| 00:01 | Ok and that's why? Oh Ok. Ok. Mhm. |
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| 01:23 | folks welcome. Annoying. Um Happy Valentine's day by the way. |
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| 01:36 | um just a reminder uh exam. exam one next week uh I remember |
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| 01:46 | um you know, the scheduler and process for that and uh what's the |
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| 01:51 | thing, the uh biometric registration if haven't done that? So just uh |
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| 01:57 | to do those things so you you can't take the exam unless you |
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| 02:01 | up for a time slot. Uh Also speaking of the exams, |
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| 02:07 | any questions you may have in your about what's gonna be on the exam |
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| 02:11 | review sheets. Now I've even on email coming out tomorrow, I've attached |
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| 02:16 | exam review sheets even though it's on , I'll make sure you got it |
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| 02:19 | you download it because if it's not there, it is not on the |
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| 02:24 | . Ok. So for multiple reasons than what's on the exam to keep |
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| 02:30 | on track in terms of what's covered I don't cover each chapter in its |
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| 02:34 | . So you know, just, to have that there and refer to |
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| 02:39 | document. Ok. Uh let's So we're gonna finish up unit one |
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| 02:45 | , uh next week's material uh when already available in the in the module |
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| 02:51 | to module, what's everything in Um Remember also, ne next Monday |
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| 02:56 | one of those flip classes. So have a bunch of questions all about |
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| 03:02 | cell structure function. OK. So part one, the part one part |
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| 03:07 | that uh so next week's really just chapter three, I don't obviously know |
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| 03:12 | stuff is, this stuff is on uh exam. OK. You |
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| 03:17 | two stuff. So, uh so , we finish up exam content for |
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| 03:22 | first exam today. Um What else do stuff, the canvas unit |
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| 03:28 | these things are more comprehensive. They're , I think it's like 20 28 |
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| 03:34 | so questions. You have like 45 to finish it. So, um |
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| 03:39 | then uh smart work for the last assignments there. Chapter five and 22 |
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| 03:43 | relatively uh short. OK? In of the homework questions, uh I |
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| 03:50 | that covers everything. Um uh And course, you know, if you |
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| 03:56 | ball next week still, so if have questions about them content, uh |
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| 04:03 | hours or arrange for a different day time, that's fine. Just let |
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| 04:07 | know uh any general questions about OK. All right. So, |
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| 04:14 | so today I just wanna recap, we always do, just quickly recap |
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| 04:19 | we talked about last time. Um know, I really had to summarize |
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| 04:25 | . In not too many words, say uh this would really have some |
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| 04:31 | uh about two weeks. So we in chapter four, talk about bacterial |
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| 04:37 | . OK? And there you're gonna , you know how metabolism that we |
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| 04:43 | about in 13 um metabolism that we about in 13 and 14 will will |
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| 04:54 | course apply there because you know, got to grow organisms, right? |
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| 04:58 | what you do when you're growing you feed them a carbon source, |
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| 05:01 | energy source, maybe those two are same thing. But then we also |
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| 05:05 | at you have to have the right parameters for uh temperature. Ph, |
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| 05:12 | concentrations, these things, right? so oxygen doesn't need oxygen, does |
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| 05:16 | not need oxygen? So, um today's stuff on uh material on the |
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| 05:22 | of ecological aspect uh puts the metabolism we've been talking about in that |
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| 05:29 | OK. So um how it works wastewater treatment um in terms of the |
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| 05:36 | cycle, et cetera. OK. , um so, you know, |
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| 05:41 | I said before, all, all things more or less fit into kind |
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| 05:45 | the middle as a bell curve. Most things live at moderate conditions of |
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| 05:51 | and temperature, et cetera. Uh you do have outliers, OK, |
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| 05:57 | live on extremes and not just live , that's what they prefer, |
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| 06:03 | So this concept of tolerating versus actually a extreme condition, but that's, |
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| 06:10 | what they require. Uh thermophily right? These are organisms that require |
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| 06:17 | , those extreme conditions. And of , no matter what your condition, |
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| 06:23 | optimum parameters are for your growth, evolved adaptations to be able to maintain |
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| 06:30 | grow and thrive in those conditions, ? So a thermo father isn't doing |
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| 06:34 | because for grins, right? Is it because it evolved mechanisms to be |
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| 06:40 | to uh grow very well in that , right? So um and it's |
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| 06:46 | about, so remember, it's really about, you know, whatever your |
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| 06:51 | set of parameters is for good It's about keeping your proteins happy for |
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| 06:56 | most part. OK. Proteins do fun the work of the organism and |
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| 07:02 | they do in us. OK. uh and it's all about keeping proteins |
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| 07:08 | means keeping their shape, proteins are about shape, uh that shape dictates |
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| 07:13 | function and um whether it's an enzyme what have you, OK. And |
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| 07:19 | what interferes with that capture ph can with the um structure in terms of |
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| 07:28 | attractions and or hydrophobic interactions and so . Uh Certainly osmolarity can affect that |
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| 07:35 | well, right? So it's, whatever the conditions are that that organism |
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| 07:40 | , that's what makes it function So I, so um the uh |
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| 07:49 | um nice thing is not working. . So here, so the last |
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| 07:56 | we talked about was aero tolerance. . So, error tolerance can have |
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| 08:02 | uh kind of is based, organist have different responses to oxygen, |
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| 08:06 | They can, they can use they cannot use it, they can |
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| 08:08 | killed by it. OK. And that we can determine through uh growth |
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| 08:15 | on this specific media that basically creates oxygen gradient. Then we see, |
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| 08:20 | . Where, where is it growing that? At? What at what |
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| 08:24 | level does it grow at? Does grow throughout? And that can tell |
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| 08:27 | some things about it. And so basically through three groups, aero aero |
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| 08:33 | . So and that's really based on usage. OK. So aerobe um |
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| 08:40 | matter what type you are, they use oxygen in their metabolism, aerobic |
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| 08:46 | , right? And so it just happens that the micro aero can't, |
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| 08:50 | tolerate the atmospheric levels of 02, ? So they have something less and |
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| 08:55 | is really all about what protection do have against oxygen? Because oxygen is |
