VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 12 2023
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:01 OK, we're recording, you get warning from at least one person,
00:10 two. I just didn't have time read it. Last week. I
00:15 to interview um about 15 students that trying to get here for different
00:28 And at the same time, I trying to catch up with my emails
00:30 a month ago. It's just It's, yeah, just need to
00:48 this now. OK. There we . So again, we're uh now
00:58 , we're looking at the exploitation, , exploitation, not frontier. And
01:04 course, in every, every bit the uh value chain we're always worried
01:10 , didn't wanna do that these few uh that we have and we're gonna
01:16 , we're gonna bring in a couple other things. Uh play, play
01:19 way, a lead and a prospect which kind of help us focus on
01:27 and pieces of these things. And from a larger scale, again,
01:33 normally, we're normally looking at certain that are actually related to formations in
01:39 ground, um not arches or something the surface, but you know,
01:45 formations. If you know what a is, has, has everybody in
01:50 . Taken stray. No. As undergrads and sea. Ok.
02:04 , um, yeah, I find , well, and we talked about
02:08 photography a little bit. Ok. , anyway, uh, we're gonna
02:16 , uh, kind of focusing in some of these things from the aspect
02:20 exploration, which is sort of starts with coming up and I, with
02:24 idea to a drill and, and it ends with exploitation where we've
02:29 found something and we're starting to drill around to find more of those
02:34 And uh and then the next step we focus farther in on one of
02:38 prospects that we had a discovery. we, we get into this step
02:41 called appraisal, which is the next . OK. So, um and
02:47 of the important things that this aspect to make sure we have a seal
02:51 you can have, you know, can, can look at seismic,
02:54 can kind of see there might be structure, can see false,
02:58 uh you know, uh beds uh of dipping up into a fault
03:04 you know, there might be a there, uh or sometimes an assault
03:08 things like that. And sometimes we actually see an clinal structures as,
03:12 you, as you have seen in of the examples I've shown of uh
03:17 3D and two D seismic. Uh you can have that and, and
03:25 , and I think this is where gets important. You know, you
03:27 , you know, why do I a reservoir and a trap?
03:30 you can have a trap. It not be, may not, something
03:34 like a trap but there's not a for a rock accident. You can
03:39 something that looks like a crap, the seal is not very good as
03:43 turns out the seals for the most , uh, in, in
03:50 in a lot of conventional uh And, and also it's important,
03:55 which some people keep overlooking. Every I read something, it's like,
03:59 my God, they missed this But uh you need to have a
04:03 that's sitting on top of that, trap, whatever it is. Uh
04:07 you're looking at a conventional thing, have this big resource play, it's
04:10 shale, you're trying to get um out of it in some sense,
04:17 self contained. But at the same , there could be an apple for
04:21 ale for above and, and we make sure somehow we received because if
04:26 go really close to that, you pull, pull water in and uh
04:31 the, the formation that you're trying produce because because in all cases,
04:37 I don't get into um uh relative , but I, I mention it
04:45 and over again. Um It's kind a, a tricky thing because if
04:49 actually doing experiments with it, you to inject things and that kind of
04:53 . And, and in my you know, you're, you're trying
04:56 come at a number by doing something doesn't happen in the real world.
05:01 , uh, and, uh, , there are, uh, Mike
05:05 over in petroleum engineering, uh, this huge, he got it from
05:09 . When you left shell, it's huge compression chamber where you can,
05:12 you can measure things sort of in with high temperatures, high pressures.
05:17 , uh, somebody forgets to tighten something down very well, there's
05:20 be bolts flying across the room and , through several buildings before it
05:26 Um, I, I, I always frightened just to even walk in
05:29 room when I, when you realize pressures that they're, they're operating inside
05:33 these uh chambers and most of them , you know about this, we
05:36 a rock physics lab, this got about this size to view Indian
05:42 But his is, his chamber is than his test. So he's
05:46 he's got nuts to go hold the together. It's like some of the
05:52 that hold up, uh, street lights and stuff. The real
05:56 ones that you see on I Yeah. And it's, you
06:01 you don't have to be an engineer , to kind of guess that,
06:05 know, a leaky seal could be real problem uh, at the surface
06:10 the ground. It's a little bit , but it's still a tug and
06:13 and if, and if, something, uh, is pushing with
06:17 , with a little bit more pressure something else, um, uh,
06:23 , uh, you know, it's win. It's, uh, it's
06:27 about, it's all about balance, know, 10,000 P si is a
06:31 of a containing pressure. But if 10,015, there might be, you
06:36 , something might leak a little bit , uh, it's, it's sometimes
06:40 to imagine. And, uh, are people again that do this theoretical
06:47 , more or less that think, know, these seals don't leak
06:51 you know, for them to they have to overcome capillary pressures.
06:54 the pressures are so high that the pressure isn't the issue. The issue
07:00 that difference between what's on, what's one side and what's on the
07:06 And, um, and of if it wasn't for the types of
07:10 , I'm gonna show you, we , we probably wouldn't have gas chimneys
07:13 we have gas chimneys all over the because we have a lot of seals
07:17 we could, ok, no matter good they are. And,
07:24 this is something I remember when I working operationally, we kind of sensed
07:31 like this was going on, but didn't, we didn't have the,
07:33 , theory behind it. Some of comes from, um, a single
07:39 and, uh, and Exxonmobil picked on it really quick and uh and
07:43 thought it was good that they but some of the other oil companies
07:46 slow to, to kind of get it, but it has a big
07:50 , not only on a, on localized seal, but also how you
07:54 uh see production uh going down Like if you have 15 pay
08:01 why one might be performing better than other, even though uh they look
08:05 the same system? Ok. Um , um and this, this is
08:13 thing I always, this is always question on my test and it's probably
08:16 be a question on the test Um Membrane seal is po uh but
08:23 cannot migrate through the pores when when it's worth again. If it's
08:30 working, it will, it will to the. In other words,
08:36 there's enough of a pre pressure differential movie and we'll go into how that
08:41 , a hydraulic seal uh for any to get through it and crash.
08:47 , um which one of these types seals is related, do you think
08:53 a high? And which one is related to a boat? Maybe?
08:58 , I uh would be a delicious . And uh and something that's a
09:09 seal is gonna be something that's in , which is more likely uh you
09:13 , it could be in carbonate or it's all cemented up or is it
09:18 built with cement, that kind of and the only way to get anything
09:22 it is to fracture. And uh uh the word membrane, I,
09:28 don't know why. But for some people get this backwards in the head
09:32 some people take a of um a brain is something that sweet and
09:39 but it's uh membrane is, is it's like a tissue on us.
