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BIOL 2321_Microbiology for Science Majors - 2321_MW1130_3_2_23_Lecture
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00:04 Too much. This. Mhm. . Is yes. Oh,
00:37 Ok, folks. Uh welcome. , uh let's see. So now
00:45 gonna finish up 13 during the uh which is getting more into the
00:52 of the that's and bolts, if will of respiration, um Then uh
01:02 continue that. So basically, once in 14, we'll be in 14
01:07 next week. And then, so Thursday we finish up the last of
01:13 , which is totally crazy and that unit two. So that's the end
01:19 unit two is the end of next . Ok. Which is, so
01:23 , the exam is two. So schedule I sent out the email
01:28 the scheduler for exam two opens on 10th. Ok, which is up
01:35 February March 10th here, which is week, right? Uh after this
01:43 , the week from tomorrow schedule. , uh that when you come back
01:49 spring break, it's at the end that week, right? So
01:54 25th. So, um uh so go back for a quiz, I
02:04 it's pretty great. So once we next Thursday, then it comes to
02:08 quiz, right? And the unit , uh, will have uh more
02:15 as, right. We'll cover 6 , 6 13 and uh 14.
02:24 . And um, and I'm gonna that at the end. So I'll
02:29 this a lot in the email more once before we get there. But
02:34 gonna be like the, I think due on the 20th. So
02:39 So the 17th To the 20th, when that unit will come out.
02:45 you'd be like a lot of more beforehand to you before you take
02:52 So it gives you a lot of to do that. So, um
02:56 that's when that will be in our quiz times. OK? So
03:02 it gives you more time to if want to study up on it and
03:06 take it again. But again, send us an email, we'll leave
03:10 email coming up. So uh it uh so there is um there's no
03:22 to do for this exam. So not gonna be a need for a
03:26 . But um we're gonna go through an example of one type of
03:33 but it doesn't require any high level , right? So it's a
03:37 more addition of traction than anything else it's not asking you for value,
03:41 asking you. OK? A yes no answer based on the number
03:47 you see what I mean when we there. OK. So uh
03:50 and this, this uh The one area that can be a little bit
03:59 uh tricky, so to speak, tricky but can be confusing. Is
04:04 reduction potential? OK. I'm gonna through that here in about 20 minutes
04:08 so and that's where I see one these kind of problems I'm talking
04:12 So, um, so we'll go it. Um, if you already
04:17 at it, you know, that the table that gives you in
04:20 book on reduction potentials that in itself be confusing. OK. So
04:24 we're gonna go through that. Um , and uh hopefully make you make
04:30 , I'll, I'll make you make of it. OK. So uh
04:34 start here with this question. So , here's a picture of the
04:39 right? Let's say the E coli got different parts labeled in here.
04:44 we kind of went through this last , right? The whole process of
04:50 respiration. OK. So this is uh one way to test yourself,
04:57 know, do you, do you of know these steps uh what's going
05:00 ? So here's a question um here that says says, what is D
05:12 . What is the? OK. Is it which one of those
05:21 Thanks. Mhm If you see, things, it's probably obvious to
05:49 but when you see the same so all the ages obviously refer to
05:53 same thing, the, the s to the same thing. OK.
05:58 Well, we're focused on D here you may find that helpful or
06:11 OK. I'm gonna count down from 28th 10. Yeah, it 543
06:40 usually a surge at the end. . Uh Yes. If you answered
06:50 you are correct. OK. You away. So this is not a
06:56 question, but it just asks what is, what is J G
07:01 F et cetera, right? So is, it is. Yeah.
07:11 bait, right? P bait pi not gonna write these all out,
07:15 that's um what's J going to K part of this thing? What's that
07:27 ? Yeah. D P A. J has got A B E
07:35 Yes. Kay is the big That's what, that's the big,
07:40 the one we made. That's the of the whole thing is to make
07:43 , right? What's K? So eight J has to be AD
07:49 , right? So, anyway, um you can go through uh see
07:53 you can guess these, although they're here, right? Kind of that
07:57 , more or less, right? So uh like I said last
08:02 so knowing the stages, right? need to know the individual, all
08:04 individual reactions, of course, all myriad of enzymes but kind of the
08:11 what goes in what goes out uh terms here to see. Uh of
08:15 , knowing that this represents oxidative right? That's a biggie. Um
08:22 And then uh we talked about that . So of course, respiration encompasses
08:29 causes this step here of pyro So away and the transport chain.
08:37 those are called the four stages of , right? 1234, then fermentation
08:42 kind of another option. A a may do if they can do
08:47 Uh But it's, but it's I keep it separate because I don't want
08:50 to think of fermentation as a form respiration, I guess, right?