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| 09:01 | , it's a very reactive molecule. if you're gonna live in an 02 |
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| 09:05 | , whether you use oxygen or you will, you are still susceptible |
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| 09:09 | the effects of the oxygen, So you gotta have protection. So |
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| 09:13 | that sod catalase peroxidase, right? So the anaerobes uh an of anaerobes |
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| 09:22 | not have this protection. They must in an area where there's no oxygen |
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| 09:27 | they will be killed by. An aero tolerant anaerobe does not use |
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| 09:33 | , either it's either a fermenter or reser. But they do live in |
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| 09:39 | 02 worlds. But they can do because they have the protection. |
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| 09:44 | And then finally, the facultative types do whatever, right? They |
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| 09:50 | they're protected against the effects of They can use 02. They don't |
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| 09:55 | to use it. They can they have all the options open to |
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| 10:00 | . Ok. So, um, most in terms of the Procar |
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| 10:07 | most of them are either um uh or facultative. That's the bulk of |
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| 10:15 | are, are that OK? Um terms of numbers, there's more of |
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| 10:20 | than there are just strictly aerobic OK. All right. So, |
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| 10:27 | that's a recap of that information. let's, uh let's look at before |
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| 10:37 | go. Is it, are um are there any questions about chapter |
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| 10:45 | ? So, yeah. So, so again, let's just put this |
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| 10:50 | here just to, you know, actually for chapter five, the fifth |
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| 10:54 | . Uh But the section numbers are same. Uh I just have to |
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| 10:58 | up the page numbers, but it's a lot. OK. So relatively |
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| 11:02 | section, but we're gonna go through concepts here and really everything we're gonna |
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| 11:07 | here is actually somewhat of a review stuff we've already gone through. |
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| 11:13 | We've gone through uh aerobic respiration, ? Uh That fits directly into the |
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| 11:20 | of BOD, which we'll get into a second of wastewater treatment UTR |
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| 11:26 | all that relates to that basic uh respiration. OK. We're just looking |
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| 11:32 | it in a different context is OK. Uh So with nitrogen |
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| 11:36 | we've kind of gone through those three , we'll look a little bit closer |
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| 11:41 | nitrogen fixation, which we haven't done . But uh a lot of that |
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| 11:46 | , is stuff we've seen. So let's look at here. So |
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| 11:51 | water cycle, so I bring this . This is in the context of |
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| 11:57 | . OK. So, so what's ? Right? The CBOD uh it's |
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| 12:02 | as a value. OK. Of of oxygen usage, right? It's |
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| 12:09 | the next slide we'll get to in second but biochemical oxygen demand, how |
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| 12:13 | oxygen is being used? Yeah, a direct reflection of how much organic |
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| 12:19 | there. So BOD is really a of uh cellular respiration. It's really |
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| 12:26 | it is. OK. So you're to see how much of that is |
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| 12:30 | on in my environmental sample. And it directly correlates to how much |
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| 12:36 | material is there. OK. So a um a bowl full of, |
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| 12:43 | candy bars, right? It has high bod because it's full of organic |
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| 12:49 | compared to just a glass of water nothing in it. OK? Um |
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| 12:54 | one could eat the, that bod organic material and you know, you |
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| 13:00 | it, you're churning out cellular restoration you do and you'll be consuming |
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| 13:06 | OK. That's what a bod is very basic terms. Ok. So |
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| 13:11 | that mean? In terms of the ? Ok. Well, where does |
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| 13:15 | come from? Well, water we're all, we all know the |
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| 13:19 | cycle, right? Bodies of water evaporates goes in the atmosphere comes |
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| 13:24 | to precipitation. So and on and we go, right. So where |
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| 13:28 | falls, it goes through terrestrial ecosystems and into dirt. Basically as it |
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| 13:37 | trickles through, it carries nutrients, organic carbon and carries nitrogen phosphorus, |
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| 13:44 | cetera as it, as it flows to by gravity to lakes, |
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| 13:49 | rivers, creeks, oceans, Dumps it in there. OK? |
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| 13:55 | so um that can pose problems. . So this runoff, right? |
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| 14:04 | runoff. So as it drops into , sorry, as it drops into |
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| 14:10 | of water. All right, then water bodies of water have an influx |
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| 14:15 | carbon, right? Think of dumping , my bowl of candy bars into |
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| 14:19 | water. Now, right now we a, an excess of nutrients available |
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| 14:24 | microbes in there can eat, And if it's aerobic respiration, |
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| 14:31 | What do you do? You eat ? You oxidize it and you use |
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| 14:36 | 02 respiration, right? And, if you're in water, OK. |
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| 14:45 | Where is the 02 coming from? coming from the water. What else |
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| 14:49 | to use oxygen that's in the fish, other aquatic life. So |
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| 14:55 | take away their 02 fish don't like . They go belly up. |
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| 15:00 | And so there's uh been all kinds environmental catastrophes that have led to |
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| 15:06 | Ok. Because the bod in those isn't occurring naturally, right? Typically |
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| 15:14 | from there, be nearby uh agricultural here. Right. Big farms. |
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| 15:22 | do you do on farms? Grow ? What do you put on |
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| 15:24 | Fertilizer? Right. Tons of fertilizer every year. Uh Not all of |
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| 15:29 | used by the microbes in the soil lot. Most of it is lots |
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| 15:33 | it is just runs off into the when it rains or irrigation, |
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| 15:38 | And then that's what can contribute to the bod that goes into these water |
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| 15:44 | and microbes in the water chew it and as they do, 02 goes |
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| 15:49 | and as they do fish go, dead. All right. So |
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| 15:53 | it, it happens and, and comes from uh pollutants being discharged by |
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| 15:58 | companies, right? There's all kinds manufacturing along waterways, Mississippi River, |
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| 16:04 | River, et cetera, right? they dump, you know, |
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| 16:07 | their, their chemicals used in their process. They're not supposed to, |
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| 16:13 | , but they do. And this contribute to this in the oil |
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| 16:17 | There's another source of, of carbon into the water and there comes a |
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| 16:21 | source. OK? Fish can't eat but the microbes in the water can |
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| 16:26 | ? Creating these effects. That's kind what we're gonna be going through uh |
