| 00:05 | Okay, can you see my screen or not yet? I just still |
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| 00:20 | us. Okay, let me let change things a little bit here. |
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| 00:37 | this comes up on the other Can you see that at all? |
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| 00:48 | yet. Okay. Okay, now going okay now I see it. |
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| 01:07 | . Which which screen do you Did you see the split screen or |
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| 01:11 | full screen? Just the full Okay, good. That's the way |
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| 01:17 | like it. Great. Okay. , well we'll get started. You |
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| 01:21 | , you know you tie, he's I guess with you for the last |
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| 01:25 | months or so. So that's What we're gonna try to do is |
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| 01:31 | create some notes about this. I'm try to transcribe the lectures and then |
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| 01:37 | text. So all the material is on blackboard and I think you've got |
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| 01:43 | to that. Okay. And I have downloaded the slide. |
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| 01:49 | great. Um and we'll also we'll try to get some text with them |
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| 01:54 | you won't need that quite as So so here we go, just |
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| 02:00 | couple of pictures. This was a bit before your time I guess, |
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| 02:03 | this was a former grad student, Ruiz. And one of the classes |
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| 02:08 | actually logging the well at on campus of the api calibration test site. |
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| 02:16 | just below an old picture from some we were doing um up in Alberta |
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| 02:24 | then on the right, it's too we didn't get you for the in |
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| 02:28 | field camp because we were taking students the harbor and Galveston's on and this |
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| 02:32 | one of the, one of the submersibles in Galveston's. So we'll get |
|
| 02:40 | . Uh so in this and this what we're trying to do is focus |
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| 02:45 | subsurface measurements um or in situ measurements underground measurements and and with a focus |
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| 02:55 | there. But what are, what trying to do is understand the earth |
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| 02:59 | then typically to find something valuable and some money and avoid some problems. |
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| 03:08 | we'll be looking mainly at well logs VSP so that's where we're going to |
|
| 03:14 | . You did the reservoir of So there will be a bunch of |
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| 03:18 | with probably some of the stuff you've before, which is good be a |
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| 03:23 | reminder. And of course our challenges the old maximum the quotation too much |
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| 03:31 | given much is expected. So we got some surface access now we drilled |
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| 03:36 | well so we want to really get that we can out of it. |
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| 03:40 | that's the goal of this course. again, just just stop me if |
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| 03:48 | anything you want to talk about or so again, I like to put |
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| 03:54 | the big picture right at first. uh I kind of separate our our |
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| 04:02 | activities of traditional geophysics, applied geophysics the subsurface into the economic stuff which |
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| 04:09 | typically looking for energy resources and mineral and directly attached to stuff we need |
|
| 04:17 | our day to day living. But other big place of applied geophysics courses |
|
| 04:24 | hazards and infrastructure more and more and understand the hazards and then mitigate against |
|
| 04:32 | . As you can see this horrific in Eastern Turkey right now is a |
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| 04:40 | tectonic matter, with the, the micro plate being squeezed between the Eurasian |
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| 04:47 | and the Arabian plate giving rise to massive earthquakes, 7.9 earthquakes and that |
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| 04:53 | major faults and also quite near the . You've probably seen some of these |
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| 04:58 | of distorted roads and railways and just stuff. But the goal for us |
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| 05:05 | really to know where the faults are then what's their history? What's their |
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| 05:12 | in history? How do they How do they radiate what kind of |
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| 05:15 | they have? And then how do build to uh avoid everything getting |
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| 05:20 | So there's lots of lots to do our work and hazards and infrastructure. |
|
| 05:26 | of course we're on the other the straight academic or curiosity driven |
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| 05:31 | We wanna understand how everything works, the sub surface of our planet and |
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| 05:37 | the other planets, but mainly in economic world, our workaday world where |
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| 05:42 | get paid, it's mainly for energy minerals and that's expanded lately. Of |
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| 05:48 | we've still got lots of hydrocarbons. but we're looking more geothermal heat, |
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| 05:54 | a low grade resource, but something gonna log for and then more and |
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| 05:59 | , we're looking at precious metals, minerals, rare earths, all the |
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| 06:05 | stuff too for modern technologies and then don't want to leave out finding fresh |
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| 06:13 | too. So that's a that's a deal. So that's really what what's |
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| 06:22 | us what we're looking for. And course the in an applied world like |
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| 06:27 | , the economics are driving us. the price of oil is a big |
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| 06:31 | for us. Um And then of the prices of all the other resources |
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| 06:35 | important. And so we'll be learning going through a lot of the different |
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| 06:41 | of all the down hall or in well measurements that apply to this. |
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| 06:55 | once again just to put our scope place for this course and the the |
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| 07:01 | field, borehole geophysics is pretty self but that doesn't stop us from trying |
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| 07:09 | tune it up a bit. And can see a bunch of different definitions |
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| 07:15 | of the USGS has a has a um Again collecting geologic data very specifically |
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| 07:25 | having probes in a well on a that's that's probably a little bit restrictive |
|
| 07:32 | we can put it on drill there's lots of other stuff we can |
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| 07:37 | . But I think in borehole geophysics it's a it's a science and application |
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| 07:42 | then we're gonna acquire, analyze and any measurements we make with sources or |
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| 07:48 | in the well and try to get useful. So there are a few |
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| 07:55 | of what we're up to now. example, one of the company's coal |
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| 08:06 | . They um really from one of advertisements. This is all the |
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| 08:14 | These are all the tools, all toys that we use in borehole |
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| 08:18 | But it really gives a list of we're going to cover and also the |
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| 08:24 | of the measurements and one of the things about marvel geophysics is that every |
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| 08:31 | physical device we can imagine is So you can see there are the |
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| 08:38 | ones like the calipers. But we into the nuclear measurements with natural gamma |
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| 08:46 | neutron logging, mechanical measurements with sonic and formation pressure, the sonar's cross |
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| 08:56 | . And then uh of course electrical and electromagnetic logs. So everything |
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| 09:04 | every kind of measurement you can imagine we can make on rocks that is |
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| 09:11 | . And then they're imaging devices to just use just light or sound or |
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| 09:16 | et to make to make pictures of borehole wall. So that really defines |
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| 09:22 | lot of what's done in borehole So those are the instruments and |
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| 09:29 | we'll talk about most of them and just below with cold log. These |
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| 09:36 | the kind of applications that they have anything from water to various minerals, |
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| 09:42 | geotechnical near surface, environmental and and course energy. So then we can |
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| 09:53 | to think next Also in the oil , for example the petroleum world, |
|
| 10:00 | does this institute measuring? Where does field here come into play and you |
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| 10:09 | see very early on when they're assessing whole basin, there will probably be |
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| 10:16 | drilled in some real rocks known and taken and cuttings and all that |
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| 10:22 | So certainly in assessing the whole there's lots with logging that's done. |
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| 10:28 | in fact right now, if you're for a project, we just received |
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| 10:32 | whole pile of data from India and got two major, largely unexplored basins |
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| 10:40 | they want our help with. So Andaman basin and close to the crystal |
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| 10:44 | a very big, big basins. sent us a whole pile of |
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| 10:47 | We've got all kinds of data if interested? I actually am because I |
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| 10:53 | chosen a capstone project yet. Um van neuter and he's been trying to |
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| 10:59 | me like a professor because my, current job, like there's just no |
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| 11:05 | data for me. Like if I a chemist, like they'd have a |
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| 11:08 | but there's just nothing for me So yes. Okay. Well, |
|
| 11:14 | , this would be exciting and I it would be uh are you, |
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| 11:19 | you you mainly interested in sort of the resource industry, the oil industry |
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| 11:23 | what, what I should have asked this before. What what are some |
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| 11:27 | your goals? I mean, I'm trying to get in right now, |
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| 11:33 | know, that's just like the I feel like I've applied for everything |
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| 11:36 | everywhere. Um So my main goal now is just to get in somewhere |
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| 11:41 | I've learned all of this stuff, I haven't been able to apply it |
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| 11:44 | anything. So it's just like slowly me in a sense. Um So |
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| 11:50 | just trying to get in. Oh . Well let us help you with |
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| 11:54 | because periodically the recruiters were talking to all the time and um we try |
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| 12:02 | help sometimes the companies like TGS and other companies call us and say do |
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| 12:06 | know any students who would be So just to explore this a bit |
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| 12:12 | because I've got several projects that that need help. So this India |
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| 12:19 | I've got the, the drives right my desk here. They've got hundreds |
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| 12:24 | two D. Seismic lines and dozens well logs from these basins in |
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| 12:31 | And it's actually a pretty big The whole universities signed a memorandum of |
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| 12:36 | with with India to set up a office and to study these basins. |
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| 12:42 | that's not my vision. I've got data right here. Um So that's |
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| 12:47 | , the other one we're working Another student actually for her capstone, |
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| 12:55 | might know her Magna McDonough. Yeah, she's just finishing. But |
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| 13:04 | started working on helium. That's another one right now. Helium plays and |
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| 13:08 | a colleague of mine, a friend two helium plays, He's a consultant |
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| 13:13 | . So that's another one and then just got funded this week too to |
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| 13:21 | doing some work with C. Two sequestration especially with salt domes. |
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| 13:28 | I'm looking for probably someone to work VSP and other borehole stuff with respect |
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| 13:35 | salt domes and gas storage and salt . Okay so you you might now |
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| 13:44 | I know that you're you're looking I keep my eyes open to and and |
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| 13:51 | try to get something that would be your interest and kind of in your |
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| 13:55 | world. I'm a little rusty but ready and willing to you know just |
|
| 14:03 | there's a former colleague of Miami worked Chevron together many years ago but he |
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| 14:08 | his own company which was a seismic company. And It turned out he |
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| 14:14 | really design it this way but it out that most of his employees ended |
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| 14:20 | being ladies who were very strong geophysicist then took 10 or 15 or 20 |
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| 14:28 | out to have families and then came and you know we're rusty for six |
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| 14:35 | or so. But he he was invested in them and and he uh |
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| 14:42 | said obviously the best employees he's got they're mature technically strong you know and |
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| 14:50 | that kind of stuff. So anyway let's continue to see where your strengths |
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| 14:59 | and where you want to go. then I'll maybe there might be some |
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| 15:02 | here. Okay awesome. Thank Great. So regional studies and Just |
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| 15:09 | this one, we're about to start India, it's a it's a big |
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| 15:12 | . The basins are huge. They're , I don't know, two or |
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| 15:15 | miles by two or 300 miles and only a few wells drilled and some |
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| 15:19 | . So, but any of the information is good and then you can |
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| 15:24 | the next when you get down and a prospect, then we want to |
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| 15:31 | to delineate the prospect to find it . And of course all the wells |
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| 15:34 | we can have and further drilling is to be important. Um So that's |
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| 15:43 | in the exploration end. And then when there's some production then of course |
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| 15:47 | gonna want to delineate that even more complete it. And of course in |
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| 15:53 | unconventional world with horizontal wells completion or the casing and perforating and everything and |
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| 16:02 | is huge and that might be even more than the well itself to drill |
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| 16:11 | . So clearly in the development well, logs and in central stuff |
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| 16:15 | really important. And then later on and doing time lapse features and logging |
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| 16:20 | continuing to, to go on big importance of well information there. So |
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| 16:27 | where we we fit in and all levels of um of the development of |
