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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Apr 3 2023
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00:01 Yeah, I, I recommended a for chairman of our department one time
00:04 he ended up doing it. But thing he said was, he didn't
00:07 to do it. I'm going, gonna be good. He was
00:21 Somehow it works better when it Ok. We, we got
00:34 I think we got to this didn't we? And we made,
00:38 we get to this one? I I was asking questions about that.
00:47 . So, um, when, , when I was doing some
00:51 uh a guy that was doing, uh you know, how to do
00:57 workflow and all that kind of which again, I think is cookbook
01:01 , which is scary unless everything is the way it was the last
01:05 You know, if you work in basins, the, the,
01:09 you have to have a different approach time because the problems are different everywhere
01:13 go. Um If you're in South Island 1 28 you move over another
01:20 compartment block or something, you can go with the same workflow. But
01:25 it can be a real problem and you up in the wrong direction.
01:29 , but anyway, the, this guy was advising some Capstones and
01:34 had these people come up with things look like good traps. They looked
01:38 they were charged. They probably um, top end, maybe 20
01:44 of oil, bottom end, maybe tiny little structures. And so,
01:51 , it's really important when you're doing to look for big payouts because,
01:57 when you do frontier, it's gonna a long, almost always will take
02:00 long time in conventions. Uh takes long time to not only uh get
02:07 energy but to get the courage to to go into some of these places
02:11 waste a lot of money before you find anything. But there are things
02:15 you can do again from the outside the basin to help us kind of
02:20 uh predetermine that there should be structures there should be um uh good available
02:28 charge reservoirs somewhere so we can find . And again, if, if
02:34 seems like, for example, there be any source rock there, then
02:40 don't even bother. There's no But if it looks like there could
02:45 , then you do. And when was in charge of our Lester and
02:48 system analysis at uh at a well, I was at the research
02:53 and then I got moved into uh regions. But uh I did most
02:57 the work at the research center. figured out that uh certain basins with
03:01 certain solute composition would never have much rock and ones with another one would
03:08 unbelievable source rock deposits. And, , so we were able to indicate
03:13 ways to figure out which, which that lake system was during the millions
03:19 years it was in filling. In words, these had to be long
03:21 permanent lake basins, sort of like lake basins between Africa, like
03:26 the ones between uh Africa and South during the initial breakup of the Atlantic
03:32 very similar things are going on um the East African Rift Valley right now
03:37 a new ocean is trying to Uh So anyway, there's, there's
03:43 of different things that you can And of course, that idea uh
03:49 based on a lot of uh biological to try to understand why the assemblages
03:54 a fossil group were different in this versus that one. It turns out
03:58 was an indicator of solute composition and the propensity for uh hydrocarbons to be
04:06 preserved in, in some of these systems. There were other factors besides
04:11 , but uh mainly the size of basin, the length of the
04:15 And uh the fact that it was saline lake versus a freshwater lake,
04:21 because when you get Saline lakes, can get very high concentrations, but
04:25 also can get um a chemo cline sets up and those chemokines can be
04:31 to overturn, even with, even wave base gets to them, uh
04:35 know, the chemokine will ripple but water underneath doesn't get through it and
04:40 get to stir up and put oxygen there to deplete the hydrocarbons that are
04:45 stored or naturally sequestered. Ok. when we talk about frontier exploration
04:54 uh here's a couple of ideas I and I'm gonna show you a new
04:59 that's not on this list, but take a look at this list.
05:04 anybody think of a good place we to be looking at right now.
05:11 even I keep thinking that I'm shaking but I'm not where uh a another
05:23 area that might be good for frontier , you know, we've uh
05:29 Yeah. Well, that's the one gonna bring up. Yeah, I
05:32 that. Yeah. Ok. That's good one. What about what?
05:36 one near, what's, what's another near there? Oh, no,
05:39 not the other. It's on the side of the continent. Sorry,
05:42 another one. Ivory Coast is getting good too and uh took a long
05:46 for them to get started there. , you know, we, we
05:49 think that there's not much left because looked everywhere. And in fact,
05:55 when um people were trying to go A A P G had this thing
06:01 years ago called Giant Basins of the And before that, uh people were
06:06 at basins or sedimentary basins around the and they actually were making maps of
06:11 basins and they're making these really neat if you know what one is,
06:15 they would have like a Strat column show you what kind of uh uh
06:21 might be Strat graphically in that which would have a propensity to have
06:25 rock material in them or reservoir In other words, it was sort
06:30 a snapshot of, here's one of 220 basins we know about in the
06:35 . Uh This is what would be about it for hydrocarbon exploration. And
06:40 course, there's a lot more basins that in the world, but they
06:42 a map of the really big And when uh A A P G
06:46 to, to start looking at super which were bigger than giant basins.
06:55 And what they decided was super basins ones that had, that were super
07:00 that China basins at one time. now they had uh unconventional resources that
07:07 undeveloped. It could be additional giant to make it a super basin.
07:13 uh there's a lot of those. anyway, people have uh scattered all
07:17 the world, every oil, every oil company and there were a lot
07:20 of them than there are now uh out and did these things where they
07:24 go out and uh get the geochemist figure out, you know, what
07:27 be the volume. And the US S started doing the same thing too
07:30 like the east coast and a lot other places that they might be involved
07:35 . But nevertheless, there are still that are just totally un undeveloped.
07:40 uh part of the reason is because takes a long time. Uh,
07:44 gets the courage to go in there do something and they find a little
07:49 and that's all they find is a sniff. And yeah, there's not
07:51 here and uh then later on somebody bored and goes, you know,
07:56 just try one more. Well, , you know, this goes,
07:58 go on for decades until somebody actually where the real resource is, uh
08:04 can be turned into reserves, which the correct answer for that question.
08:09 , uh I did give people, , for the second best answer to
08:14 would be probable reserves. And uh gave people three points for that just
08:20 help you out and, and for per persons that got it right.
08:24 gave them three points too. So wouldn't be unfairly treated. Ok.