08:55 it's not, it's just totally different restoration. OK. So uh and
09:00 we looked at, so we, ended with fermentation, right? So
09:04 looked at the process of the main being, you know, regenerating because
09:10 fermentation has as an energy source is . OK. Now we'll learn if
09:17 go beyond this class, whatever that study more about bacteria and whatnot
09:22 Yeah, f in the glycolysis is part of many bacterial fermentation, but
09:27 doesn't just have to be glycolysis. other things that can substitute. Don't
09:31 about that, but just, you , it's, it's not bacterial fermentation
09:37 , not all of them necessarily like as a part that they can have
09:42 else as a part of, but worry about it. But for your
09:48 , uh we're gonna, we're just on black causes as being a part
09:52 fermentation that, that we're looking Yeah, which is a lot,
09:55 lot of them of course, just black policies as a part of.
09:59 anyway, so the point is that is this is to support this,
10:03 ? The fermenter has to support this that's his energy source, ok?
10:07 to do that, you need to resupplying any DH. Right. So
10:11 basically, we're trying to keep this part intact, ok? This
10:22 and keep that because that's like it's keep that going, right. So
10:27 keeps applying this, obviously, it applying this, right? And of
10:31 , ad P is gonna be you have to be sort of worried
10:34 that. But those are the basically reactor in the E glucose ad pe
10:41 in the right. How do you that? You have to keep regenerating
10:45 , right? And you do that taking by taking and red reduce it
10:49 other organic acids and alcohols. And in the process you regenerate the
10:56 AD, OK? As N A becomes oxidized, OK. So that's
11:02 . OK. And uh so any questions? So what we're gonna
11:09 now is kind of just getting a bit of the uh descriptions of the
11:14 cycle um and kind of the overall and then one other kind of metabolism
11:20 we can talk about. OK. it's the T C A cycle.
11:25 , um uh so remember this, stage here, stage two, I
11:30 it is what supplies kind of the, the starting material if you
11:37 for the crop cycle, which is A OK. So the pate coming
11:42 of glycolysis pate. So we the of them and there's two and they
11:49 go through this process of becoming oxidized a forming A. So you do
11:57 some energy here. OK. the thing about this step is um
12:03 remember last time I talked about an overall uh negative dot process releases
12:11 . You can have steps along the that you may need to put in
12:15 little bit of energy to make the more reactive. OK? We saw
12:20 with like causes, right? The investment, right? We had to
12:24 of answer manage the glucose to get going, right? But, but
12:27 gonna get a surplus back. It's the same thing kind of here
12:32 now where we're at pyro. So kind of has to be think of
12:36 as energized, right? To become reactive and get into the crept
12:41 And the way to do that is combining it with this molecule here.
12:47 co A OK? It's a, see, it's a um it comes
12:54 , it's made from you, look your cereal box ingredients, right?
13:00 uh or any kind of what they fortified food, fortified with B
13:05 right? Um You'll see pantothenic acid there. Panic acid is what's used
13:10 make um CO A and you see high energy bond here, right?
13:15 that's really the key like you see A P, the same thing.
13:19 by combining that With you, take and take co2 off decarboxylate and you
13:27 what's left with that co A, ? And you form that high energy
13:34 . So it gives it energy, ? So that enables it to get
13:38 the prep cycle. OK. And go through these series of interviews,
13:45 ? So the crypt cycle, if ever looked on a metabolic chart that
13:52 all the metabolisms are going on, know, in your body, for
13:56 , right? Because we have creb that you're gonna see arrows going to
14:02 cycle, arrows going away from crip . It's what we call a um
14:08 term is an bolic abo don't need know that, but antibotic pathway is
14:14 that supplies both metabolism and ans. it kind of link to two.
14:19 ? And there's there's a few um not about processes that are like
14:25 right? Or, and, and is actually a big one.
14:29 Because you have like if you eat back, if, if uh proteins
14:36 as a carbon source are broken down they actually funnel into the crib
14:40 for example, fat metabolism and when are broken down lipids, they actually
14:45 into acetal, which then goes into creb cycle. So, so you
14:51 different metabolic pathways feeding into it. And also you have anabolic pathways that
14:58 it to make things like amino um and other bio synthetic building
15:05 So these different intermediates here can be for those purposes, OK? That
15:12 can go on and use to build else. So like I said,
15:15 what we call a central point in . OK? Um If you take
15:21 , you'll learn more of the details this but, but for our
15:26 but certainly for that. But of , it's for the energy production,
15:30 ? N A DS N A DH being produced, right? And this
15:35 other electron carrier fa DH two, ? And then of course, we
15:40 form a little bit of A T . So remember this, this right
15:45 . That is that substrate level that's how we're making that A T
15:51 . OK? We're gonna take all N A DH S here and fa
15:57 two and here and here and We're gonna funnel those two electron
16:04 We're gonna make a bunch of A P s, but that's the oxidative
16:08 , right? This is this here a substrate level phosphor. OK.
16:13 anyway, what's the total here we're ? OK. So there's two ways
16:17 look at it. OK? It's away. So you have to
16:22 right? The quantities, right? glucose 22 A, right? So
16:31 ace goes through twice for each right? If you're forming two of
16:37 , for each glucose, it's gonna once and twice around. OK?
