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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2103_lecture11_0224
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00:09 So we are experiencing that beautiful Houston . Right. Nice and manic.
00:18 woke up this morning and it was . Mhm. Your joints act
00:26 I guess when you get my your joints ache, that's what we're
00:29 talk about today. We're gonna talk joints, joints are where bones meet
00:34 else specifically. It's going to be another bone typically is what we're gonna
00:38 talking about. But it's also cartilage also teeth. Um It's not that
00:44 right there. It's that thing. used to make people laugh. It's
00:50 early. Thank you. It's a joke. We're gonna have to do
00:59 . I swear one of these. coming in here with silly string and
01:01 just gonna see if you guys wake . Alright, so this is what
01:05 focus is today. It's a real lecture. It's this is the lecture
01:10 you get to go home and practice anatomy. All right. You're gonna
01:14 a lot of movement. This is I talked about the cheat sheet on
01:18 , your body is your cheat So, if you learn the
01:20 get in front of a mirror, in front of somebody do your little
01:23 hippy shake. Right, right? your movements. You'll know them for
01:29 test. All right. So when talk about joints, we're gonna classify
01:33 in one of two things. I mentioned this the other day that they're
01:36 articulation. But when we classify we're going to classify them both by
01:40 and by structure. All right. when we say that what we're saying
01:44 what kind of movement does this joint ? And then structurally what is used
01:50 hold the two bones together. In words, that creates that articulation.
01:54 when we think of a joint we of a joint like our elbow joint
01:58 a shoulder joint. We think about and that's a specific type of
02:02 But there are other types of joints we're gonna see here that prevent movement
02:07 allow for very limited movement. And don't really think about those quite so
02:11 . Right? But it's the same of concept to bones being held together
02:14 some sort of structure to allow or that kind of movement. Alright,
02:21 that's our starting point. Um for you're planning on physical therapy. Um
02:27 get to go back to kindergarten or grade. I remember playing with pro
02:32 . It's like, I can't remember last year you used one,
02:36 But you got them like really early in like first grade, you probably
02:39 them like three or four times and you may have used them again in
02:42 grade and then you never used them again remember that. Well, when
02:46 become a physical therapist you carry a and the region you carry a protractor
02:52 so that you can look at the of motion. All right, range
02:55 motion is simply the normal extent of for a specific joint. All
03:00 So it's kind of there's a kind a generic joint, right? You
03:04 say, Okay, generally speaking, need for example has, and this
03:09 just an example has the range of of about 140°. Some people have
03:16 some people have left, but when actually physical therapist, you're usually dealing
03:19 people who have lessons. So you're at the degree or or the degree
03:23 motion relative to what would be Now, I had a friend who
03:27 a swimmer for stanford um and he double jointed and like every joint in
03:32 body, which is part of the why he was a really good swimmer
03:35 it kind of gave him a larger of motion. And so you could
03:38 at someone who's a swimmer and you of go look at their arm and
03:41 kind of does this instead of 180°, does like 210°. So they have an
03:48 range of motion, but it's not that's to their deficit would be something
03:52 their benefit. All right. The thing that we need to understand is
03:56 degrees of freedom, degrees of freedom to the number of axes that a
04:02 can move. And typically when we of range of motion or not
04:06 but when we think of of angles degrees of freedom, we kind of
04:10 X. Y and Z plane, then our brains can't really kind of
04:14 around that third dimension, right? we can see X. And
04:17 You know X. And Y. ? X. Is the longitudinal And
04:22 the latitude anal access is uh is . And then Z. Kind of
04:27 out and when you think of a you're like wait a second. I'm
04:31 picturing the Z. This is actually of a really good way to kind
04:35 look at this because you're actually not just X. Y. Z.
04:39 actually thinking like movement in a ship movement in the play. You've got
04:43 and yaw and roll. And these more complex movements that are harder to
04:49 . And a little bit later when start talking about specific joints, I'm
04:52 show up the picture so that you see what those planes kind of look
04:56 . But just kind of give you sense this is a really, really
04:59 joints. Our our joint in the is incredibly multiple degrees of freedom.
05:07 , you can see here my shoulder do this, I'm just gonna keep
05:10 straight. So you can see it's joint I can go this way I
05:13 go that way, I can go , right? But the other thing
05:17 can do is I can twist And so that would be high degrees
05:23 freedom, right? Because it's not in this plane and in this
05:27 But it's around the plane as All right. So, when we're
05:34 about these two things, range of degrees of freedom, typically what we're
05:38 about is the joints that we can think about. These are called the
05:41 joints. And we'll define that term just a moment. Alright.
05:46 when we talk about the other they don't have these things. We're
05:49 talking about the really movable joints. synovial joints. Now, I guarantee
05:57 gonna ask a question about this slide the test. It's mike, I
06:01 it every year. It's surprisingly there people who still miss it.
06:04 So, just put the big star when when I say you should know
06:08 , just say I'm going to get question. All right. There are
06:13 factors that deal with joint stability. . And we're gonna go from the
06:18 important to the most important on the . This is a scale that kind
06:23 shows you how these two things are in opposition to each other.
06:28 if you want a stable joint, gonna have a less mobile joint.
06:31 you want a mobile joint, you're have a less stable joint.
06:34 That those are two truths that are opposition to each other. You can't
06:39 a really stable and really mobile joint the same time, it doesn't
06:43 Now, the way that we can high degrees of stability is if we
06:47 articular surfaces that match each other very well, alright, so they
06:52 movement at the joint, but the movement you have, again you're gonna
06:58 an opposition to that mobility. So I'm gonna use two joints that are
07:03 easy to think about. Think about Children, think about your hip
07:06 They're both a type of ball and joint, blah blah blah. Will
07:09 the ball and socket in just a . Right? The Glenroy cavity of
07:15 scapula is very, very shallow. like this. And so the head
07:20 the humerus is like a big giant ball sitting on top of a golf
07:24 right in your Illinois cavity? That's very stable. Have you ever blown
07:28 you blow hard enough on a golf sitting on a. T. It
07:31 fall off the tee, right? the teeth small ball is big and
07:36 not a lot of contact, that's of what your shoulder is. Like
07:40 here ever had your shoulder dislocated? , a lot of fun, isn't
07:44 ? Was it hard to get it in? It was just because you
07:48 paying no one just came up and it back into place. Yeah,
07:52 it's easy to pop in and pop out. You don't want to pop
07:55 out, It hurts right but getting back in, it doesn't take a
07:58 of effort. Now think of your alright your hip has a very deep
08:04 . So remember golf tee, this deep socket, The head of the
08:08 sits in that and it doesn't get out. It's really hard to dislocate
08:14 hip right now. What can I with my shoulder? I can do
08:18 right. I can do windmills. I do that with my hip?