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| 16:34 | particular prospect or plate. Then we to think a little bit more quantitatively |
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| 16:47 | about the scale of the measurement that going to talk about. So, |
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| 16:52 | know, there are cuttings that come of the well and we'll look at |
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| 16:55 | and the the geologists or the well people would typically start to characterize those |
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| 17:03 | very small pieces sort of in the of the centimeter area. And then |
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| 17:11 | the wells drilled, often there will either uh, core plugs or whole |
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| 17:18 | is taken. So when the wells , we're gonna get some actual rock |
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| 17:24 | that will be sort of on the an inch or two. If it's |
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| 17:30 | plug and if it's a full core it might be feet or meters |
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| 17:37 | tens or even hundreds of feet If recording the horror Holwell, which |
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| 17:42 | be very, very expensive. But that's kind of the, the scale |
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| 17:48 | the corner we're gonna get is something one inch to about four inches |
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| 17:53 | So when you think of the volume the earth, that's pretty small and |
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| 17:57 | is the well is really just sampling very small thin thread of material I |
|
| 18:08 | in some ways the seismic measurement is the appropriate one because the reservoir simulator |
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| 18:15 | the engineers are going to do, probably going to have units that might |
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| 18:19 | something like several meters thick by maybe of meters by tens of meters. |
|
| 18:24 | that's what a reservoir simulator is gonna , you might think, well that's |
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| 18:27 | big And it's true, but if don't have a big reservoir, we |
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| 18:32 | care about it anyway. So if only got 20 m by 20 m |
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| 18:38 | five m of pay, then I'm really that interested because it's too expensive |
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| 18:43 | get. It is not enough. the seismic measurement with VSP or something |
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| 18:50 | kind of at a good scale for reservoir simulators, which we're going to |
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| 18:56 | to evaluate the value and the productivity the residents. But then we go |
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| 19:02 | to bigger volumes and of course we something that's on the order of hundreds |
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| 19:09 | meters across so that there's enough goodies there to make it worth our time |
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| 19:14 | all the energy. So we've got these different skills and with borehole geophysics |
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| 19:20 | generally thinking sort of from a centimeter to hundreds of meters. That's that's |
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| 19:26 | scale below that. The thin section that's really important. But it's |
|
| 19:32 | it's really not standard moral deficits. , so lots of different scales. |
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| 19:42 | going to mainly focus on sort of center part of the of this set |
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| 19:47 | resolutions. So, and that's that's we're going. So we're gonna talk |
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| 19:52 | little bit about drilling and then well cross well, dSP portal seismic and |
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| 19:59 | into a little bit of fracking and seismic imaging. And then again how |
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| 20:04 | put this stuff together with surface uh, in the petro physical |
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| 20:11 | a lot of that is core and logging and uh and that's the use |
|
| 20:17 | borehole geophysics for the for the standard person borehole geophysics is really there to |
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| 20:28 | synthetic seismic grams to correlate. So you're interpreting seismic data, we have |
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| 20:36 | find a horizon and what what kind rock that is. And so we're |
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| 20:40 | going to use well logs for generating , synthetic size programs to correlate the |
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| 20:44 | seismic. And then to do a of surface seismic two to extract from |
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| 20:53 | echoes. Something about the rock never gonna calibrate all that with well |
|
| 21:01 | . So the integration of surface seismic both ways. We model to see |
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| 21:08 | seismic would look like. And we seismic and see what rock physics could |
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| 21:13 | caused that Stephanie. Which courses have had already in the, I've taken |
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| 21:25 | dr Thompson, I think it was wave theory. And then Doctors owl |
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| 21:32 | um just the seismic interpretation. Doctor the rock physics. And then I |
|
| 21:38 | finished um potential field with Dr Well, I can tell you how |
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| 21:47 | the world it is. I was done some work on the Hockley salt |
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| 21:54 | , which is another thing you might interested in. I'll just mention all |
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| 21:57 | stuff. Um and one of our Jingjing song did her masters and some |
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| 22:02 | her thesis on the salt from the salt dome, which is just northwest |
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| 22:07 | here on highway 2 90 by the outlet malls mall. And So we |
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| 22:13 | some papers and we just done some seismic and stuff around there. But |
|
| 22:16 | actually went into the mine, we down in the mine 1300 ft |
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| 22:20 | So it was very interesting. But couple of weeks ago a guy called |
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| 22:24 | and they've got the lease for the side of the hockey salt. Um |
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| 22:29 | trying to raise money and put the together and drill some wells because they |
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| 22:35 | oil production around there. So that interesting. So they sent me all |
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| 22:40 | material which I can share actually should that. Uh So they sent them |
|
| 22:47 | and I was going through it and had done a big gravity survey over |
|
| 22:53 | Hockley salt. Um Do you know Hockley is? The Yes, |
|
| 22:59 | So somebody done a big survey over and I looked at the interpretation and |
|
| 23:05 | who did it all the processing interpretation bird. So with bird geophysics or |
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| 23:14 | uh It was its bird geophysical. just know his email. Yeah, |
|
| 23:24 | you go. Well. So I it was amazing to see that he |
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| 23:29 | acquire the data, but somebody in past acquired all this gravity data all |
|
| 23:33 | the dome and then he processed interpreted gave some good results. So that |
|
| 23:37 | interesting. And then I was going and there was somebody who had done |
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| 23:41 | to lyrics there and it said as magneto tourist. I thought that's I |
|
| 23:50 | if that's as a musical. But of my former PhD students, her |
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| 23:55 | was a Z. A. Aziz. So I was talking yesterday |
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| 24:01 | the guys who who are promoting this . I said that didn't happen to |
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| 24:05 | with kurt Strack, another professor Adjunct and a student of his the |
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| 24:11 | said yeah as the disease with I thought oh my goodness. So |
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| 24:19 | a worked up all the magneto to and came out with a salt picture |
|
| 24:25 | so there you go. Small But to mention that it's also a |
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| 24:35 | interesting project they're looking for I think little bit of help interpreting it and |
|
| 24:44 | of course money. Uh but they to re enter a, well and |
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| 24:48 | looking for what they could do in of measurements. So you know what |
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| 24:53 | do I'll post that. And uh they've sent me, they said that |
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| 24:59 | could share it so I will post . Then you can have a quick |
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| 25:03 | at it. It's the logs are . In fact I'll probably show someone |
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| 25:08 | or tomorrow chris Good. So that's we're going. Um You've seen a |
|
| 25:18 | of these I think so these are of the backup materials. Uh I'd |
|
| 25:24 | you again if you're interested with this . The G. S. |
|
| 25:28 | And S. E. G. quite a bit of material as well |
|
| 25:30 | the S. P. W. . A. And you know to |
|
| 25:35 | yourself plugged back in. I would encourage as you know um joining these |
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| 25:43 | and as a student you can join of them pretty much for free and |
|
| 25:49 | uh you can go to the luncheons it really does work getting connected. |
|
| 25:57 | I'd really encourage you to uh join G. S. H. If |
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| 26:01 | not already certainly join the scG and you like the logging stuff the petro |
|
| 26:06 | joined the S. P. L. A. They have an |
|
| 26:08 | chapter in Houston to I want to I joined I'm pretty sure I'm in |
|
| 26:14 | G. S. H. And from the reservoir. I think I |
|
| 26:17 | both of those back then. Great yeah that's that's good. Um And |
|
| 26:25 | to get to if you can I you probably get your plates full but |
|
| 26:28 | you can get to some of the just take an hour or something or |
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| 26:32 | some of the events then you start get connected and meet meet people. |
|
| 26:39 | You know I can't tell you how times I've been at one of these |
|
| 26:43 | in person myself and somebody says hey don't have to happen to have a |
|
| 26:46 | who would do this to you and think yes and so that Even at |
|
| 26:54 | of the icebreakers five or six years I bumped into a guy who headed |
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| 26:57 | of the processing companies and he said don't happen to have a student who |
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| 27:02 | be interested in processing, this is of the G. S. |
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| 27:06 | Icebreakers. And I said yeah in he's just over there why don't why |
|
| 27:11 | I bring him over? You can him. So we did it right |
|
| 27:14 | that. So there's a that's really for for everybody. Oh good. |
|
| 27:21 | Just just to remember why we think still a big huge place for |
|
| 27:29 | Here's B. P. S. summary report and as you probably know |
|
| 27:34 | . P. Provides this energy release year and it's really a good place |
|
| 27:41 | look for everything to do with They make their predictions. But you |
|
| 27:47 | see just This was from 2000 to . But you can see where hydrocarbons |
|
| 27:56 | . Everything else is good too. the world still consumes 100 million barrels |
|
| 28:02 | oil. Here's the updated one that's most recent that was just put out |
|
| 28:07 | you can see that energy consumption. gray, red and green are all |
|
| 28:12 | , fossil fuels and they're just an . So right now as you probably |
|
| 28:19 | the world is consuming 100 million barrels oil a day. A super giant |
|
| 28:26 | field is 500 million barrels of And we don't find very many super |
|
| 28:31 | oil fields and the world is slurping a super giant oil field a week |
|
| 28:39 | amazing. So you know, we all kinds of other energy too, |
|
| 28:45 | hydrocarbons are huge. Now we see plots, this is the percentage of |
|
| 28:52 | the right, you can see the of each energy source. So natural |
|
| 28:58 | is still increasing. Uh, Cole probably up a little bit this |
|
| 29:02 | In 2022, Uh, oil is percentage has been decreasing, but it's |
|
| 29:09 | been staying, it's actually increasing in volumes up to 100 million barrels a |
|
| 29:14 | . But other stuff is coming which is all good. Um wind |
|
| 29:19 | solar basically here and there is a for us in both of those, |
|
| 29:26 | offshore with offshore wind. You need do all kinds of hazards surveys and |
|
| 29:31 | bottom 100 or 200 m of the floor is really key. So there's |
|
| 29:34 | place for us, even an offshore . So the learning here is that |
|
| 29:42 | is an enormous place for hydrocarbons for decades. We want to do |
|
| 29:49 | We want to sequester one, do we can, but huge place for |
|
| 29:56 | . Now, we've some of that is conventional and this gets bandied around |
|
| 30:04 | lot unconventional versus conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. this is the plot that I like |
|
| 30:11 | most that defines conventional versus unconventional and means that the reservoir rock has high |
|
| 30:22 | typically somewhere around a mill, a and greater well um at least A |
|
| 30:36 | Miller Darcy's or or darcy I should said. And then the viscosity. |
|
| 30:44 | really conventional versus unconventional is not just sticky the oil is or how impermeable |
|
| 30:50 | rock is. It's both. And we can have an extremely permeable rock |
|
| 30:57 | as the Canadian oil sands, which would think would be conventional. It's |
|
| 31:04 | beach sand. It's completely permeable. the viscosity of the oil or the |
|
| 31:10 | is so high that you can't do conventional in it. So viscosity and |
|
| 31:18 | are required for a conventional or an reservoir as a, as a |
|
| 31:26 | So once again, you can see Trinidad oil fields, for example, |
|
| 31:29 | the bottom are these guys are just , high permeability, low viscosity just |
|
| 31:43 | beat that the oil shales, on other hand, might have maybe even |
|
| 31:54 | viscosity. Oil, the oil coming of west texas is great, but |
|
| 32:00 | low permeability. So that's, That's issue. Those are two types of |
|
| 32:06 | conventional versus unconventional. That we don't to forget when we're talking to Boral |
|
| 32:15 | and we don't want to forget about the up and coming places where borehole |
|
| 32:22 | is useful. And for example, , you can see that mining |
|
| 32:31 | say in the trillion dollar world and pretty big. Oil is probably around |
|
| 32:42 | trillion dollars oil and gas in the . And mining is a good percentage |
|
| 32:48 | that. Mining might be about a as big or sixth as big as |
|
| 32:52 | . So mining and minerals are still big. So there's a lot of |
|
| 32:59 | for hard rock and these other industrial minerals, precious minerals, critical |
|
| 33:04 | , lots of stuff there. So need to log, uh Then of |
|
| 33:08 | we talked about natural disasters and ah can see the devastation that's incurred with |
|
| 33:19 | disasters, earthquakes, tsunamis, you name it. So how can |
|
| 33:24 | help there? And then of course need more and more fresh water, |
|
| 33:30 | and more people, eight billion people is just about to surpass China now |
|
| 33:35 | the most populous country in the 1.4 billion people there. So there's |
|
| 33:39 | lots of people around and we need drink a few liters of water every |
|
| 33:44 | . So we've got to find all fresh water and most of this stuff |
|
| 33:51 | increasing. So all that goes around , you can see that there's something |
|
| 34:03 | maybe 60 or 70,000 wells a year and uh every one of those wells |
|
| 34:14 | logged. So There's something like 60 70,000 sets of well logs a year |
|
| 34:23 | need to be analyzed. So there's of work there and then of course |
|
| 34:27 | , there's lots of drilling, You can see that in the us |
|
| 34:34 | , there's something like 20,000 wells a drone. So that's, and that's |
|
| 34:40 | now. So something like 20,000 sweets well, logs need to be analyzed |
|
| 34:47 | year. So lots of work to . Um Now how how in the |
|
| 34:56 | few courses, how have people been You? Stephanie? Just one final |
|
| 35:02 | or exercises or do you present at or what? Um So with dr |
|
| 35:09 | I had two exams and then he have me like bring a question every |
|
| 35:16 | , like every class, he would start classes, like a question. |
|
| 35:19 | had doctors, how he had like that I had to read and then |
|
| 35:25 | questions on. And then I had exams I think with him. Doctor |
|
| 35:30 | I just had I think I had exam with him and we did exercises |
|
| 35:36 | like itself dr bird. I just two exams. Okay. Oh |
|
| 35:44 | Well will we'll have the final example of one exam for sure. But |
|
| 35:52 | do a lot of little exercises to then just have small exercises and maybe |
|
| 35:59 | many quickie quizzes and just a few things along the way island. We |
|
| 36:08 | have you work up something too and a very short presentation so that's a |
|
| 36:12 | but but we'll we'll firm that up the next day. Great. |
|
| 36:22 | so just uh this will be your mini quiz here and you can meditate |
|
| 36:32 | this. These these are just some just over what we just went |
|
| 36:45 | I think I got pretty much all them. Like how do you find |
|
| 36:49 | geophysics? I did like the three acquiring, analyzing and applying. Um |
|
| 36:58 | the institute, this is what I really know how to answer because I |
|
| 37:01 | thinking like it was gonna be like groundwater environmental like investigations or um like |
|
| 37:07 | to like oil and gas matters um like rock mythology, fractures, permeability |
|
| 37:13 | stuff like that. Is that like of what you're looking for? Like |
|
| 37:16 | were you looking for with that Yeah. I was just, this |
|
| 37:19 | just really to say, you know you drill a well anytime you drill |
|
| 37:25 | well for any of those purposes and you're saying we have all these purposes |
|
| 37:29 | drilling wells. So all the reasons we drill well and then what do |
|
| 37:35 | want out of that? Well? you know the process of permeability, |
|
| 37:40 | rock type, the poor fluids. that's, that's pretty much that was |