09:45 it's, we have membranes and all ourselves. But we, you
09:48 we, it's, you know, like this and uh instead of,
09:54 know, like the hand by And, um, and we,
10:00 do all sorts of filtering of membranes stuff too and uh some things can
10:05 through it some and uh and the between the relative permeability and the fluids
10:12 are in the system relate to what's pass through first. And uh in
10:18 cases, the relative permeability of uh gas in the gas form, its
10:24 slip through faster than water, water slip through faster than, well.
10:29 that's kind of the way it And so uh what I can get
10:33 me, excuse me. Um, , you know, the right temperature
10:37 pressure, it can get through these a lot easier than oil can.
10:42 is almost um uh the surface tension oil and water, the um the
10:48 is gonna tend to, to lose on that. If you have
10:51 smaller and smaller pores, I hope makes sense to you. Yeah.
11:01 . So traits of a good highly impermeable. That's wrong. It's
11:09 wrong, permeable uh barriers, small size, usually fine grain sediments,
11:13 ductility, thick Strat graphic unit and extensive. That's pretty much says it
11:19 . So a nice good shale, maximum flooding surface, which we talked
11:23 maximum flooding surfaces typically are organic rich they are also um often a lot
11:31 delicious places that they get out in deep water. And uh because
11:37 you know, they float almost it takes a long time to
11:40 takes a long time to get out the wave of the wave interval at
11:44 , at the ocean surface. And one set stop, sting them
11:49 they start to settle out and, it can take a long time and
11:53 sometimes they get ingested by things that just going along trying to find algae
11:59 the water and uh they end up uh copper lights and that kind of
12:04 or um uh the stuff you see the bottom of your aquarium after your
12:09 have, have your tank hasn't been out in a while. So,
12:14 but anyway, it, uh it's uh it's very, uh
12:17 very plastic in nature as a delicious candy. And of course,
12:25 clays are completely different. It means in, yes. Uh I,
12:33 spell it. It's impermeable. I don't know where the, he
12:38 from, I, I think it's like in which is also
12:42 Yes. So it can be, , um, impervious would be
12:51 But, so, um, impermeable , is really what I wanna,
12:58 , I, you know, sometimes think two words at the same time
13:01 try to spell them at once. I was talking about stocks and bonds
13:06 , um, what was I I said, uh, bun and
13:11 together and came up with Bond. , I was talking to somebody.
13:20 you know, sometimes I have to uh people in the uh business school
13:24 out how to count. It's, guys have probably had the same problem
13:29 . Um That's what you really And um and so here is uh
13:34 really a neat chart. Uh This in both uh versions of your
13:41 but it came from uh uh most the stuff in this comes from um
13:47 sales and uh s A les that's guy's last name. Sales. And
13:55 here we have uh the uh water can see it coming down like
14:02 And um I, I often think a gradient that's steeper as, as
14:07 more, but it's, it's actually because this is this gradient is based
14:12 density. So um as you see , the less dense petroleum and in
14:19 case, they mean oil. Um the book, the book that we
14:25 calls oil petroleum and natural gas is be uh gas is gonna be less
14:31 uh oil with dissolved gas and it'll a little bit less than this
14:37 But um the rate of change in direction is very, very small over
14:44 considerable depth. And that's because it's dense. The water which is more
14:50 has AAA greater gradient and it looks this. So here's the water
14:55 uh here's depth to a certain uh . And at some point, uh
15:03 uh if I have um say oil a, in a reservoir, this
15:08 be the gradient of the petroleum through from whatever depth depth that has to
15:13 . And this is the water So this would be the hydraulic pressure
15:17 the system. And this is an pressure in the system. And that
15:24 is because you've uh you've reduced the . So there is an upward force
15:31 here that's greater than that. And and that differential is what pushes through
15:38 uh membrane uh seals. And uh is the formula. I don't think
15:46 ever asked people what the formula but it's, you know, it's
15:50 nice simple one. Uh The buoyancy uh is just uh the water density
15:57 the density of the petroleum times whatever height is. And uh and you
16:03 see from this diagram if it's, know, just a small height,
16:10 oil column is small, it's not much if the oil column is,
16:15 greater, it's more so just thinking oil column height, what is that
16:22 you that you find a nice Yeah, there's an oil water going
16:28 happen. You have all water contact here. We have a column of
16:35 in the sand. Uh If, the oil gets thicker and thicker and
16:41 and thicker, what's going on at point where that person is? In
16:49 words, if the reservoir is only , then the problem is only that
16:55 . You have a relatively small uh of weights. But if you
17:01 as you get higher and higher, , as it in this formula,
17:08 are important mainly to understand what they , whatever this number is here,
17:14 times hype. So the higher the column uh and to me, this
17:19 really a profound thing about little um , why would, why might it
17:25 um say I have a uh at time that looks like this and I
17:34 a formation that kind of looks like . It's what if my oil water
17:47 like if my oil water contact was here and now I'm here, what
17:54 the force of buoyancy be on here to that? If I had here
17:59 the way over there, would it greater or less than if I just
18:06 you? Right? OK. So I'm going with this is that um
18:13 we have our size. They coming with these, we're trying to make
18:19 as sick as we can to make money. Sometimes we estimate an oil
18:24 is surely mass. Ok. There's , uh, a lot of
18:31 uh, that deal with this sort thing. Uh Steve, which teaches
18:36 geology. He's retired now. uh, but he's spent his whole
18:41 with me. But, uh, know, a geologist comes along or
18:47 and for some reason, they think all our contact all the way down
18:51 . But theoretically, you look at pressure that we know from this
18:56 Um This seal can't support something any than that. So it keeps you
19:03 having this very big, uh you , oh my God, look at
19:09 but, you know, says the contact, you know, the reservoirs
19:14 this, but it gets smaller and as you get back to reality.
19:18 so in a, in an exploration perspective, it's really important
19:24 to kind of know how optimistic you be about the volumes that you have
19:28 on the structure and the strate and trap and uh and how that might
19:36 . Right? OK. And so see, did we do?
