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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture11_1005
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00:04 All right. Show how are you today? Yeah, I'm here to
00:09 you what happens next Tuesday exam. mm. Is that the combination of
00:18 and boo? I love it. Just remember that means we're halfway done
00:22 the class next Tuesday. Isn't that of cool? Yeah, I
00:29 It's shocking you're looking and she's what? I want more.
00:34 And that that wasn't what she was . All right. What we're gonna
00:38 today? Oh my God. It's it drives me nuts. Yes,
00:42 talking like this, that's why it's that. Yeah, let's see if
00:47 that work a little bit or is too quiet back in the back?
00:52 . Got thumbs up. All So what we're gonna do today is
00:54 to feel really herky jerky. Why? Well, because we're gonna
00:58 up with the articulation, I'm gonna the proper term, the articulations.
01:02 gonna look at a couple of right? We're gonna look at some
01:06 specific ones to kind of give you demonstration of what these joints look like
01:09 how they work. We're gonna get ligaments and our ted I mean,
01:12 gonna have to know some parts about the ligaments and stuff and then we're
01:15 stop and we're gonna make this giant over into the nervous system. All
01:20 . And it's going to feel really and what we're gonna do is we're
01:23 talk first about membrane potentials. And that means And you're gonna look at
01:28 like this and I'm going to say a pause for a second. Don't
01:34 freak out just yet. And then gonna talk about neurons and then we're
01:38 to jump back into membrane potential. talk about graded potentials at least that's
01:43 the plan is. And then what doing is we're setting up the work
01:46 what we're going to be doing for rest of the semester, which is
01:49 system and muscles. So, basically cells. All right. So everything
01:55 gonna do it like this lecture. next one kind of lead up to
01:58 going on there. So, we're start here with the fibres joints.
02:02 I promised. The articulations fibres And so there are three types of
02:06 joints. You can see them We have some really fun names.
02:09 have the campuses. We have futures we've already seen. And we have
02:12 sees. All right. Remember I you joints were fast and pretty simple
02:17 . Theses are peg and socket And there's only one of these in
02:21 body. All right. And that's teeth. All right. So,
02:24 you go look at a tooth that's put inside this little socket and then
02:28 kind of held in place by a . We call it the periodontal
02:32 Um But basically can you move your ? No. So, it is
02:36 sin arthur Asus Remember we talked about terms without movement. All right.
02:41 that's the guy emphasis emphasis in your is plural. All right. So
02:46 an easy one fibers joint. Why it fibers? It's held by the
02:50 in place. The next one is future. We've already seen these when
02:53 looked at the bones of the basically what we do is we have
02:57 really weird edges that kind of look jigsaw puzzles. And so the interlock
03:01 hold them into place. And then between that you put this fibrous material
03:06 . It's connective tissue. And what does is it locks them in place
03:10 you can see your my movement any you see here is just the skin
03:15 move these bones. So, again Arthur SIS Those two are really
03:20 Then we jump to the cinema season is a little bit more complex.
03:24 is an example of the cinemas this here here we got two bones that
03:28 being connected together by a ligament. there's some give. But there's not
03:33 given. The two examples are gonna at the old and the radius in
03:35 tibia and the fibula. All So you can grab I've got my
03:40 up here. She's like, damn . So, grabbing her arm and
03:43 can do this down here and there's little bit of give. Right?
03:47 making her hand wiggle back and But that's because the ligament has a
03:52 bit of give. I can't twist turn it so much. So that's
03:56 it's called an anti arthritis is a bit of give but not a
04:01 All right. So that means we to move forward from those three simple
04:06 . And we start moving into more joints and we have the cartilaginous
04:11 We have two different types. We the sink sin without. I don't
04:15 why some Congresses. All right. here what we're doing is we're seeing
04:19 articulation between bone and highland cartilage. , I don't know why it's sin
04:25 . But you can see here con has to do with cartilage. So
04:30 to cartilage. All right now these always immobile. So they're classified to
04:36 arthur sees. So, the place we want to be looking is over
04:39 an example. A. Do not at example B. You can scratch
04:41 because that's in the next slide. right. So here we have the
04:45 plate. We talked about the epithelial being this cartilage, right? And
04:50 we have bone that's on either side it. So that would be a
04:54 consciousness. The other place costal Remember we had our sternum we have
05:00 ribs in between those is highland So that is example of the sin
05:07 . It's in Congress is being All right. So they are
05:11 They don't allow for movement around those . The next type of cartilaginous joint
05:20 the um No, I guess I . I don't know why it skipped
05:29 completely. Alright. The synthesis is we have fi broke cartilage. So
05:34 it's a cartilaginous joint but it's fiber . The one that's most commonly uh
05:40 to. Is this one right here the pubic synthesis? Alright. There's
05:44 mobility. Now, I'm not going make our poor model stand up and
05:47 not going to sit there and shimmy her hips. Alright now the pubic
05:53 is actually a pretty stable joint for . But during childbirth and during pregnancy
06:00 joint loosens up so that the pelvis a little bit more mobile. Making
06:05 easier for childbirth. All right. then afterwards it's a little bit
06:11 You can actually go to someone who's through pregnancy and you can kind of
06:15 their hips a little bit and you actually see a little bit of that
06:18 . Yes ma'am is So the pubic exists both the males and females.
06:24 men do not go through childbirth. , so but it's not the only
06:29 where we have a synthesis. All . You want the other easy examples
06:33 up there. The invert invert in having Alright, inter vertebral discs.
06:40 right. So you can imagine you your body of your vertebrae you have
06:44 inter vertebral disc body of a so on and so forth. It's
06:47 cartilage. Is it movable. Can you all do this?
06:56 All right now obviously there's a lot move right there in the hip.
07:00 I mean I could do this All right. It's slightly movable.
07:05 . So that's why it's an amp sees. All right. So the
07:09 here is a synthesis cross out a for the previous slide. Alright.
07:14 synthesis is going to be bone highland slightly movable. The sent congress is
07:21 going to have cartilage bone on either . Not movable. Now we get
07:27 the joint that you're all familiar All right. When you think of
07:30 , this is what you think You think about the synovial joint?
07:34 . Synovial joint has some very specific that you can see bone bone.
07:39 . So there's that articulation. And you have on either side of the
07:43 is you have articular cartilage that protects two bone ends. All right.
07:49 have a space in between them filled synovial fluid. This is a uh
07:54 fluid that lubricates the two bones so they slide and glide over each other
07:59 don't provide any sort of friction. right. And also is like the
08:04 in your brakes. It's weight So it basically uh it's hard to
08:09 . It doesn't move very well surrounding have um cartilage. All right.
08:14 you have this or this capsule that everything. It holds everything together.
08:19 on the outside it's fibrous and then the inside that's where you're gonna have
08:22 synovial membrane that produces that fluid. . Um lastly, let's see
08:29 Oh and then you're going to have , ligaments can be found on the
08:33 , that can be found on the and they helped to reinforce and create
08:38 strength to that joint. And finally, you have muscle, the
08:43 is ultimately the thing that creates the support. All right now, if
08:48 ligaments are on the inside, they're to as being intrinsic alright, They're
08:52 part of the joint capsule at some and the ones on the outsider
08:56 So when you hear those terms, think inside versus outside. All right
09:01 these are die our theses, they lots of different movement and what we're
09:06 do a little bit in a in minute, we're going to look at
09:08 very specific ones. All right. before we do I want to point
09:12 one other feature when we deal with , uh we have these structures that
09:18 not necessarily part of the joint but closely associated with them. These are
09:22 tendon sheets in bursa. They're basically same thing. It's just their their
09:27 that gives rise to the different So the bursa is really kind of
09:32 big boy, it's basically this sack what it does, it basically has
09:36 fluid inside it and it basically is around a tendon and basically its job
09:42 to prevent friction where you have all bending and movement taking place. All
09:49 . So wherever bone, muscle tone Liggins all come together, the tendon
09:54 tend to be longer. So you see here here's a tendency, here's
09:57 birthday you guys heard of carpal All right. How do you get
10:01 tunnel? What, how do you get carpal tunnel doing this on your
10:07 actually now it's going to be in thumbs on your phones, Right?