16:40 if you look at it per it says obviously you double that if
16:45 looking at it per glucose. So 622. And so, um
16:53 of course, remember that uh we forming two of these from the uh
17:02 right here, from that one from to see, gives us a couple
17:06 D. Then we also have a from um from like lysis.
17:16 And two, it's not gonna work me. Let me try that one
17:25 time. So we have two from and two from the Sea of Kuwait
17:30 production. OK. Two go. we get um 10, we actually
17:40 10. Let me put this back here. We actually get 10,
17:43 plus two plus 268, 10 to DH went from glucose to CO2
17:49 So that's the other thing. So is finally oxidized. So we get
17:52 of the CO2 here and here and here, right? So then we
17:59 oxide glucose. So we done. . And um you will see a
18:05 of all the energy here in, on the next slide. But uh
18:09 point is we're and 80, we're 80 is along the way,
18:14 So, um OK. Next, , here, let's look at the
18:22 process. So here's what we've, done after we completed this.
18:28 So uh in yellow, you can the um uh different stages,
18:36 And so uh glycolysis prate oxidation as look a T C A cycle.
18:44 . And then the energy capture right , here and here. OK.
18:52 so the blue boxes are our electron we've created, right fa DH
18:58 OK. And they're gonna go to course, electron transport chain.
19:03 So those electrons are gonna be fueling system, right? Fill it
19:09 right? And of course, we to maintain flow, right? So
19:13 gonna have to have 02 if you're restoration, OK. Asian. And
19:21 gonna be sitting right here, Oxygen, right? Or nitrate if
19:26 anaerobic restoration, but that's gonna keep flow going, right? And
19:30 we're gonna find out today what's so about oxygen. OK. But that's
19:33 keep the flow going that has been . And so that, that generates
19:39 proton gradient, right? That's gonna able to uh you see right
19:44 OK. That's gonna fuel the A P syn. So you can see
19:49 amount of A T P S you , right. So the oxidative phosphorylation
19:54 , right? Compared to substrate level , 34 versus four, right?
20:00 I can say tender one that's more a 81 but still much more GP
20:06 the oxidative phosphor. So um and get hung up on the, the
20:13 . So people say um oxidative phos only allow oxygen because the words are
20:20 , right? No oxidative phosphorylation occurs an erotic respiration. OK. The
20:26 , this means the oxidizing, Oxidation reduction. OK. So um
20:33 lots of A T P through OK. Now, um OK.
20:39 questions? So we're gonna look at couple of quick questions here to kind
20:43 recap this part to take a And then um We're gonna end with
20:53 13 with uh with um aromatic. gates have aromatic compounds. Nothing extensive
21:03 just mention a couple of things. . Hey, source is in bold
21:47 for a reason. That's it. . Hey, cut down for 20
22:31 . OK. I knew if I something about source that you would pick
22:35 . I didn't say it for that to pick it. OK? Because
22:38 not, it's, that's not None of these are true. None
22:43 OK. What is the source that , where does the N DH come
22:50 ? How do you form those by ? What is the, what is
22:56 source? The, what is? N H is the way we,
23:01 the part that interacts with electron transport . But what's actually the source for
23:05 ? You don't make any DH S you have the source to make them
23:08 the carbon source, which time and is our example is glucose but it's
23:13 be whatever that is, right? did you eat for lunch today?
23:19 didn't, he didn't eat lunch. . You didn't eat lunch, eat
23:23 electrons. And he's like, um the, the through the, the
23:31 of the electron. So it's not make any gauge, right, just
23:34 itself, right? Because there are of these electron carry that becomes
23:39 right? But there's something that is electrons to make that reduced.
23:44 So it's gonna be the source is be the, the fat, the
23:48 , whatever the thing is eating, on. Right. So, um
23:54 becomes reduced right to water. Uh becomes oxidized during a silic formation.
24:02 You don't have to have a glu doesn't require oxygen, right? It's
24:07 . Um fermentation is the same. , that's part of the main,
24:11 said this months before um the E , that's not right. E that's
24:23 too. OK? Many times OK? Because, and I put
24:28 in on purpose to convince me Is its own little box,
24:33 It doesn't when you hear respiration, ? Yeah. Anaerobic maybe uh
24:39 But the respiration part, right? , right? Progra A T P
24:44 S et cetera. None of that's of. So, none of these
24:48 true. OK. So um let's at this next question. OK.
24:56 this does make the fermentation specifically. . Um which which apply here,
25:05 fermentation or applies to if there's more one that Having just describe what fermentation
25:29 . It isn't. I expect I'm gonna expect 100%, but at least
25:36 . Correct. OK. Let's count for 10. Lost my timer.
25:59 . A 21. uh ok. are the two C is correct?
26:15 A yeah, A and C. . So F is obviously correct.
26:20 and C part two A, a . See. OK. OK.