08:22 , it is about as good as can get. All right, see
08:27 telling you're gonna be doing all this in front of a mirror a little
08:29 later. All right. So, the shape matters alright. And it
08:38 a certain degree of stability. So more uh protection and stuff, the
08:43 the stability, but the less mobility not the most important thing. That's
08:47 least important. The second thing is number of and the position of the
08:51 of ligaments that are surrounding that All right. So, what the
08:56 do is they prevent undesired movement, ? They're kind of like taking for
09:02 who tape yourselves up when you used work out or still work out when
09:07 tape it up, what are you ? Is you're basically creating false ligaments
09:09 the outside of your body, you're stability, right? So when you're
09:13 all that tape around, that's what doing and that's what the ligaments
09:16 They're your natural taping of your So you want to strengthen a
09:21 So, for example, my which is already not a very,
09:25 stable joint. If I put a bunch of ligaments on it, what
09:28 done is I've stabilized that joint basically wrapped it and structure that could provide
09:35 . All right. The general rule the more ligaments you have, the
09:39 the strength. Obviously the greater the , the less mobility you have as
09:44 . So the more ligaments you put there, it's gonna be harder to
09:49 . The most important big star question's to be asked on the exam.
09:54 most important is muscle tone. This is the most important factor when
09:59 comes to stability of a joint. , a muscle which we haven't learned
10:05 yet is basically this this structure that a whole bunch of connective tissue associated
10:10 it that then chris is basically attending crosses over the joint. And so
10:17 happens is is that that muscle when use it becomes uh not only stronger
10:23 it sits in a state of tension the time. That's muscle tone,
10:29 ? People who work out, they really good because their muscles are always
10:34 a state of constant flex, And that's what happens when you use
10:40 muscle. And it creates that constant constantly pulling on the tendon. Which
10:45 like having more and more ligaments. we said up here, wrapped around
10:50 joint and it provides greater stability. right. So when you look at
10:57 joint. Look how many muscles cross . All right. The more muscles
11:02 have, the greater stability. like your knee joint, for
11:05 has a whole bunch of muscles that over it. Your hip joint have
11:09 whole lot of muscles crossing over And so that what that does.
11:12 allows you to have less stable articular . Right? So, you don't
11:18 to have these deep sockets. You have looser sockets, Right? But
11:22 can strengthen it by crossing over with whole bunch of muscles. And so
11:27 you have greater stability. And you think about what is the joint that
11:31 most important in creating stability for my . Which one if you had to
11:36 one, huh? My knees. . I mean, if I can't
11:42 , I can't eat. Can't I'm gonna die. Right. If
11:46 can't walk. I can't make if can't make species dies. Alright.
11:52 become really, really important. Can't chase my prey. I
11:57 I can't in other words, Being 21st century humans can't run over to
12:01 Bell. Right? Someone has to get it for me. Doordash.
12:07 right. But that is why our have all these structures on them so
12:13 we can chase down our parade. kind of makes sense. One person
12:18 down there. Have it over Makes sense. That's all the shoulder
12:22 . That's that's that's good enough. right. Sorry. With that in
12:26 . We're now going to jump in start looking at structurally what we're what
12:31 these different joints are. And as I mentioned, we're going to
12:34 at them in terms of their structure what kind of movement they allow.
12:39 , structurally joints can be either cartilaginous or synovial. All right,
12:44 simply means that there's gonna be some of fibrous tissue that holds the two
12:48 together. Cardiologists means there's some cartilage between them holding the two bones
12:53 Synovial means there's a cavity that's filled a special type of fluid called synovial
12:58 . That is between the two Alright, we're talking about movement.
13:04 talking about one of three different types movement. It can be without
13:08 So, that's a synthesis. And arthur system means that it has some
13:13 . So amply whenever you see that a prefix. Remember amphetamines by or
13:18 two states. So, this is of kind of like not movement,
13:21 kind of this kind of movement is they use the term empty and then
13:25 . Arthur Asus or dia. Theses plural is where you have a freely
13:30 joint. All right. So, are the three types and we can
13:35 of look here and see what kind movements. Generally speaking, we're talking
13:38 because when you hear movement it can different things. And so typically we
13:43 there are three basic types of And then if you can't fall into
13:46 of those three categories, then we're drop you into a third category called
13:50 movement. Alright, so we have movements. This is where to bone
13:55 are moving against each other like. right, there's no appreciable angular ation
14:01 rotation. Alright, So they glide each other, do it this way
14:05 here as well. Alright, our angular movement is simply an increase or
14:11 in the angle. That's where the comes in. Alright, so that's
14:15 of an easy one. And then is when you take a long bone
14:19 you rotate it around its axis. , so there's a rotation, not
14:24 this, that's not a rotation. an angular movement, right? It's
14:30 you're doing is you're moving the long in that circle around itself. So
14:40 get down and see where we see things. All right, so,
14:43 have a gliding movement. This is very simple movement here, we have
14:47 two surfaces are sliding against each It's that back and forth movement angle
14:51 change and it's very, very The example that they're using here in
14:54 cartoon is going to be in the bones. Alright, so this is
14:59 I like to get somebody and play their wrist James. You get to
15:02 my example. Alright, so you're just relax yourself. So if I
15:07 there and just kind of play like . So notice where I'm grabbing.
15:10 down here, that would be the dials up here. Those are the
15:13 carpal metacarpals. So it's in here you can just kind of play with
15:17 and you can feel the bones move and forth. Now notice this is
15:21 this movement, it's literally between each the individual carpal, so there's very
15:25 movement. But the combined movement of carpal bones allow for more or greater
15:31 than the singular movement by itself. , so if you want to play
15:35 something and feel that car pools are easy place to do that for that
15:39 movement right into partial joints, do same thing. But playing with ankles
15:43 a lot harder. All right, that's the easy one. That's the
15:49 movement. This takes us to the movements. Some of these you're familiar
15:53 flexion and extension are pretty simple. can just use the the humerus and
16:00 owner. You know the lower arms the upper arm. I can flex
16:04 ? And then when I move that back to its original position, that's
16:09 . Alright. That's not the only where I have flexion and extension.