10:12 what you're doing is you're creating a of movement in there, right?
10:15 basically the tendons are moving back and very, very quickly and they rub
10:21 that Burson cause a burst of rub you're actually creating too much friction,
10:25 ends up causing inflammation. So that swells up, which makes it much
10:30 difficult to move. All right. that's what they're doing and what they
10:33 do to relieve that for the actual tunnel, It will actually cut those
10:38 boys open to reduce the swelling in . This is the best picture I
10:45 show you when it comes to degrees freedom. Remember I said when we
10:49 about X, y and Z we think about the graphs that we've
10:54 since the beginning of time in right? And this is actually a
10:59 look because it shows you movement. here's pitch, here's role. Here's
11:04 , if you've ever been in an or in a boat, you understand
11:07 terms if you've never been in a or a boat or I should say
11:10 of the plane or boat, then terms are kind of weird sounding.
11:14 basically can think I can move like . I can move like this,
11:20 ? I live like this, you . So that's those are probably better
11:27 to kind of think about these All right. And so when we're
11:31 at a synovial joint, we're going be looking at the degrees of
11:36 All right. So, what is shape of the articular surface? In
11:41 words, what's the shape of the ? And if you know the shape
11:44 the bone, then you have a of the kind of movement of the
11:48 of freedom that it allows. All . And so we can look at
11:51 say, All right. Is it Axial? Alright. Is there movement
11:55 one plane? Is it by axial in two planes? And if it's
11:58 than two, then we just refer as being multi axle. All
12:02 So it's not X, Y and . It's kind of these kind of
12:07 . So, the first one we've kind of talked about. Remember we
12:11 about gliding movements. Do you remember gliding movement. Right. What was
12:14 example of the gliding movement? I'm queen of England and I'm waving to
12:20 subjects, Right? It's a movement the in the the car pools and
12:25 parcels, right? This is a of plain joint is what is referred
12:29 . It provides us gliding movement. a non axial movement. So what
12:34 have here is you have to bones have flat surfaces. And what they
12:38 is they move like that. All . Almost non appreciable movement.
12:45 So it kind of slides back and on top of each other. So
12:49 joints are very, very basic. the least mobile joint in our
12:54 But you saw when I was playing our model up here, what did
12:56 do with your wrist? I kind wiggle it around and I can you
13:00 do that right. You're creating that motion in a plane joint. The
13:08 Easiest one. Or really the easiest to think about as a hinge
13:13 You guys are familiar with doors, ? And you understand hinges? What
13:18 a hinge do? It allows the to open and close. Right.
13:22 so in there. What we have we have a structure that's basically moving
13:28 so in one plane, right back forth. All right. So that's
13:34 a hinge joint does. It's a axial type of joint. And what
13:38 typically have is you have a bone the head of that bone is rounded
13:44 it sits in a in a uh another bone that's also around it.
13:49 it allows for that movement like a . Okay, So that would be
13:55 hinge joint. The next type is pivot joint pivot joints. The one
14:01 we most commonly look at is we at the atlas and the axis.
14:06 . And what we do here is basically have a bone that sticks up
14:09 another bone that's kind of round. we have is we have motion around
14:14 bone that sticks up. All So like so so what we have
14:19 is we have a rotational movement and again is uni axial. Alright.
14:24 one to think about is your head right when I shake my head like
14:28 I'm saying no I'm rotating. But another one if I put my left
14:33 in and put my left foot out my left foot in and then I
14:37 it all about it's actually a But movement like that. If I
14:44 to hold my really the movement there in my hip but if I was
14:47 hold that there's a little bit of and rotation that's happening at that knee
14:53 . And again if I do with lower arm there is a little bit
14:58 give right to do that rotation separation . Because I have a pivot joint
15:05 there we're gonna look at that pivot in just a moment. All
15:09 so hens joint that's pretty easy pivot . Just think new now I get
15:17 the weird ones. All right. have the condo Lloyd and the saddle
15:22 . All right. Now, I'm see if I can draw the condo
15:27 joint. I can't promise my computer gonna let me to do this.
15:31 , we're gonna try. If it let me switch over, then I'm
15:35 going to come back and try to you. So, I need a
15:44 screen. Yes. It's a small in life. Okay, What we
15:53 here is something akin to a ball socket. It's like a ball and
15:57 , but it's not if you're looking a condo or joint, the socket
16:04 this shape. Mhm. An oval . All right. So, I'm
16:10 to try to draw in three Remember, I'm not an artist.
16:13 with me. Okay, So, you can imagine the socket looks like
16:22 . Okay, so, that would the bone. So, you can
16:25 it's hollowed out and it's oval oval . All right. That means the
16:30 that sits in that socket is going have the same shape. All
16:35 It's going to it's just hard to like this. It's rounded, but
16:40 ocular as well. All right. an oval. All right.
16:46 again, apologies for the shape. , I want you to figure does
16:50 hand kind of look like an oval of All right. If I sit
16:55 in there, I can rotate in direction, I can rotate in that
17:00 , but I can't twist it can Because if I twist it I pop
17:04 of the oval. That kind of sense. Right? So you can
17:09 I'm kind of in the socket. I do that I kind of rise
17:12 so I can't turn I can only back and forth or rock back and
17:20 . So basically how many directions do have to? So I'm a better
17:25 joint. All right now we're going try to go back and see if
17:29 screen allows us to do this. right, this is the hard
17:34 Mhm. Yeah, it's very All right. So all sorts of
17:46 movement back to back and forth and to side but it doesn't allow for
17:51 in that condo Lloyd joint. The type is a saddle joint. Can
17:56 picture a saddle on a horse? kind of shaped like a Pringle.
18:00 guys know to pringle is shaped like ? It kind of has that dip
18:06 like so but then it kind of the other direction as well. All
18:09 . I'm gonna use my hand as kind of that saddle portion.
18:13 So in a saddle joint one bone shaped like this the other bone is
18:17 exactly the same way, but they each other like so so that means
18:22 bone can move that direction and this can move this direction but you can't
18:28 them. So you have again you a back and forth in the side
18:32 but they can't rotate around each Now, the example of the saddle
18:37 is for the thumb, what can do? I can go back and
18:41 , I can go side to I can actually even kind of do
18:43 little bit of movement like so, what I can do is I can't
18:48 my thumb in circles can I So what I'm doing here is it
18:53 me more freedom of movement than a or joint but it's not the same
18:58 of movement, right? So because have both bones moving in that saddle
19:06 , I have a greater degree of . Look at your finger, can
19:10 do this, can you say? don't know what that's not really good
19:15 . Right? But can you go this too? Yeah, but notice
19:20 you have the same degree of freedom as you have with your thoughts.
19:25 stomach is more mobile isn't it? . It's because of the shape of
19:29 bones ones. Kanda Lloyd one is . All right. So by axial
19:37 degrees of freedom, but not as as the next joint, which is
19:41 one we like to think about when think about joint we like to think
19:44 the ball and socket bond socket is . You have a round socket.