26:31 right. Um so last, the thing that close up 13, just
26:35 little bit about aromatic uh metabolism, , aromatic compound. So number
26:45 that's, that's strictly the domain of that can do this. I'm not
26:50 of anything beyond bacteria capable of degrading compounds. OK. So aromatic compounds
26:58 defined by combat, I have these rings in them. OK? As
27:02 see here. And that's that the I, so these are very
27:07 of course, crude oil and crude products uh can have these um paint
27:14 dyes um um uh is actually wood trees, uh high wind uh a
27:24 . So the thing about compounds is pretty stable. They are not easy
27:30 break down. OK. The key breaking them down is by breaking that
27:38 , it's OK. And that's really we look at this, that's really
27:41 it boils. That is, is the enzyme that can do that.
27:47 you break the ring, then that's much the, the whole battle,
27:50 know. So it opens up and basically, then it can funnel into
27:55 respiration. OK? So the key this is breaking the ring and the
28:00 that do this are only found in . OK. And so the other
28:05 is aromatic compounds or as you're probably , can be quite toxic.
28:11 And quite toxic in relatively small Ok. So uh these of
28:17 uh these are one of the areas I think I mentioned bioremediation before using
28:24 systems to get rid of our so to speak. Right. Wastewater
28:29 is a type of bioremediation. Um getting rid of these kind of,
28:33 often found in different types of And so using bacteria that have these
28:39 to put them in these areas to up these kinds of pollution spills contain
28:45 compounds. OK? Um And so , the um the way this is
28:55 again is to break the ring. . Here's the thing. Now,
28:59 , some uh aromatic compounds very common different types of, of uh
29:04 OK. And so the two groups sumas and RTO coccus. Um One
29:12 gram positive, one g negative but pseudo in particular has a lot of
29:17 very metabolism. They've generally engineered it , to, to um make it
29:22 better aromatic carbon Degra um the pathway these um to do this are not
29:31 , they're generally on plasmas. We'll about this later, but plasmas are
29:35 be transferred between cells and uh the uh that, that, that we
29:41 to engineer these strains and put them in the environment to kind of help
29:45 up these, where these, compounds, uh, are,
29:50 are part of a pollution that have or what have you. Um,
29:56 , uh, one common source is old, um, tanks. So
30:00 station of course, have tanks on ground that hold the gasoline and for
30:06 stations that have been around forever or now, not even in,
30:09 business, the tanks are still there the ground. They contend to
30:12 that's where some of these compounds can out and uh getting the ground
30:16 getting the ground water and they can water supply, obviously affect you.
30:20 um these are kind of some of areas where they've kind of used these
30:24 of bacteria to clean up these uh compounds. And so um and so
30:29 key here is, I don't, focus on the specific enzyme but do
30:36 the last part that died oxygen A . So that's the part of the
30:44 word if you will, that you remember that, right? So that
30:49 molecules pretty much how everything applies uh oxygen to the ring. OK.
30:56 they all fall down. Uh two . OK. That's kind of the
31:05 molecule we become following addition of these at through the dioxin base.
31:13 Takes a slight, a different but it still gets to the same
31:19 molecule has to go through benzoate and two cat, but no less when
31:24 here. Now, the addition of to the brain actually makes it amenable
31:31 cleavage of the ring. OK. is what you see happening here.
31:37 part of the second most important one is the, this is the broken
31:42 , the ring cleavage product if you . OK. So once you get
31:46 , then it can fairly easily go , converted into products that go into
31:52 prep cycle, et cetera. So we'll see it again here on
31:56 next slide here. OK. So , here's C and there's the bacteria
32:03 different versions of the uh the 12 23, just determine what part of
32:09 ring attacks. OK. In that , you're going to break the
32:14 OK? And once you do so can then form these products,
32:20 See the to get into the T A cycle uh or the way in
32:25 case, the micro we are aware the part of restoration. So basically
32:31 now getting, producing an A DH a T P S, et
32:37 right? So it's a carbon carbon and energy source for those that
32:41 it. OK. Um But they have um adaptations to be able to
32:49 this kind of compounds. So like said, they, they're, they
32:52 be toxic. So the bacteria have that lessen the toxicity to them.
32:59 Often one of the things uh they're very aromatic compounds don't tend to be
33:04 water soluble. Ok. So the that eat these things have um chemicals
33:11 um Surfas. Surfas are like the that you may be aware of if
33:16 ever clean your carpet, right? see that foaming action that's kind of
33:20 surfactant. It helps to kind of get the dirt out of the
33:24 Is that the application? But for , it kind of helps them solubilized
33:28 um aromatic compounds. So these, surfactants help to enable them to take
33:34 in and eat it. OK. you kind of have to have some
33:37 features are not able to uh utilize kind of compound, but of
33:42 they do and we've used them to and use them for these kind of
33:47 of cleaning up pollutants and things. ? Um So the take away
33:53 it used aromatic compounds, right? the ring is the kind of main
34:01 that's formed and the auction to the helps make it uh cleave,
34:06 Or eases that process and then the the cleaved product, the mutate.