16:12 mean I can do that with my here right? I can use my
16:16 and lower legs. So there's There's extension. Alright, I extend
16:20 leg downward, I flexed it Alright um There's also hyperextension. I
16:26 you can see here with the there's neck flexion. There's neck
16:29 So you can do this as Alright, so notice what the definition
16:33 increasing or decreasing the angle between the bones. So we have to ask
16:37 question. What's its normal position? . And then from that normal
16:41 how do you what do you do ? All right, Hyperextension is when
16:46 extend a joint beyond 180°. Have you hyper extended your knee playing something?
16:53 mean if you watch the Super you got to watch Odell Beckham hyper
16:58 his knee when he caught the ball taken out of the game. All
17:03 , Hyperextension is when that joint goes wrong direction. In essence. All
17:11 then there's lateral flexion. Now, is a very specific movement, but
17:15 is a flexion. All right. , it's not having to do with
17:19 arms. It has to do with body relative to its normal position.
17:23 , when I go over here, flexion when I return back up,
17:29 back to my normal position. So would be lateral flexion and extension.
17:35 lateral flexion. Okay, so, guess you could do it this way
17:41 . You got to hear the popping my neck. All right. Those
17:45 the only angular movements. All When the aliens come and get
17:53 We call it abduction. So, your arms are lifted from your
18:00 That's abduction. Just like the aliens the aliens return you we don't call
18:06 abduction, but we should because that's happens when you return back into
18:11 So abduction versus abduction. Okay, you'll hear people say a deduction and
18:19 deduction because ab and AD can sound awful lot of like when you're talking
18:25 . All right, we also have . Circumspection is a combined movement.
18:31 basically I'm moving my arm up and moving my arm down and I'm flexing
18:34 I'm rotating. And basically all I'm is I'm moving my arm in a
18:40 like position, but notice it's it's that rotation is not around the
18:46 it's rotating around the cone. And it requires all these multiple movements.
18:51 it's abduction abduction, flexion extension, on and so forth. All
18:57 so sir, conduction creates a cone space with the arm with regard to
19:03 rotational movements and again, I encourage to get in front of the mirror
19:07 just do these things but your notes and kind of look at and
19:10 okay, here's this all right, movement. Remember is movement around along
19:19 . Alright, so when I'm talking rotation there's lots of different types of
19:24 . I can do. No. , So I'm rotating the spine,
19:30 ? The vertebrae are rotating to allow to create that no movement. I
19:36 rotate my arm and this is the way to see it. I'm rotating
19:43 the humerus, right? So these examples and then you can see with
19:48 to the legs I can rotate. this is the hokey pokey right.
19:52 my left foot in, put my foot out, put my left foot
19:57 and I shake it all about. that is that rotation right? You
20:04 do it this way I put my out or I can rotate in.
20:09 lateral, that's medial. All Same thing that would be lateral,
20:16 would be medial, lateral medial Okay, if you've been a runner
20:25 any period of time, you learned your feet have some sort of rotation
20:30 them. Either you refer to it a runner as separate nation and pro
20:36 . That is an incorrect use of term. Alright, there's an actual
20:40 for the feet. But somewhere somehow who made shoes and runners picked up
20:46 these two terms and started started using incorrectly. So it's a rotation.
20:52 what it refers to is the rotation in the lower limbs. Alright,
20:57 remember what we said if you think the two bones right there parallel to
21:03 other. If I have found I if I'm in the normal anatomical
21:07 right? My radius is on the , my owner is on the inside
21:12 I move my wrist over, that pro nation right now. My radius
21:18 is still here crosses over this My owner which starts here crosses under
21:24 that X. Alright, so the are crossed when I returned back to
21:29 original position that is supper nation. pronation separate nation. Okay, so
21:37 you're a runner and you're sitting there away, I'm a separator. I'm
21:39 pro nater. You're usually talking about do my feet sit? And we
21:43 a different term for that. The term is in version and the
21:49 All right, so here we're talking the feet when I run on the
21:53 of my foot or step having a on the outside of my foot,
21:57 pushing my sole of my foot inward the medial side. And so that
22:03 an inversion when I step on the of my foot, right? So
22:08 the bottom of my foot is kind pointing outward, you know, to
22:11 lateral side. That is an E . All right now, how do
22:18 remember that? Or how do you actually see whether or not you're evert
22:22 or an inverter or an evert or can go take your shoes turn them
22:27 down and see where the where Right. So, I'm an
22:31 If you go and look at my are all worn on the outside,
22:36 ? Because I'm basically walking on the of my phone. People like that
22:42 . Yeah, you'll notice it the you get, the more you'll feel
22:47 too. Alright, And then we the pointing of the tow. All
22:53 . If I'm a ballerina and I my toe, I'm pointing my toe
23:00 . That is plantar flexion. All . Remember the bottom of the foot
23:04 the planter region. So I'm flexing the bottom of my foot when I
23:10 my toe towards my knee. That Dorsey flexion. Alright, So I'm
23:16 it towards the dorsal side of my is the way they you would basically
23:21 about it. All right. So are special movements. They don't fall
23:25 that category of angular even though there a change in the angle here.
23:30 like, okay, these are unique the particular joint that we're looking at
23:38 for some other weird ones. Here's the other word ones.
23:44 Pra traction and retraction. All Pro traction is when I closed or
23:52 up a bone. Alright? So I'm confused, that would be a
23:57 traction. When I put my arms down, my shoulders, back
24:01 That's retraction. That's a hard one see. So they usually use the
24:05 with the jaw right when I dropped mandible. That's pro traction. I
24:11 that right in elevation. Excuse It's this one got to do this
24:17 ? It's the I don't know. then retract. Protract, Retract
24:29 You want to try it? Not moving right, elevation and depression.
24:37 I got I got that wrong. when I did the shrug, that's
24:40 and depression. So when I elevate, that's depressed. Elevate
24:45 So I got those backwards. Um thing that makes humans unique or primates
24:55 is our thumbs. But we have term for it. We don't just
24:58 our thumbs. What do we call ? Impossible. Right? We have
25:06 thumbs that allows us to grip Primates can grip, right? So
25:11 you can take your thumb and touch forefinger, that's opposition, right?