19:51 think of it being around and you a ball which is around. So
19:55 put around thinking around thing. And that means you can go back and
20:00 , you go side to side. you can also do something like
20:04 All right. I can go up sideways backwards forwards and then I can
20:08 . Watch this. I can twist and forth there too. All
20:13 so a ball and socket has multiple of freedom. I can have movement
20:18 the axes up and down on side side, but I can also
20:23 All right, it's tri axle in we refer to as being multi
20:28 All right, complete freedom of So with that in mind we've got
20:36 real basic types of joints. Now should be able to go okay,
20:39 I hear a plane joint. Uni movement. We have a condo Lloyd
20:44 . Have bi axial movement. All , give you a little example.
20:48 what we're gonna do is we're gonna at some actual joints. And the
20:51 joint we're going to look at is temporomandibular joint. All right. Oh
20:55 goodness. Long name scary. Oh . All right. It tells you
20:59 joints always tell you where you're at Oh means temporal bone mandible. So
21:04 between the temporal bone and a All right. This is your
21:08 Right. Or you're what allows you chew food? Okay, so we
21:14 an articulation. All right. It's even shown here. What is
21:18 So here's the mandibular con dial on mandible, right? This little tiny
21:24 in the temporal bone is called the fossa fossa is kind of an
21:31 All right? So, when you're there with your jaw clenched, that's
21:36 that bone is sitting right now. ? The mandible, sitting within that
21:40 fossa of the temporal bone. when you pop your mouth open,
21:44 right, what happens is that bone forward? It goes up here to
21:51 articular tuber. Cool. Now, can see here the bone here is
21:55 , very thin. The bone here very very thick. So, what
21:57 done is we've created a place where now have leverage, we can press
22:02 against that bone without fear of breaking jaw. You ever had a
22:08 Have you ever tried to chew through jawbreaker? That's why they call them
22:12 breakers. Where we are creatures who our sugar, Right? And what
22:17 do with the job breakers, they a molecule of sugar and then they
22:20 it down as they can. They adding layers and it's like the density
22:24 the sun, right? And you in your mouth, it's like lick
22:28 lick you try to go through it ? And you can't break through it
22:33 well, density of the sun. right? So, with the jaw
22:39 . What you're doing now is you're against that articular tuber crop on the
22:43 bone. Alright. And then what is the natural movement of your jaw
22:50 to slide the jaw sideways when you down when you choose. You want
22:57 see this in action. Watch one your friends to go. Usually like
23:01 look around the classroom, but we something masks. But there's usually someone
23:04 the classroom chewing gum and I usually them out and then they stopped chewing
23:08 the moment I do it, because were like freaking out from high
23:10 And you had that little teacher, me the gun, Give me the
23:14 . Yeah. You see everyone had teacher right, spit it out,
23:21 ? Yeah, it was gross. right. So this is a gliding
23:27 . And what happens is you get what we call lateral excursion. That's
23:32 and slides the mandible sideways. So get the grinding motion between our teeth
23:38 it pops the con dial back into fossa, right? So this is
23:44 it looks like. We're just gonna sliding sideways. It's harder to pretend
23:51 much easier when you have food in mouth, right? And when you're
23:54 gum, what do you do is can board chewing on one side.
23:56 what do you do? Pop to other side and you'll see the gliding
23:59 the other direction. All right. , surrounding all this is a loose
24:04 capsule, right? We said these uh these articulations are uh I'm just
24:13 on words today. Synovial joints. I'm looking for. This is a
24:19 joints. So you're gonna have an capsule which basically allows for those ligaments
24:24 ensure that the jaw stays in place it has a synovial fluid. So
24:29 don't get grinding of the jaw The mandible to the temporal bone So
24:34 . Easy one. That's the That's why we started with it.
24:40 . All right, moving up to glenn. Oh, hue, mural
24:43 , fancy word for the shoulder All right, right up here.
24:46 right now, this is a ball socket joint. We have a
24:49 very shallow glenn. Oid cavity. . Glenroy cavities on the scapula.
24:55 right. On the edge is we articular cartilage and we create this uh
25:02 which is basically this shell for this . That makes the cavity a little
25:08 less shallow than it was. But fairly shallow. Anyone here ever dislocated
25:13 shoulder? No one person? I'm , I mean, it's fun.
25:20 ? I mean, you dislocated what do when you dislocated. Did
25:24 did they pop it right back Yeah, the shallow shallow cavity?
25:30 , So it's easy to pop Easy to pop back right in.
25:34 a lot of fun. Very but it's not hard. All
25:38 So you can see here is the of the humor as it sits right
25:42 on top of that bill annoyed And so it could slip out very
25:46 . So to compensate for that. we have is we have a whole
25:51 of ligaments that basically wrap around All right. And so the ligaments
25:55 named for what they're attached to. the core kodachrome real is from the
26:00 coy to the chromium. So basically the top right there. Core code
26:05 the humor also basically across and attached the humors and the blend of humor
26:10 gonna be attached to the cavity to humorous. All right. Now,
26:15 you agree that your shoulder is pretty ? I mean you can do a
26:19 of movement there. If you had raise your hand, you could and
26:23 you had to go scratch your you could if you had to scratch
26:25 back, you could if you want do the pinwheel like you're Pete
26:31 Okay. No one has pete I'm too old. Thank you.
26:35 for the who? He would do like that. All right. So
26:42 allows that those those ligaments allow for movement, but they also create a
26:48 degree of stability there. And then are muscle tendons that also crossed over
26:52 joint set are served as the primary . And if you look even the
26:56 shows you hear some bursa, why we have burst their It prevents
27:00 Alright, so another type of joint ball and socket. Easy to envision
27:07 degrees of freedom and basically stabilized through ligaments and ultimately the tendons and the
27:14 as as well complicated joint. All . The elbow joint is actually three
27:23 joints in one. All right. many bones are in the elbow?
27:27 have this bone. What's that called ? Good one on the outside,
27:32 on the inside. C. Three . Three joints. All right.
27:36 we have a joint between the humorous the radius. We have a joint
27:39 the us and the ulna. We a joint between the ulna and the
27:42 . Okay, so all three of make up the elbow joint. And
27:46 they're named for those interactions, humor , humor, radio, radio
27:52 I've said now A. And Becomes a little bit clear. It's
27:55 , oh yeah, they really do things. So what's there? So
27:59 doesn't make it so hard. Now we think of the elbow, I
28:02 think of the movement. What's the I can do with my elbow?
28:05 can do this right. You So that is a humerus ulnar joint
28:09 really kind of allows that. And what we're looking at is we
28:13 the truck clear notch of the Here's the truck leah of the humerus
28:19 you see the truck leah sits in truck clear notch and that allows for
28:24 hinge movement that we see. pretty simple. The capitulation which I
28:31 out to you when we're looking at humerus is also are articulating with the
28:37 as well, But it's not playing major role of this movement.
28:43 that's the owner and the humorous. we have that pivot joint. Remember
28:48 said the pivot joint is kind of movement. Alright. The pivot joint
28:51 between the owner and the radius. it has to do with those ligaments
28:54 are attached to them. And it me to do this movement. All
28:59 . So the subornation of pronation should hands like this. Subornation of pronation
29:04 I was able to do is a of the pivot joint. The two
29:08 that are there that Allow for these to slide against each other. All
29:13 . So they're up at the top the of the bones. All
29:17 to allow that difficult to here. . So is it more difficult?
29:25 would say yes. I don't know any time. Anyone's ever just you
29:29 your album? Well, that's awful I was a little kid. What
29:33 you doing jumping from trees? Okay, so my son did the
29:36 thing. He comes in he was , oh, my wrist hurts.
29:39 , I think I told you this like you made a college. Don't
29:41 about it two weeks later, my still are sticking in his compression
29:46 Yeah. So yes, but you're probably dislocating this right here and
29:53 that because I think you'd hear major and stuff now. Again, you
29:58 see I mean you can't see in picture, it's a terrible picture.