08:29 anyway, um, so needless to there's still quite a lot of things
08:35 do. And, um, the about conventional uh frontier exploration is it
08:42 take decades and I'm gonna just go a few of these things like
08:46 Um and uh I happened to be Mobile when, when this thing went
08:53 on the 10th year, I was Mole and uh this was almost
09:00 It was a tight gas sand and the Norfolk became a huge uh resource
09:06 just exploded. It's like, why we know it was there? You
09:09 , people were drilling all around into building. Uh But of course,
09:13 you get into, uh you talk a draft in the US, uh
09:18 we go overseas and work in the we're clueless. Uh when we work
09:22 the United States, there aren't very um good outcrop sections of the Jurassic
09:28 would be uh Petro lif. So kinda had to do all of that
09:32 substance really hard to find them and of the wells and you, uh
09:37 of the wells and you looked at both of the wells that you looked
09:40 could have been uh missed just because responses were not as great as they
09:46 have been. But uh when this , we had a um a guy
09:51 had a good 20 years experience, 25 and he just couldn't believe there
09:57 anything there. And so he uh he got them to run a
10:02 and um flow tests are expensive and you're wrong, you know, you
10:06 spend a lot of money. But they realized there was a lot there
10:11 uh and then the whole thing exploded in terms of resources and, and
10:15 , which is the next company I to work with happened to have a
10:19 of acreage that could uh could capitalize that too. So it's a really
10:23 big booming thing. But again, key point here is that it takes
10:27 lot of time and uh there are number of factors that we have to
10:34 . Um when we're doing un, we're doing conventions, when we're doing
10:40 , you kind of already know um existing technology that we have made this
10:49 . And we also kind of knew uh that we had, um
10:55 had to sort him out when we the, it was also the
10:59 I mean, he had his stories and he had a structure, let's
11:04 when we've got seals, we almost even need sorting. But if we
11:08 structures, they could create natural fracturing , it could increase the likelihood of
11:15 getting this out. So, um of the first things people started doing
11:19 they were looking at some of the chalks and limestones was to uh look
11:25 the uh seismic reflection coherency on that . And if, and if there
11:30 any curvature to it at all, was just the slightest amount of curvature
11:35 a limestone unit. It would have a lot of natural fractures because the
11:39 of each shale is very low, carbonate content is very high and the
11:44 of the rocks is greater and therefore could get natural fractures. So,
11:50 but again, once you get to point, you know, you've got
11:53 resource, you're starting to produce but it's huge. Where else can
11:57 go? So you're actually in the middle of the game trying to
12:01 out what's on the edges of the and what's away from where you,
12:04 got this figured out. And uh it's, it's sort of the whole
12:09 in reverse. Really? OK. now I'm gonna go through a couple
12:16 examples in your book and uh and kind of how they develop through
12:23 But uh and on a test, usually ask questions about these three examples
12:28 , and I, um I think three here and then there's gonna be
12:33 other ones when we talk about um examples of the frontier exploration and then
12:41 gonna be kind of the same thing went on and this is just sort
12:46 a, a quick look at the and how long it takes. And
12:49 can see here. Um You the first we were in the early
12:54 in uh 77 they got this it was discovered uh 22 to 23
13:01 api it's, it's not, um not a light crude, it's
13:06 uh you know, it's, it's little heavy but it's it's still,
13:12 , it's not as bad as 18 18 or something like that.
13:17 so they continued working on it through early eighties. Then in the 19
13:23 , something was discovered then 20 after years of working in this field,
13:29 finally had production, that's a big expense, you know, big
13:34 uh, time gap. And, , when oil companies talk about,
13:40 know, we need to drill in places. Uh, they know that
13:45 it can take them 2010 years, years, whatever to go from an
13:51 to production into uh production, uh enough that you might actually be able
13:58 save uh a bit of uh peak from happening. And, uh,
14:04 , I don't know if that's gonna . But, uh, but
14:08 uh, it's not easy to maintain 100 million barrel a day plus thirst
14:14 the world still has for uh oil OPEC just cut their pri their uh
14:19 and the prices are gonna go back . And, uh, um,
14:27 know, it's, I don't know anybody here has noticed it, but
14:30 price of oil has been down to before and the price of gas was
14:34 that high when it was 70. the margins are really out of
14:37 And part of that's because during a lot of refineries in the United
14:41 got shut in and, uh, it's really hard to open one of
14:45 back up because of uh because of concerns and, and uh a lot
14:51 people think uh anything we do to energy with hydrocarbons is ultimately against the
14:58 to, to deal with climate which, which again, I understand
15:03 is a real problem. OK. the first clear oil started then,
15:11 uh here's the map uh in this what's interesting about this example is when
15:16 first started teaching this on a regular at the University of Houston, it
15:22 in 2000 and, or, and books don't come out until the year
15:26 they were published. I got an copy of it because I knew Lewis
15:32 I didn't know, but I knew and uh and this was the map
15:37 they had then and you can see a few things here and I added
15:41 some discoveries up there uh that uh in later and uh you can see
15:50 but here was the big, the big one and then you have some
15:53 these other things trickle in. And why do you think it was so
15:58 to uh to get to a point production? So there was a couple
16:02 reason, what is, it wasn't sure bet. But what was,
16:06 do you think would be the other ? It's very remo and uh although
16:13 you go, you know, a of kilometers or more this way,
16:17 run into a place. All this is actually down here in Scotland and
16:21 you got fight lines all over the and, but they don't have to
16:25 you. And um so uh and never realized this, the pipeline saw
16:32 much how much as much or even than wealth. And uh sometimes when
16:40 producing, uh I know we're producing the Gulf of Mexico, some of
16:46 stuff that ended up in uh New . Uh The pipeline company made as
16:51 of it as we did. You , it's just, it's a lot
16:54 expense. Uh In the next slide an update from 2017 and I didn't
17:01 to get one for 2022 because I a couple of other things. Uh
17:05 I, I hope, I hope kind of helps you get. The
17:08 across here are the Shetland Islands over . Here's that first one,
17:14 Um Some of those little ones were here and, uh, and then
17:19 found this ridge south of here and that um the hide that was
17:28 uh ended up being a lot of so they found an awful lot.
17:32 there was like, it's like, don't we, you know, and
17:37 called it west of Shepton Islands, know, and everybody spend lots of
17:41 on this, you know, they it home, you get back and
17:45 , um, now, this is , a pretty significant uh source of
17:50 , especially as uh stuff over the Sea is starting to run out of
17:53 reserves. Although if I had time go back there and, and work
17:59 , I bet I could find some Jurassic sands for them. They have
18:03 hard time finding Jurassic sands because the the chalk above it, the cretaceous
18:07 above it eats up so much of uh the energy, the seismic energy
18:12 , that's really hard for them to good coherent beds um uh underneath
18:19 but with good Strat gray and you can, you can spot the
18:24 just like that. OK. And , uh here's so it's 40 plus
18:28 to get to this point. And is, this is in the new
18:32 . This is the second edition and actually have these in there. Um
18:37 people that published the book um actually bought by another company but they haven't
18:43 the format. Uh But the company started publishing, this was really good
18:48 it. Uh really good content, organized science and especially your science
18:56 but they never did come and uh still haven't done color and it drives
19:01 nuts. I mean, um, know, they, they need more
19:06 uh to show you where there might gas, I would say all that
19:10 of thing. But, but they have it. And of course,
19:13 know, the green red and something in between pink uh might be good
19:18 have uh for these kinds of And of course, now they actually
19:25 pipelines uh that are in when they started the production in the player,
19:31 had one of those single point uh come up and just start sucking it
19:35 out of the uh well, um there was a um platform there
19:39 I guess they hooked up to as sometimes. Uh, but something,
19:44 get to a point where the, ships just go by itself and then
19:47 hose goes over. Sub C And, uh, and,
19:52 they just start hearing you see gas , uh, you can't see it
19:56 either, but this is oil in coming from the Brent and,
20:01 this is up. Um, Robins here, then some fighting.