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| 16:31 | of that. OK. So right? So this is, so |
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| 16:34 | you see that, which is why put, and we'll go, we'll |
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| 16:39 | back in it in a second. ? I wanted, now let me |
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| 16:41 | go here. I wanna put that equated. We've seen that a |
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| 16:45 | times, right? That's the glycolysis uh se uh se wave formation, |
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| 16:53 | electron transport system. That's what that right? Aerobic respiration. OK. |
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| 17:00 | um this is a source, the . Yeah. And when you consume |
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| 17:10 | , you consume that right oxidized carbon , you something's gotta be reduced. |
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| 17:18 | , oxygen is being reduced right to , right? Remember source up front |
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| 17:24 | at the end, right? 02 right there. Every respiration. So |
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| 17:28 | goes away. That's, that's this what we're monitoring. OK? In |
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| 17:35 | BO DS test, right? Dissolved . You have a probe, you |
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| 17:38 | all kinds of probes that measure everything two reduction potential, lots of |
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| 17:45 | right? So there's a probe for as well, right? And that's |
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| 17:48 | kind of black instrument you see up that thing, it's sitting in uh |
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| 17:55 | sample jar of the sample water and the 02. OK. So these |
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| 18:02 | full of different, you know, , who does this stuff? Who |
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| 18:05 | BOD measurements? Well, waste water , any anything that has wastewater treatment |
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| 18:10 | it's not just those that are that there to produce clean drinking water like |
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| 18:15 | have in your subdivision will have a treatment plant. Um You don't normally |
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| 18:21 | it because they don't kind of have as an open view to be behind |
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| 18:26 | covered structure. Uh Anyway, um all kinds of manufacturing plants in the |
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| 18:34 | have a treatment plant because they, can't just take their chemicals that they |
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| 18:39 | during their process and dump them into lake or stream, be too |
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| 18:44 | So you have to reduce the levels those materials and that's what their treatment |
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| 18:49 | does. OK. And so they measurements of how well it's working is |
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| 18:54 | organic content that they're supposed to be down as low as possible. Going |
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| 19:01 | happening. And so they take samples all the time to do to measure |
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| 19:05 | and they measure it by using this of oxygen consumption because that directly correlates |
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| 19:12 | how much organic materials there. If , if there is just using arbitrary |
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| 19:19 | , right? If there is, glucose, right? There's glucose. |
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| 19:26 | there's 100 of these versus one, one is using more oxygen, the |
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| 19:34 | or the one all together 100 OK. Obviously, the 100 is |
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| 19:43 | think of ST geometry. I put be before C 60 1206 and that's |
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| 19:49 | be 600 02. Just chemistry is it is right? More, |
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| 19:56 | more up here, more option goes , faster rate Right. So, |
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| 20:01 | has, which has the lowest, yours note says highest, but three |
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| 20:06 | , which sample has the lowest meaning the lowest organic content, the |
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| 20:12 | rate of oxygen consumption is, Is, come on, what is |
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| 20:23 | , the lowest rate? What's showing lowest rate here? D goodness, |
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| 20:27 | can it be? A, is going like a, a nosedive |
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| 20:30 | the ground? Fast rate? That's flat, flat line. You're |
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| 20:36 | Ok. That's the lowest, that's , that has probably no bod at |
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| 20:42 | . It's, it's the one up , right? That's the 100. |
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| 20:47 | . So A is the highest that is going down so fast because there's |
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| 20:53 | much organic content. OK. So an example of that sewage? |
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| 20:59 | We're gonna sewage would be something that be a look at all that look |
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| 21:04 | all that food coming in organic Um Look at all the, look |
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| 21:10 | all the food source that could be on by heros heroic microbes in the |
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| 21:16 | , chew it up and use lots oxygen. And so uh so high |
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| 21:22 | high organic content, fast rate of consumption, right? One follows the |
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| 21:28 | . OK. No organic content in sample. There's nothing to eat. |
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| 21:34 | no why, then why am I no option to consume? I don't |
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| 21:37 | to, there's no food there, ? If this is zero, then |
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| 21:42 | zero, right? OK. So but it's a quick and easy measurement |
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| 21:50 | do and typically they do it over days. So it takes samples. |
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| 21:53 | could be a wastewater treatment plant to a sample out of there. Is |
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| 21:56 | treatment plant working, right. If is, then BOD should be going |
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| 22:01 | . That's the purpose of a wastewater plant. Incoming stuff is full of |
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| 22:06 | . It should be going out as as you can if it's drinking |
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| 22:10 | but it'd be near zero, You wouldn't do you wanna drink water |
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| 22:15 | has 600 plus bod in it? don't think so. Ok. So |
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| 22:20 | so it better be down close to . Um And so what happens in |
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| 22:25 | middle? Right. That's the wastewater story. OK. Is everybody clear |
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| 22:32 | bod? OK. What it right? And how it equates to |
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| 22:38 | , right? So a saturated right? That only you might think |
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| 22:43 | would be more than this, 8 mg, 002 water, oxygen |
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| 22:47 | dissolve great in water. Ok. Gasses don't generally dissolve great liquids. |
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| 22:55 | um so I mean oxygen gets in , of course, because living things |
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| 23:00 | , are in water that breathe fish, et cetera. So, |
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| 23:04 | it's turbulence. Um uh air, course, the atmosphere mixes with the |
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| 23:10 | on top and that's how it kind it gets in there. Ok. |
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| 23:15 | And of course more turbulence means it get more 02 in there. So |
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| 23:20 | water pond, that's not really have water movement probably has less so to |
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| 23:26 | than something that's really moving. Um, and so you, |
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| 23:31 | Well, how much, how is to be, to, to threaten |
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| 23:35 | in the environment? Well, it have to go to zero but even |
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| 23:41 | , it just doesn't seem like it's big of a difference. 8 to |
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| 23:44 | there. That's threatening what that fish dying at that point, basically. |
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| 23:50 | , But we have to remember that are obviously multicellular organisms. They, |
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| 23:54 | require more 02 to sustain themselves. it's probably it doesn't take that much |
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| 23:59 | a drop to begin to affect their . Which I, so uh and |