|
| 37:45 | general question. Yeah. And then next one the scales was just the |
|
| 37:50 | . Opic. Magaseek, opic and and the micro Yeah. And then |
|
| 37:56 | how, how thick when we talk a micro scale, what's the |
|
| 38:01 | what's the unit on that one? just one um centimeter or no, |
|
| 38:08 | was a 1". Yeah. Any around there. But that's for our |
|
| 38:14 | . That's generally the thinnest that were were typically we're typically looking at maybe |
|
| 38:26 | . And so that's on the order a centimeter or an inch and then |
|
| 38:30 | we go up to vsp we'll be at how big the kind of scale |
|
| 38:39 | vertical seismic profile to work on. that be the biggest topic? |
|
| 38:48 | So that's a matter of meters to of meters. Great. And then |
|
| 38:54 | unconventional resource. Oh the unconventional, was the high viscosity, low |
|
| 39:04 | Oh I I skipped one. The advantages and disadvantages if I remember |
|
| 39:09 | because there wasn't really a slide on . But I remember like washouts being |
|
| 39:12 | big issue for like gravity. Um advantages were just like you're close |
|
| 39:17 | the source, like you're in Um But those are the only thing |
|
| 39:21 | can really think off the top of head. Like right now, you |
|
| 39:24 | , we'll we'll go over those the disadvantage of borehole methods as you |
|
| 39:30 | a borehole. So pretty obvious But uh that's why we're really in |
|
| 39:40 | special world. Like we're saying you've all your surface stuff, you've done |
|
| 39:44 | your aero gravity or aero Magnetics, seismic. You've done all that |
|
| 39:49 | Um Now we're getting really serious and an advantage because we've got high |
|
| 39:56 | we've got in situ properties. It's disadvantage because it's expensive. You had |
|
| 40:01 | drill well and now it's expensive. anyway. Okay good. Yeah that's |
|
| 40:06 | a quick review and then we talked some of the organizations, the |
|
| 40:13 | S. H. Scg. And the S. P. |
|
| 40:20 | L. E. Great. Okay let's take a little break, grab |
|
| 40:29 | water, grab An Advil, grab nasal decongestant. So let's let's take |
|
| 40:38 | few minutes. We'll probably go to around 4:30 or so Stephanie and around |
|
| 40:42 | total. But let's let's take a of minutes and then we'll we'll be |
|
| 40:49 | Shortly I guess. What do people take? About 10 minutes or? |
|
| 40:55 | we usually just do like a quick . Okay let's take 10 and then |
|
| 40:59 | we'll see you back here in Okay I'm just having one more |
|
| 41:08 | Those are my favorite coffee mugs. Calgary coffee bugs. Well we talked |
|
| 41:16 | little bit about this in the field and before but we'll quickly go over |
|
| 41:24 | drilling the wells. So in everything do whether it's surface seismic or |
|
| 41:33 | We've got to know where we are so we have lots of ways to |
|
| 41:36 | that. Just remember that. Typically use latitude and longitude As opposed to |
|
| 41:46 | down to Joe's grocery store. Turn and then take us walk for five |
|
| 41:51 | and go left. Um There's 3 system has been used course for |
|
| 41:58 | many, many centuries and we define basic location from the equator midway through |
|
| 42:07 | polls and then of course longitudes. we know that getting ourselves located was |
|
| 42:18 | one of the biggest mysteries. And course how it was solved was way |
|
| 42:24 | by british watchmakers and have you, you been overseas Stephanie, Have you |
|
| 42:32 | in that part of the world Well put it on the list. |
|
| 42:39 | took me a while to get there . But the british being one of |
|
| 42:46 | big naval powers at the time, trying to figure out how to how |
|
| 42:51 | not get their ships lost. And people say that the European discovery of |
|
| 42:57 | was by Pedro Cabral at 1500. 500 years ago allegedly he was really |
|
| 43:04 | to round africa and get to the Islands. But as the story |
|
| 43:09 | he turned right instead of turning left got all screwed up blue across the |
|
| 43:15 | Ocean and landed in Brazil. So the fact that he landed in Brazil |
|
| 43:20 | 1500 exactly why people didn't know how , didn't know what was east and |
|
| 43:26 | very well or how they knew east west, but they didn't know north |
|
| 43:31 | south that well. So it was very complicated. But the the idea |
|
| 43:38 | to try to determine east and west quantitatively. And that was solved by |
|
| 43:47 | a point in London harbor in the and Greenwich and saying that zero and |
|
| 43:54 | a ball that dropped and you can it in the this is the building |
|
| 44:02 | Greenwich and this ball drops just like new york at noon and then all |
|
| 44:07 | sailors, the captains in the harbor see the ball drop, they set |
|
| 44:11 | clocks on board at noon. And that was Greenwich time. And so |
|
| 44:18 | they sailed, they would be say west and of course it's getting earlier |
|
| 44:24 | earlier, but say when it's you're in the middle of the atlantic |
|
| 44:29 | it's noon, the sun is directly . So you know, it's noon |
|
| 44:33 | you are. And then you look your clock and say, what time |
|
| 44:36 | it in London? And so once , you're in the middle of the |
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| 44:44 | ocean, say, and it's noon o'clock where you are, but it's |
|
| 44:51 | to be later in London. And you look at your clock and say |
|
| 44:56 | clock says three o'clock in London, o'clock in the afternoon. How far |
|
| 45:02 | the world are you? So once , it's 12:00 where you are in |
|
| 45:18 | middle of the Atlantic Someplace and you to figure out where you are with |
|
| 45:24 | to London. Greenwich granite is a of London. Um your clock says |
|
| 45:33 | three PM three o'clock in the afternoon Greenwich and the sun is directly overhead |
|
| 45:40 | you. So, you know, noon where you are. So it's |
|
| 45:45 | hours later in London. So how east and west around the world are |
|
| 45:54 | ? I don't remember how to do three overs later, I'm not |
|
| 46:06 | So you're actually 3/24. So you're of the way around the world. |
|
| 46:16 | there's 360°. So you're 1/8 of So you're something like eight into 36 |
|
| 46:32 | uh 4.5. So you're 40 45° the world. So that that's your |
|
| 46:47 | , Your longitude is 45. And people with astro labs and other they |
|
| 46:54 | how to get latitude actually how far you were. So now knowing that |
|
| 46:58 | just that simple calculation, you were hours earlier than London. That's three |
|
| 47:07 | of the day. But we've said there are 360° on the Earth. |
|
| 47:13 | you are 3/24 Around the World Times 60. This case is 45°. So |
|
| 47:22 | at 45° West. And then from high the sun is in the |
|
| 47:28 | you can determine how far north you . And everybody knew how to do |
|
| 47:34 | . They just didn't know how to east and west. So that's how |
|
| 47:39 | did it it relies on a clock it relies on having a clock that's |
|
| 47:50 | to a certain point. So that's you have to have a coordinated |
|
| 47:57 | And that's why Greenwich got the what to be the Greenwich mean time. |
|
| 48:10 | then that became a universal coordinated time UTC or zulu. And also you |
|
| 48:15 | the time and you needed the So that's why they got the prime |
|
| 48:18 | , they said okay through our harbor zero and everything is calibrated to our |
|
| 48:23 | . So now you know everything and how it all works. So that's |
|
| 48:27 | we got a location. And then when the sun is directly overhead, |
|
| 48:35 | know they are in summer. And you can get the the equator. |
|
| 48:41 | a little place in Ecuador. We that just um To go see it |
|
| 48:46 | . It turns out the French built monument saying it was the equator. |
|
| 48:49 | turns out that they did a pretty job. I think they did this |
|
| 48:52 | the 1780s But it's two or 300 off. So it was okay for |
|
| 48:58 | but it's not quite hot and that always useful to know where we |
|
| 49:05 | Do you happen to remember where we ? The coordinates? The longitude latitude |
|
| 49:09 | Houston? I know I remember it being in the 20s um it was |
|
| 49:16 | the 20s and the 90s. So recorded the way around the world from |
|
| 49:22 | U. K. And the tropics at the Earth's tilt around 24°. We're |
|
| 49:32 | tropical here, we're just slightly north the tropics. So we're subtropical. |
|
| 49:37 | at 29°. But when we look at plays often the curse the wells that |
|
| 49:48 | annotated. That's the first thing that gonna notice. So there's two ways |
|
| 49:51 | annotate just longitude latitude decimals above and uh degrees minutes and seconds below. |
|
| 50:01 | uh then just reading maps not quite critical right now, but almost everything |
|
| 50:08 | do ultimately comes down to a we want an X. Y. |
|
| 50:11 | then we want a section. And that's uh that's it. So here's |
|
| 50:16 | , here are the map zones, just getting a little warm in |
|
| 50:21 | Ah it was chilly coming in, can tell you that, although I |
|
| 50:29 | want my my nephew lives in just Alaska and it's typically minus 30 degrees |
|
| 50:38 | in fact it's amazing. They don't the schools, kids go to school |
|
| 50:44 | it gets to be -40°. So that's when it becomes a winter day in |
|
| 50:52 | Yukon and in the Northwest Territories. now people use the U. |
|
| 50:59 | M. System for location with various and ah coordinates there. Okay, |
|
| 51:08 | GPS um now for coordinating finding exactly we are. We we typically now |
|
| 51:15 | the GPS system and that's a bunch satellites and will give us the longitude |
|
| 51:22 | latitude and how that works is we've something like 24 30 satellites that are |
|
| 51:33 | there and they are Pretty high close Geo stationary altitudes around 20,000 km |
|
| 51:45 | And they are broadcasting. So this how it works. They are broadcasting |
|
| 51:51 | chirp with time and place. So again the satellites up there and he |
|
| 52:00 | be orbiting kind of slowly, not geo stationary. So they're orbiting slowly |
|
| 52:05 | he's saying, or she's saying, at this position, X, |
|
| 52:10 | Z. And it's time t and constantly broadcasting that for every position where |
|
| 52:17 | are. So once again that's all satellite is doing. It's just saying |
|
| 52:24 | an X. Y. Z. it's this time then they're moving and |
|
| 52:30 | they go they're just rapidly broadcasting, here, I'm here, I'm |
|
| 52:34 | I'm here. It's this time this this time. So that's what they |
|
| 52:38 | now that's all calibrated and where their stations that are checking their armpits so |
|
| 52:43 | they are broadcasting the right place and time. So that's what they're doing |
|
| 52:49 | the gigahertz band. Now how do figure out what's going on? Uh |
|
| 53:02 | is schematically how it works. So satellite has said I'm at X. |
|
| 53:14 | Y one Z. One at time and broadcast that. And then we're |
|
| 53:20 | here on a boat looks like and receive it now our clock says that |
|
| 53:31 | a slightly different time. It took time to get there. So the |
|
| 53:37 | time is T. S. We it at tr so there's a slight |
|
| 53:44 | in times there and we know how light travels or radar travels. So |
|
| 53:53 | can calculate a distance to that And in fact that's a sphere so |
|
| 54:02 | at first blast. That's all we we just know that that satellite is |
|
| 54:09 | certain distance away or we are a distance away from it. But that |
|
| 54:15 | gives us from one satellite a But you can see if I have |
|
| 54:19 | satellite, it's broadcast. It says here and I said this at time |
|
| 54:26 | satellite to and I received it at receiver to that. I can calculate |
|
| 54:33 | where it is and where I am it. And then if I've got |
|
| 54:36 | third satellite, I can get the there. And the intersection of those |
|
| 54:43 | gives me the my location. So relies on timing again. But that's |
|
| 54:56 | it's working. The sidelines. Just I'm an X Y Z at this |
|
| 55:01 | broadcast we receive it. I don't where I am, but I know |
|
| 55:05 | I received your signal at tr therefore are that distance from me and therefore |
|
| 55:10 | know where you are. So I on this circle or this sphere where |
|
| 55:15 | am. So we can think about another way, suppose I'm at I've |
|
| 55:30 | an earthquake and this is why to a little bit of time in this |
|
| 55:33 | this is the micro seismic of the center earthquake problem too. It's the |
|
| 55:37 | same as the GPS location. The can broadcast at um its signal with |
|
| 55:53 | X Y Z. And time. might receive that with a little bit |
|
| 55:57 | error. And so the satellite signal somewhere there. There's another satellite over |
|
| 56:06 | . It's got the same issue there maybe we've got another satellite over |
|
| 56:14 | So in fact, uh they each errors. So in principle my location |
|
| 56:24 | in here. But all the errors that it could be anywhere in |
|
| 56:30 | So for for trilateral ation In to the problem three is the minimum, |
|
| 56:40 | usually it's not quite enough. So put this into real terms, this |
|
| 56:56 | mathematically how it works. So we've our GPS satellites and they're at a |
|
| 57:06 | and they broadcast the time, we the velocity of the atmosphere and we |
|
| 57:16 | the time of reception. So once , I know what the velocity |
|
| 57:22 | I know the time of reception and chirp little signal said gave me |
|
| 57:27 | so I know how far away that is. So here's the problem knowing |
|
| 57:34 | satellite location and the satellite time find location. So we've got this and |
|
| 57:44 | know we've measured tr that's when we it, it told us it started |
|
| 57:50 | at T. S. We know . So I've got three unknowns, |
|
| 57:54 | many equations do I need? three unknowns. You need three |
|
| 58:03 | Yeah, I've got three unknowns. location. I need three equations, |
|
| 58:09 | I need at least three satellites, My tr my reception time, I've |
|
| 58:16 | got a 50 buck handheld receiver, the clock is not good and maybe |
|
| 58:22 | changed a little bit because the atmosphere cloudy that day and there was a |
|
| 58:26 | and everything. So this is a bit wonky. So you can see |
|
| 58:30 | there's error in, see there's error my receiver time? The satellite coordinates |
|
| 58:36 | pretty good because people spend hundreds of of dollars making those really good. |
|
| 58:43 | my measurements are a little wonky. atmosphere's measurements are walkie so it's better |
|
| 58:49 | I have four or five or six these. Now I've got six equations |
|
| 58:55 | I might even update this guy. six equations and kind of four |
|
| 59:03 | And then I can just do that until I get it. And that's |
|
| 59:07 | GPS works. And what does it out? It spits out my |
|
| 59:14 | This is okay, this is by large, the hypo center earthquake problem |
|
| 59:23 | . If we're going to locate earthquake with the earthquake, how do I |
|
| 59:29 | this problem into an earthquake location problem the sense that like we would need |
|
| 59:42 | know like the epicenter. Yeah. do I how do I find the |
|
| 59:49 | which is the surface location or the center which is also includes the |
|
| 59:54 | So the hypo centers, X, . Z. Epicenter is just |
|
| 59:58 | And Y. So how do I the X. Y. Z. |
|
| 60:02 | of the earthquake? Oh man, remember doing this back when I took |
|
| 60:08 | zing it was, I don't, don't remember. Well let's let's pick |
|
| 60:24 | problem apart. Um You've got this right. Mhm. So in a |
|
| 60:32 | , what do we know now I've a bunch of earthquake stations around. |
|
| 60:42 | do I know their location? Yeah. So in fact now I |
|
| 60:51 | the location of the receiver, I know the location of the source. |
|
| 60:58 | the satellite problem, we knew the of the source. I didn't know |
|
| 61:01 | location of the receiver. Now we the location of the receiver. I |
|
| 61:05 | know the location of the source. does this equation care? No, |
|
| 61:12 | it's squared so it doesn't care. we can turn this around and say |
|
| 61:19 | know X receiver, wide receiver Z , I don't know X. |
|
| 61:26 | Z. Source. And in fact don't really know the source time exactly |
|
| 61:41 | . But I knew no. When received the earthquake and I've done a |
|
| 61:45 | of other tests and I know the of the earth more or less. |
|
| 61:51 | two degree. How many unknowns do have right now for the earthquake problem |
|
| 61:58 | a sense? three Got three. sort of four could that could we |
|
| 62:09 | that using the difference between the Wave and the S. Wave arrival |
|
| 62:13 | ? No. Yes. And and think we did this in my |
|
| 62:19 | that's the reservoir class. That's another to get rid of one of the |
|
| 62:27 | . So you're right. If I the P wave and I picked the |
|
| 62:31 | weight and I've got both those then can subtract the P from the sheer |
|
| 62:37 | the P. And I get rid the T. Not term. So |
|
| 62:41 | exactly right. So I can get of one of the variables the source |
|
| 62:48 | . If I can pick the two . But if we say we don't |
|
| 62:58 | I'm in the ocean or something and don't have a shear wave then I've |
|
| 63:04 | really four unknowns. So I'm gonna at least four stations. Okay. |
|
| 63:11 | you're right. I can write this also for the P. Time in |
|
| 63:17 | year time. And then I've got bunch more equations and it's got the |
|
| 63:22 | source location. One more term for velocity. But I can write all |
|
| 63:28 | equations for P waves. Orange tier . And so I can I can |
|
| 63:32 | if I want to get rid of of the terms and when we're really |
|
| 63:36 | to nail the source location we would all of that. So same |
|
| 63:43 | That's part of why I'm dwelling on a little bit. Same equation. |
|
| 63:49 | But making the terms different. Okay that's how it works. And then |
|
| 63:57 | can just see when we use different . Um You know I tried I |
|
| 64:03 | different instruments and you know the the was somewhere around 10 to even 40 |
|
| 64:14 | m difference. And that is because the you know less accurate clocks in |
|
| 64:24 | iphone as well as the the velocity the air was probably changing a little |
|
| 64:32 | but probably mostly the clock in the or the phone or the hand |
|
| 64:41 | Okay, so here's a question for . This wine is a nice wine |
|
| 64:56 | it's called 6 42. And if look at the coordinates on the |
|
| 65:05 | you'll see 42 47 52. And 1058 22 East. So here is |
|
| 65:16 | question for you. Here's this bottle wine that is defined by beautiful coordinates |
|
| 65:22 | the vineyard. Where is that? looking at the numbers? Yes. |
|
| 65:32 | mean, I'm assuming with the numbers it being a very nice bottle of |
|
| 65:35 | , Probably italy. Are you willing bet the bottle of wine? |
|
| 65:49 | good one. Yeah. So in it was 10 degrees east. So |
|
| 65:58 | east of London and then it's uh degrees north. So it's not |
|
| 66:05 | It's farther north in Houston and it out that's Tuscany. And so I |
|
| 66:17 | been there either. You may have there. No, me neither. |
|
| 66:24 | because of this bottle of wine, want to go there. So that's |
|
| 66:29 | a little, a little exercise. , all the, all the metric |
|
| 66:34 | units who were familiar familiar with And once again, for example, |
|
| 66:42 | emphasize this, the project, the project. They've sent lots of |
|
| 66:50 | Some of these logs are in imperial . Us units. A lot of |
|
| 66:55 | lot of the measurements are in depth feet. Some of the, some |
|
| 66:58 | the units are metric units. So kind of a mess. We want |
|
| 67:04 | remember all that, the logs from , sometimes they're an imperial, sometimes |
|
| 67:09 | in metric, We've screwed that up number of times. So you really |
|
| 67:12 | to be careful and be able to bilingual in in all these measurements. |
|
| 67:25 | , wells themselves are typically um and are all given a a certain coordinate |
|