20:09 goes up there where the Brent is then you have the, uh,
20:13 here. Yeah, there you Here's, here's where the autumn where
20:19 in here. Yeah. Yeah. ground gets up and down right
20:25 It splits off. You have that G. Ok. So,
20:32 you brought up Guyana, I don't if you were keeping track of
20:37 but I know I mentioned it in , uh, when we were talking
20:41 , uh, and I'm not gonna this, but I want you to
20:43 it because I want you to uh, I really want you to
20:46 a feel for the fact that it a long time to get things
20:50 They, they spotted seeds, oil in the 19th century and the early
20:55 century. And, uh, you , that's a long time ago.
20:59 they knew there was something there and started onshore, of course, because
21:03 can do it. And as it out, surname did really well onshore
21:07 Guyana didn't do very well on But eventually, um, they got
21:13 drilling and, uh, and they uh, lots of resources in Guyana
21:20 a Cretaceous play and some other ones , uh, now they're starting to
21:24 them in serum on trend with, , with that same unit.
21:31 uh, it wasn't easy to find that was almost readable and,
21:37 the publishers tried to do everything they to keep me from copying it.
21:43 , uh, this is the section , uh, uh, they're getting
21:49 awful lot of here. You can petroleum uh systems, uh upper curious
21:56 lower palio gene or even Paleocene. , uh, this kind of stuff
22:01 in Georgetown and the New Amsterdam. you can see these things figure out
22:06 this. And, uh, and , of course is what they think
22:09 are, is, um, you these in size valleys and you've
22:14 uh, uh based on fans spilling over here. So it's, it's
22:23 an easy target. The faces in can be um could be very heterogeneous
22:30 you can see here that some of channels are gonna be richer than uh
22:34 inter channel stuff. And uh at same time, you know, seismic
22:40 getting a little bit better and you see some of this and uh and
22:45 , uh they're doing better than just channel belts channels and realize that there's
22:50 . But, but in addition to channels, uh a lot of,
22:54 these types of deposits when there's an , they kind of, they develop
22:58 channel that they still spill over a material in a less than me
23:04 uh, they spill over. And they sometimes the levees actually build,
23:08 up very large and um, really important miserable rocks because,
23:14 because it's, it's got the right size and everything. Uh, it's
23:18 winnowed out and, uh, and get really nice cleaner, uh,
23:22 sometimes. Have any, any of seen any of this in any of
23:27 other classes yet? Ok. At , at least I'm a little bit
23:39 . Ok. So, uh, , when you acquire data, the
23:42 key is to get there before the . And I mean, it's,
23:47 sounds stupid but, um, almost , uh, but, uh,
23:57 can anybody explain to me how somebody get to the, uh, get
24:02 the fire first? Yeah. Did just recently talk about anything particularly in
24:08 conventions? I know like she has whole, like, the whole of
24:21 in America. Yeah. Yeah. . And the, the whole,
24:26 whole world and they, they uh, like, you know,
24:35 company and the company and the, , like, the, the,
24:52 , it was a very big we the oil industry, um,
24:59 Chevron Shell and Exxon would just buy of acreage. And, uh,
25:06 then they, they went out uh, until we got our chemical
25:11 in there, we were really good going in and like in Colombia,
25:17 , we bought this to me. was the turning point for Mica.
25:21 bought, um, I used to a million acres uh in Colombia,
25:25 it was 99.9 and it would get of done it. Ok.
25:34 I don't worry about this a I don't like mine unless it's 90
25:40 . But, um, but the is, is that, you
25:44 it helps to get in there before then it helps to have a plan
25:46 you get in to start looking at . And, uh, but the
25:52 thing I was telling you about, , go when Petra Hawk went in
25:59 started buying Eagle horse stuff, they getting at $400 an acre. I
26:04 , basically people are getting their, , their mineral rights but, and
26:09 when Exxonmobil came in and some of other big oil companies like B H
26:14 came in and bought it, they paying $10,000 more per, and
26:20 you know, without finding anyone, just save a lot of money.
26:24 know, whether you produced it or , somebody just paid you a lot
26:27 the potential because you got there And, uh, I know,
26:33 , south tier 1 53 that I on next time had that acreage.
26:37 don't know who picked the wells or they saw and the size of
26:40 But they, you know, we a, um uh we had two
26:47 in a low in between and they a lot. They drilled two wells
26:51 and west, north and south, the two eyes and I don't know
26:56 they did. But uh you maybe somebody had only been there for
27:01 months and did this or supervise or to do it. But uh
27:06 we, uh in that case, were able to nail it and we
27:09 get there first. But we, Exxon Mobil had it was so if
27:13 get there first and just waste it a problem. Now, in
27:17 to me, this was the turning . They handed over that acreage to
27:21 people that have no idea what they be. Yeah, they knew it
27:27 a Cretaceous play and they kept drilling they kept calling us, kept saying
27:34 , it's doing the wrong part of base. So we sold it to
27:39 P and B P found something three like, knew where it was.
27:44 people at Amaco knew where it but for some reason, the people
27:47 put in charge of it didn't and and make a long story short,
27:52 CEO decided he would merge with B and they would make him CEO and
27:56 never happened. And uh it kind all went backwards, but all at
28:04 same time when Amico had more natural reserves in the United States than any
28:09 company ever. And, uh I go on, but I won't,
28:14 see. Ok. So, what happens a lot in these areas
28:21 , has anybody in here been involved a license round? This is sort
28:26 like, uh, you know, know, it's gonna happen, you
28:28 , exactly when the deadlines are and kind of uh, make process sections
28:34 do all sorts of nonsense, but don't really get to the point till
28:38 the end and it becomes a Uh I was working in Norway,
28:43 , I worked on Norwegian license rounds US C and when I was in
28:48 , um, expats like myself or people, they could be worked uh
28:54 hours a day and if they drop , we just get another.
28:58 uh, but I had, I , uh, my charge was to
29:02 the technology for our three growth uh . I was the only person in
29:07 whole office that was doing three. else worked on one and uh,
29:12 of them was uh farming and farm . One was producing acreage and one
29:16 license. I worked on all the as it turns out before the license
29:22 came in, I finished home and on the license and everything else.
29:25 I went and did my uh immigrant Center trip to Chicago and I got
29:30 trouble for, even during the license it was like three weeks before the
29:34 . So I got back and really off and I had to uh edit
29:39 papers and stuff. But uh but a lot of work. You have
29:42 all these things, financial bid, technical bids going in and uh
29:48 and uh each co country seems to on one of these more than the
29:54 . Um Norway, Norway was the place to do technology because they knew
30:00 these companies had money or could get . Ok. They knew all of
30:05 , knew how to drill. Um question was who could find the,
30:10 care, would it be? And course, we had a strategic advantage
30:16 uh in our strategic stuff. And we often got a lot of things
30:21 because of the technical thing. But , because of that, um a
30:26 of technology got done back when we , when we were really uh discovering
30:30 lot of new fields in, in hyper producing. Some of the ones
30:34 were already discovered in the uh in had a lot of uh programs.
30:40 For example, they play for City . That was real. If you
30:44 a new reservoir or you, that's lot of extra expense that they had
30:49 and tons. Of course. uh our technical teams were able to
30:52 at that and figure out things that hadn't figured out before and it was
30:56 really good thing. But to make long story short, sometimes the technology
31:00 your com company brings to bear, can win it for you.