19:49 And we haven't gotten to the other you. But uh but anyway,
19:52 this radius uh gets bigger, that it's a bigger, it's a bigger
19:57 thing and uh less and less of contact is going on. So
20:03 the poor throat is actually bigger. pore throats, the size of pore
20:07 is really important. And, that's the main thing that this
20:10 Here's a, here's a water, water, wet rock. For some
20:16 , they have water, the arrow down in the oil. You
20:19 people that, uh, publish books don't catch everything and the artists don't
20:24 draw it right. But this it's a water wet grain, wet
20:30 . So there's water in here. there's surface tension and as this gets
20:35 and of course, is this uh gets, gets bigger, that bigger
20:41 makes, you know, would make bigger and, and therefore the where
20:45 touch is less. And this is , you know, you would think
20:48 you had great big, great big in here, you have really
20:53 But we talk about when there's enough to move the boulder with everything else
20:59 that amount of energy is sort of and very, a very short term
21:06 the side. So your OK, these things are uh painfully inner
21:17 but it's a good thing. And here's a little bit about uh from
21:23 , another book, uh you can this yourself. But again, um
21:28 , it's looking at the angles of things and how um this is just
21:36 the driving force and this thing as is right now is, is getting
21:40 . But uh it has to overcome this force to get through in the
21:45 surface tension that's going on in And uh and so there's, there's
21:53 formula that relates to those two And um the hydraulic pressure um basically
22:06 a really strong differential between um the and the confining pressure on the other
22:14 of the sea. And so, some seals are very strong, you
22:19 , like, you know, you to break through, you have
22:23 and sometimes, you know, pushing way doesn't work, it does work
22:29 if there's a flex instruction, um uh can create a lot of natural
22:37 . And so, uh that's when get the fracture and flow outside of
22:42 . So we, if we have one of these neat membrane seals,
22:47 know, it's a good seal, we know the hydraulic uh seals once
22:53 exceeded whatever fracture or strain has been on a unit once that's happened,
22:58 know, the things totally fail. you can have, on the other
23:03 , when we're looking at other that fraction might actually be the
23:08 And there's a, there's a high shale seal level. So, uh
23:15 know, unconventional, conventional is all same thing. It's just a matter
23:18 where your focus is. OK. , um traps versus seals, you
23:32 , if you have a trap, not gonna talk about the type of
23:34 here, but this is a class seal. Class two seal, class
23:40 seal. And uh when, when is thought of the assumption is there's
23:45 uh hydrocarbon migrating to fill the structure the, of the seal does not
23:51 . And that's what these examples And the, the models are just
23:55 to show you how something can fill sp or how something can fill spill
24:00 leave. I wish you guys would interested in this because I think it's
24:14 exciting. I, I, unless you've already had a class at
24:21 . But, um, but it's kind of, you know,
24:25 one of these things and we, know, and we don't know.
24:29 of course, again, there's, more mistakes in this book and,
24:34 , I don't know if this was mistake because at least they labeled it
24:39 ? Ok. This is, this gas, uh, the fact that
24:42 have no color, you know. , you know, I, I
24:47 of think that, that you're gonna something shaded, it would be oil
24:50 nothing else because this methane, there some right there. Did you see
24:57 ? It's, it's not colored in , you know, and then the
25:02 one who did that? Yeah. . Somebody, right. Ok.
25:09 , um, normally you don't see and especially that. But,
25:15 but what this is showing you is one, what we call class
25:19 class two and class two. um, this one, uh,
25:27 , is filling with hydro and why it, why does it only
25:32 why does it only have gas? do you mean, why does this
25:46 only have gas in it? And don't have enough? And the?
25:58 . Ok. So uh I know he said. Um, and this
26:03 ok. So we have a a containable volume here. We have
26:09 containable volume here and we have a volume here. Um, but he's
26:15 a couple of things at one So I wanna be really clear about
26:18 as I can here. We have uh down the, down the
26:27 Ok. Uh You've got oil coming in here. Why is it
26:31 Oil in there? Because this system oil and gas in it. If
26:36 was just oil, you wouldn't have worry about this. It's uh oil
26:39 gas in it. So when when the gas, whether you have
26:43 in here or not to begin the gas will displace it and the
26:47 and the oil will spill out when fills up to the spill point,
26:51 start leaking out here. So, , one way to look at this
26:55 , this has a surplus of seal . This one has um less seal
27:05 and this one has even over the and part of it. And
27:09 and I think it's really important to that H is small here. H
27:16 bigger here and H gets bigger you know, the, the,
27:21 you would have for your and, , and that's, you know,
27:27 the seal was the same string, one would naturally lose, ok,
27:37 because the column was higher and it still and then it, ok,
27:44 get this tremendous gas, we get seats. But if it's been
27:49 um, charged, they're still attracting there's lots of a carbon indicators to
27:56 in the size of it and on surface, um they tell you where
28:01 is and that is what type of is that again? It's a membrane
28:11 . Absolutely. So the hydra was , that either would be complete seal
28:20 it would be a record. it's either it's all or you have
28:27 for plus seal capacity or it's even needs it all weeks up. And
28:42 what else does this thing show this show you? They don't have uh
28:57 uh right, we have, we very different contacts of these. So
29:06 a completely different system. Um So we see uh what, what often
29:13 as we might see something like this one interval, this went a little
29:18 and that we were still or if just look the same interval and we
29:23 a structure that was higher and OK. This is the original article
29:35 sales 1997. And uh I remember to explain with people that were really
29:44 geologists and geo this is something really , not gonna mention their names because
29:48 you think I'm saying something bad about . But in 2018, 12 and
29:53 I had this, I'm not sure understand it yet. I'm open your
30:00 . She might be a little bit clever than, um, some of
30:04 good professors. Uh, but, , this came out and then,
30:08 , then, and uh Exxonmobil was of the first one to pick up
30:13 it and use it a lot. Shell started looking at it. Shell
30:17 looking at it in a completely different and I'll, I'll show you an
30:19 of that, uh, later on this lecture. But this is the
30:23 one, the oil start the game it didn't make sense. And,
30:29 , and, and this, I this in here because it just makes
30:32 picture easier to comprehend rather than what's your book. And they,
30:38 they didn't fix it in the new . Go ahead. I still,
30:48 , it's, um, well, this, what this means right here
30:53 just one spill because he keeps And when the gas gets up at
30:59 site, it probably comes out of , but it works through when it
31:03 to the top and then it's so , it starts to the buoyancy pressure
31:09 the oil is even high enough to it out. And it's, it's
31:13 to notice this is leaking. Here this is leaking somewhere wherever that is
31:19 . Ok. So, here you , you have excess, we'll call
31:24 , he, and it just keeps and, and then no matter how
31:28 , if the charge was more this connection too, uh, but
31:37 , but it's, uh, you know, and it's sort of
31:40 an equilibrium where you're getting in charge it's kind of standing right here.