30:01 the only when your book had But they are collateral ligaments. What
30:04 collateral mean when you hear that what do you think of? They
30:10 go? Yeah, it's on the is what it means. It's on
30:13 outside. So collateral ligament basically are to be those that serve on the
30:19 and create the support. So you a radio collateral ligament. So there's
30:23 collateral ligament on the radio side, a collateral ligament on the owner's
30:28 And so what you can see here you can see stability of the joint
30:31 provided by these extraneous um ligaments. annual ligament is the one that allows
30:40 the pivot joint. Alright, So surrounds the neck of the radius and
30:44 bound to the ulna. So what do is basically you're going around and
30:48 the bone sits up in there and why you're able to rotate around
30:53 Okay? Hip joint is a ball socket joint. So it's very similar
31:01 what we saw when it comes to shoulder. All right. The difference
31:06 is that we have a socket that's much deeper. So I can do
31:11 with my shoulder, right? Can do that with my leg.
31:15 You know I can do like that's about as good as it's gonna
31:19 . And the reason is that the tabula mom is already deep. and
31:23 you have the assad tabular labrum which out. It makes it even
31:26 so it restricts the movement in the . All right, so that's what
31:32 do. And then we have a bunch of ligaments that are going to
31:35 it. So we have the E. Ephemeral. What bones are
31:41 ? Uh Yeah. Really? Um the femur. So you can imagine
31:46 going from this downward, right? have the whiskey ephemeral, right?
31:51 would be the skin, remembers we our whiskey is our tissue. So
31:55 going to be coming across and And we have the pure ephemeral which
31:58 basically coming downward. Like so, it's supporting the hip and creating a
32:04 much stronger structure than what we saw the shoulder. And then we have
32:08 muscles and tendons that keep crossing over make that even stronger. Now,
32:13 do have still have a large range motion. I have a lot of
32:16 that I can do with my but not as much as I can
32:19 with my shoulder. All right, still ball and socket, so higher
32:24 of freedom. But the range of relative to the shoulder, for example
32:29 much, much more limited. The point we want to look at here
32:35 the knee joint. It's primarily what call it is a hinge joint because
32:40 does this movement, right? So kind of like a hinge but structurally
32:46 a bike on dollar joints. So condo Lloyd, but there's two of
32:50 . So that's why we call it controller. All right. But because
32:55 the shape, what we're going to is that it creates this hinge
33:00 So again, there's three joints The two joints that formed this by
33:05 is to tibial femoral joints. um this picture doesn't show it.
33:11 , I'm going again, I'm gonna to do the white screen. Let's
33:14 if this does this um come on . Yes. So, if you're
33:23 at the femur, the con dials like this. If you're looking up
33:29 the leg. All right, mm two. All right. And if
33:42 looking at the tibia, which is the picture that we saw.
33:46 this would be the top of the and you have minus key, basically
33:51 cartilage that create these see like structures which the cond I'll sit. All
34:01 . So the con dial that there's con dial, you can imagine what
34:04 it do. It would go back forth and side to side. But
34:08 I put two candles that can both back and forth. But if I
34:11 side to side, I'm lifting one those out of socket and so that's
34:16 allowed. All right? Your knee this right, it goes up and
34:22 . Can I go side to side it? No. Yeah, if
34:27 goes side to side is bad. when I flex. Right? So
34:33 getting kissed right when you get What do you do? Right?
34:40 a natural reaction. All right. you. People are laughing. Oh
34:44 , that's right. Yeah. You that kiss. You're like oh but
34:47 what I can do now. I more movement, don't I? Oh
34:56 , it's like a dog wagon. tail just like this is nice.
35:01 funny. Alright going back here. right. So let's see if this
35:09 helps. I want to unlike the . All right. So here you
35:15 see the minus key. See the see shapes. So one condo is
35:20 to sit there, the other condo going to sit there. That's the
35:23 ephemeral joints. All right. And we also have the patellar. See
35:29 showing the patella. So there's a right up there. Uh that is
35:33 to the femur as well. And this serves as a joint and basically
35:37 the patella to slide back and All right? So this is what
35:42 up the joint and it provides not lateral movement. All right.
35:49 if you look at the articular cartilage excuse me, articular capsule, what
35:53 see is found on the posterior It's found on the lateral side and
35:57 the medial side it's not found in front and so there's no capsule on
36:01 anterior side instead. What we have we have this massive tendon from the
36:06 that basically serves as the front side the capsule. All right. And
36:12 we have a whole bunch of muscle that are passing back and forth.
36:15 this is what strengthens the knee All right. So your movement is
36:22 . Doesn't go side to side real , right. Because of those lig
36:27 and tendons that surround it. So we can do is we can look
36:31 this. It's okay. Well if what strengthens the knee joint,
36:36 What are the ligaments? Again? might look at this Go a long
36:40 of things. No, no, actually pretty simple. We have ligaments
36:43 the outside. And this is a list is not the full list.
36:46 there's lots of other ligaments. I these are just the important ones.
36:49 ones on the outside are the fibula the tibial collateral ligaments. All
36:55 So remember the fibula or the fiba me, is going to be here
37:01 the lateral side, right? Because weight is coming down through the center
37:05 our bodies. I should be facing as opposed to the screen.
37:09 So that's my tibia over here would my fibula. So it's on the
37:15 side. So there is the they're it the lateral collateral ligament. It's
37:19 fibula collateral ligament. And then on other side that's where you'd see the
37:24 or the tibial collateral ligament. So can see I'm supporting on the left
37:29 the right. You've heard of the ligaments? The one that you've probably
37:33 the most of it is the C. L. Right? The
37:37 cruciate ligament, but there's also a cruciate ligament. All right. And
37:41 what this does, it prevents hyper and hyperextension. Alright, so anterior
37:46 be hyper extension. Post area is flexion. All right. So I'm
37:52 give you a quick example about hyper when I was dating my wife.
37:56 was tubing down the frio river, know, tubing is alright,
38:01 Went over a waterfall. My foot stuck underneath the tube and it hyper
38:06 , basically tried to go through my , right? So that would be
38:10 . That's about as far as I flex it. Imagine pushing my foot
38:14 into my butt and then trying to it through my body. That would
38:18 hyper flexion. Alright, so that's the post here cruciate ligament is trying
38:22 prevent it actually made a sound and got up because I wanted to be
38:27 , right? Like I'll just walk off, you know? I'm
38:30 No big deal, are you? ? Yeah, I'm fine.
38:34 Yeah. Mhm anterior deals with hyper . This is when we're more familiar
38:40 if you've ever stepped in the whole and your leg goes backwards the wrong
38:45 . Play a sport, right? that's what the cruciate ligament. So
38:50 can see them they're they're kind of each other, hints the name and
38:53 the patellar ligament here. It is to the tibia. That's the other
38:57 . So you can see there's the tendon, there's patella that slides back
39:01 forth over the front but down here the bottom side. That's the patellar
39:06 . All right. This is what strength your knees plus the tenant and
39:11 that cross over it. All So I'm gonna pause any questions about
39:17 of those things. I know we through them very very quickly. And
39:20 you're sitting there going I don't Yes sir. Yes. We're just
39:27 it for right now. All Um Yes. So you can see
39:31 that is an articulation they're held in would be the tibia, fibula tibial
39:36 . Okay. I just don't think all that exciting or interesting.