31:05 I don't know if that's gonna happen most of the oil companies, including
31:08 big ones have gotten rid of most their technology staffs and they farm everything
31:13 to, uh, to a consultant , or sometimes they come to universities
31:17 ask us if we want to do for free and, uh, and
31:21 can get a phd or something like . And, uh, that doesn't
31:25 for license rents because, uh, really, uh lightning speed once they
31:29 going. Um, here they have sealed bids and that sort of
31:34 And, uh, you know, a lot of press pressure for people
31:38 perform uh in Norway in the which is when they always had
31:43 uh rounds to, um, in anyway. Uh We didn't, did
31:48 dark like this instead of like It was like this between about 11
31:54 one in the, in the So we were, we were allowed
31:56 go home until 11 pm and one , we had to be back by
32:00 AM to start working again. uh, and, uh, that's
32:06 , ok, uh, it wouldn't in some of our society today.
32:12 , but that's what we did back . Ok. Another thing that I
32:18 is interesting is that, um here's magic line right here whenever uh companies
32:27 have the rights to certain behaviors, , they get to choose how to
32:33 up the blocks and how big of block to give out. And,
32:39 , and uh, and this is really get what might, this might
32:43 . But I remember in my weekly did ever, did you guys ever
32:48 from Miami? Came here? There these things, we got elementary school
32:52 then all the, all the elementary in the country got my movie.
32:58 so they had all these news flashes things and uh and one of them
33:02 about how they were deciding this and I know there must be something with
33:09 algorithm. But you can see the Germany doesn't really have that much
33:15 whereas Denmark has a lot, Norway a lot. Even the tiny country
33:19 the Netherlands has a lot of So they seem to somehow in the
33:24 and they got a bigger block. uh, every time I see
33:30 this kind of jumps out at you it looks like this is what happens
33:34 you when you start World War Ok. And, uh, if
33:39 wanted more in the North Sea, should have been nice to everybody.
33:43 , uh, German people are But, boy, that was a
33:46 thing that happened. And, it was, uh, you
33:51 it just worked out. It but I did a lot of work
33:54 in here. Uh I don't think ever did anything in Germany did a
33:59 for Denmark and a whole bunch up and a bunch of different things here
34:03 the um on the British side. uh one of the interesting things I
34:08 I have the next map will show . You see, these are
34:13 these are big blocks and you can these big blocks, our Latin Loge
34:20 . So here's a 55 56 58 59 60. And here,
34:26 see, I don't have another one you know, it's like 10,
34:30 , you know, zero over Take a look at this.
34:39 And you can see here, uh is the British uh a bridge.
34:44 tiny those blocks are. These bigger have been all divided into a really
34:49 box. So that means one company buy that when company can not uh
34:59 be that be that. So, , and and then the other thing
35:03 ok. If you lease it, have to drill and lease one
35:07 So even if you don't know it more, well, you, somebody
35:13 , um forcing people to drill more was a pretty clever thing. And
35:19 , in Norway, um, they give away acres, acres like
35:25 So here's the, uh, here 63 64 but they would break them
35:31 into 12 units, ok? And you can get these buried units.
35:37 one of the British ones would be little tiny box inside of it.
35:41 if, if my obligation was to grow one, well, I'm not
35:44 find as much as those guys throw 20 miles in the same area,
35:49 , just to get started. So UK started finding stuff quicker than,
35:55 , than Norway. So, uh amount of acreage sometimes when you get
35:59 acreage, it's, it's, it's sort of a double edged
36:03 It can be good because you've got lot of acreage or it can be
36:06 because you're not forced to drill it you may not find resources like which
36:12 what happened. You go to London uh, unfortunately, they put one
36:16 when it wasn't a good team, they put 10 teams on it.
36:20 of them probably would have been And the, uh, the fact
36:23 one was bad wouldn't make a difference even if half of them were
36:27 We would have found a billion barrel . So, uh the way a
36:32 divides up its acreage is important, stability of the country is important.
36:37 There's a lot of countries we'd love work in, uh in the,
36:41 industry would like to work in, they're afraid to go in because there's
36:44 civil war. So then there's places they got it. Now there's a
36:48 war. So they have a hard in, uh, in dealing
36:52 uh, with the political sun. , uh, sometimes, uh,
36:57 of a country is almost as important whether or not it has source
37:05 Ok. And this is just showing again that you can see,
37:08 because of the smaller blocks, look all the fields, uh, they
37:13 over here as opposed to what they on the other side. Now it
37:17 out some of them from the North were much bigger and, uh,
37:22 there was a lot of fighting over bound and if this boundary had just
37:26 over a little bit like this, would not be one of the richer
37:31 , excuse me, it might, not have one of the better,
37:34 , lifestyles in the world and England never be complaining about anything. It
37:42 , uh, an awful lot of and gas, uh, that got
37:46 coming across this line and they're not showing here's, here's some of the
37:55 that I, some of the Cretaceous , not the Jurassic ones.
38:02 So when you go to the Gulf Mexico, we got these little three
38:06 , three square mile blocks. one of the things I'm trying to
38:09 now is that the US government had right idea. They're kind of following
38:13 UK, uh, model and it a good thing. And,
38:19 and, uh, that arrow is to, uh, South Marshall in
38:23 28. I don't know what happened this diagram, but that dots in
38:25 wrong spot. And uh and uh is one that I worked on and
38:34 just single um three square mile block more oil than any other block in
38:41 , in the Gulf of Mexico. so when it, when it was
38:45 to me, I was lucky. uh it's, you know, we
38:49 bigger fields in that, but they would, they would extend over
38:53 five or six blocks. But in terms of a single three square miles
39:02 nine square miles as uh we had , um we had more oil production
39:08 , than any other uh area. know, the, um the amount
39:12 oil per, per area was uh the top in the Gulf of
39:17 And I think it still is. . Now, there's another thing that
39:22 in exploration, it's called farm outs farm. And somebody finds something uh
39:28 they start growing for example, when , um, when we sold are
39:37 Arans to the, we probably should farmed it out since. Uh,
39:42 normally when you, uh, farm , by the way, this is
39:47 than three things. So it makes really good question. It's almost a
39:51 false question by itself. What's the between a and, and,
39:57 what it depends on something is being . One side of the bargain is
40:04 one side is out. The person selling it is farming it out.
40:10 person buying it is forming it And the reason to farm in is
40:18 51 53 Exxonmobil didn't know where the was, didn't know where the reservoirs
40:23 , but we did. So we it or we actually, you
40:27 we farm in. So when you these farming, farming up, there's
40:31 some kind of residual, uh, , bonus or what not that
40:38 uh, that the farming out we get it. We can find
40:41 lot of way than this. It's like a straight out of. And
40:45 you go to these things and, , I don't know if any of
40:48 will ever go, but I went a lot of them when you go
40:51 these things quite often and I, don't know how it is.