25:18 when you separate them, that reposition reposition and you can do that all
25:26 way around, right? But people animals over in primates don't have
25:34 Alright, that's a cool double joint there. Okay. It allows us
25:40 grasp objects. So those are the and again, use your body as
25:47 cheat sheet. Go and practice these to help you remember them, you
25:51 , look at them in the mirror when you're on the test and you're
25:53 there going, okay, depression, one is it? Yeah, you
25:59 do that and it's funny to watch take the test to So what I
26:08 to do now is I want to down the different joints. We said
26:10 are three different types. So there's fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint. And
26:14 said there's a synovial joint. And our starting point here are the fibrous
26:21 . I'll be the first to admit some of these pictures are not very
26:24 because they don't align correctly in terms like here's this. So when you're
26:29 at these slides and make sure you're on the right picture. Alright,
26:32 there are three different types of fibers . We have the compass sees the
26:36 and the cinema Asus. Alright. compasses singular. Alright. The
26:41 there's the compass is there's only one emphasis or emphasis in our body.
26:48 where our teeth are in our Okay. And so here it
26:52 right down here. Right? It's it's an immovable joint. So it's
26:57 sin arthur sis right? You can grab a tooth and it doesn't
27:02 Hopefully. All right, if you at a tooth, you will see
27:08 there is a ligament between the tooth the bone itself. That's the periodontal
27:13 . That is what's holding in a . That's why it's a fibers joint
27:16 there are fibers between the bone and tooth itself. That's the emphasis peg
27:22 socket is what that literally means. , sutures. We've we've seen
27:28 We saw them in the skull This is a joint. So here
27:32 can see the bones and what you in between them are fibers, connective
27:37 holding those bones in place. Now other truth about the future is that
27:43 are like jigsaw puzzles. They're held place because of the interlocking pieces.
27:48 they have these irregular edges and then basically glue the regular edges together with
27:53 fibrous connective tissue. So that's the . And the last one is a
27:59 nemesis. Alright. The cinemas is is what we're dealing with. A
28:04 . Alright. So you can see here's the fibula and the tibia or
28:07 . Excuse me, there are more more than this. The only the
28:10 to have these as well. And you have is you have a ligament
28:14 connects the two bones together so that two bones are held in close Opposition
28:19 to 1 1 - one another. me. All right now these have
28:26 little bit of movement to them I'm gonna bother James let me have
28:30 wrist again. Alright. So if come down a little bit lower,
28:34 can just kind of play and you see there's movement there. Alright.
28:39 he could resist me. Right? I could sit there and move And
28:43 still see there's a little bit of shimmy. Not a lot of the
28:47 but a little bit of one. right. And that's a function of
28:51 joint because the ligaments are just holding two bones together. But allow for
28:55 little bit of freedom of movement. it's an amfar theses with regard to
29:05 cartilaginous joints. There are two All right. And this is where
29:09 have to remember. All we're looking . Right here is we're looking at
29:13 picture. You can put a big X into that one? I just
29:16 divide the two sides up. All . So what do we have with
29:21 sunken Drusus. Alright, so it's car legislators called us in congress is
29:27 you have is you have a bone with highland cartilage. So the epithelial
29:32 before they close is an example of a better example, which they didn't
29:37 a picture. But should be or about the bones, your ribs,
29:42 ? The costal bones think about your which was a bone and then in
29:48 them was cartilage. Right? So an example of a sunken Drusus.
29:55 , so it's bone cartilage bone. not movable. So it's classified as
30:04 sin arthur cyst. All right. you say wait a second. I
30:07 push on your chest and your chest up and down. Yes, but
30:11 not that the bones are moving against other. All right. The the
30:23 . There's another type of card. one. So again, you can
30:25 this one out and we're focused Alright, So there's slight mobility in
30:30 of these instead of it being highland . What we have is fiber
30:35 Alright, bro, cartilage has a more movement in it. All
30:40 So these are ambar theses. And here's the pubic synthesis. Again,
30:45 is one where you have to get from the person because if you want
30:48 grab someone by the hips and see movement. It's it's a little bit
30:52 intimate. Right? Um But this joint right there. The pubic synthesis
30:59 one of those joints that has a in it. There are other places
31:03 the body, the inter vertebral That's a little bit easier to
31:07 You can go and you can see kind of movement. Like. So
31:11 granted I'm pulling on uh bones up and what you're doing is you're kind
31:16 seeing if you look very closely at , you'll see the vertebral discs,
31:21 inter vertebral disc making slight movement and in response to the push in the
31:27 . Right? But you probably go to somebody and and play with their
31:30 a little bit. And you could see a little bit of that
31:36 So the cartilaginous joints, this takes to where we finally get to
31:42 All right, these are joints that more familiar with, joints that I
31:46 picture. Alright, so all the ones are joints but we don't really
31:51 about them as being joints. I when you think joint, right?
31:55 you think joint, you think movement these are a function of the synovial
32:01 , the synovial joints have some unique to them. This is just a
32:06 one, trying to show it to . The first thing it has is
32:08 articular uh as an articular capsule. , so the idea is I have
32:14 area set off and protected that kind isolates the joint itself. All right
32:21 that joint, you'll have an area cavity that's going to be filled with
32:26 fluid. Synovial fluid is secreted by membrane that makes up that cavity.
32:32 what it does is it provides a pressure resistant fluid so that the bones
32:38 rubbing up against each other and grinding down. Alright, liquid buy in
32:44 of itself water uh kind of resists compressed and so that's kind of what's
32:49 on with this synovial fluid. The thing is because it's lubricating, it
32:54 reduces friction in the joint and to reduce friction even further. The bones
32:59 are associated with that joint are going be covered in articular cartilage, that's
33:03 this is trying to show you. here's the articular cartilage that's smooth to
33:07 with. So you've got to smooth rubbing up against each other and you
33:10 a lubricating non compressible fluid in between . There's less pressure in there.
33:16 , So if you lose that fluid if you start losing the articular cartilage
33:20 the bone begins grinding against bone and starts breaking down. That's not a
33:25 of fun. The last thing that joints have is you're gonna have a
33:30 bunch of ligaments that are going to found on the outside or on the
33:34 , depending on on the joint that going to provide a structure or strength
33:40 reinforce that joint. So if they found on the outside, they're referred
33:44 as extrinsic, if they're found inside joint capsule, they're referred to as
33:48 intrinsic. So extrinsic is always outside is internal to All right now,
33:55 are what we refer to as die is meaning that they allow for free
34:00 . Alright, So that's why it's easy one to remember, or the
34:04 we think about when we think about so far so good. Mhm.