| 67:33 | and you can see here's the system used in the U. S. |
|
| 67:38 | Canada. It was based on the system originally and so its its imperial |
|
| 67:45 | as you would know, uh it's and miles and and townships and |
|
| 67:57 | So you're familiar that one square mile called a section and then farming families |
|
| 68:05 | others talk about a quarter section, a quarter of the area of the |
|
| 68:11 | mile. And then the The what's called? The township is six |
|
| 68:20 | by six miles and it's numbered. you can see in this funny numbering |
|
| 68:25 | . So if you're in real estate you're in farming or anything like |
|
| 68:29 | this is the, these are the , you use a section and then |
|
| 68:34 | township is bigger six miles by six . And then each section is broken |
|
| 68:40 | into quarter sections. But for this play in in Hockley, they |
|
| 69:03 | a base map and they bought the that kind of thing. They give |
|
| 69:12 | a map here, we've got the and when you compute the the fluids |
|
| 69:18 | place, people are going to talk acre feet of fluids that's a |
|
| 69:24 | So we want to know these units in all the in all the exploration |
|
| 69:30 | everything we do, people are gonna and in uh the lease holds or |
|
| 69:36 | much land they've got or how thick play is or what depth they have |
|
| 69:40 | rights to. So that's all Um Decker was originally a funny |
|
| 69:47 | Just how far you could plow in day, more or less or a |
|
| 69:53 | . So eat history. But then get down to again defining areas of |
|
| 69:58 | interest. And you can see that a township six x six section in |
|
| 70:03 | and a quarter section. And the are also numbered in this funny |
|
| 70:10 | So people talk about legal subdivisions, . S. D. S. |
|
| 70:15 | then they quote a well location for the section, the township, the |
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| 70:22 | , and then west of the The point here is not to memorize |
|
| 70:27 | , it's just that we have to a certain location to all of our |
|
| 70:31 | . And basically there are different ways do that. So we get over |
|
| 70:37 | the A. P. I. to home here, the A. |
|
| 70:40 | . I. Has their numbering system wells and you can see that it's |
|
| 70:46 | number and A P. I. named is gonna be the state in |
|
| 70:48 | case 37 uh the county, the the events. So if we're going |
|
| 70:56 | look up wells then this is how would do it. And then the |
|
| 71:01 | it was drilled it was fracked, was completed that that can all be |
|
| 71:06 | . And so we've got this file well naming now suppose you were wanting |
|
| 71:15 | search out an area such as I right here there's the, I would |
|
| 71:22 | this marquez but uh it turns out there there's a new grad student just |
|
| 71:28 | the office beside me and she's actually Marquet and they pronounce it market, |
|
| 71:34 | you heard it pronounced that way I would assume it was like marquees |
|
| 71:40 | something. But yeah so it's uh pronounce it Marquet which incidentally is maybe |
|
| 71:51 | little bit right because in french this be pronounced Marquet in spanish, it |
|
| 71:59 | be marquez but it actually probably was original. So anyway uh it's a |
|
| 72:09 | impact crater which is cool, it's a big production area and I was |
|
| 72:16 | back and looking at this and there's one paper that's really big one that's |
|
| 72:20 | published and it turns out it was Stuart hall and one of his grad |
|
| 72:26 | probably 40 years ago. So it out that this work was done by |
|
| 72:31 | U. Of H. Master student they got some old seismic and they |
|
| 72:38 | uh um gravity and Magnetics and you basically see it and then we can |
|
| 72:48 | into the databases the texas, railway G. I. S. |
|
| 72:53 | Which I did just to try to what wells are in the area and |
|
| 72:56 | can capture all those wells. So there are all these databases that are |
|
| 73:03 | states have them. There's a lot public information available for many of these |
|
| 73:08 | of these sites in some jurisdictions most the well logs are public. So |
|
| 73:16 | you drill a well by law you to log the well to a certain |
|
| 73:21 | and then you have to post all well logs. So why would the |
|
| 73:30 | make you do that to keep Excuse me. Number one is they |
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| 73:44 | to know what's there. They want record of what you found. They |
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| 73:52 | want to make that data available to public. So somebody else can get |
|
| 73:57 | idea and maybe bid on the round next time. So most governments are |
|
| 74:04 | favor of resource development uh because it's . But why else are most governments |
|
| 74:13 | favor of resource development money. Yeah . In what form? Oh I |
|
| 74:24 | well but what specifically do they do oil? How did they get? |
|
| 74:36 | . Yeah but governments don't drill usually else does. But how did the |
|
| 74:44 | get their money? I'm not sure you're the specific answer you want. |
|
| 74:53 | I know what you're asking about like specific where did where did government revenues |
|
| 74:59 | from? Oh taxes yeah and So why do governments want wells |
|
| 75:14 | So they get taxes off of Yeah, yeah, they get taxes |
|
| 75:20 | royalties. So it's sort of why typically municipalities and everything do generally like |
|
| 75:28 | subdivision coming. Are they like an building because it stimulates activity, there's |
|
| 75:37 | that comes in and then the governments tax, they've got property taxes, |
|
| 75:41 | else. So they want the economy really have, they want people to |
|
| 75:45 | jobs, they want activity and they money and so they're in favor in |
|
| 75:55 | of development because they can tax If there's no development, there's no |
|
| 76:00 | and they can't do anything. So governments are in favor of development to |
|
| 76:07 | economies and have people get stuff But also they get money. So |
|
| 76:13 | , that's why the many governments want make these wells public so that we |
|
| 76:19 | view them and say, you know , I have another play concept. |
|
| 76:24 | have another idea where oil and gas be here. Big company acts was |
|
| 76:29 | for big stuff. They missed. had, they had hired somebody |
|
| 76:33 | they had a bad boss, but they missed. And then your |
|
| 76:39 | little guy out there who has looked all these logs that are publicly available |
|
| 76:43 | says, you know what, I these guys missed a big play. |
|
| 76:49 | I'm gonna go in and post the and build on when a land sale |
|
| 76:53 | up and try to get it and go in and try to re drill |
|
| 76:58 | and find some fluids and produce make some money retire in Hawaii and |
|
| 77:05 | the government take a bit of royalty great. So it's good. And |
|
| 77:11 | as Geo people were interested in having data anyway, like us, we're |
|
| 77:17 | , we want to be trained. need I need some real data. |
|
| 77:21 | that that's all why a lot of well logs become public. It's in |
|
| 77:28 | public interest. It's in the government's . It's really in the economy's |
|
| 77:33 | So we look just at where there been oil barrels of oil found and |
|
| 77:40 | know these places, the big Canada has huge reserves. Unfortunately in |
|
| 77:46 | heavy oil that requires steaming to get to be low enough as costly to |
|
| 77:52 | or Mine Venezuela has huge reserves. Arabia has enormous reserves And this number |
|
| 78:05 | 260 billion barrels is sort of the number that Saudi uses. They haven't |
|
| 78:13 | very forthcoming. But when they went a few years ago, partially they |
|
| 78:20 | of had to tell people what they their resources are. So that's kind |
|
| 78:26 | the number, it's maybe a lot than that. They haven't looked everywhere |
|
| 78:32 | there's a lot of gas, they even looking for gas before. |
|
| 78:36 | but as you can see the Middle is very, very well endowed with |
|
| 78:41 | hydrocarbons incidentally working in Saudi a few myself, They're lifting costs are probably |
|
| 78:51 | around $4 a barrel, extremely They can produce oil for just a |
|
| 78:56 | dollars a barrel. You know, of the class in texas, You |
|
| 79:03 | , really, really good producers. might be $25 a barrel. That's |
|
| 79:07 | , really good. Somewhere around Most producers at somewhere around $40 a |
|
| 79:11 | , they have to get $40 a or they're not making any money. |
|
| 79:16 | uh Saudi can produce well for about a barrel. However, The whole |
|
| 79:24 | of Saudi Arabia runs on oil. the government takes about 100% tax. |
|
| 79:30 | going to take another $5 or something . That's for Aramco, sorry, |
|
| 79:37 | Aramco's take and then the government is going to take the next $30 a |
|
| 79:42 | or $40 a barrel. So in , what the government's take in in |
|
| 79:49 | , It turns out that they want $40 or $50 a barrel to make |
|
| 79:55 | country work. Aramco can work on a barrel. Saudi needs about 40 |
|
| 80:01 | 50 bucks a barrel. His oil for roads, education, health, |
|
| 80:08 | pays for almost everything. It's something 50 or 60% of the whole |
|
| 80:12 | So they have huge taxes basically to the whole country, but Aramco per |
|
| 80:20 | needs much less not to be Okay, so where else would we |
|
| 80:28 | ? Look well in basis other basins the world now, the place that |
|
| 80:37 | was just talking about in India are in here, they're offshore and then |
|
| 80:44 | end of an islands are just over so that these big basins in the |
|
| 80:52 | basins here that aren't too explored So that's the, uh, that's |
|
| 80:58 | they're very excited about and their the country is making all of the |
|
| 81:03 | basically offshore available. So it's pretty . Huh? Instantly, I would |
|
| 81:13 | the first time I've been teaching there government didn't allow foreign participation in the |
|
| 81:20 | industry. It was a socialist It had close ties to Russia and |
|
| 81:25 | places. Um, and of course was evaluated as being largely bereft of |
|
| 81:34 | . Well, in 1999, they the constitution to allow foreign participation in |
|
| 81:39 | exploration of oil and gas. And what? They found the biggest discovery |
|
| 81:46 | the world, the Christian Godavari basin year. Guess what? Don't close |
|
| 81:53 | country Then when we look at just is producing fluids from all these |
|
| 82:03 | you know, we hear about Exxon and everything, but here's the reserves |
|
| 82:11 | the various major companies around the And you can see that the biggest |
|
| 82:19 | by far is I'm cool by reserves valuation. Some of the other big |
|
| 82:33 | , we don't hear about as much say sinopac or CNPc or the players |
|
| 82:43 | hear about are all through here, there's some other ones, the state |
|
| 82:45 | companies that are pretty big now just think you probably know most of the |
|
| 82:52 | Stephanie but just remember that upstream is exploring and producing and then midstream is |
|
| 82:59 | segment of the industry that's with pipelines, gathering networks and then downstream |
|
| 83:09 | the whole refining and selling in the operations. So when you talk about |
|
| 83:15 | oil companies, they're strictly upstream. as probably somebody like Apache then the |
|
| 83:27 | of course they are integrated or put because they have all of the above |
|
| 83:34 | explore, they produce, they transport they refine and they sell so those |
|
| 83:40 | your Exxon's shells bp Chevron and then on top of that people talk about |
|
| 83:47 | N. O. C. The national oil companies that's a RAM |
|
| 83:51 | . Um the Iranian national oil company kuwait national oil company Petronas, these |
|
| 83:59 | national oil companies and then IOC the companies are again just the Exxons that |
|
| 84:05 | in multiple countries. So just out curiosity, part of where we're going |
|
| 84:13 | all of the well logs is log . And when we're valuing companies say |
|
| 84:24 | wanted on a very good happy you wanted to go out and buy |
|
| 84:32 | or you want to just buy a of shares an excellent what's it |
|
| 84:42 | So those are the evaluations, this sort of where the rubber hits the |
|
| 84:47 | , we do all our log analysis what's it for? Ultimately it's to |
|
| 84:50 | a reserve of some kind and then cares about that? Well somebody's gonna |
|
| 84:56 | trying to make money and produce Well, how much do I pay |
|
| 84:59 | it? And that's what these numbers sort of calibrated to do. So |
|
| 85:04 | we've got reserves Right now with oil 80 bucks a barrel, if I |
|
| 85:10 | to buy a company, I would pay something like $10 a barrel for |
|
| 85:15 | reserves and reserves means that its produce and has been produced and I know |
|
| 85:22 | can be produced. So you might , Why is that 80 bucks a |
|
| 85:29 | ? If I'm buying reserves, why it 80 bucks a barrel? Um |
|
| 85:44 | mean I would assume because it's in reserve, so it's not like an |
|
| 85:52 | source yet. I'm not sure. , it's still on the ground and |
|
| 85:58 | know, I got to get it of the ground. I gotta separate |
|
| 86:00 | . I got to do basic I got to transport it. I've |
|
| 86:04 | to get it to a place where could sell it and people are going |
|
| 86:07 | be making profit along the way. there's still a risk and there's still |
|
| 86:12 | cost that 80 bucks a barrel is at a terminal in the U. |
|
| 86:20 | . Or in Oklahoma someplace. So uh it's not right to the market |
|
| 86:32 | . So I'm gonna pay something around a barrel now, if I'm also |
|
| 86:37 | the company, the companies are producing and I want to buy This |
|
| 86:44 | but it's producing then their numbers $50-$100,000 I have to pay per barrel of |
|
| 86:52 | per day. That it's got flowing barrels. Why do I, |
|
| 87:00 | this craziness? Why do I have pay $100,000 per flowing barrel per |
|
| 87:09 | So if I wanted to buy an company and these guys have been producing |
|
| 87:13 | barrel of oil a day, I'm have to pay summer on $100,000 to |
|
| 87:19 | that company. I mean, would be because like there's no longer the |
|
| 87:24 | factor and stuff like that. Like , it's just, it's ready to |
|
| 87:30 | . Yeah, right. Am I buying, if I buy the |
|
| 87:36 | am I buying just one barrel of ? No, I'm buying this company |
|
| 87:42 | it's producing a barrel of oil every . So If I want my money |
|
| 87:51 | and say three years how many days that? More or less? Like |
|
| 88:02 | ? It's about 1000 days. So I buy this company, I |
|
| 88:06 | you know what I'm willing to invest the company, but I want my |
|
| 88:09 | back in three years and then I to start making money. So I'm |
|
| 88:13 | angel investor, I'm willing to kind tolerate this for several years. But |
|
| 88:20 | want my money back and then I to start making good money. So |
|
| 88:26 | was 100 bucks a barrel And I'm produce this company's going to produce for |
|
| 88:31 | days. Then that's $100,000 in very terms. In three years. There's |
|
| 88:41 | Company has produced $100,000. So right say I'm an aggressive investor and oil |
|
| 88:48 | at $78 a barrel. They say want $100,000 in the company. I |
|
| 88:53 | how about 70? They say I say, well, you know |
|
| 88:58 | , 1000 days, that's $75 a . That's $75,000. That's what I'm |
|
| 89:03 | to pay. And they're gonna Okay, great, you got a |
|
| 89:06 | or take a hike. We think is going to 110. But somewhere |
|
| 89:13 | there and that's where the negotiation come . But that's why for a flowing |
|
| 89:17 | , we expect to produce it for foreseeable future. That's it. So |
|
| 89:23 | just do a quick little exercise. you are going to value Aramco say |
|
| 89:34 | were gonna buy Aramco. They have that they have 260 times 10 to |
|
| 89:41 | 9th, 260 billion barrels of oil . They've also, we know that |
|
| 89:46 | produced something like 10 million barrels of per day. What do you think |
|
| 89:52 | worth a lot. Um mm So, So that right there is |
|
| 90:25 | 10. Mhm. I mean just the production alone, 10 to the |
|
| 90:48 | Adding in the reserve at Lake 10 that. Let's see. So once |
|
| 91:17 | you're getting paid big bucks to do valuation. Mm hmm. Mhm. |
|
| 91:37 | mean that's a lot. That's a of zeros. So yeah, but |
|
| 91:41 | , that's why we're paying you the bucks, you gotta get it. |
|
| 91:58 | 2.6 12. So like 3.6 times to the 12. I don't know |
|
| 92:09 | , 10 times as well. What that money? It's trillion, |
|
| 92:13 | Okay, so like four trillion. . So these are kind of independent |
|
| 92:19 | . So you're, the production number 100112. So that's, That's a |
|
| 92:31 | . So I'm going to look at number and say you're producing 10 million |
|
| 92:34 | a day. How long can you that? And they say, |
|
| 92:40 | 10 million a day. 365 days week. That's say Three billion barrels |
|
| 92:51 | year. Three billion barrels a What's my reserve lifetime? I'm producing |
|
| 92:58 | three billion a year. How long I do that? What's my |
|
| 93:13 | The numbers up there to 60 and producing three billion a year. So |
|
| 93:19 | long can I produce like 87 87 . So, and when did I |
|
| 93:30 | my money back? More or What we say like within a |
|
| 93:35 | three years, three years. So gonna start getting my money back And |
|
| 93:43 | I pay $100,000 a barrel I'm gonna my money back in three years and |
|
| 93:49 | I've got 80 years of profit to . So the bottom line was the |
|
| 93:57 | was something like valuing at a trillion , the reserve value to that more |
|
| 94:07 | $2 trillion trillion. So I'm pretty that this asset, this whole thing |
|
| 94:16 | worth more than a trillion dollars. so for I can tell you Analysts |
|
| 94:24 | over the world were paid huge dollars try to value Aramco. And so |
|
| 94:31 | just had our evaluation in two minutes I'm going to pay $2 trillion dollars |
|
| 94:36 | it. So all the smart guys new york and divide everything evaluated. |
|
| 94:46 | see what they came up for Saudi . Yeah that's more or less how |
|
| 94:54 | works. Hm. So and then do we, how do we get |
|
| 95:04 | reserves where we come into it with and everything? Is that we're going |
|
| 95:09 | help evaluate these reserves. So that's our our contribution here comes in is |
|
| 95:16 | as log analysts and borehole people were to help with these reserves. |
|
| 95:28 | So uh but we did just right we looked at a bit about longitude |
|
| 95:37 | latitude uh we're bashing again how important is to exercise our units to get |
|
| 95:48 | through what the units were working with that we are careful with them and |
|
| 95:51 | we can do some of this mental just so that we can kind of |
|
| 95:57 | general ideas. Then we talked about and how that's done. And then |
|
| 96:09 | in the hydrocarbon world, who's who where is where Great. Any questions |
|
| 96:19 | ? Stephanie or no, I think good so far. Okay, |
|
| 96:25 | Well let's take another Kleenex break, and take 10 and we'll come back |
|
| 96:31 | . Okay, Alright. See you a bit late. Beautiful. Uh |
|
| 96:46 | back all black. Yes. Okay. We've been talking about just |
|
| 96:58 | general principles of what we're trying to and where we're trying to do it |
|
| 97:03 | where people have found resources and now gonna start into the just how we |
|
| 97:09 | at those resources and how we make , how we are going to drill |
|
| 97:15 | well. And here's some pictures, of these areas you might be a |
|
| 97:21 | bit familiar with. Uh huh. most recent down in Galveston's about a |
|
| 97:31 | or so ago. And you can in the, the central picture |
|
| 97:42 | one of that semi Submersible drilling which is great. Right beside the |
|
| 97:48 | . You may have seen the that beautiful tall ship, the historic |
|
| 97:53 | , one of the oldest surviving I vessels around um sailing vessels. And |