31:45 , I had a little bit of out of it at the time.
31:49 not like you have a production well there. Sort of the, you
31:52 , again, these are models and , you kind of have to,
31:55 kind of have to understand this to what we see in the real
31:58 uh, because it impacts everything we in the real world. Um.
32:07 , so the, the class one , um, you have the
32:17 the oil grading is down here. , oh yeah, here's, here's
32:25 oil gradient, here's the gas radiant , um, this would be the
32:37 possible gas column. Um, but leaking. This is sorry, this
32:43 the oil spill point and it's leaking filling up with gas. Oh,
32:49 oil. I'm sorry, I'm not be the, I, I hate
32:52 do this but, you know, it would be, it would be
32:55 over here but it doesn't have, , it doesn't have enough,
33:05 the height of the structure. In words, the spill point. On
33:10 structure is too high for it to the oil and the gas together.
33:16 uh in other words, it's too in the column. And the other
33:20 , you have a, a deeper point, this one, you have
33:24 shallow skill point. Here's the oil , uh the deepest oil can
33:30 And uh and here's the deepest that uh gas can get. But
33:36 it's uh it's spilling because it's like . In other words, if we
33:41 this, this diagram, if we it in the, uh it's kind
33:48 like looking at where these are. this is, uh but we're in
33:52 over here that's leaking. I'm getting confused. So I confused you
33:58 But uh hm. So here we the gas gradient. Um, so
34:05 able to hold in a certain amount gas, the seal screen that's
34:09 It's not broken. Um But the radiating here, uh it, it
34:14 build it here. It would leave it gets to there. Well,
34:18 it has to get past that point that's the reserve seal spring is in
34:23 particular reservoir. Do you? so let me explain that again.
34:30 could have gas. If it was enough, you could have gas fill
34:34 all the way to the year before starts to, but apparently it's not
34:41 , um, filled fast and maybe time I won't even show that
34:46 Um, here is uh showing um, skipping over that go to
34:51 , um, which one was Yeah, that's the two which only
34:59 gas. The, get the oil leaking out. And so in this
35:05 , um, you have the spill all the way down here. Uh
35:11 there's not enough column in there to to spill out. The other gradient
35:16 here. The seal strength is there the gas gradient is here, which
35:22 steeper and it's leaking out there as . And so you're losing, you're
35:28 oil and gas at the same And that's what a class three,
35:31 class one is um just spill. everything's spilling on the sides and you're
35:39 to keep within the spill point, gas, there's not enough room up
35:44 . Uh because you have this preserve of the gas um which make the
35:51 , build that uh work. But the oil comes in there, you
35:56 push it out of the way. it goes off the sides.
36:05 And then, so I showed you two extremes and then here is the
36:09 sort of in the middle um where just have gas. Uh This is
36:16 maximum possible oil dominated column uh that have on here. Here's the oil
36:23 . And the reason it's down here because if I drew a line like
36:28 , presumably it would intersect uh with , with this right about here.
36:35 um same with this thing here is maximum possible gas, but you have
36:41 oil and gas leaking out the oil is, is limited uh by that
36:47 and then the gas is up here the top. So sort of holding
36:52 port and this can only get higher the gas goes out, if it's
36:56 a pressure regime where the gas is out of solution there. Uh The
37:00 will have a more dominant uh uh in, in how high its column
37:07 . Ok. Uh So seal strength be highly variable because of seal
37:12 And, and what that means is , um uh if all the grades
37:17 exactly the same size and the permeability identical everywhere, it would be uh
37:23 much consistent but it isn't always And uh so that's, that's another
37:29 to add to that this kind of that you have. And uh when
37:37 do test questions, I might, I might just show you something like
37:45 with nothing on it and uh not you what's leaking. But ask
37:50 um, if you see if you the, and you see the gas
37:57 and you see the oil gradient, I know I'd ask you to,
38:04 tell me whether or not it still ok, you know what's leaking out
38:11 that particular system, not gonna lie I'm trying to follow, but it
38:20 , it is very difficult for me OK here, like for this
38:25 it's, it's kind of because there's things going on and I started explaining
38:29 of them wrong too. That didn't . But uh here's the water
38:36 OK. And here's the gas gradient they're not even showing you the oil
38:44 on here because there's no oil in . And this is, this is
38:48 maximum gas gradient. Why is that maximum, can you, can you
38:56 of look at that and see why that me this is the maximum
39:02 gas column. Why is that? . OK. Here's the gas
39:17 You know when I start talking about , I was thinking oil and gas
39:20 it's really just gas. So this , here's the, so I paid
39:27 point right there. Anything higher than than this, it's gonna leave.
39:34 right there because of the column, does leak. If uh if
39:41 if I make the column deeper, it moves over. Like this other
39:49 , this line right here, if I fill it deeper, the
39:56 be over a year and I've, lost my OK, forget everything on
40:06 . Say we fill it up in and this is the gas gradient right
40:11 . You can see that it would it. And that's why it's the
40:17 strength is what has to be It can't do it with the,
40:20 the po that's pushing up. If move this, if I make this
40:26 cooper, then this line comes down like this. It comes down like
40:38 . If I just had oil, the oil gradient is gonna be more
40:45 this. It's not like this and not like that, but it's something
40:52 this. And so you would still , you know, driver based on
41:00 way this is drawn, the oil would have to be based on what
41:04 says, the oil gradient would have be like that not drawn on
41:12 Uh But that's what we do. I was thinking it was on there
41:18 the other ones. I just uh about that. Yeah, I'm glad
41:23 asked the question because I want people understand it because it's actually simple if
41:27 if a knucklehead doesn't explain it to . So um here again, there's
41:32 gas gradient with that column and uh um but that's the maximum thing here
41:42 the maximum oil M U L like said before, it goes like
41:48 it's, it's steeper than the but it's shallower than the gas.
41:54 it's so good like that. It's simple. So that one, it
42:00 be but it will not uh it's . The reason it's leaking because the
42:09 it's drawn, if, if we the column, Eddie Gabriel, it's
42:14 be here's the spill point on the which has nothing to do with
42:19 The spill point on the structure is that if we try to fill
42:24 if I move the oil gradient down here, it's gonna leak like crazy
42:32 , until the water column seeps out hits up to here. OK.
