VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - 2301_lecture08_0616
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:02 Okay, so we're gonna start where left off, we're gonna finish up
00:06 the pelvic girdle and moving down through legs then we go and we're going
00:11 deal with uh joints, joints are . They're like crazy easy. I
00:17 you will be a cheat sheet, cheat sheet, You'll be doing this
00:21 your exams, all sorts of weird . Then after that um the latter
00:27 of this class is going to be really. The latter part part of
00:30 unit deals with the mechanisms that allow cells and neurons to communicate. So
00:37 gonna really kind of jump out of anatomy and go back down into the
00:42 again. So that the last two make sense. So that's kind of
00:47 goal today. Alright, so our point here like we said is gonna
00:50 with pelvic girdle. The pelvic girdle of two bones that each bone really
00:55 the result of three bones fusing So it's a total of six bones
01:00 of jammed together. But we're really gonna be kind of going with the
01:03 picture name. So the bones that interested in are called the Oscar
01:07 Make sure I got all this So this is the Ox acosta.
01:11 one there's the other and they're fused at the pubis. So the three
01:16 that make this up is called the . The ilium is the one that
01:23 most overt. It's the upper it's where the muscles of the abdomen
01:28 , you can feel the top part it's called your iliac crest. Um
01:33 so when you think hipbone, that's what you're kind of looking at All
01:36 now, it is going to articulate the vertebrae at the sacrum. And
01:41 it forms a joint called the sacral joint. All right, the other
01:46 . This is the weird one to . You look at it, you
01:48 Isham and it's fine to call it . It's actually called the scheme.
01:53 that S. C. H. discussed sound not a shouts out but
01:57 remember it as ishi because you sit your tushy and your ishi is your
02:03 ? Okay. Yeah, I know . So it's the bottom one.
02:08 . And then the last is the , that's the one that sits in
02:10 front. It's actually joined together at pubic synthesis, a different type of
02:15 fiber, cartilage joint. And so three together make up the pelvis?
02:22 ? You can see that where these joints come together. There's a special
02:26 connection there that's called the A. . Tabula. Um The asci tabula
02:31 with the femur and just inferior to is the formation of a big giant
02:37 hole called the operator foramen. The . Foramen is the way blood vessels
02:42 nerves move down into the legs. . So it's just a path for
02:47 that. So what's interesting about the , There's actually a lot of things
02:54 about the pelvis but it's one of structures in the body that it demonstrates
02:58 dime or fizz. Um Have you heard that word sexual diamorphine is?
03:02 No, alright, dime orf is is simply the word that we use
03:06 say. There's two die more, different kinds of two different types.
03:11 right, So when you hear the sexual dime or fizz, um what
03:15 means is that the, that the demonstrate two different or unique types.
03:20 so one of the things that we do is if we had a
03:23 we can look at the skeleton and , oh we know what that skeleton
03:26 , It's a male or a And one of the things that you
03:29 look at is simply look at the and go based on its shape,
03:33 structure. That's one of the simple that you can actually identify. So
03:37 example, we're just gonna keep it simple. You don't need to know
03:40 these different features. But these are of How those two things are very
03:45 . But the key thing here is looking at the outlet or really the
03:50 what's called the pelvic inlet and It's at the top and the
03:54 And this this this structure allows for to take place and you can see
04:00 the female, it's a lot Whereas the male, it's not as
04:04 result basically the way the hip is shaped is very, very different.
04:08 right. There's also with regard to pubic arch and again, there's a
04:12 of other fun stuff that goes on this. And this isn't the only
04:15 in the body that's different between males females obviously. Or I hope it's
04:20 , but this is one of them very, very simple to look
04:24 Um Because of the different functionalities that two sexes have, females are the
04:30 that's responsible for giving birth to the moving down the leg. We're gonna
04:37 three long bones in the lower The first of those is called the
04:42 . The femur is the largest and and longest bone in the body.
04:47 fact, this is another one of really interesting bones that if you've got
04:51 femur, it actually calculates as to quarter of the height of whatever the
04:56 is. So, you can go a femur and you can determine what
04:59 height is, that all you got ? It's like you discover a
05:03 It's like, okay, let's go this femur measures. That certainly was
05:07 just multiply by four. That's how the person was pretty cool. All
05:11 . It's covered a whole bunch of muscles. And you can see here
05:16 would be where the A. Tabula miz. The head is what
05:20 at the A. C. Um With the Oscar oxo, the
05:24 moves inwardly. So what you're doing you're bringing that weight of the body
05:29 the medial side. So basically you're to create a point uh point of
05:36 gravity, your center of gravity down and about right here. All
05:42 there's some structure. So one of things that you can't see in
05:45 the artist Didn't market is the glue tubarao city which sits right about
05:50 Alright, again, this is a . So it's not easy. But
05:53 think in the lab, did you get to play with the bones?