40:54 uh, in the day of cell , we didn't have cell phones back
40:58 the nineties, which was the last we did it. But,
41:02 this was the early nineties, in late nineties, people have these gigantic
41:06 , you know, that they put and they wanted everybody to know they
41:10 a and, uh, it was . But, um, but
41:16 we would go to these meetings and , we would just go in there
41:20 paper and that's, we weren't allowed bring anything else in. Sometimes when
41:24 asked if we could have something and would give it to us. But
41:27 of the time, uh you basically to look at it and remember it
41:31 go back and write it then you . And uh I got really
41:35 I went into the checklist of what needed and was able to fill in
41:40 blank while I was there really And I think that was a better
41:43 than anybody in the company. Uh then we also had connections to
41:49 We had connections to a lot of places when we worked in. Um
41:54 anymore, uh the German Geological Survey it turns out did a lot of
42:02 with my boss had a uh special to work in Germany for. So
42:08 had a lot of good friends and one of them happened to be a
42:12 named Willie Zieler. And Willie Ziegler quite a character. He was also
42:18 um the director of the Seberg which is one of the greatest museums
42:24 , in Germany and Europe itself. , uh, he had a lot
42:28 connections and, uh, he called the German Geological Survey felt that we
42:33 gonna, it gone over the year 1990 while it was still up and
42:37 said it was down, but it still there because we almost got
42:40 And, uh, you know, that knows their way around his name
42:47 . No, you just have to this way. It's the enemy
42:49 No, it's not. But the down. No, it's not.
42:52 you see the guards, you're still about it. Uh But anyway,
42:58 , we were able to, so the advanced team of expert people
43:04 on to um the same place and back with, uh a guy had
43:11 camera, had a little and got pictures of naps and stuff like
43:15 You very, so we go over and, and because of some academic
43:22 , um, the German Geological Survey us the entire study, a single
43:29 copy, no electronic backup and go ahead and take it back and
43:33 on the plane the next time you up and bring it back. We
43:38 he had the whole and uh I and showed it to the, uh
43:43 guy that was so proud of his pictures. And uh I, I
43:48 he retired the next day. But , um, like I said,
43:53 was a good spy, uh industrial . Without breaking any laws or getting
43:59 . Hm. Excuse me? we almost got shot. We got
44:05 , we got on the train to back into West Berlin and,
44:10 they weren't letting us get off and was really, it was nerve wracking
44:13 a while and because, uh, you come into West Berlin, you
44:17 , we still had to do You know, you're driving your car
44:20 barbed wire fences all around you like . So if you start acting up
44:24 , you know, it's gonna take a while to get through, you
44:27 , you can't do one of uh, um, mission of the
44:31 type into my hospital was there's barricades around you, you just kind of
44:37 through like a line, you and, uh, but there's,
44:42 , and on the other side of fence where all these German shutters and
44:45 probably had one thing in mind. , uh, it, it was
44:49 scary but it was nice to see wall come down. And I,
44:54 I, um, I will just of a cultural thing, but one
44:57 that I found it incredibly remarkable was in West Berlin, it seemed like
45:04 architecture and how well things have uh, maintained and, and cleaned
45:09 it, it looked like the epitome western civilization and you cross that border
45:13 it was just catastrophic. And, , there, there were, there
45:18 churches that were Berlin has one that , they preserve. So people know
45:24 , you know, see that's what is. And, uh, but
45:28 in East Berlin and the rest of Germany, uh, stuff that was
45:33 in World War Two, the Civil . And, uh, almost
45:36 they had jobs consistent and we knew people, uh, you know,
45:42 put their name in on the list for 10 years you couldn't get to
45:45 them, but you got this little about this big called the Vermont.
45:52 uh I think it had like a cycle engine in or something, you
45:56 , like and uh but anyway, was, it was just bizarre.
46:02 Sometimes you don't want to be in autocracy. Um China is doing well
46:09 it now. But uh but we'll , OK, so again, because
46:18 uh this being one of the critical , oil, uh all sorts of
46:24 hydrocarbon indicators of burden, seeps, volcanoes, gas, hydrate mine mas
46:30 bottom simulating reflectors. Why would a does anybody know what a bottom simulating
46:36 is? Ok. We'll get to . OK. We talked about
46:45 Show you some more um spiritual flattening depressions, things of that nature,
46:52 that make a structure go down because , slows it down because it slows
46:57 down to two way on it. , OK, so something that should
47:03 up like that is gonna be like uh sometimes high amplitude events sometimes uh
47:11 already talked about, you talked about versus offset with the amplitude versus
47:16 we can kind of figure out what some of those high amplitude events
47:20 mean. And we can also focus the character of high amplitude events across
47:25 visible. And then there's uh other like multi component, here's A B
47:30 and uh attribute analysis. So when talking about some of the tools that
47:33 could use in the beginning of this , we were, we were talking
47:37 those same things. They become important frontier exploration and oftentimes in um just
47:44 and sometimes exploitation. But here's the of seeps. And uh you
47:52 you can see uh sometimes it'll just permeate up through the rocks if there's
47:58 an a sufficient seals, even if are seals at certain points, sometimes
48:03 actually eventually migrates to the, you , uh this can have millions of
48:08 to happen. So uh over millions years, lots of things will
48:13 And of course, when the uh and oil gets to the surface,
48:17 hits the blue sky and an And so, uh and we lose
48:24 . The traps down here are what gonna be looking for in frontier and
48:32 front in uh excuse me, in , in frontier exploration, we're kind
48:37 looking for the possibility of these things . OK? And this is just
48:42 you um you know, if you , have these, um, focus
48:48 and quick seats versus, uh, that are a little bit larger area
48:52 ones that are even bigger, kind gives you an idea of the size
48:55 the structure that might be down there well. So, uh, there's
48:59 of things that this can tell you you see seeps and here's something,
49:05 , this is in Azerbaijan. This where, uh, this isn't too
49:09 away from the burning bush, I think. But uh but uh these
49:16 like little mud volcanoes and they bubble from the, the shales below.
49:22 they can be thousands of feet Sometimes they can be just biogenic and
49:26 not that deep. Uh But uh they bubble up, they bubble up
49:30 gas and even like some of some of them have been lit for
49:35 of years. Um in this part the world. Uh You can
49:41 let's see. Here's another one. one is uh I think this is
49:47 the Mississippi Delta and this is kind like a mud lum structure too.