42:37 , if it was all this was gas take this gas gradient, it
42:45 this spill point. Look at how it is, that will all be
42:51 that gas will that gas gradient will until it hits the seal?
43:00 So it can only fill up, to, to that level and the
43:04 can up to this level, oil to this level because it'll be really
43:11 with the oil right now. Down hear the oil is ok. But
43:16 you, if I bring it all way down here, the oil is
43:18 be exceeding the buoyancy pressure will exceed C 03. Does it make more
43:25 now? And trust me, if you've ever had to uh,
43:30 things out on a, on uh, on the wall, it's
43:33 hard to, to actually see And uh, Fred Hiltermann says
43:39 you know, he never writes formulas the blackboard because because he always misses
43:43 variable or something. And, and this is, uh, that's
43:53 class three and then here's the class and again, here's maximum oil.
43:59 is it maximum oil? Because here's oil again and I can bring it
44:04 to here and still doesn't that look , it felt like that and I
44:09 bring it down to here. Here's the natural possible gas gradient because
44:16 this point it's right there. If bring it down here, it
44:20 it leaks more, it leaks It makes more, it makes
44:23 it makes I oil down here. I get to write about they
44:36 his strikes could be a little bit too. But, but you
44:38 you get what I was saying? go back backwards and forwards on
44:42 You can understand the again. Uh , it's a really good thing for
44:47 exploration is and now when these maximum are so when he's projecting to the
44:54 , you know, I think we this like well gas, if
44:58 that reach like say this bull's eye spin and it creates a hydrocarbon column
45:06 sound to here, he's gonna be . OK. Go ahead.
45:13 you uh Yeah, yeah, because because water, this is the water
45:26 on this, this is the gas and this is the oil gradient
45:31 And so that's exactly right once you that, you know, and so
45:37 here I've got the oil gradient and it was, if my thing was
45:44 little bit longer, you know, can see when I reached this
45:48 it would intersect the bound here. that's where the maximum with that
45:56 If the seal strength was weaker, know, you have to be a
45:59 of higher up too. Ok. , um, and seal strength relates
46:17 , um, can relate to, , fractured rocks if, um,
46:24 normally when a, when a rock it's, it's, it basically ruptures
46:29 it, and it fails, it's failed seal if, uh, I
46:34 another thing to point out is with membrane seals, you know,
46:39 the pressure goes up and leaks and and leaks and kind of protects itself
46:43 filter paper. Um, you once it clogs up, that's
46:47 You know, you're not gonna get more stuff through the little stuff can
46:51 through. And, um, but, but well, wouldn't do
46:56 . But, but the thing is that it's almost, it's almost
47:01 a certain extent, it's effective as as you don't exceed it and you
47:07 exceed it for a little while and leap and then it'll be effective again
47:11 a, for a small amount. a, uh hydraulic seal, once
47:16 breaks, it's gonna leak just about and everything. Although with all those
47:22 in there, it's possible that it be a little bit self healing.
47:26 , uh, but basically a uh, hydraulic seal is one
47:31 you know, it's either good or bad. Usually the, um,
47:36 membrane ones based on the buoyancy uh will determine how, how deep
47:45 can fill it with oil, how you can fill it with its and
47:51 looking at the diagram, it doesn't that much sense. But if you
47:54 looking at a, you know, we used to call them maps and
48:01 think they're so funny. There are that do re characters say it's
48:10 But uh but you know, you do a circle like that and
48:15 we think there's a resource there. , what our contacts about, whatever
48:20 is 7500, that's a good It had to come. Uh then
48:27 else, they might say this it was like that. This is
48:32 , this is the OK. But turns out the site department column,
48:39 me. And I didn't notice. . And here is, here is
48:50 , um here is a uh you , for example, here in this
48:57 , you know, the um your they have, you know, hydrocarbon
49:03 the way down here in a single , like it will never fill up
49:07 get this, this, but that really work. OK? And we
49:35 about that, but uh go ahead read it and um a lot
49:42 a lot of the things that they to test, test, these things
49:45 kind of, I think mercury injection work for testing it. But uh
49:51 sometimes the calculations really require something that's in a um you know, you
49:58 fixed environment and you can uh just stuff on one side, one pressure
50:03 stuff on the other side, another without actually having to force things
50:07 Um I don't know if you guys when um we got the mask for
50:13 , you know, when they test things, you know, they're,
50:16 i to see if something a certain will get through there. So,
50:21 were they overlooked when that happened? , the size of the mask are
50:27 problem too. But what about the ? I mean, you know,
50:30 have to, here's a, this relates to oil by the
50:35 but um in a, in a seal, but you have this
50:42 So this is my sp point in . And uh you know, you're
50:47 into this cloud of something and you these little things coming in here like
50:53 . Now, if I have a , I machine in there, if
50:56 says, hey, I'm gonna, gonna go around to the edge,
50:59 unfortunately, they have no control There's just floating in the air,
51:03 heat of the mask for geologist to understand the mask if you excuse
51:08 But, but, but this um mask, the, the whole point
51:14 it isn't to stop. Everything is uh which is why surgeon part of
51:20 surgery. But uh but if you um and that's, that's one of
51:29 , but here we have um and some cases depending on the patients,
51:33 it was protecting them too. But in, in those mass um are
51:43 of fires like this. So each of those brains needs to, to
51:48 in and then turn and go in they, uh the, the reason
51:53 mask probably are much more effective than test might show is because the,
52:00 like the rou going through a system circuitous as opposed to just the whole
52:08 uh like, I don't know if ever worked with micropore filters, doing
52:12 type stuff, but a micropore filter pretty much keeps things of a certain
52:18 at it. It isn't just because the holes are like this, you
52:25 , it's not all that one little size. It's because there's a grid
52:29 things that won't allow something to actually through the yeah uh a uh membrane
52:38 and similar to that type of a membrane seal is the same.
