a nice nice uh hi, I a p
78:58 graph and, uh, and of , this water saturation helps you figure
79:02 what those reserves are. And that , which I just mentioned, is
79:07 critically important sometimes in terms of And And you start looking for these
79:14 , Of course, What's gonna happen we bring it thio to the
79:20 Uh, what volumes are we gonna or gain? What's the gas oil
79:26 ? What would the temperature be? bubble point for the dissolved gas,
79:35 and also sometimes the what? Our can also help us figure out other
79:41 in terms of of how this is to flow and drive, and,
79:46 , and that sort of thing. a lot of information goes on into
79:49 . When I worked as a developmental , the reservoir geologists spent a lot
79:55 time working on this, and the would spend more time working on these
80:03 and, uh, trying to get those volumes. Um, actually,
80:08 volumes for this by mapping out the and that sort of thing. So
80:14 are we looking for for unconventional? that kind of went through conventional
80:21 and I mention a little bit of . Well, what would we be
80:26 for once we've got that first well in an unconventional How? Well,
80:38 next Well, right. Yeah, gonna be looking for that. So
80:43 already know where the source and reservoir . So obviously Ah, lot of
80:52 where we are, we've drilled through source rocks looking for conventional resource
80:57 and so we're already looking at a that has relatively speaking for that whole
81:03 whole source rock with probably were some the best process and permeability, or
81:09 , And we saw that because we might have had shows coming out of
81:14 shales when he drilled for those conventional . But other things that we start
81:20 for, you know, we could some of this with our seismic
81:26 but we're looking for, uh, know which rocks are susceptible to
81:32 Which ones aren't where the primary fracture . Um, and just just for
81:41 one little thing here, I'll give an example. Say our source rocks
81:47 , uh is more or less. , although it's got a lot of
81:52 material, and it's got a lot carbonate in it, and so it's
81:56 be more brittle than a and, a classic derived, solicitous, rich
82:07 . So but a lot of the did early on in some of these
82:13 is if they had these areas where had a carbonate rich source rock,
82:21 was brittle. One of the things they started looking for, uh,
82:26 their seismic is what areas had the flex oring going on. Other
82:32 Ah, if you have these flat sentimentally lime stones that air full of
82:37 material, all I have to do find a place where I can see
82:43 flexing in the layer. Um and I know that that might be an
82:51 that has more fracturing than an area still flatlining. In other words,
82:56 been no, no structural Fletcher, I have a brittle rock and I
83:02 this structural Fletcher, I'm gonna have have fracturing in there. And so
83:06 be natural fracturing that could be And there's there are places where
83:13 we, uh, actually work in unconventional where we don't have to fracture
83:18 the fracturing there is already better. also, if you do go in
83:22 do fracturing Ah, you know, it zits more brittle, the less
83:31 it is. And the more carbonate that is, the more likely we
83:35 that units going toe fracture a little better. Another thing that you can
83:40 figure out from the stress fields that from some of that structural flexing and
83:47 structural activity like faulting and that sort thing. You can get a nice
83:53 with the primary fracture, directions might occurring in, uh And then,
84:00 course, another thing you're gonna be to find out is where is the
84:05 part of the oil source and so you start drilling. You have this
84:13 plan, what often happens? You may not know any of
84:18 Somebody's tapped into it. And just of the way the leases situated,
84:26 starts drilling all their wells big horizontal northwest instead of instead of Northeast,
84:37 might be the better fracture, direction that you want to cut
84:42 Uh, so they just start drilling the wrong direction. But once you've
84:46 that, because you're drilling all these and trying to monetize this thing really
84:50 and you want it to fit within leased lines. Ah, uh,
84:56 you've done that, you might realize you're not drilling in the right
85:01 Thio two more or less have a of times that it oftentimes it's not
85:08 but often times if you have your fractures perpendicular to the well bore when
85:13 dio you're fracturing, you're going toe that natural fracture. So that's many
85:21 the way you want to do Uh, unfortunately, a lot of
85:25 for speed, uh, people don't orient things in the right direction because
85:32 don't really have time to do But once you've drilled, uh,
85:37 10 or 12 of these laterals, , you're gonna have an idea in
85:43 future, for in the future, direction has the best porosity and permeability
85:48 direction from that original? Well, getting richer oil sources and you might
85:55 able to see in one direction you're to richer oil. Uh, oil
86:02 . In other words, there's more . Mm uh huh. To the
86:07 of my field. And there is the north of the minefield. And
86:10 starts to help you get in idea what direction. You should be moving
86:15 . So you sort of, unlike is where we start from the outside
86:20 look for these things. With a you've drilled, you've drilled that initial
86:26 , and you're probably drilling a lot wells because you need to keep that
86:29 flow going. You know, you're it from that that bench, so
86:34 speak that you've that you've got your pipe into and you're trying to monetize
86:41 thing is, though, it is . But as you're drilling it from
86:45 inside out, you're finding out that not homogeneous, and you're finding out
86:50 there actually is variability. And now starting toe learn from the inside out
86:55 of from the outside in. I'm to learn where I should be putting
87:01 next drill, uh, lateral my next laterals, and where I
87:07 be buying extra acreage that I hadn't about in the past. Okay,
87:14 I think we're going to take a . It sounds like people might be
87:18 , but how long has this Yeah, eyes. It been an
87:30 yet, or an hour and a . But we started around.
87:39 It's been close to an hour and half right now. Okay, so
87:44 go ahead and take a 10 minute and I will try to pause the
87:58 if I can get out of
-
+