39:42 Anything else? Yeah. So so question is is everything here, is
39:48 going to be uh remember if I about it if it's on my slide
39:52 fair game. All right. If in the book and you don't see
39:55 on the slide, you can ignore or you can start in your brain
39:59 pursuit later. Yeah. Okay. right. So as I promised,
40:07 now shifting gears whether we're speeding up slowing down. I don't know what
40:11 most comfortable or at least comfortable for . That's fine. I want to
40:17 with the concept first, before we into the question of um of how
40:24 are structured and ultimately what greater potential . All right. So, we've
40:30 about cells way back when we said basically create compartments. All right.
40:37 so when you look at a sell you see inside the cell, in
40:41 of the ions over there, there different concentrations in the ions on the
40:45 of the cell, even though it's same ions. And when you have
40:49 difference in ion concentration, what you is you have an imbalance and basically
40:54 ions by physical and chemical law want create equilibrium. All right. You
41:00 understand that concept? If I put lot of ping pong balls inside the
41:04 a closet and I cracked the door , or the ping pong ball is
41:07 be happy to stay in the No, they're going to come roaring
41:12 . So, what we have here we've created a compartment basically. We've
41:16 off an area and said we're going make it different than another area.
41:21 right. And when we do what we've done is we've created these
41:26 that then serve as potential energy. , So again, ping pong balls
41:31 a closet have potential energy. If open the door, they'll come rolling
41:36 . That's kinetic energy and I can that energy for good and maybe even
41:41 evil if I want to. All . All right. So, if
41:45 can think of the ping pong balls ions, what I've done is I've
41:49 up a concentration of one ion relative the other area. And so if
41:54 can open up a door to allow on to come in, that potential
41:59 can be used to create kinetic All right. And it doesn't matter
42:04 I'm going in the cellar out of cell. All right. So there's
42:07 to be a difference in concentration of between these two compartments and we're just
42:13 on one substance. All right. , this is an equal distribution,
42:18 will move passively they don't have You have to add any sort of
42:21 They're going to naturally move because they're to create equilibrium and they're moving from
42:27 area of high concentration to an area low concentration here is high concentration
42:31 High concentration out low concentration. All . The greater the concentration, the
42:39 movement, or what we call the . Now, this is an easy
42:43 for you to remember. Well, you've all lived in Houston for a
42:46 time. So, it may not All right. So, if I
42:48 on a skateboard on a flat is that skateboard gonna move?
42:52 passively cannot move. Right. I to put energy into to make it
42:57 . Now in this room we have now instead of the stairs, imagine
43:00 ramp if we put a skateboard at top of that ramp and I stood
43:04 the skateboard, would I move? . Right. Because there's this natural
43:10 of gravity to pull me downward, ? Until equilibrium is meant. And
43:15 in essence what these islands are going do is they're going to try to
43:19 down that concentration gradient. The gradient is around. All right.
43:26 when you hear the word membrane what you're talking about is that difference
43:32 charge between those two sides? how do we get them to
43:38 Well, what we have to have we have to have those ion
43:41 We have to have a door to a specific ion to pass through.
43:45 right now, these channels are first are selective meaning they only allow one
43:52 of ion to pass through them. , I've got to be very careful
43:55 because you're going to be thinking and okay to think like this in a
43:59 level class that it's only one type violence. If I say a sodium
44:03 , you should think sodium. But there are such things as cat
44:07 channels which allow for more than one of ion as long as they're positively
44:12 . Right. But I want you understand selective. All right. The
44:16 that only one thing is allowed to through that door. All right.
44:21 passive meaning no energy needs to be on that ion to move. It
44:27 do so naturally through the chemical and laws of the universe. All
44:32 There are two types of channels. speaking, we have a gated channel
44:38 we have a leak channel. the truth is there the same type
44:41 channels? It just talks about their . Okay. A gated channel exists
44:46 either open or closed state. All . What that means is is I
44:51 change the state between those two I can be open or it can
44:55 closed. I just have to have come along to cause that channel to
45:00 or close. All right. And what that thing is is dependent upon
45:04 type of channel it is. All . We also have what are called
45:08 channels. Now, link channel is gated channel that is always open.
45:13 a type the type of channel that it to open is called a voltage
45:18 channels. So voltage a channel in words, what it says is looks
45:21 the selling says at a certain This channel opens up and it happens
45:25 be that the surrounding charge is always . So, that's why the channel
45:30 always open. And so things are leaking through. You want to see
45:34 example of a leak channel. That right there. That door ever
45:40 Have you come in here and found door shut? No. All
45:43 So anything can wander in and now. The selectivity here is that
45:48 students can go in and out of door. Or humans will just say
45:51 that's part easier. Can I go and out of that door?
45:55 But dogs and possums and snakes and things don't come through that door.
46:00 selective now. They could but just with me, please. I know
46:06 some people like what? Right. a selective door. The door over
46:11 , that's more like the gated channel in the closed state. But can
46:16 open it? What? What causes door to open? Mhm.
46:20 students, basically, it's like time leave. And so the doors
46:24 Time to come into class doors All right. So, there's a
46:27 there. That's basically says when the changes from one class the next.
46:31 when the doors open. Okay, a gated channel has something that opens
46:36 closes it and it exists between those states, leak channels are always open
46:42 they tend to be voltage gated All right. Now, here are
46:47 two primary types of gated channels. are lots more. So, you
46:52 , this is just for our we have what is called the ligand
46:55 channel or ligand gated channel. These kind of easy to comprehend. You
46:58 think of them as I need to some sort of chemical come along buying
47:02 the channel because of the channel to or close? All right.
47:05 it's kind of like having a key your hand. If I have a
47:08 , I can go to the door open the door. Right? But
47:10 I don't have a key, I open the door. So that's kind
47:13 what a ligand gated channels. Like a physical key to open the
47:17 All right. These can be found inside the south. So on the
47:22 or on the outside are sorry, the cell like like at the nucleus
47:26 uh um Sorry, it's not nuclear not what I'm thinking of is uh
47:31 circle platinum particular. Um, you , so in a smooth into
47:35 particularly where you might find them outside cell means basically at the plasma membrane
47:40 gated channels. On the other what they deal with is they open
47:45 close with regard to the surrounding So, if I change the charge
47:51 that channel then that gate is going open and close because that protein has
47:57 that get manipulated by the change in environment. All right. So,
48:03 the amino acids that basically see all stuff. So, the way to
48:06 about it is that the key to one of these is to change the
48:10 ions. Okay, that makes ions have charge. If I change
48:15 charge it causes the volt educated channel open and close If I have a
48:20 , that's my key. I combined chemical to the ligand gated channel.
48:25 a ligand and it causes the gates or close. Okay. Yeah.
48:32 , the primary ions and there are lot of islands in the body.
48:35 these are the four big boys. really, there's two big boys and
48:39 minor boys. All right. the two big boys are potassium and
48:45 . And then we have chlorine and as well. And there's many,
48:48 others that we're just gonna ignore. right. And basically, these are
48:51 rules. So, if you memorize , tattoo your them to your
48:55 whatever it is that you like to , you're pretty good going forward.
48:59 right. So, the general rule is that the concentration of potassium is
49:04 greater on the inside of the cell on the outside. All right.
49:08 , what we do is we have of potassium on the other side,
49:11 , potassium always wants to leave and out of the cell. All
49:15 sodium on the other hand is we it out of cells. So we
49:19 up with lots of sodium on the of cells, very little sodium on
49:22 inside of cells. So sodium wants move into the cells. All
49:26 And then chlorine typically partners with sodium so we see as we see lots
49:30 chlorine on the outside of cells. so when the channels they have are
49:35 , they tend to leak into the And then we have calcium calcium is
49:40 moved on the outside of cells. what it wants to do is have
49:43 moves from the area of high concentration too low concentrations on the inside.