52:43 uh not that it's important anymore, the, the, the value of
52:49 is that it stops everything, the of it, it stops a lot
52:53 there's some viral viruses that you get or two grains and you're, you're
52:59 . Um like Ebola, I think like, but uh COVID-19 wasn't like
53:04 . So the key, the key to reduce the exposure. You
53:08 if you knock out 80 90% you won't get it. And uh and
53:15 , that's why some people were pushing , but it's also why, you
53:20 , you know, you, the thing that you can't control is how
53:23 people put it on. Um, even like, uh, when they
53:28 about prophylactics, you know, the rate is really high and that's because
53:34 people put them on wrong and, , if you're wearing a mask
53:37 it's the same thing. Um, many people wore them like this and
53:44 , that doesn't help your nose at but it doesn't itch and I get
53:50 they're annoying. But uh but if wear one for a while, you
53:55 don't notice it unless you know, people have phobias for things like that
54:00 you can't change that. OK. I, and I'm not trying to
54:08 you to believe in anything. I'm telling you how it works.
54:12 uh anyway, uh this, this diagram is uh showing that um
54:22 there are places in the column where can have multiple oh here's a well
54:28 low saturation gap below a small gas . And you can see here is
54:34 water gradient, here's a uh the gradient. And uh in other
54:40 this is where it goes over. um here's, here's the gas
54:46 I think over here it does have but what it shows you is that
54:49 gas at this level is gonna be through quite a bit. And you
54:54 do this on structural diagrams like And uh and you can see that
54:59 , you may lose some oil and because of something like this. But
55:04 you were to go, if you a structure like this deeper,
55:12 I don't have the other one But uh if, if, if
55:17 formation was down here, uh you be below this fracture gradient. So
55:22 other words, structurally where you at , can help you at, so
55:26 deeper deeper uh might pull. In words, this is, this is
55:32 the wealth um past the fracture But if you have something out here
55:39 , but here you, you um didn't get, you didn't get to
55:42 fracture point. And so the reservoir here, yeah, you can't even
55:48 it. Yeah. So if you a, if you had a
55:54 say over here, it might might be a cool as opposed to
55:59 over here. OK. Here is another thing that happened similar to this
56:11 here you can see um eventually less to more dense fluids and that happens
56:19 this and uh you're gonna get fluid in here like this. It's got
56:25 and gas. If the seals are , it's gonna preserve the gas
56:28 As you go up there, it's get heavier and heavier. And uh
56:33 on, I'll show you an it's uh very different from this.
56:37 uh there's uh in Venezuela, there's a bacteria that heats up the
56:45 the light hydrocarbons and uh and So gets heavier and heavier uh that
56:50 But a lot of times um uh can also see the reverse of
56:58 OK. So, but this is of showing you is you have a
57:02 one here, we have a class here and you have three here.
57:08 uh that's kind of what I was you if you back up. In
57:11 words, that first diagram go to over the fracture gradient up here,
57:15 you can come down deeper in the . You actually get it inside.
57:20 is going from um this one, one to this one. So we're
57:26 here, uh we're filling it with and gas. Uh And then if
57:31 get more gas, it's gonna eventually include this and the oil will get
57:37 . You can even get more gas if you had too much gas.
57:47 . Another thing is uh faults. often use faults as seals. How
57:53 of you have heard of turtle of structures? And uh have you heard
57:58 a half turtle? Usually a half is you had a turtle structure and
58:02 got faulted and the fault ceiling the dip side of it. Other
58:07 um you have one of these things um this is gonna be a really
58:16 cartoon. Would you have something that like this? And um the turtle
58:22 be uh the reason is this and is because uh you might have
58:29 , um, I don't have This is and, um, to
58:48 with, it's something like this. when you, when you pull the
58:51 out from the edges, you have diaper over here and a diaper over
58:58 and you get to doing this kind thing and, uh, the salts
59:03 it, uh, sometimes you can a fall through here and the fat
59:07 it on one of those sides and it tips just a little bit,
59:10 probably gonna catch a lot with and I actually think that's what's right
59:14 us in, in the Houston a really big one, but no
59:21 will drill it. So I don't to worry about that one. When
59:24 worked at Mobile, I drilled uh wells and they all found oil and
59:29 even in places they didn't think it be. And uh I think I
59:38 uh at a different uh more of arm's length with Amico, except in
59:42 case, but the one that, I had more impact on was,
59:46 definitely a good one and the um one was 60 million barrels of
59:51 but, but not good enough because economics weren't right. Ok. Um
60:00 faults can act like that, but can also act as conduits. So
60:04 , you know, the big all these people are going in
60:07 is the fault ceiling or is it ceiling? And there's a lot of
60:10 that can impact that. And, , and here, uh, we
60:17 see, we got something I see here. So this is a class
60:23 or a class three, right? , uh, and so Pop Seal
60:28 always gonna be important. So when , anybody ever asks you about a
60:33 , remember that the top of the gets to see the schedule.
60:40 Here we have one with a playing . I would have probably preferred to
60:45 it like that. But they, draw this football and, um,
60:51 they've got a sand unit and, , why do you think that they've
60:58 this little, you, uh, right here, it's just that it's
61:09 the odd, it's, um, , presumably we've got a seal along
61:18 fault with gouge all along here. here there's a san, it's directly
61:23 the other side of the fault from sand. And so they're trying
61:27 to show you diagram and sleep this is not realistic, but at
61:32 same time, it's trying to explain us that this could lead to.
61:41 . Now, if balls are actively , they can't move. Unless they
61:45 , if they dial like oil and , dialing oil and gas to
61:49 they're traveling through them. Um, other words, and, uh,
61:56 some faults that I work on that , um, many, many beds
62:01 up against them like this and the column gets lighter. And lighter as
62:07 go up as though just the opposite what I show you as you go
62:11 , it gets heavier, uh, gets lighter because, uh, at
62:15 point in time the seal was, very dilated. And the oil,
62:19 , the, uh, gas, , uh, charge sort of equilibrated
62:26 that you would have gas in the out here. Well, here,
62:31 , well, here, heavier, , here and then I put in
62:33 at the bottom in that same We had Strat traps too, which
62:38 really interesting. But uh this is of trying to show you some important
62:44 . Um This is where we we could fill into the structural spill
62:48 . So that big big diagram, would be, you know, the
62:52 Bob map uh is it really is seal strong enough to hold it or
62:58 ? Um This is uh apparently the point capacity. Uh So if you
63:08 down here, it's gonna start If you get here, it
63:11 but you might get, get um failure still, still quite. In
63:17 words, here's, here's gouge, gouge and here it's failed. And
63:23 and um here, if it's just because of the sand all the way
63:27 here, it would leave up to . So if I don't worry about
63:33 fault over here, if I had diagram, I didn't have to worry
63:36 , I would know there's nothing on side that was for us,
63:39 from here to the top and top has to be good. Ok.