34:12 then it can be falled into curb , et cetera. OK. Uh
34:19 through the processes we talked about OK. Um Any Questions. So
34:27 gonna get into 14 now. So in 14, question in 14
34:37 OK. So we gonna start with the reduction potential concept. So what
34:41 gonna do is um it kind of to the question of really this diagram
34:48 gone time and again, right at um electron transport chain. A and
34:58 . OK. So we have this little box, right? And we
35:04 source on one side, the acceptor the other, right? And so
35:11 , it's about what are the how can the, how can the
35:15 use based on what, what it's in the environment donor accepted, right
35:22 support its respiration? Um How, was that decision made? Right.
35:28 course, it doesn't have a brain design, but it's all based on
35:33 , right? What's most energetically favorable what will be utilized? OK.
35:38 so it's kind of really about And so that's why we talk about
35:44 potential. That's what enables us to that out. OK. And so
35:49 is just showing you. Um so course, we're talking about uh relapse
35:55 , electron transfers here. OK. we've been aware for few years now
36:01 type of bacteria in this geo factor see here that can um actually transfer
36:08 to another species very a lot of in terms of um biotechnology. But
36:17 so you see here a source, ? In most cases, it acetate
36:20 carbon source or electron source more correctly becomes oxidized. OK. In both
36:28 , so geo backer can take those and actually use some for itself.
36:33 then then also there's a this is conductive material in the middle between
36:38 OK. Uh Right, there, thing. So kind of conducted here
36:44 the cells and and the other species . Mets are signed here by
36:51 So it actually kind of uh funnels to that species that then uses it
36:56 carry out its own cab. So interesting. Um And, and uh
37:03 species here, uh the conductor material actually little ali or appendages. They
37:09 like little wires that contacts the other and electrons pass through it. Um
37:16 they're not, that's why they draw little here into a form of
37:21 but it's been studied pretty extensively I know the Department of Navy is
37:26 at it for different reasons. You use it as a way to uh
37:30 source here could be a number of things. It could be waste of
37:33 sort that you could use it in a lot of potentially um in
37:39 applications. OK. The point is about like on transfer we're kind of
37:44 about in this chapter. OK. so uh so we've looked at um
37:51 looking at uh with the fermentation, ? So both of these are using
37:57 organic sources, right? And then uh organic respiration, whether aerobic or
38:06 , uh we have a source, have a thermal acceptor, we have
38:12 cycle, et cetera, right? course, that's absolute. And so
38:17 gonna, we gonna focus on really donor accepted by using respiration.
38:24 And I'm not gonna do this But we, we, we,
38:28 have this right, the source um the electronic city system uh the energy
38:34 protons. Um then of course, energy uh for and then um keeping
38:42 flow going, right? You wanna what we call a strong molecule up
38:48 , that's very good at donating donating electrons, excuse me, a
38:54 donor like a DH and a So if you have those that are
39:00 at their thing wasn't really good at up electrons or one really good at
39:06 electrons that keeps the flow going. that's really the choice. So,
39:11 here in the environment, we don't a lot of choices, right?
39:15 it, if it s two and that's more or less the choices,
39:20 got the bacteria in the environment, environment they have are more versatile,
39:26 ? They can have a number of that are on this side.
39:32 Uh on on this side and a of things on this side.
39:36 Now what combo goes together, What combination will work is all based
39:42 bioenergetics? OK. And that's really we're focusing here on in, in
39:48 first part, right? Is this reduction potential, right? And so
39:54 so let's look at that. So table, that's the first thing that
39:58 everybody off. OK. Understandably, ? When I was looking at this
40:03 the first time, I was OK, So what you gotta do
40:09 um so number one um it's a , right? It's a ranking of
40:18 in terms of their ability to be good electron acceptor. OK. So
40:24 ranking from worst, worst at the to best at the bottom.
40:32 So focus on the pink. So best, the worst. They
40:39 my pen would work. OK. it again. So worst, this
40:47 worst. First, I'm gonna kill thing. OK. OK. Worst
41:02 . OK. Where's the best like in terms of being electron to
41:09 Pink, pink, all OK. the best? Um And that's what
41:15 potential is, is how good is at accepting electrons? Right? The
41:21 of molecules to accept electrons plus a value? Great. It loves
41:28 right? No, no, it's um no reason why it there is
41:36 that's why oxygen is that right there the bottom is, is best,
41:41 best at highest value. OK. far behind nitrate, right? Talked
41:46 that before, but again, highest off, highest reduction potentially.
41:52 So OK. So that's 11 thing look at. OK. And so
41:58 you're, when you're looking at these , so you notice, of course
42:02 , you can look at these as pairs, right? Uh So for
42:07 , this one, OK, I I have that here here at the
42:11 right here. OK. Fine. you see how we have I drew
42:16 like this, right? There's the plus and there's H two,
42:20 So we're just focusing on the one boxed in right here. OK.
42:25 me uh get rid of that uh . OK. Focusing on that.