49:49 we got three that kind of moved in and then we have one that
49:53 inside out. All right. And we're ignoring all the other ones that
49:57 because this is pretty much good. enough for us. Yeah, your
50:04 help them. No calcium is typically on the outside and then it's less
50:11 the inside and if you and if this stuff looks weird just kind of
50:15 over here at the chart you can of see relative concentration. So you
50:18 say oh yeah I'm gonna move this . I'm gonna move that direction to
50:21 this direction. Gonna move that Mhm. All right. Here's something
50:28 learned a long time ago, opposites right like charges repel there. There's
50:35 physics lesson for the day. they were all done. Yeah.
50:39 basically you can think of these ions there and the ones we looked at
50:44 the exception of one are all positively . So you can imagine they're repelling
50:48 other. But what we're doing here that movement is going to be looking
50:53 if I have lots of sodium on outside of the cell and little sodium
50:56 the inside the cell in terms of . I got a high positive charge
50:59 the outside of the cell. And low positive charge on the inside of
51:03 cell. So, I have an gradient as well. So, sodium
51:07 to move down its own electrical right? But because I have all
51:11 different ions, the types of ions are present, which could be positive
51:15 negative, actually kind of muck things . So, when I'm looking at
51:20 I only have to consider both its as well as its charged to determine
51:25 direction of movement. That kind of sense. People are going,
51:30 that make any sense. All I'm gonna try to think of something
51:35 . See if this makes sense. , red and blue shirts,
51:39 red and blue shirts are attracted to other. All right. But you
51:43 have um you know, see this why it didn't work and my brain
51:49 go the right direction. So, just gonna ignore that. Never
51:54 You know, red and blue they don't exist. All right.
51:58 , an electrical gradient is like an gradient is what I was trying to
52:01 at is basically you look at the and you say which direction are you
52:06 to go? You're going to go the area of less of that
52:09 The other way you can think about is if I have a low positive
52:12 , it means I have a high charge. So, if I have
52:15 high positive charge over here, I'm to go where there's a low negative
52:19 . Okay, that's another way that can kind of look at that.
52:22 right. Now, if an island right, if I have one eye
52:27 over here and I move it over , it's carrying with it, its
52:31 . And so what you're doing is losing charge over there and you're gaining
52:35 over here. And so that can have an impact on its movement.
52:40 right. So, this is why say you have to consider both the
52:44 as well as the presence of what you're looking at. Okay.
52:56 All right. Back to membrane So, we just kind of looked
52:59 some basic physical laws. Here's our membrane. There is a channel.
53:04 you look this is the outside of . This is the inside of the
53:07 . The pink represents potassium. You see chlorine is yellow, blue is
53:13 . All right. How much time I have? Okay, you're ready
53:20 hear a stupid story. Hopefully this make sense. How many guys have
53:25 in Houston a long time. the reason I ask that question is
53:29 there are two schools in Houston that literally side by side that I know
53:33 . I'm sure there's more than but over in River oaks we have
53:40 high school and right next door is private high school, non Episcopal Saint
53:46 there literally side by side, they're by a chain link fence.
53:51 now you can imagine inside Lamar high there are couples that are attracted to
53:57 other right now for the purpose of argument, we're going to keep things
54:02 . Males are attracted to females. , don't come up after me and
54:05 , no, no, no, . Keep our lives simple for
54:10 Okay, So you can imagine over on the outside of the cell that's
54:17 Lamar, there are males and females they're attracted to each other and they
54:21 up, right? And they look each other and do all the other
54:24 that couples do, right, Given goo goo eyes, you really feel
54:28 interview and they walk around, they hands and do all the stupid stuff
54:34 . All right, can you imagine happening at Lamar? Can you imagine
54:38 happening at ST john's? But there boys and girls who are attracted to
54:44 other. They hook up if we this example would be like one guy
54:48 four girls or one girl and four whatever. But can you bear with
54:55 , that idea for a second that are attracted to each other at Lamar
55:00 also at ST john's let's imagine for moment at these two high schools,
55:05 have a semi open campus for In other words, you get to
55:09 anywhere you can on campus. And because this is Houston and it's fall
55:13 it's pretty all the people go out the actual quads and on the campuses
55:18 they walk out and there's couples are what they're looking at each other
55:21 I love you, I love you . And you can write and then
55:25 have, I'm sorry, the sad , right? The people who haven't
55:30 up right? They're sad, we out, they're lonely. And this
55:37 happening at Lamar. That's happening at john's. And then in a moment
55:42 side, because when you saw you up, they see the chain link
55:47 and on the other side of the fence is something that is not coupled
55:52 they're attracted to. And what do do? They migrate to the chain
55:58 fence and the people over here migrate the chain link fence and they stare
56:04 each other through the fence. Certainly they can't get together. Why the
56:14 link fences in the way. Look the picture, what do you see
56:20 and chlorine attracted to each other, attract over here we have potassium.
56:24 big a with a minus sign is antibiotic cellular protein meaning it's a large
56:29 that can't leave, it has a charge, potassium is attracted to
56:33 All right. And so what you now is you have a whole bunch
56:37 charges on the inside that aren't matched the number of chart opposite charges on
56:43 outside of the cell. You have bunch of charges that are not matched
56:46 opposite charges. And so those two charges on either side of that membrane
56:52 towards the plasma membrane because they're attracted each other. But they are kept
56:57 . And apart that difference in charge those unattached ions is the membrane
57:07 All right. In other words, sodium wants to go in where there's
57:12 negative charge. That negative charge wants go out. It's not allowed to
57:15 because it's too big and whatnot. it wants to go out. But
57:19 you could get those two things life would be hunky dory. Just
57:23 those poor unattached individuals on either side that chain link fence. All
57:29 So, the membrane itself, the finch has no charge. It's not
57:35 to the people that are on opposite of it. It just sits in
57:39 . All right. So, it's the work to keep these two things
57:44 . Hence the term potential. We have things that want to
57:48 but they can't All we gotta do give them an opportunity. Now,
57:52 smart couples who aren't hooked up what are they gonna do? They're
57:55 look up and down that fence. when they see that gate, they're
57:58 go line up around that gate and wait for it to open. And
58:02 that gate opens, how you All right, all cells in the
58:11 have a membrane potential. In other , there's an unequal balance inside every
58:16 versus what's outside the cell. In of the ions, the differences is
58:20 only a certain portion of cells, we call cells of excitable tissues.
58:24 are your neurons and your muscles can advantage of these membrane potentials to create
58:30 potentials that allow the cells to change opening and closing of gates to allow
58:37 to occur. In other words, use that energy to their advantage to
58:42 their function. Now, what do do contract, create movement? So
58:48 use or take advantage of this to movement, neurons use it to create
58:55 . All right. Now, how we measure this? This is more
58:59 a kind of a general thing. , here's your cell. What we
59:01 is we take a probe and stick the cell. Take a probe,
59:04 it outside the cell. And what doing is we're comparing the inside to
59:08 outside. All right. So, looking at what is going on on
59:11 inside of the cell. All So, the difference is measured.