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| 24:05 | , there's cases of these fish Uh I've seen him like um it |
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| 24:11 | seem to happen like in the um part of the states, heavy industrial |
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| 24:17 | , they're along these rivers and they're stuff in and lead to these |
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| 24:22 | Um So the uh as example, ? So the dead zones or zones |
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| 24:29 | hypoxia, they call it, these 02 deprived regions. OK. And |
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| 24:37 | uh horizon oil spill from several years , uh dumped in lots of oil |
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| 24:42 | you see there. So oil is bod lots of organic material, |
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| 24:47 | Hydrocarbons and so microbes um that offer uh reducing the oxygen levels, your |
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| 24:56 | . And you see an area left uh of of an area of less |
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| 25:01 | 2 mg per liter oxygen. That's below that five value that affects sea |
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| 25:09 | . So, and that can persist quite some time. It, it |
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| 25:12 | recover, of course, but it persist for quite a while. |
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| 25:16 | So the only kind of life you in there for the longest time was |
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| 25:18 | just, you know, certainly micros , um, animal life, I |
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| 25:24 | things that just don't use a lot oxygen, they kind of just, |
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| 25:28 | , I don't know, catfish, catfish only just sit kind of at |
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| 25:30 | bottom and kind of just sit there . I don't know. Anyway, |
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| 25:34 | certain aquatic life, I guess can on that depending on their oxygen |
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| 25:38 | but certainly they're not very diverse. , so, but again, |
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| 25:44 | it's no mystery. It's just the metabolism this, that we saw before |
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| 25:52 | now in this context. Ok. cellular respiration, right? Um, |
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| 25:57 | creates the effect, right. So look at it. So take a |
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| 26:02 | if you're not sure about it. it your best guess. Ok. |
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| 26:08 | this process two, uh, does kind of the same metabolisms we've been |
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| 26:15 | about. Ok. Ok. It's down here for four, 321. |
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| 27:14 | . Uh If you did answer d are correct. Right. So, |
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| 27:22 | , it actually results in a decreased oxygen content. Um, it |
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| 27:33 | increases actually, and we're gonna see that happens. There's the increase of |
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| 27:38 | content. Um, neutro application itself kill off the algae, we're gonna |
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| 27:44 | how that happens. Ok. so let's actually just look at the |
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| 27:49 | . And so when you see he was in, uh, rivers |
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| 27:53 | ponds, uh, streams, uh, next to, uh, |
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| 27:59 | to uh, uh farming areas that using lots of fertilizer is one |
|
| 28:05 | Ok. So you can get a of, of, um, nitrogen |
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| 28:11 | , and phosphorus. That's what fertilizer . It means nitrogen and phosphorus. |
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| 28:16 | . Um And so the problem is so much of it's used, especially |
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| 28:21 | these big farming, uh big farming that uh uh a lot of it |
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| 28:29 | just sitting on top unused and either their own irrigation through rainfall, it |
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| 28:36 | runs off into nearby bodies of So it becomes rich in ammonia, |
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| 28:43 | , phosphorus. Uh And certainly also can flow in there as well. |
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| 28:47 | so, uh but we're focused really , on these uh nutrients here because |
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| 28:53 | the environment, in a healthy usually y you are limited for things |
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| 28:59 | nitrogen and phosphorus. OK. And typically when you're out there measuring the |
|
| 29:05 | , the amounts of these, it's be fairly low. OK? Because |
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| 29:09 | soon as it becomes available, it's . OK. And so remember that |
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| 29:14 | allergy in aquatic systems, your yours ofter other phototropism. They, |
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| 29:22 | can uh you just need CO2, ? They need sunlight and if you |
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| 29:26 | them, you know, an influx nutrients like this, they will blow |
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| 29:30 | in growth. OK? And they form a can form in these |
|
| 29:37 | What do you call it a And it's literally like a spray, |
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| 29:42 | uh an overgrowth of cells and it like a green map on the |
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| 29:47 | OK. So thick. And so the the thing is so they're just |
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| 29:53 | , right? They're, they're getting influx of nitrogen and phosphorus and now |
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| 29:57 | can really do fix their CO2 and light, right? So they're growing |
|
| 30:02 | way, right? Autos OK. the problem is not problem. But |
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| 30:07 | happens is uh that there's not a stream of this coming in, |
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| 30:13 | There'll be an influx of it and blow up in growth. But |
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| 30:18 | you know, they become limited for things. So they can't sustain that |
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| 30:21 | man of growth. So what happens when this runs out, they |
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| 30:27 | OK. But now you have this bloom, this mat of growth that |
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| 30:33 | to the bottom, right? So you got a food source, |
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| 30:38 | So this now becomes a food This is basically decomposition, right? |
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| 30:41 | is now dead organic matter. And that's where bacteria in the sediments |
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| 30:48 | then do their thing. OK. through aerobic respiration, right? That |
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| 30:56 | what uh chews it up and oxygen out of the water, right? |
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| 31:02 | , fish, that's what this is leads to fish kills and other aquatic |
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| 31:07 | is affected. OK. So it's of a cascade event first, the |
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| 31:11 | influx, then increasing growth of these , they die off and then their |
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| 31:17 | for the next stage, which are uh aerobically respiring heteros. OK. |
|
| 31:25 | . And so, um you net result oxygen depletion of the water |
|
| 31:32 | affects, um obviously affects the, animals in there and others. |
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| 31:38 | Uh Any questions about that? it's really basilia respiration occurring here. |
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| 31:47 | course, the first part is photosynthesis then that, that, that becomes |
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| 31:52 | food source for aerobic respiration. So, all right. So now |
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| 31:59 | get a little bit into wastewater OK. So if I had to |
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| 32:06 | this in like three bullet points, . Number one, probably the most |
|
| 32:13 | thing. It's about taking water, water that's at high bod. |
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| 32:22 | And having a low bod come out other side. OK? Because that |
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| 32:28 | is gonna be discharged into a, stream or maybe it's used for drinking |
|
| 32:33 | . OK. And it goes through pipe to your fossil. OK. |
|
| 32:37 | you gotta reduce the organic content. . Um That's 12 is to do |
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| 32:46 | , to get that activity. We the growth of aerobic respiring heterotrophic |
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| 32:55 | right? Forget what heteros are. a heterotrophic and you eat organic |
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| 33:02 | So you're basically promoting the growth of equivalent at the microscopic scale. |
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| 33:10 | And how do you do that? , if they like air oxygen? |