42:31 right. And so um the the protons as electronics separate to form
42:38 , that's what we're looking at. . And so we see, so
42:42 other thing is this value E and G, how those two relate to
42:48 other, right? Um Let me flash forward real quick and you can
42:52 that right here, right, right . So F is a fair a
42:57 . You don't need to worry about N is the number of electrons.
43:01 ? E is the uh reduction right? The value you see here
43:07 that column under E OK. So positive reduction potential equates to a native
43:15 you can see down here with right? A plus a 20 uh
43:23 reduction potential. Very good electronic OK? That equates to a lot
43:29 energy, OK, minus 1 58 G OK? Energy production.
43:35 So um so you what you wanna then? So, so a good
43:40 . So we know what a good is. Now, remember it's gonna
43:43 that one on this side, Like on the transport chain over here
43:47 electrons, right? Um We know oxygen is gonna be great,
43:51 Or anything that's at the bottom of pink column is gonna be good,
43:55 ? Whether it's oxygen or iron, plus nitrate, what have you?
44:00 . They're all have plus reduction which to negative delta G, right?
44:07 . OK. Now, what about guy at front? So that's,
44:12 like that's a different property. It's accepting electrons, it's donating,
44:19 It's donating, it's different, obviously from accepting donor. Need somebody that's
44:23 at that. Right. So how we evaluate what's good in terms of
44:27 ? Because our table is set up , in terms of acceptor,
44:33 Bad, bad to best, worst best, right? So what about
44:39 donor? Well, that's where you to. So I need just to
44:44 here. So here's our hydrogen, ? So again, we always have
44:49 forms, right? We have the that accepts and the one that's the
44:53 of the production, right? And see the value minus 4 20
44:59 Equates to a positive delta G. plus is not a good choice,
45:04 ? For an acceptor. OK. we, but what about 82?
45:12 if we look at that? As they don't. So we can
45:16 too, right? Because we know can do that if we look at
45:23 reverse reaction, hydrogen oxidize the protons electrons. OK? That's how you
45:32 the donor, right? You have look in the blue, but we
45:37 to make the blue, the right, becoming oxidized right to the
45:47 , right? So hydrogen gas to plus electrons um uh Glucose,
45:57 The co2 right? Looking at at donor side, right? They have
46:02 flip it around. OK. So look here. OK. So there's
46:09 ways to kind of everybody has a way to kind of understand stuff
46:15 By the oil, right? You use these kind of devices. Ation
46:19 lost, reduction is gain, Uh there's different ways to think about
46:23 reduction potential. OK. One So a more positive reduction potential.
46:30 oxygen right means reducing the electronic OK, which is 02 02 is
46:38 acceptor form, right? Water is product of that reduction. OK.
46:45 that, that yields more energy, ? Because we know that because this
46:51 to a negative big negative delta G ? So sure, let's do that
46:59 now. The next part, a negative value, right? This guy
47:05 means that oxidizing the donor, So take this and oxidize it
47:14 Take that that member of the right? And oxidize it that will
47:21 we were going to change that sign A plus 4 20 because we're going
47:28 the other direction and we're gonna flip , right? That's gonna equate to
47:32 plus 4 20 millivolts and A minus delta G, right? So to
47:42 H plus would be a bad choice a donor because it wouldn't it,
47:49 it it essentially becomes a positive You have to actually put in energy
47:54 make it work. OK? Um it's not a good choice. Um
48:01 use, let's see what H2 gives what oxide, hydrogen gas get a
48:07 of energy. OK? And so the essence of this whole thing is
48:16 and a couple of them a little good at accepting. That's really what
48:20 falls out of. Right, having two things together and we'll see it
48:25 here. OK? So we call pairs, we call them redox
48:30 OK? H two H plus 0 , right? Redox couples.
48:37 So in the acceptor form, That's right from the table,
48:43 But if we use the reverse to at H two as an electron
48:47 so we're, we're scrapping it that at it as a donor,
48:51 And so we are doing the reverse , we flip signs, OK?
48:57 so uh that now becomes a plus , 20 millivolts which equates to a
49:01 delt to G OK. And so we combine it like this, all
49:06 , H two as our donor uh is our acceptor. And that's a
49:12 , in the bacterial world. This , I'm gonna say it very
49:19 but it's fairly common. OK? can do this. OK. Um
49:27 it's such a, the H two a donor is a, it be
49:31 lot of energy, right? Couple with air preparation because it all adds
49:36 , right? The energy you get this, you can combine it with
49:40 energy you get from that, you a total energy output. OK?
49:45 as you see here, it's it's additive, right? So you
49:50 a lot of energies in it. why it's very common in the bacterial
49:53 . Many different types of bacteria can this, right? Um And H
49:59 is, is can, I'm can be readily fat. It's not
50:04 uncommon. It's a, it's a of, of fermentation is very often
50:09 . Um So you, you'll find as a AAA not uncommon metabolic activity
50:15 they could have is they're able to hydrogen um for this for this
50:19 OK. OK. And so it applies to whatever pairs you're looking
50:24 , right? Donor acceptor. it could be, you know,
50:28 bacterial type IKEA is at the mercy its surrounds, right? So I
50:33 find myself in a scenario where maybe of the two isn't that great,
50:38 they got no choice. OK. , the bottom line is if,
50:45 you add them together, right? it still give you a negative?