59:15 volts. Is that potential difference. , if you have a negative
59:20 that means the inside of the cell more negative than the outside. If
59:23 have a positive value on the inside cell, it's more that means you
59:27 more positive charge relative to that So you're comparing the inside to the
59:32 . That's how you do. And is a volt meter that you're doing
59:37 . You math don't memorize the She's like praise the Lord. She
59:43 found religion, didn't you? All right. Now, here's the
59:47 why. Okay, this is what do. They figure out these
59:51 But basically what this says, it , look if I'm looking at an
59:54 on like this, it's going to until it reaches equilibrium. But remember
59:59 ion has a positive or negative charge well as their concentration, there's going
60:04 be a point as those ions are right? They're gonna be moving down
60:08 gradient and then it's gonna be a where their movement prevents the next one
60:13 going forward. Now the dumb example use in my other classes is think
60:17 a smart car. You guys are with the smart car. How many
60:20 can you fit in? A smart ? 1, 2? No,
60:24 guys are unimaginative. You have a friends. How are you going to
60:28 them all down to the club? right. You're going to go get
60:31 Uber. No, no, no. Your poor. Your
60:34 All right. Think of it. have a smart car. How many
60:37 can you fit in that bad I wish you'd probably get to about
60:43 . I didn't ask the question. many can you get in there
60:46 I said, how many can you in there is a volume inside the
60:49 . Each person has a certain All you gotta do is keep shoving
60:52 in there. And what's gonna happen is like a clown car. You're
60:55 start shoving people in at a certain . The volume inside the car is
60:59 to reject the next person. You person in, another person's gonna pop
61:02 the other side. Right? So you've done is you've reached volume
61:09 Yeah, I'm not suggesting you ship people into a smart car. I
61:13 think, I think the car would burst if that happened. All
61:17 So there's a point where you're moving ions into or out of the cell
61:24 there's going to be this charge that they're carrying with them their charge.
61:27 every time a positive ana leave you're behind basically a negative charge. And
61:32 there's gonna be a point where that charge leaves and its attraction down its
61:38 gradient going, oh, I want move, this direction is matched by
61:42 attraction of the electrical gradient. The direction. It's like, oh,
61:46 moved over here but there's a negative over there. How you doing?
61:51 wait, but there's a concentration And what you've done now is you've
61:55 a point of equilibrium where the movement and the movement out is roughly
62:00 Really not roughly, it is we can calculate that's what this equation
62:04 for. So if you look at again, you don't have to do
62:07 math here. But it basically says the concentration outside versus the inside really
62:12 basically you can use that and then some sort of math that goes on
62:16 I can figure out what that charge to be. And you can see
62:19 here, that's what this is So for potassium for example, Its
62:24 potentials. If the membrane potential that , Right close to -90, what
62:30 sodium? It's plus 61. If can get the inside of the cell
62:33 to plus 61, sodium is going stop flowing. What about chlorine?
62:38 know, or chloride, I should . Well about -66. All
62:43 Now, if you compare and use you look at all of the ions
62:50 we didn't say there's just one, a whole bunch of them. The
62:54 gets a little bit more complex. called the Goldman Hodgkin cats equation.
62:57 looks a lot like this and what does not only ask the question what
63:01 concentrations are, but it takes inconsiderate their relative permeability. What's relative
63:08 Well, it's basically how many doors it have to allow this? I'll
63:11 move back and forth. Now, is a terrible, terrible,
63:15 terrible angry at them table. Never fractions when you're talking about relationships.
63:24 you do is you look at the one, you say that's one.
63:26 , what would those numbers be? how you probably the best way to
63:30 about doing. And really what it is look for everyone. sodium had
63:34 do the math, Right. For , sodium there would be roughly 25
63:39 for potassium. All right. That's that's saying. So, the way
63:45 can think about this is look For sodium that leaks in 25 potassium leak
63:52 . So, which of these ions you're comparing sodium to potassium, which
63:57 do you think has the greatest effect the membrane potential? sodium where one
64:03 moving versus 25 that are moving. one that's 25, right?
64:09 for everyone that leaks out, 25 leaking or sorry for everyone that's leaking
64:14 25 are leaking out there both positively . So, what's happening is we're
64:19 the inside of the cell is getting and more negative as time passes.
64:25 ? And the thing is, we're gonna reach equilibrium because they have equilibrium
64:29 based on Well, I'm not gonna back based on the the nearest equation
64:36 we figured out earlier. We see they're trying potassium is trying to get
64:40 inside of the cell. So that's . sodium trying to go in and
64:45 to make the inside the cell plus . And those two things are so
64:48 apart, that you're never going to it. So, when you're considering
64:55 arresting potential is the question you're asking what ions involved and what are their
65:00 permeability? These That's what this And so if you look at a
65:05 for example, it's resting potentials about . Okay, here is potassium,
65:13 sodium. So which one you said has the greatest effect? Yeah,
65:19 right there, potassium the resting membrane looks a lot like potassium.
65:27 Because you've got lots and lots of , lots of movement of potassium.
65:33 it's getting pretty, pretty close arresting still tired the difference that you
65:44 So let me go back and re because what you're thinking is you're focusing
65:48 resting potential. Think of it the I think of it in terms of
65:51 effect of those ions is what causes resting potential. Okay, So remember
65:58 those all those islands are lined up either side of that, of that
66:02 or either side of that fence. at each other wanting to go
66:06 All right. But if that gate allows one side to move, then
66:13 many can move through those gates. you can think of is one of
66:16 time Is going to have an Right? So if I can move
66:20 person from this side to the other , I'm making one couple. But
66:24 I have 10 gates that allow 10 come from the other side of the
66:27 direction. That's kind of a major in terms of matched up populations.
66:33 . And that's what's going on here saying. What does it look like
66:37 the inside? Because remember we're measuring saying, what does the inside of
66:39 cell look like the inside of the looks like this? Okay,
66:43 how did it get that way? because it looks a lot like
66:48 you know, and it's trying to its equilibrium potential. That's what we're
66:52 to get out here. Now notice not doing any math. Right?
66:57 don't want you to do math because is not meant for you. All
67:01 . But I want to understand the of these ions having on that membrane
67:06 . Yes, ma'am. Great. , literally. That's all right.
67:24 came prepared for this situation. I had a feeling today was the
67:41 . Yeah. All right. the difference between membrane potential and equilibrium
67:50 having a problem. All right. membrane potential is caused by all the
67:58 that are not matched. And basically differences on either side of the
68:05 Okay, So, it's asking the of how many unmatched islands you have
68:09 the inside. How many unmatched islands have on the outside? What's the
68:12 between the two? Okay. An potential deals with asking the question where
68:21 equilibrium occur between two sides of a for that one eye on verse concentration
68:28 electrical pole. Okay. So, attracted down my concentration. Great.
68:33 I'm gonna make my slide. I want to move this direction.
68:36 every time I move I'm taking with a charge which creates a stronger and
68:41 opposite charge. Every time I Right? And so at some point
68:46 charged I'm taking with me is gonna attracted to the charge that I left
68:50 . And so I'm going to be back and so we can calculate where
68:53 exists. Alright, so, membrane is measured. The equilibrium potential is
69:02 . Okay. Yes, sir. . Mhm. Ability for Okay.
69:19 , what he asked or really more a statement he said if the membrane
69:25 if the concentration of potassium increased, would change the equilibrium potential is in
69:31 what you're saying. Or the membrane . Right roughly. So, now
69:35 is what I'm going to I'm going go over here and I'm gonna give
69:37 a high five. You start to something. All right. So,
69:42 he is observing is saying, if is important in concentration are important,
69:49 means if I change either of those things, I change membrane potential and
69:55 change equilibrium potential. Right? one measured. One is calculated. If
69:59 can if those two factors are then if I change them, then
70:05 going to see a change in one those two things. All right.
70:09 what you just did. And what pointing while I'm pointing this out is
70:13 now made the leap to understand why are why these cells use these potentials
70:19 create the activities that they do. I gotta do is if I could
70:24 permeability, that I'm changing potential energy kinetic energy. So, I'm changing
70:30 I'm changing concentration by changing permeability. . Does that make sense? All
70:37 . I'm gonna give an example. example. You ready? Yeah,
70:43 don't know if I have enough time give this example. I'll answer the
70:48 and then I'll see if I need do it. So, those great
70:54 protein earlier actively work. Okay, of. So, one of the
71:02 is, did the active active transport , do they act against us?