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| 33:14 | , let's give it to them, ? But it's not economical to go |
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| 33:18 | there with an 02 tank and bubble it. Right. That's too |
|
| 33:22 | So, what do we do? , we have a tank like constructed |
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| 33:25 | this. Ok. This is just a tank where this would happen |
|
| 33:30 | OK. So this thing right here circled uh two purposes. One, |
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| 33:35 | a little bridge that goes across and somebody can walk out here and take |
|
| 33:39 | of water. OK? But beyond , this thing rotates, OK? |
|
| 33:44 | like a big uh a big stirring that creates turbulence, right? So |
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| 33:50 | , that's, that's what allows for mixing of air water. And that's |
|
| 33:55 | promotes the, the infusion of air to promote the growth. So this |
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| 34:00 | thing will start turning, OK? To create that turbulence and mixing in |
|
| 34:06 | . So, uh so that's two . Promoting growth of the, of |
|
| 34:12 | types that are gonna knock down the lowering the bod to the third part |
|
| 34:17 | uh the water that comes out, ? Um So we can knock down |
|
| 34:25 | organic content. OK. So that's chemicals, right? Organic chemicals that |
|
| 34:32 | a bit oxidizing the CO2 and OK? But then uh let's see |
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| 34:39 | I can do this here. Let's we have high BO DB OD. |
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| 34:50 | right, here's our tank, And a little bod coming out. |
|
| 34:56 | . So we have microbes in here we're promoting 02 restoration right there. |
|
| 35:04 | is. Put some 02 respire, . So they, they break |
|
| 35:11 | right. Break down the organic content CO2 and water. But you have |
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| 35:15 | suspended in there, right. The are suspended now in the liquid. |
|
| 35:19 | though they've taken care of the stuff took it to CO2 and water. |
|
| 35:23 | , with lower bod. Um, the cells themselves that are in |
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| 35:28 | ok? Um, the cells themselves have done the job are in |
|
| 35:32 | OK? They themselves are bod like , this whole room is full of |
|
| 35:42 | , you, you, right. . If somebody could come here and |
|
| 35:44 | us, right? Or a monster and eats us, right? It's |
|
| 35:49 | bod, it's eating us. We're , we're organic content, we, |
|
| 35:53 | organic, right? So we could a source for something else. |
|
| 35:57 | So uh so ourselves are bod, ? So what the point is you |
|
| 36:02 | , you don't want that coming out well because that contributes to bod. |
|
| 36:07 | you have to settling, settling is three, settle the stuff out, |
|
| 36:13 | ? Because what you want is a what we call clear effluent. So |
|
| 36:24 | comes in, effluent goes out, ? A clear effluent with bod that |
|
| 36:30 | the water is visibly clear, It comes in super cloudy like |
|
| 36:35 | muddy brown color coming in clear coming . OK? And again, the |
|
| 36:41 | are doing their job but you need to settle out as well if you |
|
| 36:45 | to be clear. Ok. So down bod promote growth of aerobic types |
|
| 36:51 | clear up. 123. Ok. , um, ok, we're gonna |
|
| 36:57 | two views of this here. So begin with what comes in, |
|
| 37:03 | what comes into a treatment plant and on a plant? You can have |
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| 37:09 | pretty weird stuff coming in there, ? I've seen, uh, |
|
| 37:13 | uh, a deer carcass, you , everything else, ok? And |
|
| 37:18 | of course, you have a series , of filtration if you will, |
|
| 37:23 | , occurring. So the preliminary treatment really this kind of big screens to |
|
| 37:29 | of catch this big stuff. Then it's a smaller screens to catch |
|
| 37:33 | sediments and stuff, insoluble stuff, like that. Ok. Uh, |
|
| 37:39 | then it's the secondary treatment. That's the actions occur, right? That's |
|
| 37:44 | being that picture of that tank with paddle going. That's secondary treatment, |
|
| 37:49 | ? So that's where you're promoting growth the microbes and they're knocking down the |
|
| 37:55 | content. So, um, then course, tied to that is the |
|
| 38:04 | , having them settle out, And then having clear influence. So |
|
| 38:08 | a part of that as well. see that on the next slide. |
|
| 38:13 | , some plants, not all have additional, uh, one you see |
|
| 38:18 | called digestion, you see the tank . Uh, this is an anaerobic |
|
| 38:26 | . So you can have a, , an on the side process which |
|
| 38:30 | anaerobic to digest materials. Well, , and that material produces this kind |
|
| 38:36 | , uh, basically what you're left is insoluble sludge. They call sludge |
|
| 38:40 | basically the term they use for stuff settles out. They call it |
|
| 38:43 | Right. It's kind of a mucky kind of consistency. Um, and |
|
| 38:49 | can have some value. You, actually some, uh, some just |
|
| 38:53 | it off to the farmlands and they it in with the dirt, there's |
|
| 38:57 | nutrients in there to use. uh, but, you know, |
|
| 39:00 | you get rid of it. uh, so now I, if |
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| 39:05 | is the water is to be used drinking water, you are gonna take |
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| 39:08 | through chlorination. Ok. Uh, could also be involved UV, light |
|
| 39:14 | to, um, to kill Uh, and then that will be |
|
| 39:19 | comes out would be, uh, water quality. Ok. Uh, |
|
| 39:24 | not all, not all treatment plants for that. So there's lots of |
|
| 39:28 | plants you might not even be aware . Yeah. So the ones for |
|
| 39:32 | water, but then there's all kinds manufacturing facilities have their own in-house treatment |
|
| 39:38 | , right? So, um, of the biggest ones is, |
|
| 39:43 | Georgia Pacific that makes cardboard boxes and , right? So there's all kinds |
|
| 39:47 | chemicals used in that process. And , and, and are formed in |
|
| 39:52 | process and so they have to, these things. So they'll have their |
|
| 39:56 | wastewater treatment plants like you see here the same principle, right? Using |
|
| 40:01 | to chew it up, then they'll it to a nearby street. |
|
| 40:06 | So it has to be low bod not as low as you need for |
|
| 40:11 | water, but still pretty low. . Uh Regardless, uh However you're |
|
| 40:16 | , it is kind of the same concept. So this slide shows you |
|
| 40:20 | of a different view here. Uh here you have the high bod water |
|
| 40:25 | in, OK. And then um uh coming out low bod obviously, |
|
| 40:33 | then here's the, the preliminary uh preliminary and primary treatment, the |
|
| 40:37 | screens and they weed stuff out smaller . But then here in the |
|
| 40:43 | right circle that so here in the , right is where the action is |
|
| 40:50 | . So you, you, you oxygen through mixing OK, aeration and |
|
| 40:56 | um the uh that promotes the OK? And this stuff here is |
|
| 41:04 | sludge. That's basically insoluble stuff that here that you can might be able |
|
| 41:09 | treat anaerobic digestion. But you don't to worry about that. We're just |
|
| 41:12 | focus on this this here. So the term activated sludge basically |
|
| 41:20 | so sludge is a term for the that settles out. It was |
|
| 41:25 | sludge. I mean that means it's full of the microbes that are |
|
| 41:28 | the work of knocking down the OK? And that's what we call |
|
| 41:32 | activated. It has these microbes that doing that work. OK. So |
|
| 41:38 | the aeration tank, right, if think of it just as a mixing |
|
| 41:42 | , right? They're growing, they're metabolizing aerobic restoration, consuming the |
|
| 41:48 | Um but then what you want to in the clarification tank, this one |
|
| 41:54 | is to have them settle out, ? And so that's they become now |
|
| 42:00 | out the sludge and because they have microbes that are the activated sludge and |
|
| 42:04 | that you can keep recycling. So I see and it is why |
|
| 42:11 | see it going around and around and here. All right. So they |
|
| 42:14 | uh do their work, they settle here and then go back and do |
|
| 42:19 | more. OK. So they keep because they're getting, this is constantly |
|
| 42:23 | , right? This is a continuous , right? Stuff's continually coming |
|
| 42:27 | So they're gonna get, there's always steady supply of nutrients for them, |
|
| 42:31 | ? So they can keep growing and . OK. Um So, uh |
|
| 42:36 | then like I said, if it's drinking water, you're gonna have a |
|
| 42:40 | step here with chlorine UV light, have you maybe some other steps and |
|
| 42:45 | a little bode. So the the types that are doing this work |
|
| 42:49 | we call saprophyte, right? They that organic material. OK. Um |
|
| 42:59 | so this term here called lock, . Those are the particles that are |
|
| 43:06 | together to settle out. OK. what occurs in a clarification tank is |
|
| 43:13 | things grow and form these aggregates assemblies then settle out. OK. Uh |
|
| 43:21 | it's not just all about bacteria it's also involves proto zones. It's |
|
| 43:26 | whole ecosystem under itself, right? different types. OK? Different types |
|
| 43:31 | bacteria, different types of protozoans, working um in this process. |
|
| 43:39 | So let's look here. OK. flop formation. So what we're talking |
|
| 43:46 | is there are types uh in here are filamentous, what we see |
|
| 43:52 | OK. In this upper left So those plus these bacterial types which |
|
| 43:59 | kind of these branching almost looks like fungus form. OK. But they |
|
| 44:03 | bacteria. And so these are what of come together aggregate. So they |
|
| 44:09 | and then they form, they form compounds like sugars, uh starchy material |
|
| 44:17 | kind of helps. It's kind of the glue holding these particles together. |
|
| 44:23 | . And so uh and these are things that settle out, right? |
|
| 44:27 | flock formation is promoting the aggregation of filaments and material to settle out. |
|
| 44:35 | . And within and among this are protozoans. OK. What's a, |
|
| 44:41 | called a stocky? It basically means sits in place, it attacks and |