34:17 , usually associated with a joint, part of it, but associated with
34:22 called bursa or tendon sheets, they're same thing. It just has to
34:27 to the shape of it. And really what a bursa is,
34:31 tendon sheath is, is just like synovial capsule. Um It's a structure
34:38 wraps itself around a tendon filled with and it kind of serves as ball
34:45 to those tendons. Alright, So job is to alleviate friction. All
34:52 . And so they're trying to show , this would be the carpal region
34:57 right there is your carpal tunnel, have a whole bunch of tendons that
35:04 ligaments that kind of roll through And so when you do this kind
35:08 movement, you're gonna be pulling on tendons and ligaments and they need something
35:13 roll across and that's what the bursa for. But if you do that
35:17 whole bunch, you're going to create because naturally when two things rub against
35:21 other, you create friction and you cause inflammation in those bursa and then
35:28 the bursa inflamed, they wrap tighter the tendon and it becomes harder to
35:33 , it becomes more painful to We call that carpool tunnel syndrome.
35:43 , so that's an easy way to . But you don't just have it
35:45 your hands, it's all over the . You got Bursa everywhere. Um
35:51 you've been around old people long you'll start hearing them complain about their
35:56 . Alright, Bursitis is simply inflammation the bursa. All right. So
36:03 this does is we're going to start specifically at different types of synovial
36:09 There's lots of different types. All . And they allow for different types
36:14 movements and it's gonna kind of put perspective some of these structures on the
36:18 that we were looking at earlier. right. And as I promised,
36:22 said here, we can see the in three dimensions. All right
36:28 this is in reference to an airplane to a boat. But it's also
36:32 to look at with regard to a because it shows you the different types
36:38 movements up and down is easy, down left, right. That's easy
36:42 of thinking for us. But it's so easy to think about something moving
36:46 this direction as an angle, Or like this as an angle or
36:55 as an angle and that would be pitch the role in the yard.
37:02 right now, we're not going to those terms. Those are again,
37:05 that are typically used when you talk a boat or a plane rolling is
37:10 to picture, right? That would a role, right? But it
37:14 of shows you now, oh, moving into planes simultaneously so if I'm
37:21 this yeah, that's not just one , that's two planes at the same
37:26 and that's creating that ya if I'm flexion and extension, that's two planes
37:32 the same time. That's just like pitch. Okay, so that's why
37:38 like using this to help you kind visualize what's going on? All right
37:43 , the way we classify joints are to be dependent upon the articular surface
37:48 well as the type of movement that's allowed. Alright, so it's talking
37:51 the degrees of freedom that each joint at and it's again it's going to
37:56 based on that articular surface. We describe the movement as what plane does
38:03 move in. Is it a uni ? Is it bi axial? Or
38:07 it multi axial? And so when say multi axle we can define it
38:11 pry axle or whatever. Alright. it basically says doesn't move in one
38:16 . Doesn't move in two planes or move in more than two planes.
38:20 . And so we're gonna obviously start the easy part. Which one is
38:23 easy one One plane. And we've seen that. Alright, that's a
38:29 joint in joint is basically non axle has the least mobile. It allows
38:36 gliding movements. And so you're basically there going, it doesn't really move
38:41 that much. That would be your bones, for example. Alright,
38:45 that's non actual. That's a plane . So uni axial, a little
38:51 more movement. All right. you can think to flat surfaces rubbing
38:56 each other. Getting to the uni , feels this is what we're talking
39:05 hinge and pivot joints. Now hinges to think about. All right,
39:09 you're gonna have, you're gonna have sort of cylindrical projection and then you're
39:12 have something that cuts around that that cylinder and allows the cylinder to
39:18 in that that socket. That would a hinge joint. Alright,
39:24 what we're allowing here in a hinge flexion and extension. The easy example
39:29 think about is to think about a hinge. If you can't visualize
39:33 Go and look at the door at house and look at that and
39:35 oh yeah, I can see I've got something where I have a
39:40 that is being allowed to turn within context of the thing that wraps around
39:47 . Now, the example they're using , is there going to be using
39:51 elbow? Specifically? The owner Hugh joint. The humor owner owner
39:57 Really? All right. The other of uni axle is what is called
40:01 pivot joint, you can again think this as kind of like a
40:06 but it has something a little bit specific here, what we have is
40:09 have a long bone that's going to through some sort of socket, some
40:14 of hole. And what you can then is you can rotate the long
40:18 and keep it in place because of thing that wraps around it.
40:22 the example, the joint they're showing here is the atlas, um the
40:27 axial joint. Alright, And so is your atlas sitting on top of
40:32 axis. The axis has this little of the bone that sticks up and
40:36 inserted into the atlas. And so you can basically rotate, it's really
40:43 the atlas around that that point. right, but that's not the only
40:49 you're gonna see it. All you're gonna see it in a couple
40:52 other places as well. So, that the sleeve, the thing that
40:57 wrapping around that long bone can be ligament as well. So, when
41:01 doing this waving at you, that's rotation, that rotation occurs because there's
41:09 long bone inserted through a ligament that the ligament from flying off for the
41:16 from flying off. It just rotates the context of the ligament. That
41:21 sense. That's uni axles. When get to the bi axial. Now
41:29 we're doing is we're talking about movement multiple planes right? In two different
41:35 . So what we have is with condo I'll joint or the consular
41:41 This is a little bit hard to but I want you to think of
41:44 fist. Look at, look at shape of the fist. Is it
41:48 ? Is it perfectly round? Doesn't No. It's more shaped like an
41:52 , isn't it? Okay, so you're dealing with the consular joint,
41:57 of the bones has kind of an shape to it like that. And
42:02 means the receiving bone articular surface of is also shaped in kind of an
42:09 . So it kind of sits in like so. All right, so
42:14 that because I'm oval shaped, that I can rock in one direction
42:20 So basically rocking back and forth this or I can rock back and forth
42:24 that direction. What I can't do I can't rotate because if I did
42:30 pop out of the socket, wouldn't ? So with the condor joint or
42:36 condo Lloyd joint you're going to have oval shape That prevents that allows movement
42:42 one direction and rock the other but not in rotation. Now they're
42:48 the radius here but I'll give you example. I can wave at you
42:56 I can't turn my finger can It doesn't rotate and wag it but
43:05 can't rotate it, can you? right. One that's similar is the
43:15 at the thumb. Alright? The metacarpal joint. Alright. It's a
43:19 joint. Alright? You've all seen saddle before? Right? Think of
43:24 on a horse, right? The on a horse kind of goes like
43:28 right now. I want you to that and take another saddle and turn
43:32 upside down and then put them on of each other, right? So
43:36 can go this direction right? Or can go this direction but I can't
43:44 . So my thumb you can go and forth. It can go side
43:49 side because of those two articular but I can't rotate my thumb.