|
| 98:01 | some of the very major offshore drilling , such as the mask here. |
|
| 98:09 | and these are actually service rigs that drilling, but there they're doing work |
|
| 98:19 | or servicing the wells in some way then here's another drilling rig. This |
|
| 98:24 | actually happens to be in brazil. guy is offshore Guyana. So we're |
|
| 98:34 | going to make some hole drill some and once again in the in the |
|
| 98:39 | , this can go in a lot different ways. But typically we imagine |
|
| 98:45 | we have explored an area, maybe previous wells, maybe it's more virgin |
|
| 98:54 | or whatever it is, but we explored it, we're interested in |
|
| 98:59 | We have bought the rights to the , the leases. And this is |
|
| 99:07 | , a specific play that I was with a few years ago, |
|
| 99:11 | in California near Sacramento. A friend mine had, how to play, |
|
| 99:17 | assembled the land and uh had a D. Seismic. So we had |
|
| 99:22 | D. Seismic over the area. thought we had bright spots, You |
|
| 99:26 | see high amplitude areas which were interpreted gas saturated levels. So we proposed |
|
| 99:38 | , and then he took this out he sought investors and the investors would |
|
| 99:44 | buy a percentage of the uh Possible . But you paid your money to |
|
| 99:53 | the well drilled. So you you to say 1% of the of the |
|
| 99:57 | for $20,000 or something and then he sell the rest of it. And |
|
| 100:02 | how you work into being part of play and hopefully the payoff findings |
|
| 100:08 | So I got involved and I looked the seismic. So there's a bright |
|
| 100:14 | , which is cool. There's another spot, another bright spot, another |
|
| 100:17 | spot. So it really looked like was there was gas here. And |
|
| 100:24 | we actually drill the well, it brilliant that we deviated the well to |
|
| 100:30 | every one of those bright spots. it was a brilliant technical success. |
|
| 100:38 | are geniuses except it was all nitrogen not methane, nitrogen has a value |
|
| 100:46 | pretty much zero because the atmosphere is nitrogen already. So, so we |
|
| 100:52 | really need any more nitrogen. So were very sad that Brilliant technical |
|
| 101:00 | zero financial success. But we'll maybe a chance to look at the logs |
|
| 101:08 | the logs are pretty nice too. So I did get all the logs |
|
| 101:13 | the well, so that was that partially useful. The problem at this |
|
| 101:17 | was there was methane CH four co with the nitrogen. So actually the |
|
| 101:22 | was was successful. But you have separate the methane from the nitrogen. |
|
| 101:29 | there was a pipeline nearby. That's it looks so good. And you |
|
| 101:32 | directly producing these wells and put them a PG and e California gas pipeline |
|
| 101:37 | they'll pay you for it. But methane has to be pretty pure. |
|
| 101:44 | methane that we could produce was something I don't know, 60% nitrogen. |
|
| 101:49 | you can't put that in their pipeline nitrogen doesn't burn. So what we |
|
| 101:56 | to do and we looked at we'd have to put a refrigeration unit |
|
| 101:58 | the top and if you cool the coming out the nitrogen and the methane |
|
| 102:06 | and basically put it through a big and you can separate and then the |
|
| 102:12 | . So the wellhead unit, the was a million bucks and so With |
|
| 102:19 | reserves and at the time gas was something like $3 an m. |
|
| 102:23 | f. So it didn't make economic . And virtually If gas had been |
|
| 102:33 | an m. c. F., be all living in Bermuda. But |
|
| 102:39 | , we're not. So that's where goes, that's what we're trying to |
|
| 102:46 | . So when we look at how we make wells, how we |
|
| 102:49 | simplest thing and it's done here. even on Cullen avenue beside me, |
|
| 102:55 | are using cable tool, cable tools to lift up a big cylinder and |
|
| 103:00 | it down and you whack your way the earth. And so that's still |
|
| 103:06 | . And a lot of wells have drilled that way. Uh Spindletop, |
|
| 103:12 | was the big transformative event in texas was drilled that way. So there's |
|
| 103:19 | historic figures. Uh I was doing work a long time ago in India |
|
| 103:26 | you can see some pictures here. was one of my hosts showing them |
|
| 103:35 | here was their first big, this the discovery well of the dig boy |
|
| 103:40 | field and you can see it was one of the world's oldest oil |
|
| 103:49 | And here's a photograph of that original . And this guy, this is |
|
| 103:55 | his hair instantly. He never cut hair in his whole life. And |
|
| 104:02 | was kind of a monk guy and was his offering to the great petroleum |
|
| 104:09 | . So I thought, well, for you. So this was all |
|
| 104:14 | piece of hair. Amazing. So some ponytail. Anyway, that was |
|
| 104:21 | . And then the transformative event in history was spindletop near Beaumont. And |
|
| 104:32 | the early all wells in the 1880s 1890s in Pennsylvania, the Great |
|
| 104:38 | Um people were looking and they found little bit of a hill here and |
|
| 104:46 | rule was drill on a hill and really was because hills are an declined |
|
| 104:55 | an declines are often good traps. so incidentally, that's also how Saudi |
|
| 105:01 | was made. Uh stay. Nikki an american geologist a couple of decades |
|
| 105:08 | spindletop looking all over the Middle East structural traps. And he was in |
|
| 105:15 | . And he was looking from bahrain Saudi Arabia and he thought he could |
|
| 105:20 | a bit of a hill, a of a bulge across the bay from |
|
| 105:25 | to Saudi Arabia. This is signing . The american geologist. So he |
|
| 105:30 | over there and he drilled a couple wells and guess what he found gore |
|
| 105:41 | biggest oil field in the world drilled of hill. That was it. |
|
| 105:48 | has that insight and discovery. It's one of the most transformative events in |
|
| 105:55 | Eastern history. Certainly it's the event Saudi Arabia and all of its |
|
| 106:01 | So something simple anyway. The spindletop drilling the hill. They drilled a |
|
| 106:08 | holes and drill on the top of , but it was really drilling on |
|
| 106:14 | side that eventually hit the gusher and can see here it uh, it |
|
| 106:19 | spewing out 100,000 barrels of oil per . So in today's dollars, that's |
|
| 106:25 | million bucks a day was blowing which it's not good, but they |
|
| 106:33 | it under control. And so that the start. Now, the thing |
|
| 106:39 | this is that it wasn't just an . Well, everybody in the world |
|
| 106:44 | we saw this and all of a there was infinite, unlimited energy. |
|
| 106:50 | just liberated the whole world's imagination as what they could do. So, |
|
| 106:57 | of all, there was no real and you can see in the corner |
|
| 107:01 | , people were drilling everywhere with cable . So, uh, it's no |
|
| 107:10 | that shortly after that the automobile, combustion engine, Henry ford and others |
|
| 107:18 | this newfound oil. The whole automobile started big time. And then what |
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| 107:27 | form of transportation started around that do happen to know? Stephanie 1900, |
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| 107:36 | Airplane? There was no way you fly an airplane on coal. You |
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| 107:45 | , you can't have a steam engine an airplane. It's too, it's |
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| 107:48 | heavy. So what really stimulated the was all of a sudden you had |
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| 107:53 | internal combustion engine that was small and and you had this hugely enormous source |
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| 107:58 | hydrocarbon. And so all of a you could put an engine in a |
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| 108:04 | than air craft. And so really could argue that it was spindletop that |
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| 108:11 | to the whole automotive and the aircraft , they weren't gonna go anywhere until |
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| 108:17 | had a light enough powerful enough energy . And now we had one. |
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| 108:22 | so it's fair to say that spindle was a huge part of that |
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| 108:27 | Now, once again, we are at the drilling rig, we call |
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| 108:31 | upper part the Derek. And that again named after the most famous successful |
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| 108:42 | in history. When you hang most laws say that if you hang |
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| 108:48 | person and they don't uh go away , if they don't die immediately, |
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| 108:56 | they're cut down and they're liberated. can't be effectively tried twice for the |
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| 109:03 | crime. So if the execution was successful, then the person was declared |
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| 109:10 | , let go usually. So you to have somebody that could really do |
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| 109:14 | job well. And it turned out thomas there was a criminal himself, |
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| 109:19 | he was pardoned because he was a craftsman. He built all these hangman's |
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| 109:26 | and he uh successfully conducted 3000 hangings , which is really bad. But |
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| 109:35 | everybody started calling a very secure structure hangs things a derek after him. |
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| 109:42 | to this day we call drilling structures . So that's what it is. |
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| 109:48 | we've got the derrick and then now use don't use cable tools as |
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| 109:53 | we use rotary turntables and rotary drill with a bit on the end of |
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| 110:00 | . This was Howard Hughes grandfather or , one of them uh great invention |
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| 110:09 | allegedly stole from a guy in a . But however it happened, the |
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| 110:17 | drillbit company became enormous Tricon bits that the best way to offer the best |
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| 110:22 | to drill. We can use So in the very near surface we're |
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| 110:26 | to use an auger that have been for a long time. But once |
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| 110:29 | made a whole certain depth, then need to use other techniques. And |
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| 110:35 | rotating drill bits or rotary drill bits the way to go. And then |
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| 110:44 | we ultimately get a whole area, drill area and you can see here |
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| 110:49 | derrick, the prime mover, the power to turn the drill |
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| 110:58 | Now this guy is actually a top . So the, the entrance on |
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| 111:02 | top right now it's at the But this would go up and drill |
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| 111:07 | drill drill drill drill down and just the drill then so we have to |
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| 111:12 | certain things, this is actually drilling at once Drilling two Wells at |
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| 111:23 | So that was a land drill. various other kinds of offshore drilling is |
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| 111:28 | drilling case in another. Well we're with drilling near New Orleans. If |
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| 111:35 | just look offshore in the gulf of , there are lots of drilling platforms |
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| 111:39 | jack up rigs, semi submersibles, kinds of stuff. This one was |
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| 111:46 | of interesting uh the colic drilling cason towed vessel. We happened to go |
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| 111:57 | in that a long, long time . And it was the drilling in |
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| 112:00 | arctic, in the Beaufort Sea just uh off the Alaska coast near Prudhoe |
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| 112:07 | , just down from Prudhoe Bay. we were on there and they |
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| 112:11 | they did find this Western Oligarch field is 300 million barrels huge discovery. |
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| 112:16 | it was way up in the So it wasn't really economic, nobody |
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| 112:19 | produce it and you can't get ships easily. So it's still up |
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| 112:23 | But this uh this drilling case and back to Korea And it stayed there |
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| 112:32 | about 20 years and then it was back across the pacific to start another |
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| 112:38 | campaign in Alaska. But you may seen this seven or 89, 10 |
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| 112:44 | ago around there, they were towing and they got in some rough weather |
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| 112:50 | the total chains and everything broke and thing floated and actually floated to shore |
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| 113:00 | it got hung up on shore. they did, they did retrieve it |
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| 113:08 | I think they towed it all the back to Korea for repairs. So |
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| 113:13 | has a bit of a storied But anyway fun uh fun vessel to |
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| 113:19 | to be honored to work on and the food offshore is really really |
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| 113:23 | It's because when people are hungry they grumpy and you can't have grumpy people |
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| 113:29 | these offshore rigs. So if you lobster three times a day you got |
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| 113:35 | , you want steak whatever you Can I ask you a maybe stupid |
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| 113:41 | ? It's more of a curiosity question than a how like the rigs that |
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| 113:48 | way out there? How do they those or like how do they like |
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| 113:55 | is the construction of that? Uh well they're all different techniques. So |
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| 114:06 | example if you look at this Jack rig here, that's actually a |
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| 114:12 | Okay they the these legs ratchet up to move this they're gonna take the |
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| 114:23 | up, ratchet them up until the goes down and then the legs are |
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| 114:28 | stick way up like that and they're tow this with another vessel to another |
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| 114:33 | . So in shallow water these jack rigs they can maybe the legs might |
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| 114:39 | down 200 ft or sold but they jack them up and then it's a |
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| 114:44 | and then you just tow it to new site and then it starts jacking |
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| 114:46 | until it puts itself way up. that's how it works. Uh These |
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| 114:51 | Submersible is the same thing. This has big pontoons underwater and this gets |
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| 114:58 | to a site with a service vessel the one beside it. So you |
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| 115:03 | with another ship you would tow it and then anchor it. So that's |
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| 115:11 | that works. The drill ship that showed before the maersk, it's a |
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| 115:16 | ship with the the drill built right the ships so it just sails out |
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| 115:22 | then it has thrusters, so propellers around the ship to keep it in |
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| 115:27 | place. So that's uh the shallow water, Jack down somewhat. |
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| 115:37 | water, maybe thousands of feet. a semi Submersible with change and then |
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| 115:43 | deep water. Use a drill ship thrusters on it that keeps it dynamically |
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| 115:52 | then for production, some of the , they actually build huge concrete platforms |
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| 116:06 | then basically tow them out and sink . They might be 500 hundreds of |
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| 116:13 | tall and again they're towed out to . Here's here's a better answer. |
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| 116:25 | here's one of the drill ships, can see that Jack up rigs with |
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| 116:30 | legs up, just lower the Jack the legs up a bit |
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| 116:34 | This is a boat tow it out you can see the different ways to |
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| 116:39 | them in different but in terms of all of these would be built on |
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| 116:47 | and then assembled and towed out to location. So for example the upside |
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| 116:54 | this that might house 500 people that all be built typically in Taiwan or |
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| 117:03 | Korea, the big shipyards there and that's going to come across the |
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| 117:09 | it might be assembled. So huge cranes are going to put it on |
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| 117:13 | of legs and then that whole thing be towed out to sea. Um |
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| 117:23 | you might even get something like this might be five or 600 ft |
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| 117:27 | , this whole trestle, put it its side, tow it out, |
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| 117:31 | it off the side so it's this tower and then hoist and put the |
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| 117:39 | living quarters and everything else on top it. So they're all different construction |
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| 117:46 | . If it's really deep water then probably going to have a drilling platform |