50:51 if it, if it can, it does, then you can use
50:55 , one can use it. So , it's not always this case where
50:59 may be ideal, right? One one is a great donor, one's
51:03 great except one may be kind of of the road, right? Or
51:06 so good. But if together it's net negative of the G, that's
51:11 you got to have, right? , um so to reiterate the point
51:20 once again, OK. So this something we're familiar with N A DH
51:25 ad and, right? Um aerobic . OK. So N ad um
51:34 itself is not a good uh OK. Not inject favorable, all
51:41 . Uh And a DH is a donor, right? So if we
51:45 at it from this perspective and reverse , right? And then we're gonna
51:50 the signs, right? As we that, it is energetic F N
51:54 DH A DH very right now, course, we, we reduce and
52:00 even know that because we N A throughout the whole process of like cause
52:04 respiration. So even if it's you have to remember that even though
52:09 , it's these values here, Positive delta G. Remember that N
52:14 is working in the concept of an and a substrate, right? So
52:19 have these other parameters of you remember you can manipulate Delta G,
52:24 With a pro uh reactiv product uh an enzyme itself can facilitate
52:30 So even though it's not great, still does happen, OK? But
52:35 terms of the donor, that's really . OK. And so we combine
52:42 with aerobic respiration, right? With , I'm sorry, this is aero
52:47 , right? And we get the addity effect, right? Adding these
52:51 together uh gives us an even bigger G. OK? This is what
52:58 what happens with your mitochondria, With N A DH or, and
53:02 well as FA DS too, a of energy and this equates this equates
53:10 lots of A T P S, ? So, so let, let
53:13 put it this way, this equates , right, remember the proton
53:18 That's where the energy comes from, pump protons at, right? It
53:23 equates to to your production and maintenance a proton grading. That's where the
53:30 goes to. OK. Then of , but that used to make a
53:36 all together, right? So bigger here, big number here, more
53:43 T P, more growth, et . All right. So it all
53:47 together. OK? Um OK. , let's go through this example and
53:57 we'll pause for questions. OK? basically going through the same exercise we
54:01 of just went through, right? I leave you on your own to
54:05 this one. OK. So here's from the table. Could a bacterium
54:11 energy from Xin as a donor and as an acceptor? OK. So
54:20 what you gotta do if you're evaluating donor, right? Compared to the
54:26 right now, what now what changes a result? OK. So we
54:32 this up on that for a So just a yes or no
54:39 OK? And again, this goes to the question of you know what
54:46 the bacteria that can require use? on what's available or what it can
54:52 . May not always be ideal. . Yes. OK. Let's count
55:25 here an example of the kind of you'll see, you'll see one of
55:36 on the, on the blackboard but it doesn't involve, you
55:40 higher order math, right? I to figure this out with a
55:44 Um So, all right. Now chan 21. Yeah. OK.
56:03 right. Let's see if you're Um All right. So you're just
56:08 by step. So this is kind the process I use, you mean
56:11 need to do all this but I to set the thing up. So
56:15 is what we're trying to do right? So using sex as a
56:19 , we're gonna oxide that to right? The electrons will go to
56:23 electron transport chain, the nitrate will them becoming nitrate. OK. So
56:30 looking at so we have to do what you do when you evaluate the
56:34 , right? We have to reverse reaction, right? So that um
56:41 reduction potential becomes a negative reduction This is the, this is the
56:47 value that's been for the sign has changed, right? So here is
56:53 E value that's delta G of So that equates to a now a
56:59 . So the plus 33 in the here, right? Has changed to
57:03 minus because we're reversing reaction. The donor, right, becoming oxidized
57:08 that becomes a plus delta G and go oh oh plus delta G doesn't
57:11 good, right? But then you to figure out figure the nitrate,
57:16 ? Very energy producing, right? reduction potential equating to a negative um
57:24 G. OK. So that can that. Not so great donor,
57:31 ? And it can still work, can produce energy for the organism.
57:35 . So the answer is yes. . So, um you know,
57:39 , it all depends on because the the bacterium is gonna have to have
57:46 specific enzymes that will be able to with Xin, for example, and
57:51 , with nitrate has to have That's number one. If it
57:54 then it can uh potentially use these as a combination if it needs
58:00 OK. Obviously, if it has and something better than Xin available,
58:06 leave that first, right? But is all it has is. So
58:10 all about the energetics. Is it or not? OK. Any questions
58:16 that? OK. So uh let's at this question. So these are
58:25 of the things to also be aware and be able to evaluate when you're
58:31 at um AAA redox reaction. So again, take it from the
58:41 , let me get the bottom. these three statements. OK. Is
58:46 a false statement here? OK. it's really just about, you
59:35 being able to evaluate and knowing the donor versus weak donor, strong
59:40 weak acceptor. OK. So let's down from 24. Yes,
60:08 Um ok. Uh Let's see. it requires energy to reduce N AD
60:18 . So I think that's probably the obvious one, right? We can
60:22 that. Uh That's definitely true, ? Because we can see it's a
60:27 um A plus delta G there, ? So of course, it takes
60:32 to do that. OK. So , that's true. OK. Um
60:38 a DH is a stronger donor then , right? So that's the
60:48 OK. True fault. So if look at, so remember if you
60:50 this, right? So if we the donor, we gotta flip it
60:55 , right? So we're doing All right. And that, that
61:01 , the signs change right here, , here, here. OK.