43:57 right. Now again, the difference , even though I have used my
44:01 in both examples, right? Is I have greater degrees or greater range
44:07 motion with my thumb and my fingers ? My fingers are limited in how
44:14 movement they have my thumb. And of you are even better than me
44:19 move quite a distance away. You had a thumb war? All
44:25 So you have really good articulation of of degrees of freedom or freedom
44:32 And you can really get somebody But it's because of the articular shape
44:37 allows that type of movement vs. one so condo Lloyd versus saddle and
44:50 the last one is our most movable . The ball and socket. It's
44:56 of like the condo Lloyd joint except of it being ovular in shape or
45:00 in shape. It's round in shape it sits in a round socket.
45:04 if it's around and in the that means not only can I rock
45:08 any direction, I can also rotate . A balkan wrote in in a
45:15 and that's kind of what this It's basically a bowl and a ball
45:19 you take the ball and you can a whole bunch of different things in
45:22 . All right, so complete freedom movement. We refer to it as
45:26 tri axle because you can go back forth and then you can twist in
45:35 . Any questions about any of those types. Mhm. Now the
45:42 Yeah. So when you're talking about ankle and we're going to see,
45:50 think we do the ankle here. it's a hinge joint. Right?
45:54 you can think about, remember we about the male leola, malleable i
45:58 the tibia and the fibula. And we had the tallis and then what
46:02 did is we inserted there and so we have movement in the hinge.
46:08 can't really turn that way, it want you to and with the reinforcement
46:13 your ligaments. Trying to turn your is really hard. That's why it
46:17 when you turn your ankle when you on it wrong because it doesn't want
46:22 go that direction. Say again. , I I think I'm having a
46:29 time hearing when you have a mask , you really have to project through
46:32 mask because most of your sound gets back. So you have to say
46:36 one more time. Yes. So it's when you say when I
46:41 my ankle, what you're really saying I'm moving it in a direction or
46:45 shape or or I'm doing a movement is not designed to do. So
46:50 your ankle, turning your ankle. thing can't twist an ankle. I
46:55 , think about what the movement is remember we said the rotation when I
46:59 my left foot to uh lateral Where's my rotation taking place? Is
47:04 in my ankle? Is it in knee or is it in my
47:10 Think about the movement to my right. So this is one of
47:16 things you can do if someone will you touch them right? As you
47:20 , let me hold your thigh, is not an easy thing to hold
47:24 of big. Now try to Alright, and you try if they
47:30 to rotate, you're going to see you're gonna feel it up here.
47:33 if you can resist it, they twist their lower limbs because that rotation
47:39 taking place up in the hip, ? You can hold them, you
47:44 down by the by the ankle. say at the lower extremity, do
47:49 same thing, Same twist, turn ankle, they can't do it because
47:53 ankle only allows very limited movement along side. And that's just the give
47:59 the joint. All right. So that in mind, let's take a
48:06 at some very specific joints that you know. You got the tmJ
48:15 The temporal mandibular joint, It's just very long work. Alright, first
48:20 , when you see these names, freak out. All they do is
48:23 name the two bones that are associated the joint. Alright. That's kind
48:27 the easy thing. So, whenever get lost or confused, time
48:31 what is the word I'm looking All Right, So, temporal mandibular
48:35 , it's between the temporal bone and mandibular or the mandible. All
48:41 now, what we have here, is our this is our chewing.
48:46 is how we lower our jaw. . So, what we have is
48:50 have our surrounding it which is not . We have this articular capsule,
48:54 a whole bunch of ligaments that support . And what we're gonna do is
48:57 gonna see a hinge like movement. , now, that's the easy one
49:01 think about. Like I dropped my , right? And I closed my
49:05 . That's that's easy. But when eat, what we're doing is we
49:11 to create force. We need to a bite force. All right.
49:14 so if you look at this, bone right here in the temple,
49:19 temporal bone is very, very And if I press down on that
49:24 enough force it's gonna break. That do us any good. But we
49:28 that fossil because we need something to a hinge in. Right?
49:33 here's our fossa. Here's the right? And so, what we're
49:38 is we're rotating in there. But happens is when we open our
49:43 the ligaments allow the jaw, the portion to to move out of that
49:51 to this to Brickell. It's called articular to brickell because it's a
49:58 All right. And so, what doing is we're now pressed up against
50:02 that's a little bit harder. So bite down. The pressure is against
50:06 articulate caps or that tuber cole, instead of sliding back into the
50:12 which would be useless. What it is it forces our jaw to slide
50:18 to one side, and then once slides up to one side, and
50:21 you press down, then it slips into the fossil. Once your jaws
50:25 back into place. All right. to visualize. Go watch a video
50:30 a cow chewing cud. That's an one because cows have a really exaggerated
50:36 , right? So, it slides right. Now, if you want
50:42 see yourself do it. Go get piece of gum. Usually, what
50:45 would ask is usually usually there's at one person chewing gum in here and
50:50 the 1000 masks, you never know going on. So but you use
50:55 . Alright, chew the gum. watched a person chew the gum.
50:57 like no I'm not gonna do that the moment they get pointed out that
51:00 have done they flash back to high with that little old lady that says
51:03 it, spit it in my Did you have that teacher?
51:08 It's always an old lady and she liked the gum chewing. I never
51:12 then she wants you to spit it her hand. That's gross.
51:18 Anyway but watch watch yourself chew It's like it stays on one side
51:22 it's like slide, slide, slide, slide board, stick to
51:27 other side, slide, slide, , slide, it goes the other
51:30 over and over again. So it's gliding motion that's following the hinge motion
51:38 ? Because the job is sliding in direction. Alright that's what we refer
51:44 as a lateral excursion. So temporal joint hinge between the temporal bone and
51:50 mandible bone or the mandible mandible The mandible. And then when you're
51:56 down how the action creates a gliding because of the repositioning of the bone
52:03 that articular. To brickell. The joint is the glen Oh humorous
52:11 All right. The humerus and then Glenwood cavity of the scapula. All
52:18 now here we have a very very you see the surface of of the
52:24 cavity, very, very shallow. to move that bone in and out
52:28 there. So what we have to is we have to create stability to
52:33 that the judges isn't slipping. So first thing you have is you have
52:37 Glynn oid labrum, which is basically connective tissue that is sitting within the
52:43 that kind of creates a little lip kind of say, well we'll make
52:46 a little bit deeper. Not a deeper, but just enough. So
52:49 the first thing. And then what gonna do, we're going to wrap
52:52 whole bunch of ligaments all over this to ensure that that you're creating even
52:57 stability. So there's three ligaments that particularly important in terms of reinforcing.