63:45 there's a gouge problem here, it's across the sand that's as high as
63:50 could get. I don't actually know it is but that would be as
63:52 as it could get here. if it was still absolutely to
63:59 uh, I would start leaking if come all the way down to
64:03 it's probably not gonna spill out because gonna leak before it gets to
64:07 So, you ever see that? . And uh this, um,
64:14 something I like to show people. don't hear of a lot of people
64:17 this. But uh, but uh , I've worked on it sometimes
64:23 and other people have, um, been a while since I've done,
64:28 know, any of this kind of , but basically, there's different ways
64:33 evaluate how much shale ga you might relative to how much sand you
64:39 That's all these diagrams are trying to you. Um There's, um,
64:45 here's why I'm looking at a entire plane, you know, you've got
64:50 throw and you can see the sands separated. So it's probably a
64:53 see, in other words, this , doesn't fail, that's a
64:58 uh But also, uh there's ones uh you um uh take the road
65:07 the failing or thickness and um, A N G L layer what's gonna
65:16 to your, uh, smear I think it's a sea bleach,
65:27 ? So, if, if if you have a really thick
65:31 uh versus the fall throw, what's happen, uh, this number is
65:38 get small, it's gonna get smaller smaller. So then it says less
65:43 four. So, um, if gets really small, it would probably
65:47 less than one. In other the, the relative thickness of the
65:52 through the sand will have an impact how much smear I'd say either.
65:59 don't know why, sort of a thing. But uh it's a
66:05 you get a sphere and uh and this one too, there's different ways
66:09 populating it yet at the same um it kind of, do you
66:15 , they kind of give you a of a probability in a very practical
66:20 of how it works. Uh The way is to drill a well and
66:24 out what it really is. um, and once you've done it
66:27 an area at certain elevate or depth whatnot, you kind of get a
66:31 handle on, on, uh we're of faults are leaking and sealing.
66:36 a lot of times in when I oil and gas, the faults were
66:40 sealed at that point in time and we didn't really have to rid of
66:44 too much. And this is another that just uh looks at, uh
66:50 know, spending a lot of time at, you know, instead of
66:53 simple number or less simple number and and a more complicated number to try
66:58 figure out what, what that ratio sand and, and is what else
67:03 in faults? Have you guys had geology? Yeah. So what happens
67:13 fault? What happens when the rocks like this can have someone you can
67:24 the way the light night. Did say that? Yeah. Yeah.
67:29 you, you can get uh what it? Cataclysm? Yeah. And
67:35 um so that can happen too, can seal it up pretty tight and
67:40 you can get cements in there and sort of thing as well. And
67:44 I did my master studying the zones the All right. So you know
67:50 this. Yeah, I sort of I was just particularly the and it's
67:57 you just as a and it's not like that. Uh But, but
68:04 you were at you where you saw was good sea power. Uh Sometimes
68:09 , you are feeling that sometimes I it's depend on the Yeah, it
68:15 on what depth you're at too. . So um here's something that's kind
68:21 an interesting seal and uh this always people off but here you have uh
68:27 overpressure here and uh and um and the pressure gradient picks up down
68:34 somewhere shifts over, but here you something that, um, um,
68:44 , uh over overpressure, you have up here and the, the overpressure
68:49 was in here, deep out. so what you have uh in here
68:55 , um, yeah, um, seal gets pushed and collapsed on here
69:02 it gets collapsed in here and it's of, it's kind of like
69:05 uh it's trying to compress the, whole thing. So it's like you
69:09 a uh an ring here, an there and it's pushing on it,
69:13 it on both sides and uh I that thing. Uh What did um
69:20 you, you know, this is sometimes called AAA dynamic seal. Um
69:27 uh this is one of the uh of the worst kinds of things to
69:33 into because, you know, you're have a, a set mud weight
69:36 all of a sudden uh you're you're gonna see something like a wash
69:40 and uh you can lose, lose hole and whatnot and uh sometimes you
69:44 have these really high pressure systems uh and you hit it in something that's
69:50 pressure like this. And uh and know, and uh actually uh plus
69:57 uh assembly, uh the bottom hole somebody hit the side of us and
70:04 trapped up against it and, and , and uh I had a couple
70:09 wells that, that we were fortunate to do something stupid like that,
70:12 we did it and uh there's ways get the tools out, but it's
70:16 difficult. And that's when I was at Mobile and Amaco, at least
70:21 the Gulf of Mexico, they always these zones were when they were
70:24 And, uh, they were able actually believe it or not. He
70:29 pick a fossil and the fossil would him that the zone was right underneath
70:34 . They stopped drilling and set pacing dr through the and set a little
70:40 again and then keep drilling deeper. ? Or maybe it was just a
70:50 that they put in that zone. . So um another thing that we
70:55 on in ex in exploration, of , are some of these intrinsic properties
70:59 reservoirs gross is a really important thing coming up with, you know,
71:05 a, in a rough sense, our velocity and permeability is in the
71:10 and uh uh what our hydrocarbon saturation . And uh uh because that helps
71:17 calculate the volumes that we might come . And these are are real,
71:21 important numbers to get a handle You can do a lot of work
71:25 , with getting averages like these. but it doesn't work everywhere. Permeability
71:31 to be more uh variable often than ferocity in some of these primary porosity
71:37 like clicking class systems in um carbonate . Uh All of these things can
71:45 extremely variable and uh hydrocarbon saturations are because uh if you, if you
71:52 high uh water saturations, um then um you have to, you have
71:58 dispose of a lot of the water to, to break even. That's
72:03 of the worst things about unconventional If, if they don't have a
72:06 water saturation, you're not likely to um enough permeability to pull the,
72:13 oil through by accident. Basically, um oil production and some of this
72:18 really the demands you have are are highs Ws and of course, uh
72:25 places, you know, despite our , it could be as much as
72:29 or $14 a bar maybe more than back back when the boom was.