49:52 happens sometimes the uh the gas and less compacted shells, sometimes the sand
50:00 push down and they'll get popped up you actually get, you actually,
50:05 is, this is a total There's not a cliff here, but
50:09 the uh you'll actually see a whole of the sea floor in the middle
50:14 Mexico and uh, when I first about, I thought they were
50:19 you know, the mud but they're , they're, they're big features that
50:22 be, uh, I think as as, um, 200 yards
50:28 uh, the ones that I saw , weren't, uh, much bigger
50:31 200 yards. And there was one was, uh, offshore south pass
50:36 the delta. Uh, and I couldn't really tell because it was
50:40 a good mile away, but it could have been as much as
50:43 or 400 yards across. Here's another . Um, this again is in
50:51 Mississippi River Delta and you can light things and they'll burn, just be
50:56 in case the wind's not blowing. there may be a, you
51:00 in the pocket and, uh, could be destructive. Now, you
51:04 the way these things lift up in air, the vegetation is gonna come
51:08 higher too in the Papua New Guinea some other places like there where there's
51:12 pain for and stuff. Uh, don't know if I mentioned this,
51:16 the helicopters used to be able to the tree top and they would see
51:20 of a sudden just in front of . There were trees in the 10
51:23 behind it. All the same street go around on the same pink and
51:27 that same. And, uh, you see something like that, he
51:31 that there was either something like a volcano. In some cases, it
51:35 have been a salt he, which did and uh, that sort of
51:41 . And again, this is, are some of the indicators that without
51:45 a well, help us understand that hydrocarbons to get. And,
51:50 here is uh some of the mud areas and I was on this one
51:55 South Pass and like I said, were some offshore here and,
52:00 here's a, I don't know It's so hard to get a picture
52:03 I, I had a whole bunch pictures, but there were 35 millimeter
52:07 and they're incredible pictures so hard. turns into something beautiful like it was
52:13 this, you know, to get , this kind of quality and I'm
52:17 teasing but, but, uh, is the best team up with,
52:21 this. This is a, this is like a lump of sediment
52:26 of, uh, the sand, down some of the mud around,
52:31 popped back up and it's full of , this and it might even have
52:35 in it. There's actually a lot times there's laminated layers in it and
52:39 can actually see a and it's pretty . And, uh, if I
52:43 , I wouldn't believe this picture if hadn't been on, you know,
52:47 out there and saw it like that's one huh, 14 ft above
52:58 And, oh, you get the wave cut terraces too. That's,
53:03 another, uh, interesting thing, know, as it, as it
53:07 popping up, it gets another terrace then it goes up a little bit
53:10 and gets another terrace. Ok. a gas hydrate mound. And we
53:16 see these with the, with the frequency stuff. That's, this is
53:21 frequency two D probably. Oh, after the first fish finger was
53:28 And, uh, a lot a lot of the tools and geology
53:31 we use now, including the ones help us figure out plate tectonics were
53:36 by the US Navy. The, , office of Naval Research was,
53:41 really in, um, instrumental in what we figured out when I
53:47 taking courses from the people at Wits when this was all coming down over
53:53 a century ago, I guess um, the, um, the
54:00 that some of the uh naval vessels were what really helped them see the
54:04 of the threats and stuff like And, uh, they started giving
54:08 technology to scientists and uh, I I was on a trip in Alaska
54:14 we were, we, we dragged of these fish behind them and we
54:18 so many fish. I think they letting Noah get any more new
54:22 After that year, we lost, , uh, back when $50,000 was
54:27 lot. We, we lost um, 10 different $50,000 fish that
54:33 were hanging out the back of the wasn't my fault. I wasn't a
54:37 scientist. I was just a but you learn a lot when you're
54:43 the, when you're doing the dirt . Let's see. OK. Um
54:47 here's uh showing the sedimentary layers and here's bottom simulating reflector A BS R
54:56 BS R is usually something similar to , but in the subsurface, it
55:03 quite uh peaked over the, hasn't there, it is, it hasn't
55:13 the surface of the sea floor It's, it's down here and uh
55:17 in fact, it probably was up . And uh it's like a uh
55:24 think of what we call these What is it when you get
55:29 lots of reflectors, multiples, Uh Here's another example again and uh
55:46 looked at this a little bit but you can see um folks know that
55:51 , this isn't showing up very The structure is not obvious from
55:57 but uh the structure actually went up this. It was a tilted fault
56:01 rotated like that because there was a chi it slowed down the, the
56:06 way travel time because the two way just slow down. It makes it
56:11 the image come back deeper. Um really, in other words, the
56:18 time here is quicker. So this actually deeper than that, but this
56:24 slower. So they try to make that deeper. So um And uh
56:32 this slide, you can see how structure was like that. In other
56:36 , these flaks over here, uh took a longer time to get here
56:40 it's deeper over here. It took longer time because the section above it
56:45 full of gas, it slowed it and it made it look flat or
56:50 concave. That's another thing that tells there's hydrocarbon sy. And when we
56:57 about um uh membrane seals, you'll that it's very likely quite often that
57:05 have a membrane seal that's only oiled , but it's letting. Yes.
57:10 there's an awful lot of oil reservoirs there that leak gas, but they're
57:14 leaking oil and that gas they leak in the chalks in the North
57:19 uh create an image that uh oils into the surface. And when we
57:24 found Jurassic, uh no, when first found the chalk fields, we
57:30 the sees were related to Jurassic we had no idea there would be
57:35 recoverable in a chalk in the North . And uh so the chalks were
57:40 discovered initially uh in search of Jurassic that are hard to find.
57:52 And this is showing you uh you know, in the middle of
57:54 , you might have one of these bright anomalies. So you can see
58:00 , you have a lot of reflectors and they're pretty, pretty powerful.
58:06 what's unique about this what is, unique about that besides Italian in
58:21 This is the, this is the anomaly and it's high amplitude here.
58:26 this is true. Why are they exciting to like this? Why are
58:31 simply excited about that particular thing? , there's more than one reason to
58:36 an interpretation, not just, not a bright spot, but it's,
58:40 an anomaly in the middle of low sevens. And so because it's
58:48 there's two things. One is, is anomalous, right? And this
58:54 an anomaly. You see it here you see it there, I see
58:57 bright spot somewhere in here. Maybe going on. This is, excuse
59:05 , that, yeah, that could a two but also a to maybe
59:08 things. But another thing about it , um, it looks like a
59:16 , ok? And if there was gas cloud above it, you would
59:20 , you would lose that, you , the fact that you can see
59:23 that looks like a structural chat. is exciting, pretty good size traut
59:29 has four way closure all the way into the plane and have the plane
59:32 here. And, uh, you , like if this was over
59:39 it would almost have, you almost to have a fault, like right
59:42 to show it and there is something that could be a fault. And
59:45 if you saw it like that, you might think that but here we
59:49 sort of at a anvil structure at top of an anticline. And you've
59:54 that anomaly. So, um, it isn't just that there's an anomaly
60:00 also that, that there's structure So now you're, you're, you're
60:12 , you're losing energy. And um, the character of these rocks
60:17 a whole lot different than those. uh you, you would, you're
60:23 to get deeper, you're gonna need and more low frequency stuff than high
60:27 , but just a resolution thing. it's a resolution thing because, and
60:31 frequency is, you know, got wavelengths. So the resolution drops off
60:38 I, I'm not a geophysicist but know enough to, I think I
60:41 your question and, uh, if looked at the stuff we collected here
60:47 , here in search of the oil , uh, to and cheat,
60:54 not really, uh, when we , um, we get down to
60:59 6000 ft, everything looks kind of this. And, uh, it's
61:04 because the resolution is on and And, um, if, if
61:09 have things with high dip to them kind of, uh, uh,
61:14 where things are supposed to be and just looks pretty bizarre. And
61:18 and then when you get into, , igneous rocks, it's, it's
61:21 mess, but we, we, didn't get anything down deep enough for
61:24 rocks. Ok. So, the other thing about this is,
61:35 , obviously, you're gonna look for basins and uh we talked about this
61:39 little bit up front when, when did structural impact and uh the
61:46 um setting the hell has a lot do with what type of basins we're
61:51 have. And uh that's a critical and that's something you don't have to
61:55 there to figure that out. You see it from above, from
61:59 Uh And you can get a lot information on um in the literature
62:04 on a lot of details of a of basins around the world. Um
62:11 to have to go to the library find it. Now you can get
62:15 um search for basin X and when can't find anything, report back to
62:21 instructor that there's nothing on that And then you go, well,
62:25 you write down the formations that are there or anything like that?