53:03 again, they're not labeled up So you're not going to have to
53:05 identify but think about what we're doing . The names. Tell you
53:09 they go from the core cause the coy process to the criminal process.
53:14 when we looked at the scapula, pointed out there is these two points
53:17 we're saying there's a ligament that crosses those two points. So what it
53:21 , it creates a support along those points so that the shoulder doesn't go
53:26 up between those two things. humorous. It's between the cork oid
53:31 the humerus. So basically comes across way and then the glint of humor
53:35 from the glen oid cavity downward to humerus. So what we've done is
53:40 basically are holding the humorous in place these ligaments, right? But we
53:46 want it too tight because we still all that freedom of movement. And
53:49 really what we have is we just a series of muscles that cross over
53:53 , that's gonna be the primary stabilizers that. And so I don't know
53:58 you. Um You know, I out three times a week and I'm
54:02 and my shoulders are like in terrible from years and years of doing stupid
54:07 . And so like when I do lifts, I can't do heavy weights
54:12 all. It's it's a nightmare for because I just don't have the support
54:18 I should right? Probably should get surgery. But yeah, that's not
54:22 to happen. Alright. But that's the stabilizers, right? There
54:28 those muscles, the deltoid muscle being primary there. Now there are also
54:32 bursts in here again, they're not if it's really being shown. And
54:37 this picture doesn't show them all But you can imagine there's bursa that
54:42 so that when I pull on this muscle rotates around the bursa that reduces
54:48 friction, The elbow joint is actually separate joints. All right now,
54:57 I think about the elbow. I about this type of movement. What
54:59 of movement is that? It's a movement. Alright? So it's a
55:05 joint, right? Doesn't do anything in any other direction other than that
55:11 . So the three parts of the joints that are there is the humerus
55:15 , the human will radio and the owner. Now again you've learned these
55:20 When we looked at the bones we here's the humerus, humerus is associated
55:24 the radius and the humerus is associated the ulna. And we said the
55:27 and radius are interacting as well, touch each other. So whenever a
55:31 touches another bone that's a joint and the combination of these three joints that
55:36 rise to the overall joint. Now one that's most important important in this
55:42 regards to its movement is the humor joint. Alright. We remember we
55:46 we had the trophy clia on the and then we had that trow clear
55:51 . And so it's that notch where trow clia sits in and that allows
55:57 movement like a hinge. All so that's what gives it the flexion
56:04 extension that you see. All right the human radio remember we had the
56:11 um is associated with the head of radius that just stabilizes the joint.
56:16 , So instead of it being this tiny hinge that could be knocked to
56:19 left and to the right. That um basically serves as a way to
56:25 on the lateral side the joint. ? So now you can't get movement
56:32 outward. The last one is the owner joint. And this is a
56:37 joint. And the reason it's a joint is because of the annular ligament
56:42 between the radius and the illness. what happens is um it goes from
56:48 owner and then it wraps around and back to the owner and then the
56:53 of the radius sticks through that. , so you can think that this
56:58 the alma then you have the annual like that and then the radius sticks
57:02 there like so. Alright, and that allows is the pronation and the
57:06 nation right now think about buy hold . It's not easy to do.
57:13 better if you can do it I can do this movement just
57:18 And then if I try to rotate I'm trying to do it without using
57:23 shoulder, right? That's about the of movement I have right because of
57:32 support of that radio side, I do this just fine. All
57:40 So there are two ligaments that helped enforce the lack of movement side to
57:48 the radio and the owner collateral So when you see the word collateral
57:52 about collateral damage, what is collateral ? If I'm aiming at a
57:57 what would be collateral damage the stuff the outside of it, right things
58:02 I wasn't aiming for right. So sits on the outside and that's what
58:07 are the radio collateral ligament would be the radio inside of the radius,
58:11 the outside. The ulnar collateral ligament be on the ulna on the
58:17 And that's what's preventing you from going to side. Again, not shown
58:22 the picture. I'm not going to at this and say identify. But
58:26 should know what does a collateral ligament prevents movement on the outside.
58:35 notice we're just kind of going down , we're going down to the hip
58:38 . So, we did a big here, big joint here,
58:42 We did a big joint up in the jaw. So now we're in
58:46 hip joint, it's a ball and , just like the shoulder joint
58:52 the difference is we have to have strength and stability in the hip because
58:56 body weight is being uh passed through structures and uh you know, that
59:04 to be able to be supported through . Alright, so, again,
59:08 gonna have limited movement, We're still have high degree of freedom, but
59:12 limited relative to, say our we have a very deep socket that's
59:17 formed by the asi tabula. Um the asi tabula, is that point
59:21 contact on the Oscar hoxha. And then what we're gonna is gonna
59:26 some more fiber cartilage around that. we're gonna create. So here's our
59:30 tabula. Um And then we're gonna in a little bit more fiber
59:35 And so it makes the socket even . All right. So you can
59:39 here here's the asi tabula, And then we're gonna put a little
59:44 more on the outside and that makes deeper. So that's going to prevent
59:50 . Then on top of that we're to get a whole bunch of
59:53 ili ephemeral, what tooth bones are by the iliad ephemeral in the in
59:59 femur. Alright. And you can of a sudden see, right,
60:02 do we have here? We have ilium the scheme and the pubis.
60:06 basically it's saying I'm going to take ligament and attach the femur to each
60:10 those three bones. And so that's to limit the movement in the
60:16 And then we have muscles that cross . We have tendons, that
60:20 We're not gonna bother naming them all that's going to limit the range of
60:24 even further. Now again, it's horribly limited. I mean, I
60:31 showed you what I could do right that, but I can't do
60:36 right? And that's a function of number of ligaments as well as the
60:40 of that ball and socket prevents me doing all the same things I can
60:45 with my shoulder. So I lose of freedom or freedom of movement.
60:51 I could create greater or stronger joint that point. It's really hard to
60:58 a hip. I just want to here. Okay, So I don't
61:13 the ankle. Okay. All we're do is we're doing the knee.