72:35 , I think one of the highest ever, but at the same
72:39 if you're trying to get oil out the ground, you know, that
72:42 just a really a big added expense it's also a big uh environmental catastrophe
72:47 time to time. You're not too . And um and this net to
72:53 thing though is really important because what does that tell an expiration is
72:58 an area? Then if the net up or the net goes, you
73:01 what's going on and the net goes . We have uh well, it's
73:13 , for example, um say, think my hio coastline was here and
73:27 was land in this direction and this see in this we are,
73:41 sometimes you can be far from the . But, but what I'm trying
73:46 get at is as an exploration is helps you, what is it about
73:52 ? It can draw your attention changes there are changes in the reg and
74:04 and that you can see that this little thing. Um, you
74:12 I, I remember when I first working, I wasn't sure why they
74:14 worried about that. It's like, know, where's the sand? Just
74:17 me where the sand is. But the same time, you know,
74:21 you haven't drilled a lot of wells imagine you drill a well here,
74:28 this is the coastline and you drill well here and you're all well
74:34 And, um, and that's going in this direction. So it's telling
74:40 where should we put the next to ? That, that's part of
74:44 But where, where, where is risk? Yeah. Is it up
74:49 down uh in, in the uh the paleo environment? And uh that
74:54 have a direction on the map. But, you know, for
74:58 if I really well here and a , here and a well here and
75:02 have a real high negros like it's gonna tell me something about the
75:10 of deposition. Yeah, that's something , that's parallel on the coast like
75:16 stram or a um, or something that. But what if, what
75:21 I see and what if I see that looks like this. 10.
75:30 . And it's the sand that's probably , but what if I see something
75:35 fan shaped, nothing in here but that's fan shaped way out in deep
75:40 . What was the peel of The nest sort of? So,
75:43 net of growth is really telling you you're having a sand depositional event versus
75:50 non, where the faces are In other words, this is a
75:55 center in deep water. These are centers in and, and that,
76:02 thick of the sands, uh essentially um the shells and where, where
76:09 wanna be focusing on that, whether the Jurassic, the place to see
76:15 it is. So this number is important for or um uh exploration.
76:24 if you're, if you're along the and you're not seeing anything, you
76:28 , you may just the only see you see is maybe uh A T
76:32 P building out, ok? Maybe you did, you might see something
76:40 the younger section. But um the target is gonna be where you
76:45 a high. And it's, it's of these things, if you map
76:50 out on a map, say you wells five miles apart, you
76:54 you can kind of figure out where should be focusing on more wells.
77:01 . Here's another kind of thing that uh they look at and um,
77:10 see if I can see the top . Yeah, I can see it
77:12 you can't see it on there. . There's a gross over here.
77:16 porosity, average permeability average. this is from the North Sea
77:21 um, what, what they've done they've gone in. Engineers love to
77:26 this, by the way, they to come up with these average numbers
77:29 each one of these formations and the of things that, uh, you
77:34 , where I'm gonna have a big in the heat you like uh do
77:40 like the, the sheet? it's a web. The engineers always
77:46 the sheets. Oh yeah, they Excel sheets. Yeah, we used
77:51 have to fill these out by But uh but anyway, just telling
77:56 a lot of different things about each of the formations and of course,
78:00 you look at this, um you that each one of these variables uh
78:07 a strong relationship to uh where we want to be drilling for oil and
78:13 , where we drilled in the, the past where we're drilling now where
78:16 might want to drill in the future what we can expect to find.
78:21 , um it's kind of um giving an idea of how good something in
78:28 unit, in this unit, these , how good in that reservoir of
78:34 different ages. Uh The reservoirs can . In other words, what kind
78:38 society, what's the characteristics of the ? Um you can't, you can
78:46 it on the uh slides that that are online, but this is
78:50 . This is permeability. This is in it, what's, what's charging
78:56 re those reservoirs? And uh this a petroleum saturation or the inverse of
79:01 S W. And uh this is expected recovery factor. And, and
79:09 just understanding a lot about a particular as a reservoir rock is a useful
79:15 for an exploration. And uh what's one of the things we talked about
79:23 Roosevelt? Hm. So another thing is an exploration is we want to
79:30 if there's a good regional source And of course, when I was
79:33 you the examples, we knew where was a good source rock, but
79:35 required some lateral stuff in the Chinese . I have a, do we
79:41 a hunt to see the action? we have what? Like it's the
79:47 one from the, from the you study in London? Yeah.
79:57 yeah, it's, it's a uh a very sandy gas, yeah,
80:04 a gassy sand. OK. and so uh anyway, um you
80:11 what, what this is is, just kind of taking a look
80:14 at a lot of what's been but it's also underscoring the importance of
80:20 the unit, the Strat graphic unit that you might be exploring.
80:25 um what I'm trying to get at the definition of a play one of
80:29 elements of a play is the rest . And this is trying to show
80:35 uh that people collect all this And if you, if you don't
80:39 any in the past, if you into a new, for a new
80:43 and a new formation, the Norwegian , even though it might cost $2
80:49 required to drill the core in a service so that people could look at
80:54 more closely and get a better handle all these numbers. But the reason
80:59 doing it is it's part of what what we call a play, you
81:03 , play has three elements to We're gonna get to it eventually,
81:07 there's three elements to it. One uh having a good regional seal,
81:12 a good source and have a nice for my boys. And this
81:18 this is one of those elements to makes the plan in the United
81:24 For some reason, we want you have a structure which equals a
81:30 but then that makes it a So sometimes I have a hard time
81:34 the difference between the prospect in the States and the, but uh still
81:40 out. The uh the prospect is , is a step, is a
81:44 down or trying to track down and some places. And so uh what
81:49 means is that we drill in a area and we're finding success with,
81:54 a regional seal, a regional source a uh good reservoir rock. Um
82:01 know anywhere near around it sometimes on like I was drawn here following,
82:08 the Depositional Depot Center that's, that's to the coast. One that's like
82:12 pay off, you know, it you an idea of where you go
82:16 where to look. And one of first things and uh in the Gulf
82:22 Mexico, we quite often uh automatically we're gonna have source rock. So
82:29 of the things that I, I ever remember worrying about source rock in
82:33 Gulf of Mexico. Now, um you look at some of the uh
82:38 onshore that's offshore onshore, you might to worry about it a little bit
82:43 you may have things that are actually had the Jurassic underneath them, maybe
82:50 and maybe Wilcox. OK? I we've run out of time.
82:58 um I think when we have class Monday, I'm gonna, I'm just
83:03 flip the slides and, and just , see, OK, here's the
83:08 one. I'm, I'm really trying get you guys interested in this because
83:15 of all of this stuff is really . Um And it, it has
83:20 be up in your head for you make decisions and, and figure out
83:24 it is you have to do in of a workflow for that particular
83:30 OK? But that I will let all get and see you on
-
+