|
| 44:45 | kind of sits there and chews on . Protozoans can always be kind of |
|
| 44:49 | around those types as well. It be in the flock particles chewing up |
|
| 44:55 | bacteria and whatnot. OK. So so all these members in here. |
|
| 45:03 | , so a waste water treatment plant , uh, is not a smooth |
|
| 45:07 | operation. 24 7. There's different upset the process. Ok. Typically |
|
| 45:13 | it is is because you don't really what's coming in. Ok? You |
|
| 45:19 | know it's high bod stuff. But know, somebody can, somebody can |
|
| 45:23 | flushed in some kind of toxic chemicals something in there. Right. And |
|
| 45:27 | gonna affect the microbes. It and usually the first ones that are |
|
| 45:31 | are the most sensitive are your right? So you constantly take samples |
|
| 45:36 | looking at these things in the Um bod test, blah, |
|
| 45:40 | blah. And you can tell if sample of something comes up with very |
|
| 45:45 | protozoan activity that something may not be here. Something may have affected the |
|
| 45:50 | , right? So that can cause upset. Uh but you can play |
|
| 45:54 | it in different ways because there's all continuous flow. So you can mess |
|
| 45:57 | flow rates, you can um mixing amount of mixing you do, uh |
|
| 46:03 | different chemicals you can add uh sometimes flock particles get so big under certain |
|
| 46:11 | that that's actually a detriment, they settle. And so it becomes like |
|
| 46:14 | foamy, thick foamy nasty layer on and that's not good either. So |
|
| 46:18 | called they call bulking. So, , if, if you ever get |
|
| 46:23 | water treatment, that's a whole other , you have no idea. |
|
| 46:28 | Its own language, its own its own everything. And uh it's |
|
| 46:34 | it's, it, it is pretty . But um um but yeah, |
|
| 46:39 | all kinds of stuff that can go . So in any case, |
|
| 46:43 | Smooth, smooth learning operation, you lots of rock particles, you have |
|
| 46:47 | that are happy doing their thing. ? But of course, the main |
|
| 46:51 | is the settling. OK. So and so you me, you measure |
|
| 46:57 | as well and so it's pretty easy . So, and of course, |
|
| 47:02 | lot of the tests you use here geared to, to be used. |
|
| 47:08 | , that's pretty user friendly and easy do, ok? Because all you |
|
| 47:12 | all types of people that run wastewater plants, you know, and |
|
| 47:15 | you have to make them, make things uh easy for them to do |
|
| 47:19 | doing their monitoring. So all you is take a sample of water and |
|
| 47:23 | graduated cylinder and you just sit on countertop and see how long it takes |
|
| 47:26 | settle. That's it, right. you just hit your stopwatch and you |
|
| 47:30 | how long it takes. So, know, if it's not happening |
|
| 47:33 | in a relatively quick amount of time there may be some issues going |
|
| 47:37 | requiring further investigation. So, so pretty obvious to see at times zero |
|
| 47:42 | pretty cloudy there. But pretty soon , I don't know what the time |
|
| 47:45 | is here, but we've got to clear, uh excellent, you can |
|
| 47:48 | measurements here of how thick the layers , et cetera. But anyway, |
|
| 47:54 | , we have clearing going on. looks like it's better on the right |
|
| 47:58 | the left. Maybe there are two tanks or something. Anyway, so |
|
| 48:02 | the kind of things you do OK. These are some of the |
|
| 48:06 | types you see, uh protozoans, even uh micro animals. This is |
|
| 48:11 | thing called a water bear that you see these things crawling around in there |
|
| 48:15 | well. Um But that's, you , fairly healthy system when you have |
|
| 48:20 | in your pro zones are all kind , you know, relatively equal |
|
| 48:24 | Everything is good. Um And so , uh asking a question about what |
|
| 48:30 | if you lack microbial predators, that's protozoans is what those are. |
|
| 48:35 | So, and this is what a would look like. Um, something |
|
| 48:38 | this. So you have your filamentous , it your filamentous types here. |
|
| 48:45 | And this is the kind of the they produce like the starchy material and |
|
| 48:49 | to kind of hold it together. this of course, can trap other |
|
| 48:53 | bacterial types. And so you kind form these, all right. And |
|
| 48:58 | uh the protozoan. So they, they do, one of their main |
|
| 49:02 | here is not all the bacteria that in this system are in these |
|
| 49:07 | these flocks. OK? They're not part of this network here. |
|
| 49:13 | You have types that are just kind on their own swimming around. |
|
| 49:18 | So remember that uh in, in our sample here, right? |
|
| 49:25 | you want settling to occur. So have these flocks, it's called these |
|
| 49:32 | . OK? That these aggregates will out. OK. But they're free |
|
| 49:40 | types or dots here, which are guys plan planktonic? We call |
|
| 49:47 | they're still in here. They're not out, they're just swimming around doing |
|
| 49:51 | thing. OK. So you want out too, right? So that's |
|
| 49:56 | you rely on protozoans to chew them . The protozoans eat. That's what |
|
| 50:00 | eat. OK? And protozoans because their mass compared to material are |
|
| 50:05 | more easily settle out. So they're to kind of chew up those free |
|
| 50:09 | bacteria uh because they don't, typically won't settle out. So that's how |
|
| 50:14 | get rid of those guys. So, you know, it's really |
|
| 50:18 | all these working together, right? the bottom line is the ref |
|
| 50:23 | let's get everything settled out and then can complete our process. OK. |
|
| 50:31 | Many questions. Yeah. Again, just the same metabolism we've been talking |
|
| 50:36 | is aerobic respiration. OK? Is we're trying to promote here. |
|
| 50:41 | Um All right. So let's look this is an easy one, |
|
| 50:44 | Ari will break down the B for . Uh There we go. Microbial |
|
| 50:53 | of bod during wastewater treatment occurs mainly and the same answer also answers that |
|
| 51:05 | . Both both have the same Mm And so we got this question |
|
| 51:46 | two more questions that relate to the topic, which I, all |
|
| 51:53 | So let's see what we got Yeah, it's obviously secondary treatment, |
|
| 52:00 | ? So remember A and B are of, I, I look at |
|
| 52:03 | as kind of like uh more or filtration steps, then the real action |
|
| 52:08 | and CD is gonna be the chlorination , et cetera. So, uh |
|
| 52:15 | right, let's get this question So we're going to get into uh |
|
| 52:19 | nitrogen cycle. So we've seen this before. So the conversion of nitrate |
|
| 52:24 | nitrogen is called what speed that up little bit. OK. All |
|
| 52:58 | Let's get that from before. Mhm , it is. That's um DD |
|
| 53:11 | . OK. That one side of triangle, we'll cover this here in |
|
| 53:14 | second. Let's look at the next uh here. OK. This is |
|
| 53:22 | um ammonium, ammonium ion would be end products of which process or processes |
|
| 53:33 | . Which process or process? One of these should be kind of |
|
| 53:39 | . OK. All right. Let's down. So we talked about one |
|
| 53:58 | these but not the other one. right, the one we talked about |
|
| 54:03 | um uh into in nitrogen fixation. ? Generates ammonia. But so too |
|
| 54:11 | Ammon. OK. So am modification , that produces ammonia, uh eating |
|
| 54:18 | degrading proteins is particularly how you is a modification is, you break down |
|
| 54:24 | , proteins, you know, every acid has a amino group on |
|
| 54:28 | right? So you start breaking down that ammonia is released. Ok. |
|
| 54:33 | And of course not fixation is that side of the triangle that uh forms |
|
| 54:40 | ion. And when you say ammonia ammonium ion at the PH, at |
|
| 54:48 | most things are, it's ammonia gets converted to ammonium ion at physiological |
|
| 54:55 | So that's typically the form that you dealing with here. Um So we've |
|
| 55:01 | this before, right? We looked nitrogen in the context of anaerobic respiration |
|
| 55:07 | , and litho trophy, right? , and we see the con I |
|
| 55:11 | this thing back in here when we've a million times as well. This |
|
| 55:17 | just to remind you about there when we look at the table |
|
| 55:23 | there are molecules better suited to being this role, right? Uh compared |
|
| 55:32 | this rule, right? So the , it means reduction, reduced, |
|
| 55:37 | forms are more suitable as donors oxalis as acceptor. So, ammonia |
|
| 55:46 | right? Nitrate at the end. . Um or other types. So |
|
| 55:52 | litho trophy again is donors being giving up electrons. Um the notification |
|
| 56:02 | as acceptors and herb respiration. Then fixation ends the other side. |
|
| 56:09 | . Um So in terms of N , so N two is almost 80% |
|
| 56:17 | the atmosphere is nitrogen. OK. you need nitrogen for nucleic acids and |
|
| 56:25 | . OK. So, obviously, nutrients. So, um about 90% |
|
| 56:32 | the N two that comes into ecosystems the form of ammonium that's then converted |
|
| 56:38 | different other different forms. 90% comes bacterial and mostly of that bacterial associations |
|
| 56:47 | plants, right? That's the primary of how N two gets into the |
|
| 56:53 | , right? 10% is through this strictly chemical process. It's called Heber |
|
| 57:00 | Bosch process um been around for since hundreds or 18 nineties or something. |
|
| 57:07 | And still used, it's what it's companies like Monsanto used to make |
|
| 57:14 | Um But it uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen under uh extreme pressure, high |
|
| 57:24 | and using some kind of platinum catalyst something like that. So very extreme |
|
| 57:29 | uh but nature can do this at conditions of ph atmospheric pressure, et |
|
| 57:35 | . OK. So um OK. the thing here pay attention to when |
|
| 57:45 | look at this thing or the arrows pointing. OK. So fixation of |
|
| 57:54 | , is taking in two out of atmosphere and producing more reduced forms, |
|
| 58:00 | ? Ammonium nitrification is basically a litho , taking the, the ammonium to |
|
| 58:07 | to nitrate. Then the gentrification is respiration. OK. So gentrification is |
|
| 58:14 | front part, respiration, the back . OK. And uh the um |
|
| 58:22 | its fixation. Oh Modification. So is not a part of the |
|
| 58:27 | but it is a uh uh during and modification releases nitrogen from protein. |
|