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| 117:51 | anchored and then you're gonna have an , so a floating production and storage |
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| 118:01 | , a ship pull up beside there will be a full industrial complex |
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| 118:07 | will separate refined to everything in the . And then actually it could even |
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| 118:12 | away and deliver the product or it have another ship drive up to it |
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| 118:16 | offload and take product. So all , all different techniques. Okay, |
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| 118:26 | , thank you. I've always been , I'm like is it just like |
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| 118:29 | out there? Like how does that ? Okay, no, there's an |
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| 118:36 | industry that build stuff fabricates it but big fabrications are in Asia again, |
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| 118:42 | or Taiwan japan. And so a of the top sides, a lot |
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| 118:48 | the vessels are built there and then they'll be towed and floated out to |
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| 118:54 | final location, there might be hundreds miles offshore and then to service |
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| 119:00 | there are service boats that go back forth to the rig and then there |
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| 119:06 | hoist on the rig, that a that will take all the materials and |
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| 119:10 | up onto the rig from the Or you can see that all of |
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| 119:15 | structures have helipads on them. So fly helicopters to the rigs and then |
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| 119:24 | the helicopter. And so for people gonna take the helicopter out or a |
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| 119:32 | boat and then they're gonna put a crane, the cage on it, |
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| 119:38 | that down to the service boat, gonna get in the cage and then |
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| 119:40 | gonna haul you up onto the And when you're in training I did |
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| 119:48 | training in whole of the UK before can go on the rigs in the |
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| 119:52 | Sea, you have to take about week long school and they they do |
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| 119:59 | basic training for how to uh how handle emergencies on the rig. And |
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| 120:07 | when I did the training, they made you jump off and it was |
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| 120:12 | in the swimming pool but they made jump from something like 30 ft major |
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| 120:17 | so that you could jump off the if you had to and then they |
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| 120:22 | had a drop for uh the vessel get authoring. Then they had helicopter |
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| 120:30 | where because you're gonna take helicopters out the North Sea. Usually if the |
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| 120:37 | goes in the water then it turns , it turns upside down because the |
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| 120:40 | on top, so you simulate that the pool, you're in the |
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| 120:44 | they put you underwater, turn you down and you have to eat |
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| 120:47 | you have to get out of the and you have to pass that exam |
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| 120:51 | you don't go after the rig. it was, I was okay because |
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| 120:58 | like the water and I like scuba and all that stuff, but I |
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| 121:01 | gave credit to the guys who are of all big guys who didn't like |
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| 121:08 | water. They were drillers, they like the water, they're big guys |
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| 121:12 | they spent a lot of time on and I thought man good for you |
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| 121:18 | be able to get out of this . I mean I kind of enjoy |
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| 121:23 | stuff, but you should certainly don't it, but, but it was |
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| 121:31 | I had, so I could do , but they looked at me and |
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| 121:34 | didn't have enough tattoos or anything on , so they said, you know |
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| 121:38 | , you're in pretty bad shape because are not tattooed at all and we |
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| 121:41 | to get that fixed. I okay, maybe later. We'll talk |
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| 121:46 | that some other time. Yeah, , so there's there's a rigs all |
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| 121:52 | , all different styles and types now course we're not gonna do too much |
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| 121:59 | this. But there are all kinds different rotary rigs. You can see |
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| 122:02 | onshore whether they're floating or or tethered anchored or whatever. There are many |
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| 122:08 | types of rigs for our purposes we're just interested in making a hole |
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| 122:14 | the business end of the driller is these various rotating or cutting or biting |
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| 122:20 | scraping ways to make a hole in rock. We had augers that go |
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| 122:29 | unconsolidated materials and can make a hole will put in casing. And then |
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| 122:34 | might for shales have scrapers with diamond on them for other drill bits. |
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| 122:43 | have these three rotating or the tri bits that crushed the rock, share |
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| 122:47 | rock and then we inject fluid and the cuttings to the surface. So |
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| 122:51 | can make some are home then if want to extract corer, there are |
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| 123:01 | couple of ways we could do it the drill bit. We could have |
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| 123:05 | quadra drill bit but it's not breaking rock in the middle. So we |
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| 123:10 | extract a little core or we could this occurring bit that you can see |
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| 123:18 | through the rock but keeps the center of the actual center part of the |
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| 123:23 | and then we can withdraw it with whole core barrel. So these |
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| 123:30 | these are way to make the whole we're in unconsolidated sediments, hard |
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| 123:36 | soft rock. And then a couple ways that we can drill to recover |
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| 123:41 | to. So with a lot of offshore drilling, the scientific drilling, |
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| 123:54 | something called a riser which is basically casing. And if there if it's |
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| 123:59 | about putting material on the ocean then you might have to bring all |
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| 124:06 | material, the drill material up to surface, treat it likewise with the |
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| 124:11 | mud. If you're not using sensitive mud, then you can just do |
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| 124:16 | open hole without a riser without No in drilling we're crushing the rock |
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| 124:31 | we need to remove that rock so we can drill ahead. We don't |
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| 124:34 | to just keep on crushing the same that we've just already drilled. So |
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| 124:38 | waiting do that is to circulate fluid that were circulating fluid through the drill |
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| 124:45 | and we're bringing the cuttings and the and everything else from the rock. |
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| 124:53 | it to the surface and getting it of the hole. And then we're |
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| 124:58 | look at it those that we can our geologic logging. So that's all |
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| 125:02 | . Now the fluid that does that is called the drilling mud and it's |
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| 125:11 | water, fresh water and land, sea water in the ocean, marine |
|
| 125:17 | and then it's got a bunch of in the mud. So one of |
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| 125:24 | biggest ingredients is bentonite and bentonite is clay and it lubricates the drill |
|
| 125:33 | It cools it, it grabs the and brings them back to the |
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| 125:40 | Plus as the drilling fluid permeates into rock, it covers the side of |
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| 125:48 | border wall and creates a gelatinous lake called mud cake. So that's all |
|
| 126:01 | . Um It has a lot of properties. We also use it in |
|
| 126:06 | . Has anybody made wine before and ? When the, sorry Stephanie said |
|
| 126:14 | have not have to try it It's fun. I used to, |
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| 126:20 | used to make it quite a bit I would take it to friends parties |
|
| 126:25 | stuff like that and they always would in the end, you're welcome to |
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| 126:31 | to the party if you do not your wife, if you're gonna bring |
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| 126:36 | wine, you are not invited. okay. So my winemaking skills need |
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| 126:45 | little help. But nonetheless, when make wine it's fermented and then typically |
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| 126:52 | put bentonite in it and the bed occlude zor agra gates with residual protein |
|
| 127:01 | there's always a bit of skin, skin or seeds or something in the |
|
| 127:05 | . So the bentonite is attracted and with other proteins in the wine and |
|
| 127:12 | you filter it. So you filter bentonite and all the other stuff in |
|
| 127:18 | mix. And then that purifies the . Nobody likes thick sediment of junk |
|
| 127:25 | the bottom of the wine glass. you have to filter and bed night |
|
| 127:29 | with that. So when we once , when we drill the hole because |
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| 127:37 | formation has pressure in it, the thing we have to do is control |
|
| 127:40 | well and what that means is we want high pressure fluids coming from the |
|
| 127:46 | and blowing up because that is very as we found out with a condo |
|
| 127:53 | lots of other disasters. So consequently a standard case the pressure on the |
|
| 127:59 | is gonna be slightly higher than the of the formation so that there's slight |
|
| 128:05 | of the mud into the formation. that's because we don't want the formation |
|
| 128:12 | coming out at this stage because we're producing anything right now, we're just |
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| 128:17 | to drill the well and we're trying test and understand everything. So I |
|
| 128:20 | to be conservative but I have to the mud wait a little bit higher |
|
| 128:23 | the typically higher than the what I to be the formation fluid pressure so |
|
| 128:29 | I don't blow the whole thing out bad nights heavy so we can mix |
|
| 128:35 | mud to have a certain weight that control the pressure of the formation. |
|
| 128:42 | also because of that the the fluid the formation or the fluid from the |
|
| 128:50 | seeps in or flows into the formation we call that the invaded zone and |
|
| 128:58 | might be one part close to, , this might be just a couple |
|
| 129:02 | that is completely flushed of the natural . So this is all full of |
|
| 129:08 | drilling mud products. Then there's a area where there's some mud stuff in |
|
| 129:14 | and then there's the virgin formation, a foot or two or a meter |
|
| 129:17 | something away that has no effect of well in its fluids. So we |
|
| 129:25 | to deal with all those. So first log though that we're going to |
|
| 129:41 | is really the drillers log that's gonna us about the pressure on the drill |
|
| 129:46 | , the rate of penetration, how we're going, that kind of |
|
| 129:51 | Then they're gonna be cuttings. As mentioned, the drilling mud is bringing |
|
| 129:56 | the cuttings from the drill bed out the well and we're capturing those at |
|
| 130:00 | top and something called the shale And then we have a well site |
|
| 130:07 | , typically the low lady on the in in terms of the profession was |
|
| 130:13 | go and sit the well on, site or close by and going to |
|
| 130:18 | at all these cuttings, the low on the totem pole, But it's |
|
| 130:23 | to do. And so you see this stuff that's all coming out as |
|
| 130:27 | and then you're going to characterize that keep a log. Now there's a |
|
| 130:31 | if the well is 10,000 ft what's coming out of the top is |
|
| 130:37 | something that was an hour ago. there's a little bit of a leg |
|
| 130:42 | when this stuff comes at the top we describe it to from what depth |
|
| 130:46 | came. And we know what the is for that more or less. |
|
| 130:50 | you create this geologic or this mud and that describes the basic mythology as |
|
| 130:59 | function of depth. So this is good original log and this is going |
|
| 131:04 | be a geologic report, the type rock, how big the greens |
|
| 131:10 | And then we're also going to have a fluid sampler and the gas sniffer |
|
| 131:18 | going to get chromatography. What kind gasses are there? What kind of |
|
| 131:21 | there? And we're gonna have So there's our first log. So |
|
| 131:38 | again, strictly from the well, , here's another example of what we |
|
| 131:44 | expect and this is now a gas chromatograph. That's saying what kind of |
|
| 131:52 | coming out of the well from which and We might be interested in straight |
|
| 132:05 | , there might be other stuff in . We're probably gonna test for things |
|
| 132:08 | helium helium is extremely valuable now. so if we get 1% helium |
|
| 132:16 | So that's the kind of log a is a is a representation in depth |
|
| 132:21 | any property in this case. We've the mythology and the and the gas |
|
| 132:29 | . And over here we've actually got wild dogs. Now, we talked |
|
| 132:38 | just about drilling vertical wells, but know that actually in the US right |
|
| 132:46 | , almost all the wells drilled ultimately horizontal wells because we're mostly conventional plays |
|
| 132:55 | been already discovered and are producing. the, as you know, the |
|
| 133:01 | plays in uh new york where it's pennsylvania, west texas, new |
|
| 133:14 | south Dakota, North Dakota Montana. these are unconventional plays and that the |
|
| 133:18 | are so impermeable that we have two refraction To make that economic. You |
|
| 133:27 | want to drill through 20 ft of and crack it. That is too |
|
| 133:33 | and doesn't produce enough. So if got 20 ft of pay, but |
|
| 133:38 | can drill 2000 ft through it, I can effectively have 2000 ft of |
|
| 133:46 | . And that's the point of horizontal . Is that once you're in the |
|
| 133:50 | , you can draw forever thousands of in it. And then you frack |
|
| 133:56 | , you've got thousands of feet of . So that's, that's the news |
|
| 134:02 | there, horizontal drilling, how you that is using a slightly curved drill |
|
| 134:09 | that can bend a little little bit you pump high pressure fluids down |
|
| 134:15 | The high pressure fluids turn uh sort an auger and then the auger turns |
|
| 134:19 | drill bit and you can drill Good. So that's how we drill |
|
| 134:29 | wells with down hole drill bits that , that are turned by hydraulic |
|
| 134:45 | So Stephanie, why don't why don't take a little break it's you want |
|
| 134:50 | take five? Okay we can take quick five. Yeah. Whenever you |
|
| 134:56 | tired of listening would be it's the thing about being in person is we |
|
| 135:00 | do little exercises and walk around and . Sitting sitting by your computer is |
|
| 135:06 | of hard for hours on end. so let's let's take five steps back |
|
| 135:14 | shortly. So we're talking about horizontal which is the this fabulous technology that's |
|
| 135:29 | an enormous amount of resource to be and recovered and west texas. Now |
|
| 135:37 | think produces something like six million barrels oil a day. It's just enormous |
|
| 135:43 | much oil is coming out of west . It's all horizontal drilling with hydraulic |
|
| 135:50 | . New Mexico is I think now maybe the second biggest producer in the |
|
| 135:56 | . S. Which is shocking. used to be uh you know Alaska |
|
| 136:03 | , North Dakota. All these I think New Mexico is now producing |
|
| 136:07 | than one in that 10.2 million barrels oil a day. So the southeast |
|
| 136:12 | of New Mexico is huge. Again all unconventional and horizontal drilling. So |
|
| 136:20 | how we make horizontal hall. And it can be pretty sophisticated straight horizontal |
|
| 136:26 | laterals, multi level multi laterals. you can see that these spines can |
|
| 136:38 | uh get to every part of the . So it can be really fully |
|
| 136:49 | . So once again the basic idea the rotating drill bed in this case |
|
| 136:54 | , creates a whole fluid comes evacuates that material back up the Angelus |
|
| 137:01 | that creates the whole. Then if hole is if it's in a carbonate |
|
| 137:06 | something really competent you might be able just leave it but typically not you |
|
| 137:11 | to put instant metal so the whole collapse and you can control whatever fluids |
|
| 137:18 | here. So there's casing put in then um the whole is cemented. |
|
| 137:30 | all the cement works is the cement injected down the inside of the drill |
|
| 137:36 | comes out, the outside comes out outside of the casing between the casing |
|
| 137:43 | the formation and then sets up or between the casing and the formation that |
|
| 137:49 | the casing to the formation, but also doesn't allow fluids to go up |
|
| 137:56 | the well. So what we want do is make sure that there's no |
|
| 137:59 | that fluids could come up outside the . And so that's the kind of |
|