62:29 Is that important? Yeah, that's . So uh make sure if you
62:33 an online search when you're doing this of stuff that you, that you
62:37 try different search uh parameters uh when do it, so you can find
62:42 information and this again just repeats what already told you earlier. I do
62:48 you need to read it again and of think about it in the context
62:52 frontier exploration. What does it Because each one of these three different
62:57 of bases um extensional. One comes first, you know, you,
63:03 know that you're gonna see uh different of uh depositional systems and passive margins
63:13 from strike slip margins and also from margins, convergent uh margins. So
63:24 uh if we look, look at of them, uh one of,
63:28 of the most drill types of of course, are in intro uh
63:35 and rift basins and also passive margins uh partly because they're relatively large
63:44 Um They rim a lot of continents uh that makes up for an awful
63:50 of acreage right there. And uh then of course, um some of
63:58 uh sags and whatnot will be might uh in board of uh of a
64:04 shelf uh where there was a previous margin between plates. So here you
64:13 see uh if we do a reconstruction and put everything back together before the
64:18 of the Atlantic, you can see a lot of these things formed.
64:21 you can also see there's triple junctions all over the place in here.
64:26 um and there ends up being depressions uh the Mississippi River, for
64:31 follows one of these uh depressions. Here's the Newark um grabbing here.
64:39 There's actually one that comes uh uh the border of Georgia and um South
64:49 . It's a Triassic basin. It's what caused the greatest earthquake, uh
64:53 most powerful earthquake I think to Um, I was in Charleston and
64:59 one and it's a passive margin. part of the problem was there was
65:02 ancient rift there and, uh, rift moves every now and then,
65:08 if you inject fluids. And I'm it had nothing to do with the
65:14 plant in a, is anybody Yeah, I'm talking in the,
65:25 , well, when it, during War two there was a big bomb
65:27 built in, uh, just south a, uh, South Carolina.
65:32 , uh, it's been a super pollution site ever since World War
65:39 . And, um, and there's lot, there's, there's probably a
65:43 of people have died from it but I don't know that,
65:48 here is just, uh, looking the, uh, Lake Taganka Rift
65:54 , uh, and kind of what rifting style is and, and
65:58 we were looking at some of this you can see that you get these
66:01 of, uh, of half problems either side of these things that starts
66:05 break apart as you get that uplift , and things start to slide down
66:12 , um, unfortunately I've seen pictures it but I never got to see
66:16 in, in, um, uh, real life, partly because
66:21 afraid to go to places, any that has mosquitoes. I'm afraid
66:26 especially if they have sleeping sickness and and all sorts of even worse
66:31 Uh, but some of these when blocks rotate, they, they actually
66:35 mountains around the rims of these And uh you can get these tremendous
66:41 . Um uh at night people come these ax axes and uh clean the
66:49 ranges. And uh one of the there was a thing called the,
66:55 was a boat that uh we helped for a Duke Marine Lab and they
66:59 over there and did seismic in a of these lakes. And uh um
67:07 had uh fortunately one of the, of the professors was also uh um
67:14 in the post at one point in life and he was on the.
67:18 at least they look with you. fishermen, the local fishermen did not
67:21 out in the 1986. The they had a picture, I think
67:28 was in Lake Turkana. Not this had a picture trying to see the
67:33 rail from the um uh star on side of the boat. And uh
67:39 you could see a swell over here it was at least a 14 ft
67:45 swimming in the water and off in distance. You can see two water
67:50 coming right out. And uh thank there was a coast guard commander on
67:56 to keep a lieutenant commander to keep as safe as possible. Although I
68:01 on a guided missile destroyer in the and a water spout came and um
68:07 never saw sailors run so fast for life jackets. So I'm not sure
68:11 water spouts do to you. Big do when they hit a big
68:14 But, uh, but I ran got my life jacket too. But
68:20 , uh, the nea was smaller much smaller than the guided missile destroyer
68:25 the, uh, um, it actually designed so it fit into,
68:32 , uh, one of those cargo , the army has all over the
68:35 and all sorts of countries on And, uh, you're able to
68:39 of roll it in there and roll off, go to another. So
68:43 kind of a neat thing. And here's kind of what uh this
68:49 , this is like and uh, where these were spent if you went
68:57 a block or two when the uh relief side was over here.
69:04 but I'll just pretend like it wasn't , uh, in addition to the
69:09 Guard guy, we had a Navy , I don't think it was E
69:13 D and you've probably never heard of ordinance and demolition. But those guys
69:18 like you, um, become a E T guy and you become a
69:22 guy and if you're really good you . And uh, but,
69:27 I think he was just beauty actually he was good with dying.
69:31 and so, uh have a picture this tractor trailer, uh backing up
69:37 the end and that and, and you know, it's when it's lo
69:43 like this, you know, you a flat bed like that.
69:47 you know, almost have to drive uh the tractor into the lake to
69:51 to pull the thing off. So the uh the U A guy decided
69:55 do was to, to build a . And so he got all
69:59 the dynamite that he had for seism . He got the dynamic, a
70:03 of dynamite and he built a built and he actually showed our managers pictures
70:10 students taking a picture here of a taking a picture and the picture was
70:16 back here. There's another student standing this and another student standing like this
70:21 about 100 yards. That way is the charge goes off and you,
70:26 and you see pictures of the initial and then dirt coming towards the students
70:32 then dirt all around the students. for some reason, he thought that
70:35 be exciting what interesting for oil company see it freaked out sky um
70:45 And uh and I don't, I know where the Coast Guard guy
70:50 but I'm sure that he was And um and later on uh down
70:59 a couple lakes down they were in he stored all of his dynamite in
71:03 middle of downtown. And uh that when there was a falling out between
71:09 , this particular researcher in in uh, in a, because,
71:14 , we couldn't get him to move out, out of, uh,
71:17 borough. And of course, it have been there because he didn't know
71:22 a safer place to put it. in terms of someone stealing it,
71:27 of, if it went off, would kill a lot of people in
71:30 big city. Uh, it would looked really bad for an oil
71:34 So, anyway, uh when we these kinds of things, you got
71:37 mountains building up over here. So have football, uh head limbs and
71:42 dumping these uh alluvial fans down here build them. This is kind of
71:47 like the uh the bray sands here on the edge of one of these
71:51 . That's exactly how the bray sand going uh in the North Sea.