| 58:36 | That's what an organic end source would . Proteins, nucleic acids or organic |
|
| 58:44 | . Um OK. Nitrogen fixation. . Any questions? No. |
|
| 58:52 | So nitrogen fixation. So we kind we talked about the other two |
|
| 58:57 | the gentrification nitrification, we mentioned this course, but not really in any |
|
| 59:02 | . I'm not and I'm not going great detail here except to say a |
|
| 59:05 | things. So again, we're focused this on this side of the triangle |
|
| 59:10 | here. And so um so things this, so nitrogen ase is the |
|
| 59:16 | , it's very oxygen sensitive. So systems that do this typically compartmentalize the |
|
| 59:26 | , they put it in a compartment keep it away from oxygen. |
|
| 59:30 | Uh Two, it's um it is anabolic process, it's a lot of |
|
| 59:37 | to make it OK. And in and two, excuse me, right |
|
| 59:43 | uh looks like this chemically, Triple bond, yeah, very |
|
| 59:51 | very stable molecule in into OK. it takes a lot of energy to |
|
| 59:59 | convert that into ammonia. OK? that reason, in fact, it's |
|
| 60:04 | stable. OK. So um kind like CO2 co2 is a very stable |
|
| 60:10 | , take a lot of energy to that to organic compounds, right? |
|
| 60:15 | um so oops wrong way. Here go. So the other thing is |
|
| 60:22 | property of of nitrogen fixation is widespread the bacterial world. Many different types |
|
| 60:29 | this right. Um, the ones have the most, that are the |
|
| 60:34 | significance are those with the plant Ok. Things like, um, |
|
| 60:40 | they call the humanness plants of soybean , peanut plants, clover, |
|
| 60:47 | these kinds. And so you often them, uh, really in nutrient |
|
| 60:54 | soils. So it's like peanuts grow and peanut plants grow in sandy soils |
|
| 60:59 | are very, not very nutritious, they can do it because they have |
|
| 61:03 | own end source, so to OK. So they, they can |
|
| 61:07 | thrive in areas where other things can't grow very well. OK. So |
|
| 61:13 | they do form. So talking about where this process occurs in nodules. |
|
| 61:21 | ? So again, the plant plant the bacteria that fix nitrogen, that |
|
| 61:25 | is the one that's the most important terms of amount of nitrogen fix. |
|
| 61:32 | and, and, and these nodules become so big that you can seem |
|
| 61:35 | on the. These are the root of the plant. OK? Um |
|
| 61:41 | Cyon bacteria, which is photosynthetic, ? Remember it's a photosynthesize it |
|
| 61:47 | can do this. And it it compartmentalizes it. So the |
|
| 61:52 | right? It's a little is a . It's basically uh these cells here |
|
| 61:57 | aren't hary are, are the photosynthetic . They're photosynthesizing, fixing CO2. |
|
| 62:02 | . Uh As this thing grows about , every, every 10th 10th cell |
|
| 62:11 | differentiates into this hetero systems and that's where the nitrogen fixation occurs. So |
|
| 62:16 | because photosynthesis generates oxygen, right? you gotta keep it away from the |
|
| 62:21 | fixation process. So it puts it a little heteros. OK. Um |
|
| 62:27 | right. So here's kind of uh a diagram showing somewhat the process |
|
| 62:34 | So, number one, this relationship bacteria and plant is very specific uh |
|
| 62:43 | , a bacterial species infects a specific species. And that relationship is |
|
| 62:51 | it's, it's intimate, it's endo . OK. But it's all mediated |
|
| 62:56 | chemicals, right from both plant and . So attracting type of chemicals, |
|
| 63:03 | it together, then you have other , what's called the nod factor. |
|
| 63:12 | . This uh it all occurs in roots. And so the roots, |
|
| 63:16 | , you can see visible roots, even the visible big roots have little |
|
| 63:20 | on them and those are called root , I think. And so I |
|
| 63:24 | of think that's where this occurs. so very important apparently is the picking |
|
| 63:29 | root hairs and making them curl up that's what you see happening here. |
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| 63:34 | . That's due to this nod So that curling apparently is really important |
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| 63:38 | starting the what they call an infection . And so that begins the |
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| 63:43 | So they then get into the plant or plant tissue and then into specific |
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| 63:51 | where this now, now it differentiates this, you know, replicating material |
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| 63:57 | into a bactero form right here. what I guess you call it a |
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| 64:03 | bactero, this can get rather that's actually can be, become big |
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| 64:06 | to be visible. That's the nodules you saw in the previous picture. |
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| 64:11 | so uh this basically becomes a nitrogen factory. OK. So it doesn't |
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| 64:19 | grow or anything. It, it the c become that and, |
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| 64:23 | and enlarges to just basically fix OK. And so uh so within |
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| 64:31 | bactero, so, Bactero is a form of the bacteria that affected |
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| 64:37 | So if we look at do it way here, see it. So |
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| 64:44 | is where the nitrogen is, is nitrogen, right? Producing ammonium. |
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| 64:54 | . So, and this, this the compartment, this is the bactero |
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| 64:58 | where that activity is occurring. So you see 02 out here. |
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| 65:03 | right. And so uh so remember plants do respire, right? They |
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| 65:10 | mitochondria and, and uh chloroplast. and the um the bacteria itself also |
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| 65:19 | 02 but the bacteroides kind of keep out, right? And so another |
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| 65:23 | that helps it um is this enzyme . So you've got hemoglobin in your |
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| 65:29 | travels around, it gets, gets capillaries in your lungs, right? |
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| 65:33 | where they exchange oxygen by the right? So this is similarly does |
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| 65:38 | same thing for the purpose of keeping away from this process. OK. |
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| 65:44 | this can keep occurring. But you that it takes a lot of energy |
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| 65:48 | , 16 A TPS uh for uh A DH. So uh typically 1680 |
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| 65:57 | , that's a lot to, to uh you know, to reduce, |
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| 66:01 | is it? Um uh one mole N 222 moles of ammonia. |
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| 66:08 | but anyway, so the, the comes out and then now the plant |
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| 66:12 | its end source. OK. And bacteria has a place to live, |
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| 66:17 | cetera. OK. Mixing in So uh so, but, but |
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| 66:24 | , very important process to bring, this material into ecosystems. Um All |
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| 66:34 | uh uh nitrification. Any questions on fixation? OK. So the takeaway |
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| 66:42 | there nitrogen carries the process out. energy consuming. Uh doesn't like |
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| 66:50 | right? The, the um the types that have symbiosis with plants |
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| 66:54 | the main ones most significant um uh bacter formation where the, where this |
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| 67:01 | . So these are kind of the , main things about that. |
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| 67:04 | Uh Nitrification. We talked about that . We didn't mention, I guess |
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| 67:09 | . Was that um it, it not uh there's two different groups that |
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| 67:15 | out a different part of the So you have one group that carries |
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| 67:19 | the ammonium to N tr another one carries out N tr N, |
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| 67:24 | In either case, it's all litho . OK. And so um you |
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| 67:31 | have there's all kinds of, of uh metabolisms associated with this. |
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| 67:39 | Uh Some are dissimulator. Um Some Asim toy, remember what that |
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| 67:44 | right? This assimilation means it hangs to it. Dissimulator means it's |
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| 67:49 | OK. Uh In being released, can be available for others. |
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| 67:55 | And so generate nitrification uh is a process. The cell doing it gets |
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| 68:02 | , of course. But then the product, the ni nitrate or the |
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| 68:06 | is let go. OK? But are types that can assimilate that |
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| 68:13 | They do it this way. So trait is uh respiring anaerobically and taking |
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| 68:21 | to ammonia basically and they use it make amino acids with, OK. |
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| 68:25 | it's an assimilation process. Um the the effect of nitrates just in |
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| 68:33 | right? Nitrite nitrates that are out the environment. So you have an |