| 138:08 | that's done here is that all the , all the cement is brought up |
|
| 138:13 | put in the cement is injected down casing or pipe or whatever we've |
|
| 138:22 | And then cement the outside of the . Then there might be uh deeper |
|
| 138:33 | and we might put another set of in there. So casing big diameter |
|
| 138:38 | drill more casing of another diameter and drill more. So we've got all |
|
| 138:43 | different levels of casing depending on how the well is and how unconsolidated sediments |
|
| 138:49 | . So in a deep marine well might be three sets or four sets |
|
| 138:53 | casing depending on how deep the well going. So you can see that |
|
| 138:56 | got to really plan the volumetrics of cement and the design of the well |
|
| 139:01 | construct it so that we can get deep as we as we need to |
|
| 139:10 | . So once again the first part the will is going to be a |
|
| 139:13 | hole in the top. We're going set surface casing or conductor casing. |
|
| 139:21 | that's almost always the story because even the water well you've got to protect |
|
| 139:27 | waters from shallower waters. So we're drill a fairly big hole at the |
|
| 139:32 | and put in a steel pipe and . And that's going to be our |
|
| 139:38 | casing or what was going to conduct drilling a conductor point. So we've |
|
| 139:46 | that done. Now then we're going drill more. Now I'm going to |
|
| 139:55 | in another whole set of casing and and then maybe another whole set of |
|
| 140:06 | and cemented. So by the time the surface you can see there there |
|
| 140:15 | be four different casings between the produced and the formation in the near |
|
| 140:23 | So people spend an enormous amount of and effort to make sure that if |
|
| 140:28 | a fluid that comes into the well that we're trying to produce, it |
|
| 140:33 | escape into any of the other And we're containing that fluid everywhere because |
|
| 140:39 | fluid is probably hot. It might H. Two S. It might |
|
| 140:43 | other toxic gasses, so, but kinds of good stuff. So we |
|
| 140:49 | to be able to really manage it control it. So then when all |
|
| 140:59 | casing is done, everything's fine, going to the well is gonna be |
|
| 141:03 | , and now we're gonna ideally flow into the in the production tubing or |
|
| 141:12 | however, were producing the fluids to surface. And then we're gonna probably |
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| 141:18 | a pump, Jack on the nodding donkey and pump this. If |
|
| 141:23 | needs pumping, high pressure formations aren't need pumping. But most of the |
|
| 141:30 | that we've got here needs some help it's not that high pressure. So |
|
| 141:35 | need to pump it to the in the nodding donkey with its big |
|
| 141:39 | sucker rod down to a cylinder at bottom, brings a column of fluid |
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| 141:47 | with each stroke, and then that keeps on pumping until we get something |
|
| 141:51 | the surface and then we put it a pipeline. So, as pioneer |
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| 142:02 | would say, drilling well is really , just figure out where the oil |
|
| 142:07 | randa rig drill a hole casing cement and complete boom, that's it so |
|
| 142:18 | . So drilling the hall might be millions of dollars. And then completing |
|
| 142:21 | with this casing and perforation might be 15 million. Now you can see |
|
| 142:28 | they've used mm. What does mm ? And you will be like multi |
|
| 142:40 | ? I'm not sure. Did you happen to watch the Super Bowl? |
|
| 142:46 | actually didn't I didn't watch the Super this year. Yeah, I didn't |
|
| 142:51 | very much of it. But do remember how they described the Super |
|
| 142:57 | It was remember there were some letters with it? No, can you |
|
| 143:12 | this? They know they called it Bowl. L. V. I |
|
| 143:22 | that. Do you recall what that ? 50 something? Yeah. So |
|
| 143:31 | . Is 50 in roman numerals, . Is five and I is |
|
| 143:37 | So it was Super Bowl 57. in roman numerals 50 as L |
|
| 143:50 | 100 is C. What's 1000? is in Roman numerals. Would it |
|
| 144:10 | like see something? Well, you say, I'm sorry, that was |
|
| 144:18 | my time. Yeah. Way before time. So, um, The |
|
| 144:25 | , the number for 1000 is And so now this is why I'm |
|
| 144:31 | this is that this is a screw . That's confusing. And so mm |
|
| 144:41 | 1000 times 1000. So that's a . So in the english system and |
|
| 144:48 | in the oil industry people use capital capital M to mean a million. |
|
| 144:55 | in the metric system, what does stand for meter? Yeah, small |
|
| 145:04 | and then capital M is that mile mega mega. Okay. I was |
|
| 145:12 | , I don't remember. And mega a million. So capital M in |
|
| 145:22 | metric system means a million Capital In the imperial system that uses roman |
|
| 145:28 | means 1000. So when you look this 15, we have to put |
|
| 145:34 | in context these guys are quoting in imperial system. So M means |
|
| 145:39 | So it's 15 million bucks. If was a metric unit, that would |
|
| 145:44 | of look like 15 million million, would be 15 trillion. So we |
|
| 145:55 | to watch out that roman numerals are used in the oil industry in the |
|
| 146:02 | . S. But it's confusing because , em in the metric system means |
|
| 146:08 | , which means 10 to the which means a million. Em in |
|
| 146:11 | oil industry often means 1000 because it's roman numeral. So just watch, |
|
| 146:18 | watch for that. So anyway, how to drill well. Um now |
|
| 146:22 | not talking strictly just about oil we're talking about water wells. And |
|
| 146:30 | with the water well, we're typically to drill and then put in some |
|
| 146:33 | of surface casing um to make sure we don't get anything in the near |
|
| 146:42 | water. And then probably case with polyvinyl tori, just plastic and then |
|
| 146:49 | perforations. So we could produce water , we we drilled a couple of |
|
| 146:54 | wells that Lamarche 10 years ago and use them for training all the |
|
| 147:06 | And so that's the typical water well construction and you can see that |
|
| 147:21 | most farms or even smaller municipalities or will have some kind of water wells |
|
| 147:29 | are servicing them. Um The big , the big first operas around here |
|
| 147:39 | somewhere around 400 ft deep and there's evangeline and other aquifers that are flowing |
|
| 147:45 | water and you can drill for Um So somewhere around that depth. |
|
| 147:54 | what's game and drill the hole, in some kind of casing, maybe |
|
| 147:59 | or two at Lamarque, we have 20 ft steel casing and then polyvinyl |
|
| 148:04 | PVC pipe. And then we blocked off because we're not trying to flow |
|
| 148:08 | there were just using the wells for . Okay, so now we start |
|
| 148:17 | think about how we're going to make logs and you think the most efficient |
|
| 148:22 | to learn about the formation is to about it while you're drilling. And |
|
| 148:27 | did that with the liquids, samplers the gas chromatograph and the cuttings. |
|
| 148:35 | we when we're drilling we are doing logging but we could also put some |
|
| 148:43 | sophisticated instruments near the drill bit. in the in the drill string itself |
|
| 148:52 | the business end of the drill the drilling into the drill string. |
|
| 148:56 | could have instruments in this hole sub . So we've got the drill |
|
| 149:06 | but as part of the drill bit got all these instruments. Now this |
|
| 149:13 | that when we're drilling we can make natural radio activity measurements and we can |
|
| 149:19 | that to the surface and then we'll a gamma ray or natural radio activity |
|
| 149:24 | write while drilling. And so that's logging while drilling or measurement while |
|
| 149:29 | M. W. D. Or . W. D. Then we're |
|
| 149:35 | maybe thousands of feet. How do get that information to the surface? |
|
| 149:41 | how do you think it's done? Wouldn't it just be sent in like |
|
| 149:53 | I don't know how to explain it like signals in a sense. Yeah |
|
| 149:59 | definitely got to send it in some of signal sometimes code something. Um |
|
| 150:04 | know normally we'd be thinking of doing via radio but radio waves don't propagate |
|
| 150:11 | well through rock. So we can't wireless really well radio wireless. And |
|
| 150:22 | because we've put together all these pipes we don't really want to short circuit |
|
| 150:29 | pipes of the formation and everything We can't really use wires very |
|
| 150:37 | So something really really simple is used it's called mud pulsing because remember this |
|
| 150:45 | tool is in the well and the full of fluid. So I can |
|
| 150:50 | a little apparatus that has pressurized mud it and I can open and close |
|
| 150:57 | of the uh reports and that's going give me a little pressure pulse. |
|
| 151:06 | I can just do something like Morris or ones and zeros pressure, no |
|
| 151:13 | and I can pulse the mud and pulse is going to travel right up |
|
| 151:17 | the top of the well and I have an acoustic sensor there that's measuring |
|
| 151:21 | little mud pressure pulses. And I get this code from just mud |
|
| 151:29 | that code is going to tell me the number was over the, let's |
|
| 151:32 | the last foot of drilling. So mud pulsing communication. As you can |
|
| 151:41 | the bandwidth or the bond rate is low. You can so if you |
|
| 151:53 | about your internet connection that you're paying with a T. And T. |
|
| 152:00 | whoever your provider is. What what's the frequency rate? What's the |
|
| 152:06 | rate? What's the band with of internet connection? Do you happen to |
|
| 152:11 | more or less? I actually have idea. So when you're paying, |
|
| 152:19 | paying for internet right now at home how fast does it transmit information? |
|
| 152:29 | you remember any any of those I mean it works pretty good. |
|
| 152:38 | yeah. Well that's the most important . It works. It works just |
|
| 152:44 | . But when you think you've got video stream, I've got a video |
|
| 152:48 | of you and it's pretty close to time. When you think of all |
|
| 152:54 | pixels that are getting transmitted. So transmitting very fast something probably like 50 |
|
| 153:04 | body and what that means is 50 bytes of information a second. So |
|
| 153:16 | you think of a digital camera might a megapixel or one million pixels, |
|
| 153:21 | elements on the screen, You're transmitting screen effectively 10 or 50 times a |
|
| 153:31 | . So you're up around 50 or mega bod. And if you're paying |
|
| 153:38 | lot you might be getting 500 mega . And if you're paying a real |
|
| 153:44 | load or your service is really It might be a gigawatt, it |
|
| 153:50 | be a billion bytes or a billion of information the second. So those |
|
| 154:00 | our kind of our standard digital data right now extremely fast. And of |
|
| 154:08 | it's been increasing. It used to that we just had telephones, telephones |
|
| 154:13 | probably 50 kHz, 50,000 pieces of a second. And then we went |
|
| 154:22 | , you know, internet over phone and all that kind of stuff. |
|
| 154:25 | was fairly pathetic by today's standards. now we're on fiber optic links and |
|
| 154:31 | and going extremely fast. So our connections are up around 100 megabytes, |
|
| 154:38 | million bits of information or bytes of , Mud pulsing is probably around |
|
| 154:46 | It's really slow. It would give one pixel of this picture every second |
|
| 155:00 | . So to build the image of on the screen would take about an |
|
| 155:08 | . So it's really slow. But the way it is. So that's |
|
| 155:12 | it works. Just an acoustic pulse the fluid and that brings the information |
|
| 155:18 | we just record it and say, that's a five, wait another |
|
| 155:23 | that's a six, wait another that's a seven. And that is |
|
| 155:27 | gamma ray log. We plotted up then we know that we're drilling |
|
| 155:31 | say a foot every 30 seconds. I plot that out as a long |
|
| 155:43 | . Now it we might have a ray, we might have resisted |
|
| 155:47 | we might have acoustics, we might anything in there on the drill section |
|
| 155:51 | the bed. And that's how we transmit up the well received the those |
|
| 156:00 | pressure pulses decode them and create a . So just the the state of |
|
| 156:13 | earth. We want to know how hot does it get as we |
|
| 156:18 | down and you can see some examples , temperatures now, a very standard |
|
| 156:35 | gradient, how fast it gets, hot is something like 2 to 3 |
|
| 156:41 | C per 100 m. So as go down here, we go down |
|
| 156:47 | kilometers, we get deeper. We see that in temperature, it just |
|
| 156:51 | hotter. So now if the surface is hot, then we hang the |
|
| 157:04 | gradient on the different temperatures of the . So, here's a question for |
|
| 157:13 | , If we have 2°. See, , let's do it in feet, |
|
| 157:22 | we have a one F heat change 100 ft. So my thermal gradient |
|
| 157:33 | getting warmer by one F per 100 . What is the temperature at 20,000 |
|
| 157:41 | ? If my surface temperature is say degrees. So the question is 20,000 |
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| 157:55 | deep one F per 100 ft. the temperature Would it be to 27 |
|
| 158:17 | uh degrees F. That because it's ft 20,000 so it's 200 degrees plus |
|
| 158:29 | 27 degrees. Yeah I was actually so just from the graph I was |
|
| 158:37 | it more simply. Yeah well that's too. That's the that's the way |
|
| 158:44 | do it ultimately. But just from graph just so you're familiar with how |
|
| 158:47 | use the graph. Just take a look at the graph and see. |
|
| 159:10 | wait. Okay so we're 27 Okay So I said 20,000 ft and |
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| 159:23 | I said one degree F. Per ft. So pick that line. |
|
| 159:33 | then unfortunately the top line doesn't have after it just has degrees C. |
|
| 159:44 | you can convert that. Was it 1 25 line. Yeah 20,000 ft |
|
| 159:51 | go over here. 1 20 525 C. Is 9/5 is 25. |
|
| 160:09 | 95th is 25 times nine Which is 1 to 25 F plus 32. |
|
| 160:24 | it's about 257 degrees Fahrenheit. Right so you remember the conversion degrees |
|
| 160:34 | . Is 9/5 times degrees C plus . That's to get it to be |
|
| 160:40 | . So degrees F. Is equal 9 50 times C. Plus |
|
| 160:46 | Yeah. 2 57. Okay So Is it boiling down there? |
|
| 160:55 | you be able to touch the rock 20,000 ft? No, No boiling |
|
| 161:03 | 2 12. So this rock is than boiling water at 20,000 ft. |
|
| 161:11 | it's a that's something that we kind forget your drilling well or whatever you're |
|
| 161:15 | . Yeah it gets warmer. I but it gets really warm So 20,000 |
|
| 161:23 | . Well the water is boiling good you can see it varies with with |
|
| 161:35 | areas. So again say around 10,000 we expected to be around boiling Converting |
|
| 161:48 | 3000 m 10,000 ft. Some around . Now if we happen to be |
|
| 161:56 | Iceland, What you're thinking about the gradient in Iceland? I'm sorry, |
|
| 162:07 | you ask that question again? My was talking in the other room. |
|
| 162:11 | , you were in Iceland. What you expect the geothermal gradient to be |
|
| 162:17 | in Iceland? Well it's colder so I'm sure there's like permafrost or |
|
| 162:28 | but wouldn't it be but wouldn't it be the same gradient? Just you'd |
|
| 162:34 | to go deeper for it to just hotter. Well in some ways but |
|
| 162:40 | the geology of Iceland? What are what are the tectonics there? Oh |
|
| 162:48 | that's mostly like volcanic, in fact is a volcano. Yeah, so |
|
| 163:00 | a volcano. And do you ever volcanic eruptions there? I've seen some |
|
| 163:06 | . It's very lava. Yeah. what's the underground of Iceland look like |
|
| 163:14 | feel like, oh now I understand you're saying. Okay, it's probably |
|
| 163:18 | hot lava. You got it. that moment of realization, that's a |
|
| 163:25 | thing. And I was just it's cold there and I was |
|
| 163:27 | oh wait no, we're underground. you know what, it's important because |
|
| 163:33 | , as you just saw in the graph the gradient, the temperature excel |
|
| 163:39 | from the surface temperature down. So it's permafrost, you start off pretty |
|
| 163:44 | . But you can see the numbers in Iceland, it it may start |
|
| 163:51 | cold like it's zero, but it take long to get pretty hot, |
|
| 163:58 | you would expect. The thing is bleeding volcano. So You can see |
|
| 164:05 | by the time you're down even 500 it's already 250°C it's extremely hot. |
|
| 164:15 | part of the reason here is that know that normally when we talk about |
|
| 164:20 | gradients, I always keep in my three degrees C per 100 m, |
|
| 164:24 | is great as a worldwide average. we always want to keep in mind |
|
| 164:29 | those special cases like volcanoes in Iceland it's a little bit different. |
|
| 164:41 | So, uh when we're thinking about properties to, we can think of |
|
| 164:50 | things, Number one, how much can the material hold and then how |
|
| 165:00 | does the material heat up? And we're working with a geothermal player, |
|
| 165:05 | geothermal area and there's a lot of of that around here because the |
|
| 165:09 | the fluids can be pretty hot uh other parts of the country like san |
|
| 165:14 | , it's extremely hot. So with energy, we're interested in the rocks |
|
| 165:20 | attributes. So the one attribute how much energy does it take to |
|
| 165:28 | a volume of rock by a certain . That's the heat capacity, and |
|
| 165:32 | can see that the heat capacity of is pretty small, you don't need |
|
| 165:43 | heat to raise it. Um attempt make it harder now, how fast |
|
| 165:53 | you do that? This is a bit different. Its thermal conductivity uh |
|
| 165:58 | also pretty high, in fact the . So in fact, you can |
|
| 166:03 | that rock up to a reasonable capacity fast. High thermal conductivity. |
|
| 166:14 | it's not as high as some of metals, obviously these guys conduct heat |
|
| 166:18 | fast. So you can see that doesn't conduct heat very fast, you |
|
| 166:32 | put a blowtorch here and my finger and it's not the air itself is |
|
| 166:39 | going to conduct heat that fast and not gonna, it has almost no |
|
| 166:44 | to even store heat. So it's good insulator thermal insulator, that's why |
|
| 166:51 | your, in your house and everything . Air is a great insulator to |
|
| 166:57 | , just air between them, as as there's no breeze, the conduction |
|
| 167:02 | very low so that air is a um insulated. Now you can see |
|
| 167:12 | , you know, water itself actually heat relatively fast compared to air and |
|
| 167:20 | to other materials. No water doesn't heat that fast, but when we're |
|
| 167:25 | water we can lose heat pretty fast relative to air and everything else, |
|
| 167:28 | conducts heat away fast. So those some issues of of thermal aspects. |
|
| 167:45 | , uh I did have this opportunity long time ago in a session to |
|
| 167:52 | on fire and I've seen this in and stuff, but I didn't believe |
|
| 167:58 | could be done. So we were a dare to be great thing and |
|
| 168:06 | built the fire and we built a bonfire and it was red hot. |
|
| 168:10 | fact it was so hot that I my watch on and it would burn |
|
| 168:13 | just having my watch there. And the fire all went down. It |
|
| 168:17 | still red hot, you can't tell here, but it was red |
|
| 168:21 | And then the instructor walked across these hot coals and I thought well you're |
|
| 168:28 | drugs and you probably sprayed your But then I was with a friend |
|
| 168:34 | mine and she was the first person actually do it. She walked across |
|
| 168:39 | burning coals in her bare feet. really was. Made me mad because |
|
| 168:44 | did it so that I had to it. And so I walked across |
|