71:06 they do the opposite? And the is kind of all right.
71:08 if every time I have sodium moving the cell, it's disrupting the condition
71:13 inside the cell that I created. , every time potassium is moving out
71:17 the cell, it's disrupting the concentration I made. Right? So,
71:22 do I want to do? I to put them right back.
71:25 I have pumps and say no, , no. I'm gonna let you
71:27 through through the leak channels. But go back to where you started and
71:31 we do now is we're basically forcing creating the situation through active active
71:38 That's stupid the way I said But the idea is that by active
71:43 , I'm maintaining the conditions that I'm to establish, which basically creates that
71:50 potential, Right? Because all things equal, everything is going to reach
71:55 point of equilibrium and stop moving. ? So, what I've done is
71:59 I'm forcing the gradients to be I think that's what the next slide
72:05 says. It says. Consider All right. So, so This
72:10 kind of a chicken and egg I told you this was kind of
72:12 . Right? So, chicken egg . So, a neuron has a
72:17 million volt membrane potential. How do get there if you go want to
72:21 it all out? You go use Hodgkins cats. We don't want to
72:25 that. Right. So, you're just trust me. Okay, just
72:28 me. All right. So, membrane or the equilibrium potential for potassium
72:34 itself Is about -90. So, I've done is I've created an environment
72:40 has a lot of permeability. a lot of potassium leaves out.
72:44 , basically, as potassium is escaping we're doing is we're leaving behind a
72:49 charge, which means the inside of cells getting really, really negative.
72:53 right. But it doesn't get much than -70. Why? Well,
72:57 I also have channels that allow sodium come in, sodium is going to
73:01 coming into the cell until each reaches 60. Well, that's a long
73:05 away. So sodium is going to keep coming into the cell. But
73:08 it does is it drags the memory which is trying to go this
73:12 back that direction. So, instead going to minus 75 minus 80 is
73:17 being pushed back two plus two minus . So Equilibrium potential for potassium or
73:23 is pulling it this way, sodium pulling it that way and then we
73:28 sodium potassium pump is what you're Okay, eventually you guys are going
73:31 run out and you're going to reach on your own. So,
73:35 I'm gonna put you right back to you started. So, it maintains
73:38 . So, that's why we sit €-79. Okay, I'm so glad
73:45 didn't go back and give you my example. All right, So,
73:50 a pause here, this is a place where a lot of you're sitting
73:52 going I don't get it and hopefully to ask me questions about this on
73:55 test. What you need to understand what equilibrium potential is you need to
74:00 what membrane potential and where it comes . Right. Which is not always
74:05 easy thing to do. Okay, got what? 10 minutes, Five
74:14 , six minutes. Alright, that's . six minutes. We're gonna deal
74:16 the neuron. And then we're going stop after the neuron. We'll deal
74:19 great potential and actual potential side by and hopefully it'll make sense together.
74:23 right. So everything I just described about membrane potentials is what's going to
74:29 us understand how we get a greater and how we get an action
74:33 In other words, how neurons and cells use that to make them do
74:38 they do. This is a Alright neurons. This right here is
74:42 neuron. This is a neuron down . So, there's two neurons in
74:45 picture. All right. So, terms of anatomy, we need to
74:49 parts of a neuron. This portion here is the cell body. All
74:53 . Within that that's where you're going have. The cytoplasm is called the
74:57 carry on. Alright, neurologists very on thought they were looking at special
75:03 . And so they gave things special . We now know better that it's
75:07 a cell that does something unique. right. So, when you hear
75:10 word pair carry on, it's referring the cytoplasm of the cell body,
75:14 is also referred to as a The ribosome stained with a unique
75:21 And the guy who's discovering his name last name was missile. And so
75:25 refer to these chromatic uh stained ribosomes chroma to Felix. So basically filic
75:34 loving Clamato as color. So, basically this die. Oh,
75:39 those are rival zones. So, body or ribosomes are found only up
75:43 because that's where all the cellular machinery to make proteins. Now you'll see
75:48 have all these things extending around the . All right. Technically anything that's
75:53 extension from a cell. It's called Dendrites men's branch. All right.
75:58 we have one dendrite that we that pull aside and we call it an
76:03 on. All right. So we a series of dendrites and we have
76:06 acts on. All right. if you look at a whole bunch
76:10 cell bodies of neurons and they're clustered in the central nervous system, which
76:15 haven't talked about yet, You're going hear the word nuclei. Alright,
76:19 it's basically all these things clustered All right. So, you know
76:22 a nucleus is. Don't confuse the and the nuclei as being the same
76:27 . They're not. So a bunch these together would be nuclear if they're
76:30 the peripheral nervous system, it's a . Alright, so ganglia is the
76:35 . Now, let's deal with. , so basically these processes, these
76:42 are going to be traveling between two points. If you're in the central
76:47 system, a bundle of these axons between these two points is referred to
76:52 attract if you have a bundle of traveling in the periphery, in the
76:58 nervous system, you call it a . So there are no nerves in
77:02 central nervous system. That's probably a that you just kind of highlight and
77:06 in the back of your brain All right now, the Dendrite collect
77:12 term that when we say the what we refer to is something as
77:15 a receptive extension. In other it receives information from another cell.
77:21 you can see down here here's that . It's receiving information from this neuron
77:27 its dendrites. All right. they can they don't convey messages.
77:33 receive messages that convey incoming messages towards cell body. So they receive it
77:38 then they send that message forward. ax on here. We have the
77:43 here as an accent. There's only Purcell. Okay. It's typically
77:49 It arises from a region called the hillock, which kind of stands out
77:53 being kind of a broad area. going to talk about why that's
77:57 it might divide none of these cells actually dividing. So, you can
78:00 it might have another extension out over . That would be a collateral.
78:05 at the very end, what you up with is a series of terminals
78:08 Teledyne Andrea, which again kind of to routes. All right. And
78:14 the very end of that, you what is called an Exxon terminal or
78:18 knob. So the axe on this is a conducting region. If the
78:25 is receiving the action is conducting, sends messages. Alright. It takes
78:30 message that's been produced up here and it along that length to pass it
78:35 to the next cell. It doesn't missile bodies. It lacks golgi
78:39 Rap at the Golgi apparatus. In words, its job is not to
78:44 protein. Its job is simply to messages be sent. And there's transport
78:50 in here that we see on the slide that will are important. The
78:54 of plasma in there again. They they were special. They call it
78:58 , um still cytoplasm. All And then the axons plasma membrane is
79:04 referred to as an axle imma. think this is our last slide and
79:08 we're done All right, so, with the garden neuron transport, if
79:13 making all my proteins up here and sending signals from down here, I
79:17 to get the things that I'm using send signals from here to there.
79:20 we transport things in vesicles down the of the axon. Alright, if
79:28 collect things down here at the terminal I need to remove them back up
79:33 . So, if I'm moving from cell body down to the synaptic
79:37 that's anterograde. Alright, if I'm it back the other way, that's
79:44 now, there's two speeds. There's versus slow. If you look at
79:48 , you'll see that, wow, not very far. Alright, so
79:51 . Exxon all basically, I use uh innocents and dining is to basically
79:56 those transporters or take those vesicles and things down along these intermediate uh filaments
80:04 then slow would be more like sitting an inner tube, drinking pina coladas
80:07 fun. I just kind of float with the ectoplasm. What time did
80:16 finish in time? Because you guys really antsy right there in that last
80:20 seconds. All right. When we back our last lecture before the
80:24 great potentials and action potentials.
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