61:08 uh so is a stronger donor, would say um true, right?
61:16 uh a a positive, a negative G, right? Compared to nitrite
61:23 a donor. OK. And so , you would think that does make
61:30 . So that makes sense too as . OK. So um so then
61:36 about nitrate is a better term except N E D. So we're just
61:40 this versus that. OK. And would just read directly off the
61:47 right? But they have, you anything right? I can see that
61:49 a um big delta G negative delta compared to this one. OK.
61:57 so that's true as well. So they're all true statements.
62:04 That's how I kind of remember if looking at, if you're evaluating this
62:10 , right? We got to reverse and change the sign. And so
62:13 looking for, you know, is a change in the delta G
62:18 It become negative? OK. And gonna be the energetically favorable one,
62:25 ? Any questions about that? So uh so looking at the
62:34 right? So these, so what just talked about kind of is the
62:39 combining together strong donor, strong acceptor best one can boils down to or
62:46 energetics there is a favorable, OK. So that is fine.
62:51 we're kind of the components that make this system, right? So uh
62:58 , they're gonna be stuffed into a , right? And be stuffed into
63:01 membrane and uh in the order of donor, not accepted. OK.
63:08 so the things that make it up so things like cytochrome are very large
63:14 , OK. They have this very uh aromatic type structure to a degree
63:20 you see here. OK. Uh groups uh will often have iron in
63:25 middle. So things like different types metals often occupy the central atom in
63:31 structures because they're good at accepting uh and then handing off electrons. That's
63:38 they do. OK. So things iron sulfur, uh et cetera,
63:43 is also very common. Iron sulfur proteins are very common in, in
63:47 process as well. Um So things copper, you'll see also in
63:52 in these enzymes. Um And so um uh you also have some smaller
64:02 organic co factors um that kind of that shuttles between these larger components.
64:10 . And so the, and you'll on the next slide, a picture
64:13 this. But the, so the logic here of you see reducing
64:18 down here is increasing, right? more positive as we go this way
64:26 we're going to stronger and stronger right, strong donors to stronger and
64:32 acceptor as we go down to the acceptor, right? In this
64:35 this is aerobic respiration using oxygen. . Um And then uh at,
64:42 the front here we have an E for example, and then the various
64:47 . So again, these are kind large uh complexes combined with proteins,
64:54 , embedded in membranes. OK. this is where the transfers are
64:59 And then the energy my energy from is used to pump protons out.
65:06 . Um proton gradient. So the goes to that to do that.
65:13 you can see kind of uh an coli. So it begins with the
65:18 uh that of course uh reservation supply NAV and then uh NAV H uh
65:28 to oxide called V H going to transport chain. The first component here
65:35 a H electron, very big multi enzyme. Um It has the ability
65:43 accept uh electrons uh and also act a proton pump. So you see
65:49 being pumped out. So it has dual capabilities. OK. Um Q
65:56 one of those small organic molecules that electrons between it and the uh terminal
66:06 oxidase. And there can be it's also these are big multicomplex type
66:11 . Um This one particularly with the S Y uh cytochrome B zero or
66:17 O interaction. So this is obviously respiration, but E coli can do
66:24 respiration with different terminal acceptor. And we'll have an enzyme that will interact
66:31 each one. So E coli can what it's what it's doing very,
66:36 quickly. So it can uh express particular cytochrome oxidate it needs depending on
66:43 available. OK. It can it can switch between aerobic respiration,
66:48 respiration and fermentation all depending on the present. This is not present.
66:56 I have a receptor? I can to describe Arabic? Well, I
67:00 , so let me for a So he has multiple off.
67:04 And of course, things will change and change here in terms of the
67:07 based on what's available. OK. And it can do so relatively
67:13 OK. Um So that uh and was anything else I want to mention
67:21 ? The um so yeah, I mention also of course, that,
67:26 , that kernel oxidate is also a . So we have uh multiple uh
67:32 pump going on. So again, energy focus comes from the coupling of
67:36 strong donor, strong acceptor energy released pump protons out. And then uh
67:41 rest of the story, which is A T P A brilliant, we're
67:46 be back for next week. In , um Any questions? Ok.
67:55 Now we're actually going to please everybody with that. Please stop.
68:02 All right. I times brain brains absorb this. So, um we'll
68:07 , folks. Have a good please
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