| 168:50 | burning hot coals and bare feet and know what, you actually can do |
|
| 168:56 | . So after I done it I to ask myself why can you do |
|
| 169:02 | ? How can you walk across this ? And it just turns out that |
|
| 169:07 | a very very special case. Wood wood coals have extremely low thermal |
|
| 169:18 | Is there hot? But they can't the heat very fast. So if |
|
| 169:24 | walk across it fairly fast you're gone your feet get burned. It looks |
|
| 169:33 | incredible. But you can do it , you can't stand there for very |
|
| 169:40 | . But if you just walk briskly it you can get across it before |
|
| 169:44 | feet are burned. And so you actually do it. And the reason |
|
| 169:49 | can do it is the thermal conductivity the heat capacity of coals which isn't |
|
| 169:55 | high in either case. So you see where coal is way down |
|
| 170:05 | So there we go. Now the temperature. And then the other aspect |
|
| 170:09 | pressure. And we have to ask is the pressure as we go |
|
| 170:16 | Now, it's just a column of has a certain pressure, something like |
|
| 170:25 | meg 10 mega pascal's per kilometer weird or something like in in in in |
|
| 170:34 | of P. S. I pound square inch per foot. So that's |
|
| 170:38 | the pressure. A little static is way to the rock. The rock |
|
| 170:42 | almost twice as dense as the water twice as heavy. So it's pressure |
|
| 170:46 | twice as much. So that's little pressure. Just if you go swimming |
|
| 170:58 | you've been swimming and have you ever swimming and dive down deep when your |
|
| 171:02 | hurt? Yes. Yeah. So just the pressure of the water pushing |
|
| 171:10 | on your ear drums and your ear are really really sensitive. So with |
|
| 171:14 | water pressure they hurt and they say got too much water pressure and so |
|
| 171:19 | have to blow your nose and that your ears out and relieves the |
|
| 171:26 | But what you've done is you've you put high pressure air in here |
|
| 171:30 | equalizes the same as the high pressure outside. So that's what you do |
|
| 171:35 | you're scuba diving or anything else, equalizing the pressure. So 30 ft |
|
| 171:41 | is one atmosphere of pressure. So now we're at sea level we've got |
|
| 171:47 | atmosphere of pressure, honest, we've a little bit of pressure if I |
|
| 171:50 | 30 ft underwater, I've actually got there's the same amount of pressure of |
|
| 171:55 | whole atmosphere. If I go 30 underwater, that water column is one |
|
| 172:01 | of pressure. So at 30 ft or 33 ft to be exact 33 |
|
| 172:07 | underwater we've got two atmospheres of pressure us. If I go 5000 m |
|
| 172:23 | 18,000 ft underwater, I'm gonna have atmospheres of pressure on me. So |
|
| 172:34 | why these tools have to be enormously to not only resist a couple 100 |
|
| 172:42 | c of heat, but hundreds of of pressure. So the tools have |
|
| 172:47 | be built to stand high temperatures and pressures. Now, once again, |
|
| 172:59 | we've drilled the well, we're hopefully a happy story. We've got oil |
|
| 173:02 | gas or something and they're symbols for . And you remember what's the symbol |
|
| 173:12 | oil or the color of oil versus color for gas. Oil is typically |
|
| 173:22 | and gas is red. So when see that on maps or in cross |
|
| 173:26 | or anything red for gas, green oil. And you can see in |
|
| 173:36 | area, for example, there's lots green oil wells, um Probably a |
|
| 173:43 | little red for gas wells. What sour natural gas, like what makes |
|
| 173:54 | sour sour means that it's contaminated with sulfide H two S. So H |
|
| 174:02 | S is sour. We actually make us standards at my job. So |
|
| 174:14 | like create calibration standards and like mineral standards and stuff for oil and gas |
|
| 174:19 | . So we make H two Oh, that's interesting. Well that's |
|
| 174:24 | absolutely essential. Um that's probably one the most important things on a drilling |
|
| 174:31 | Because H two s. As you , is extremely toxic. So, |
|
| 174:38 | know, I don't know what the , you could probably look up the |
|
| 174:41 | but just a few parts per million uh very bad for us. |
|
| 174:48 | Two S. Is a big So sour gas um there's sulfur that |
|
| 174:54 | in the system and that produces Two S. And if we breathe |
|
| 175:01 | it's really really bad for us. fact when I was a student, |
|
| 175:05 | was working for Chevron in California and were about to go on one of |
|
| 175:10 | offshore rigs called the platform Grace that was producing in the santa barbara channel |
|
| 175:15 | California. And we all had to a medical check before going on and |
|
| 175:21 | was okay. But they checked our , which I thought was kind of |
|
| 175:27 | . But it turned out this was a tragedy. They knew there was |
|
| 175:31 | H2 s. um Production in this . Guys all went in, they |
|
| 175:37 | face masks, they were doing everything and one of the guys perished unfortunately |
|
| 175:41 | a fatality due to H2 s And there was an autopsy and everything |
|
| 175:47 | done. And it turned out that guy had a perforated eardrum. And |
|
| 175:53 | breathing there was enough H. Two . Gas that went around his gas |
|
| 175:57 | that went through his ear drum and breathed it and there was enough through |
|
| 176:01 | ear drum to kill. So and was it was kind of weird. |
|
| 176:07 | was in a vocal group singing with guy who was in a position maybe |
|
| 176:12 | bit like yours, but he was safety officer and a chemical company. |
|
| 176:16 | I was telling him this story about to this offshore, we were chevron |
|
| 176:20 | he was just looking at me with eyes because he said and this was |
|
| 176:24 | years, there's only a few years , was many years after the |
|
| 176:26 | He said, I can't believe you're that story. We just heard that |
|
| 176:33 | as one of the definitive cases that studies now for H two S. |
|
| 176:40 | and hazards. So uh this H s sensing equipment is really, really |
|
| 176:47 | . Sour gas is fairly common and you're on a sour gas well there |
|
| 176:53 | all kinds of standards that have to upheld to make sure that people are |
|
| 176:58 | in in drilling. So all the will be thankful that you're making good |
|
| 177:13 | now just in terms of some of wells you can see here just the |
|
| 177:18 | , the deepest well so far is up in the arctic, 40,000 ft |
|
| 177:26 | and it took 20 years to drill . And it went into ancient ancient |
|
| 177:31 | huge operation to drill over 12,000 m 40,000 ft. This was back in |
|
| 177:40 | day when Russia did some good So really interesting. Well then uh |
|
| 177:52 | extremely deep. Well I think this still the deepest one in the US |
|
| 177:59 | birth of Rogers. Well in Oklahoma is 30,000 ft. And uh it |
|
| 178:09 | liquid sulfur. So not just Two S actually full on liquid |
|
| 178:13 | And you can see there are a of other deep wells. So that's |
|
| 178:27 | . Mhm. I'm gonna have to that deep water well because if it's |
|
| 178:40 | true vertical feet then it would be would be the deepest well outside the |
|
| 178:48 | Russia. Mhm. Anyway there's some that are that are really rather |
|
| 178:58 | Um This is uh in the in news this came out as the deepest |
|
| 179:12 | well in the world. This isn't cold of the offshore Russia Exxon build |
|
| 179:18 | with Rosneft and they call it the oil well in the world. But |
|
| 179:22 | really wasn't, it was the longest well. And you can see there |
|
| 179:27 | drilling here, It went something like 40,000 ft horizontal. So and it's |
|
| 179:39 | . Um When you talk about the depth, that's the total length vertical |
|
| 179:51 | just taking the vertical component. So can see here here's measured depth, |
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| 179:56 | vertical depth are the same. But the wells deviated then the measured depth |
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| 180:00 | the length is much longer than the vertical depth. So you just want |
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| 180:05 | remember that with well likes that. is incorrect. The well world's |
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| 180:13 | Well no it's not it's was the , well the deepest well is one |
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| 180:18 | the other ones you can see here the true vertical depth T. |
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| 180:23 | D. Here is only around 2300 . So that's not that deep but |
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| 180:35 | certainly not. And then this was one of the one of the cases |
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| 180:46 | celebration for the most productive well in . And that single well over six |
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| 180:53 | produced almost a million barrels of So that was pretty good. |
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| 181:03 | Okay so uh just remembering can you these Stephanie? Um howard? So |
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| 181:19 | just it's drilled using casings and stuff that and different bits. What are |
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| 181:26 | penetration effects? What do you mean like effects? Well when we're drilling |
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| 181:36 | well what happens with the drilling mud everything? Oh well it has to |
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| 181:45 | like a little pressure and you want make sure you don't over pressurize cause |
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| 181:50 | a blowout. Um But it's just like a lubrication almost. Yeah so |
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| 181:59 | fluid invades the formation and pushes out other other fluids for example. Um |
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| 182:09 | then how how the borehole is We talked a little bit about |
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| 182:15 | It's drilled its case it's cemented. actually worked at a geotechnical company for |
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| 182:23 | little bit only like four months. we did this big project for like |
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| 182:28 | pipeline and they sent us like a of casings with like go from Mexico |
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| 182:33 | and it smelled so bad. I'll forget the smell. It was very |
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| 182:39 | . But what kind of smell wasn't that it was more like because it |
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| 182:44 | like a near shore and then we like a far out but the near |
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| 182:48 | it just smelled like sewage. It like that dirty dirty mud smell. |
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| 182:53 | just gross. Well it probably was was there probably was a lot of |
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| 182:58 | in it probably it was probably near and highly organic, shall we |
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| 183:04 | Yes. There was one where it like over 100% because we had to |
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| 183:08 | outer burns on it for like liquid and plastic limits and its liquid limit |
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| 183:13 | like Over 100. I don't remember exact it was like 125% or something |
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| 183:21 | . Oh good. And then some we talked about the temperature. Do |
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| 183:24 | remember the temperature gradient? It was you say like one degree over 100 |
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| 183:30 | or? Yeah. Yeah, well one P. S. I. |
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| 183:35 | , one PS I per foot and something like one degree F per 100 |
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| 183:41 | or three degrees C per 100 m degree per 100 ft. So it's |
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| 183:48 | . And then we talked about a kinds of well lives for example, |
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| 183:57 | when we get the cuttings that's going give us a geologic log and I |
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| 184:10 | kind of laugh at this, this Galveston harbor again with the semi Submersible |
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| 184:16 | wanted to jack up a couple jack brings and then here's one of the |
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| 184:19 | leaving. So you make your money this rate and then you spend your |
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| 184:27 | on this boat. That's exactly the it goes. Okay. Well |
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| 184:36 | Um That's quite a bit for Um So do you have any questions |
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| 184:44 | those three topics that we covered Um Not right now. This was |
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| 184:54 | good to kind of like review from like reservoir pretty much. Just gotta |
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| 185:00 | it again and make sure. But feel pretty good. Yeah. It's |
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| 185:06 | after going through the undergrad program here and then kind of, how many |
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| 185:11 | do you take in your in this masters? Um I think it's 12 |
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| 185:18 | I'm not mistaken. I think I'm 100% on that. I think it's |
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| 185:23 | though boy. That's a lot. . Next my next session on my |
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| 185:32 | court. I intertwined with the geology . So I think it's my last |
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| 185:39 | by myself. Yeah. So all ones so far have been geophysics without |
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| 185:45 | geology cohort. Yeah. I think what four or five people in the |
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| 185:50 | group. I think that's what he people to talk to. Well you've |
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| 186:02 | a you've got a pretty strong background in all the geophysical stuff so that's |
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| 186:07 | good. Um Great great. There a couple of, there's there's some |
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| 186:20 | quizzes here so you can do that after tomorrow. Just just for next |
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| 186:26 | . Okay. Oops and oops, actually put the answers in there |
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| 186:39 | Uh Why don't you just do do this without looking at the answers |
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| 186:45 | then you've got the answers right This will just be uh a self |
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| 186:59 | . So that's good. We'll have have a it doesn't have the answers |
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| 187:04 | it next time. But but just at the first page and quickly do |
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| 187:10 | . Then you can check to make that your answers are right afterwards. |
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| 187:13 | be just for your own for your exercise and interest. I was laughing |
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| 187:25 | on one of the tests, I prepared the test and I was giving |
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| 187:30 | in class. And then I also the answers and I had that just |
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| 187:38 | myself. But then I printed and the answers were just highlighted was |
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| 187:44 | choice. So the I printed the to give to the students. This |
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| 187:50 | last semester and I gave it to students. And sure enough, I |
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| 187:56 | printed out the test that had the slightly and bold. So if you |
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| 188:03 | at the first page, which was choice, fortunately there were a bunch |
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| 188:05 | other questions. But if you look the parts that were multiple choice, |
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| 188:10 | could see in bold. So one the students was kind enough to |
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| 188:13 | uh does the bold answer? These questions have anything to do with the |
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| 188:21 | . Oops. Yeah, it sort does move on, move on. |
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| 188:28 | , Okay, well that's good. , let's meet tomorrow at nine. |
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| 188:35 | up in the Woodlands, I'm kind , I'm flexible. I live in |
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| 188:38 | Park, I live near the but uh you we can, if |
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| 188:44 | want to continue to get healthy, can just do tomorrow online, and |
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| 188:49 | I'm I'm kind of, I'm flexible way or the other. Okay, |
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| 188:52 | can do online tomorrow, and if want, we can do in |
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| 188:55 | Next friday, maybe next friday, do in person, just friday |
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| 188:59 | do in person, so you can your week a little bit, And |
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| 189:03 | we can go from there, but let's go online tomorrow at nine, |
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| 189:07 | . Cause I know like me and Thompson, we have done, we |
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| 189:11 | one saturday in person and I think were both absolutely miserable. Um so |
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| 189:17 | cause it was so long and just and m in that classroom for like |
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| 189:21 | after you getting online after that. , that's that's kind of brutal, |
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| 189:31 | it's, you know, we can of, I think, I think |
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| 189:38 | afternoon would be good, but, know, we've already been in classes |
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| 189:41 | and everything, so it's kind of to get to know each other a |
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| 189:44 | bit, but we've known each other a few years, so that's not |
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| 189:49 | as critical. I would, let's go online tomorrow, and, |
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| 189:55 | then maybe next friday. Just do couple of hours in class. |
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| 190:00 | Okay. Great Stephanie, enjoy the of the evening and we'll, |
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| 190:04 | we'll see you |
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