61:16 this is our last joint. All . It's primarily a hinge joint when
61:24 think about it. What does my do? I can do this.
61:27 can flex and extend. I really do much else with it.
61:32 I can't push my leg outward, ? But the reason it's a hinge
61:37 is because of its structure. It's two kandahar joints that are side by
61:44 . So when we look at the , remember what we said? We
61:47 down and we have a bike on structure. So I'm gonna use my
61:53 as an example of this would be bottom of the femur. We have
61:56 ill and we have another con Right? And then they're gonna sit
62:01 with the tibia. You can see there's the top of the tibia or
62:05 superior view of the tibia. We fiber cartilage on the top of the
62:09 of the superior end of the tibia create these sea like minus key.
62:14 then so you're conned. I'll sits that fiber cartilage. Now you need
62:18 fiber cartilage there just because of the of pressure. The amount of pressure
62:21 putting on your knee. But what doing is you're also creating that cup
62:25 the condo. I'll needs to sit in order for its movement.
62:28 remember what we said at the It's it's oval in shape. It's
62:32 in a cup that's oval in So that means it can rotate this
62:36 and it can rotate that direction. when I put two of them side
62:39 side, they have to be able rotate in the same direction,
62:45 So, I'm just gonna use my . Right? So, if I'm
62:48 two cups, I can't make cups my hands. So, if I
62:52 rotate this direction simultaneously. But if rotate this direction, I'm creating separation
62:58 that's impossible. I don't want So, what happens is because I
63:02 to conduct isles. I'm forcing hinge . That can make sense. All
63:09 . So they can only move together one direction. They can't move like
63:16 . They'd be separating. All That's bad. All right.
63:24 the structure of the joint is such there's so many ligaments associated with
63:30 the structure of the joint is that you're in the state of extension,
63:34 ligaments are tight. All right they're tighter. But when I go
63:40 flexion, those ligaments are basically All right, So pretend you're being
63:51 , right? You know what I'm about? Right now, look what
63:57 , I get more movement now, there's some hip there, right?
64:01 when I'm inflection, I can get little bit of side to side
64:06 But when I'm extended, like I get any side to side movement right
64:15 get a little bit there again. some hip that's involvement. Again grab
64:19 hip and say can you do side side? You still can. All
64:22 . So again there's three joints. ? But think about what must what
64:27 is touching? Which bone? So the first joint of which there
64:31 two is the Tibia, femoral All right. Now remember there's two
64:36 there because the femur has to conde . So con dial number one or
64:40 medial con dial is touching the The lateral con dial is touching the
64:45 . So that's why we say it's twofold um Connection or joint. All
64:53 . The second or really the third there is not the fibula because remember
65:00 fibula is only in connection with the . Instead it's the patella. The
65:07 sits there and rotates around the So it's a patellar femoral joint,
65:12 your kneecap. Okay. Now I'm this picture not because they've done a
65:25 good job but what I want you think about is when we have an
65:28 capsule because this is a synovial We're going to have the posterior side
65:32 going to have capsule. We're going have the lateral and the medial side
65:35 going to have capsule. But the on the anterior side is actually incomplete
65:41 the reason for that is because it's by tendons of the quadriceps. So
65:46 don't need to have a full All right. So it's not a
65:50 capsule. But you still have that that has synovial fluid and stuff.
65:54 we're gonna have tons of muscle. there's lots of muscle tendon that's around
65:59 . And then the ligaments and the are what are going to reinforce
66:04 Now there are a lot of In fact, I think it was
66:08 five years ago they discovered another microscopic that was unique to the knee,
66:16 ? We don't need to know. had never seen it before. And
66:18 only reason they discovered it because normally you do is you dissect the knee
66:22 it turned out every time cut through knee. You actually damaged the
66:26 And someone went in and started doing MRI's or something and they kept finding
66:30 thing over and over again. It like microscopically small but again have collateral
66:38 , collaterals are on the outside. it's it's an extrinsic. So you
66:44 see here they're calling it the lateral the medial collateral ligaments here. But
66:48 also go by fibula and tibia and just tells you which which side you're
66:53 , right? So fibula is gonna on the lateral side tibial is medial
66:58 alright. And set prevent your leg flip flopping in and out. You
67:03 like that. All right. These familiar with the cruciate ligaments,
67:09 You've heard the A. C. . Probably less so the PCL But
67:14 called the cruciate ligaments because they cross each other, their intrinsic ligaments.
67:20 right. Now, the A. . L. Usually tear if you've
67:23 your knee. Alright? Because what does, it's there to prevent
67:27 The PCL is there to prevent hyper . Now, I've had fun with
67:35 one. I like to tell this . How much time do I
67:39 Oh man, I'm actually taking them full class because I'm taking my sweet
67:43 . All right, are you ready the story? All right. When
67:48 was courting my wife, I'm going use that old old timey phrases.
67:52 right. Basically, my girlfriend at times who became my wife, we
67:57 out tubing on the frio river, ? It was her whole family and
68:02 there. I've got to be cool you know, trying to impress the
68:06 . So there's a little tiny Father in law goes over, Brother
68:11 law. Goes over. Brother in goes over. My wife goes
68:16 Not my none of these are related me at this point. It's my
68:19 and I go over, but my got stuck underneath the tube and when
68:24 got stuck underneath the tube, I flexed my knee. Now, how
68:28 you hyper flex your knee? I you to just take your knee or
68:31 about your heel and press it up your butt and then press it beyond
68:35 butt through your body. And I heard it go and I was
68:41 probably cursed what you don't do in of your in laws. And I
68:45 up and I'm now walking around trying guys what are we supposed to
68:48 Wouldn't hurt ourselves. We walk it , alright. Played enough football,
68:53 know? You walk it off. you ok? Yeah, I'm
68:57 I'll be I'll be ready so damage PCO and my pride. All
69:06 Last ligament is this one right This is the patellar ligament. All
69:10 . And so you can see here's patella there's the tendon that's holding it
69:13 place, The patellar ligament holds it the tibia and so that's what allows
69:17 to slide back and forth over the . So, those are your joints
69:25 straightforward. I mean, the five slides a little bit more
69:29 but you can draw it out if need to the rest of it,
69:32 in front of a mirror. Do hokey pokey have a in theory,
69:42 a dry weekend, have a hopefully weekend. I think it's going to
69:46 the same temperature the entire time. .
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