71:55 then you have these larger uh fanta out, uh not just dropping off
72:01 edge of a ball but uh large fans or Delta is actually the
72:07 Delta is uh spreading out across that side of uh this half drop,
72:14 know, shallow side. So whenever see one of these things and there's
72:18 lake in there, the lakes, right chemistry, you got all sorts
72:21 chances of Strat traps and vaulting and and reservoirs and uh of all different
72:29 . It's a really a nice place uh uh to look for things and
72:33 why the west, west coast of and the east coast of, of
72:38 Brazil have extensive uh things uh uh rather and uh lots of resources
72:45 But when the, when this first happening, that lake, that saving
72:49 also starts to build up the customer that are in a, in a
72:54 geochemistry that uh has, has a a way of keeping phosphorus in the
73:00 column. And so the productivity is . It's almost like, you
73:05 um, you have a sewer system it. It's that rich, the
73:11 T O CS that you get for of these things. Uh As I
73:15 mentioned before, you get up to T O CS and, and,
73:19 know, one of the best world marine ones is only 8% like in
73:24 Cambridge clique. And it's not that . And here again, uh and
73:32 think I showed you this already, this is a passive margin,
73:36 West Africa. And here you can again, you know, from a
73:41 perspective, the minute you get a size of the line and it looks
73:45 this. You know, the first goes, well, look at all
73:48 potential drafts and then, and then course, go, what about source
73:53 ? Well, they already know there's rocks there because some of those things
73:57 back here on the coast during an revenue, they're uplifted very soon.
74:03 you can actually see that there's the no, in uh in uh various
74:08 in West Africa formation is, has the same T O CS as uh
74:13 what you're seeing. Um that uh people get here, you have a
74:19 source. Well, that's pretty much it is. It's lower pre and
74:25 sometimes I, I can say it's . It's a little, it's the
74:31 upper part of the lubrication I I made this slide. So I
74:39 the uh but what happened there you had all those light deposits underneath
74:44 . And then uh as the ocean , the big salt, uh big
74:48 of the ocean got cut off and created up to two kilometers of salt
74:54 all of this stuff got trapped underneath and it's a high p and,
74:59 um, and I can tell you sure that what's underneath the salt on
75:03 east and west coast is more reserves they've produced already above it up in
75:09 , in the campaign and the upper and all that stuff, that stuff
75:12 through that salt. And uh the that hasn't gotten through that salt is
75:17 much greater than, it's just, very difficult uh producing through uh a
75:24 or two kilometers of salt and stuff . So I'm, I'm not,
75:29 don't have any idea how they deal that. I, I would
75:33 I wouldn't want to be a um drilling engineer on that. Ok.
75:40 another thing that's really important is based histories. And uh and of
75:46 I didn't go through all of the types of basins. Uh I hope
75:50 didn't and I, I don't think will but uh subsidence and uplift sediment
75:56 supply burial history. And all of are the kinds of things that we
76:00 at. And this all relates to are, what are these, these
76:05 things related to? What re elements they relate to? Or the elements
76:10 a petroleum system? Does any of relate to uh tracks? Not
76:21 Ok. Um That this, this here relates to the burial of history
76:29 the development of a sore throat. know, it's buried deep enough,
76:32 could have been matured and it could migrated, you need to go.
76:37 , I, I think I I held you up too much.
76:40 , no, it's 3 15. . And here we got uh sediment
76:45 . What do we get with sediment ? It? See. Ok.
76:50 . True enough. But uh if get too much sediment, it can
76:56 dilute the source. So you don't a high, high se but when
77:01 sort of the good thing is sometimes fun, you know, there may
77:06 a slow sediment or depending on the history, there's a period of time
77:11 shells are being deposited slowly and they're being buried and then the sediment
77:16 pouring in on top of them to those reservoir rocks. So all of
77:21 four elements relate to the five elements in a petroleum system. And uh
77:27 know, it's people get up here they say, you know, how
77:32 have you had a course with? oh, what's his name? Not
77:38 ? Great. But uh you been courses building, you remind me um
77:49 uh he, he was a um was a very well school. He
77:54 to Stanford, which is, I met anybody from Stanford that dad,
77:59 he did his homework and uh he sit there, I would sit in
78:04 of his life and he would explain these different things about depositional systems and
78:10 single one of them related to problem he didn't done because, you
78:17 but if you, if you spend time, little things like this sounds
78:22 I'm talking about basic and development. I'm actually talking about where you're gonna
78:29 the choice and that's why it's important understand the structure and the style of
78:35 development, you know, is it , is it uh tension or is
78:39 uh trans tension? OK. So and your memo with sequence photography,
78:51 those things have a lot to do , with how we have settlement deposits
78:55 up and then it's getting late. I'm gonna let you guys go with
78:59 other place. But uh I don't how many more glasses we have,
79:06 I got a few to go. counted it up. How many do
79:12 have? OK. Yeah. What I think it is, but
79:30 we're gonna, I'm gonna be showing a lot of examples from here on
79:34 and uh hopefully it'll be the I'm gonna try to tell you the
79:40 that I was teaching you to each of these steps and of course,
79:48 of the most fun things to do correlate ter, terrible loss. Uh
79:57 I just kind of like that. dice, I think makes two
80:19 It was really interesting and sometimes the , yeah, just, just guess
80:26 better than, yeah, he would , he would roll two dice if
80:29 a seven then. And there have studies that you, if you just
80:41 grill however many wells we grill, play almost as much oil.
80:46 but that, you know, that's true because we live in the right
80:50 , right. You know, you , for example, when uh when
80:53 didn't know what we were doing, was like the uh uh Paris guns
80:57 here in the south and that and that way and uh John, um
81:07 know, and they haven't had a so they didn't, they didn't,
81:11 just throw that many, well across world and OK, like they're not
81:23 , like we're not connected here sort of rock in the kitchen and
81:29 into the desk and all of that this way. But also the soul
81:34 built those five guns pulls the structure or so you get these, like
81:40 there's no faults in the middle, gets like this and it looks like
81:44 turtle like, but there's a big with not far from here. And
81:51 you get an an and the but I don't know that or
81:55 But, uh, well, there's we found that no one is and
81:59 it's, it goes, it's right . And, uh, but
82:03 you, um, and I don't it's that, I don't think certain
82:08 and it might, but the, , if you get this ham
82:14 what happens is, you know, is, you know, the thing
82:17 , the structure would have initially built the sea around the edges, you
82:23 , before there was a structure and have all been going around the
82:26 So once the structures are formed, a seal there in structure, the
82:31 of it gets trapped, more could been trapped because of the withdrawal song
82:37 actually was able to move out. that's what happens in some of these
82:43 . They, they're just, um, I, I think it
82:47 be really out of money. right here and you can tell
82:53 you know, when you have been , all find oil and they're sitting
82:57 the biggest, so ever you and this is the base, this
83:01 one of the, this and let out of it, but over 100
83:06 barrels in the 55 different, like a day. One second.
83:25 haven't, I just to do it that and maybe I need some time
83:35 , just to make it. Did you label your formations, your
83:40 tops? Yeah. I, I like, uh, like you talk
83:46 like numbers? Oh, yeah, what I'm looking for. Yeah.
83:49 I think if, like, it's for all of the section maybe for
83:53 it's, I can, if I take some time to Wednesday.
83:57 if you want to take more time can. Ok? But go back
84:00 and see how I told you how told you and just do it exactly
84:08 way and if you do it on , well, it's ok if you
84:12 all your formation lines in. But , but if you think there's something
84:16 in, in the other wells, need to mark it on the other
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