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| 68:38 | of fertilizer, uh you have lots this activity, this nitrification and the |
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| 68:43 | of lots of nitrate nitrate, So a these are acids, |
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| 68:48 | So we these can affect soil ph but also in excess of these uh |
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| 68:54 | toxic, right? You've um may heard of uh nitrates used as preservatives |
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| 69:00 | foods, right? Typically like pro deli meat products and things that |
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| 69:05 | have been shown to be cancerous. . So, and these can form |
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| 69:10 | , they can interact with other molecules form toxic compounds. So, nitrates |
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| 69:14 | free in the water not being used also not a good thing for us |
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| 69:18 | of the toxicity of them, which de notification, we talked about this |
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| 69:25 | as well. So remember where it is a process where a donor |
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| 69:30 | being oxidized and providing electrons. This going to be on the other |
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| 69:35 | accepting them part of an anaerobic respiration . OK. So it's dissimulator because |
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| 69:43 | going to a form that just goes the atmosphere, right? Be it |
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| 69:48 | two on two. OK. Um uh identification can also be uh heavily |
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| 69:59 | increased in areas that are anaerobic. very often you'll see high levels of |
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| 70:07 | where you're seeing in the same A lot of bod has been dumped |
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| 70:14 | the water ie pollutants and whatnot. so that effect of aerobic respiration sucks |
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| 70:21 | oxygen out of the water. So becomes anaerobic and that can promote denitrification |
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| 70:27 | you've got a anaerobes and then uh you have a lot of nitrates |
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| 70:33 | which can happen if you have fertilizer and you have high bod as well |
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| 70:38 | . Now, you have anaerobic conditions and then lots of nitrate and you |
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| 70:44 | lots of deification. OK? And loss of nitrogen from the environment. |
|
| 70:50 | ? Not necessarily good. Uh But the fact that N 20, |
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| 70:56 | which we talked about, we talked the, we all know about CO2 |
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| 70:59 | a greenhouse gas, but we also earlier about another process, Methano |
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| 71:04 | So we have uh CO2 uh OK? And now N 20 are |
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| 71:14 | uh potent greenhouse gasses, right? help serve to create this blanket keeping |
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| 71:20 | uh uh affecting temperatures. And um the uh apparently has an effect |
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| 71:27 | the ozone as well. Ok. least n too low does. |
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| 71:30 | um so we can kind of see , I'll come back in a |
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| 71:35 | See here, here's an example of , real data. This is off |
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| 71:40 | coast of India, but there's a of a high bod either through a |
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| 71:47 | of agriculture and just influx of pollutants things. Um So the high bod |
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| 71:54 | the lots of cellular respiration effect, ? So water gets oxygen gets sucked |
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| 71:59 | of the water, creating the zonal . Then if the water is also |
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| 72:05 | in nitrates, right, then what see here is nitrate uh goes |
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| 72:12 | OK? As that goes down, goes up. So it's kind of |
|
| 72:16 | this pattern here, right? nitrates are used, uh nitrites are |
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| 72:22 | as a result. The nitrites are used, right? The no, |
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| 72:27 | then N 20 forms. So, of course, there's a greenhouse gas |
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| 72:32 | ozone. So it can uh increase levels of, of the uh nitrous |
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| 72:38 | . So, and you see this these areas that are uh depleted of |
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| 72:45 | due to the high bod. So um the effect of v |
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| 72:51 | So the uh uh OK. So this is one we haven't talked about |
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| 73:00 | . This is kind of, so what we saw here, this |
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| 73:09 | right? Nitrate and nitrite et cetera ammonia eventually or to into excuse |
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| 73:15 | nitrogen gas that this was supposed to was thought to be the most common |
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| 73:21 | in which denitrification occurs. The most pathways that lead to loss of N |
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| 73:27 | . Loss of nitrogen is N OK. It's since been found |
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| 73:31 | I'm gonna say the last 10 years so that, that's not the most |
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| 73:36 | uh pathway. OK? That this amox reaction is OK. So found |
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| 73:43 | be very prevalent in oceans, in environments. Um and what it does |
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| 73:50 | uses ammonia, oxidizing ammonia and respiring nitrate to form nitrogen. OK. |
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| 73:59 | , um denitrification by contrast, utilizes utilize different types of food sources |
|
| 74:06 | OK. But this one is specific using ammonia and uh it turns out |
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| 74:11 | be the one that's even more attribute more to loss of nitrous into, |
|
| 74:18 | the atmosphere. OK. And the that do this are, this is |
|
| 74:24 | of a weird group uh weird because , they don't look like your typical |
|
| 74:30 | . They're kind of a blobby amorphous cell type. Uh but apparently uh |
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| 74:38 | prevalent certainly in marine and aquatic environments uh and soil as well, they're |
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| 74:45 | out. So, um but uh that's like I said, this is |
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| 74:51 | , the one, it's not the that we saw. It's this process |
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| 74:54 | returns most of the, into the or to the atmosphere, excuse |
|
| 74:59 | Um OK. So uh the different . So we have the nitrogen |
|
| 75:06 | OK. And so knowing those right, fixation with atrophy unification, |
|
| 75:11 | we had a couple of extras added to that right, an Amox Ammon |
|
| 75:17 | . OK. But remember, you , um we didn't talk about all |
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| 75:22 | processes um and it, you focus more on the main ones in |
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| 75:27 | triangle and the modification you should be with the anim box reaction, but |
|
| 75:32 | mentioned a couple of others like, , like this one, I didn't |
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| 75:37 | mention this one right here. There's a lot of these an metabolisms. |
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| 75:41 | other ones in addition to that either asym dey. Don't worry so much |
|
| 75:46 | those like this guy um uses nitrite H two as a donor for |
|
| 75:53 | Um uh This occurs in areas rich organic carbon. So why is that |
|
| 75:58 | big deal? Well, if, you have lots of organic carbon that |
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| 76:01 | be utilized by lots of organisms uh aerobic res, spires and then fermenters |
|
| 76:08 | it as well and fermentation releases lots hydrogen gas in many cases. So |
|
| 76:14 | provides a substrate for that to But yeah, don't I just do |
|
| 76:18 | in there as kind of a, an extra pathway that occurs, but |
|
| 76:20 | worry so much about that. Uh other one I mentioned here was this |
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| 76:25 | , uh this this simulator pathway. You know it again, there's, |
|
| 76:32 | lots of these disseminator asym relating to metabolism. But if you just focus |
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| 76:37 | the big ones here that are on triangle here and then the iotation and |
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| 76:42 | amox. OK. Those, those the main, the main things. |
|
| 76:46 | . Um Are, are there any ? OK. So again, go |
|
| 76:56 | uh stick to that, like I , stick to the review sheet in |
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| 77:00 | of what's on the exam and the quiz. So I'll give you, |
|
| 77:04 | give you a taste of kind of of all this information. Ok. |
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| 77:09 | right, folks. |
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