05:56 they let you play with the skeleton all today? They get to let
06:00 do it. So when you look the femur, you can see
06:03 here's the line es para right up . That's where the glue ferocity
06:08 And that's where the gluteus maximus All right. And then you can
06:12 we have these trow cancers. There's greater trow cancer is the bigger
06:16 the smaller ones called the lesser trow . These are again, structures to
06:21 the gluteal muscles attach. There's thigh muscles that attach to them.
06:26 have the con dials. The condos gonna be kind of interesting. So
06:31 is creates what is called a by joint. So the condo tiles basically
06:36 like this. There are two bumps are at the bottom of the bone
06:39 it's the candle is its shape. so that is what's actually um creating
06:45 joint between the femur and the next below it which is called the
06:50 Let's see. You can see again epic con dial. So again what
06:55 epic on dial that sits above All right now the patella is found
07:02 over the anterior portion of the Alright. It's held within a tendon
07:10 ligament and there's a muscle, the that comes up. And so what
07:14 does is when you move it slides in front and protects that joint.
07:20 right. And the other thing that is that because you have you have
07:24 floating bone, it's basically a point leverage for the muscles to pull on
07:29 gives you greater leverage. Alright, Ask Ochse three bones ilium skim and
07:39 down to the femur. The The next bone down that you're gonna
07:44 the femur articulates with the tibia. right now there are two bones just
07:51 there's an old uh sorry old in radius, right? There are two
07:54 in the lower limb. It's the and the fibula. But the way
07:59 remember what the order is in terms which comes first you've got the femur
08:03 top. So that's f. The bone is the t. So tibia
08:08 the next one after that is the . Another f. So F.
08:11 . F. Is how I remember . All right. So you can
08:14 there's your f. Here's your Here's your f. Notice the femur
08:19 articulates with the tibia. The fibula here with the tibia. That's how
08:27 can kind of go Yeah. So the weight of your body goes through
08:32 tibia directly down through the femur. right. So again it's the medial
08:38 . So just think about where am pushing my weight? Remember all my
08:41 is the center of gravity is going towards the middle towards the midline and
08:46 it goes straight on down through that . Alright, so it's bearing the
08:51 of the body and transfer to the . And we're going to see how
08:53 foot disperses that in just a Um The tibia and the fibula both
08:58 going to articulate with the talus bone is part of your ankle. All
09:03 ? So on the fibula. Excuse . On the tibia, the part
09:07 the bone that's articulating is called the olas. That's when you look at
09:11 ankle you go, that's that's my . That's the melee olas of the
09:17 on the inside, or the medial and the fibula on the lateral
09:22 So, you can think about like in my fist is the talus.
09:26 right. I got um Aaliyah was this side from the tibia. I
09:30 Malia was on this side from the and they sit on either side.
09:34 when you look down at your That's what you're seeing. That little
09:36 protrusion that you call your ankle. are those little bumps that molly
09:42 All right, So the fibula, smaller one again you have in between
09:49 interactions membrane and again you are articulating it's not a moving joint quite so
09:56 . It's just like between the old the radius. It's they're kind of
10:00 and it helps stabilize the structure or lower limb. All right. So
10:09 , tibia fibula down to the tar bones, partial bones are just like
10:17 carpal bones. They make up the between the the limb and ultimately the
10:25 the foot in this case. So pez and then the wrist is going
10:28 be for your hand. So we a couple of names. There's seven
10:33 here instead of eight. There's The first bone is called the
10:37 It's the one that sits up that just talked about underneath. That your
10:41 is a large bone. You can it sits it's fairly long. So
10:45 is on top of the other ones like that. It's called the
10:48 Ius. Alright, so tallis and Canadians are the easy ones. And
10:53 after that you have to kind of through your pneumonic and the pneumonic
10:57 there's a nice dirty one and I to keep it clean for you found
11:00 picture. Tall California, Navy medical . Love cuties. Yeah,
11:06 Okay, so how again you go the big side? So you go
11:11 to laterally. Remember in our We went from the from the thumb
11:15 then we went immediately because that's how we do this but you went from
11:19 smallest um finger. Alright so the one so you go tell us cal
11:26 nous navicular, right? And then you do is you go to the
11:30 , there's three of them. So goes to medial intermediate lateral. And
11:35 last one is the Q. So tallis Kalkan, ius navicular,
11:40 , intermediate lateral que uniforms cue And again the way that I might
11:45 this is all right. Which is top one which is when it makes
11:50 your heel. You know what is most immediately located? What is the
11:54 laterally located? That type of All right now just like your
12:04 your foot is made up of a of long bones and very similar to
12:09 hand. It's gonna be when you down to the phalanges. And you
12:13 them phalanges there as well. The toe Has won two bones or one
12:20 . All the other toes have three or three bones or two joints.
12:25 ? And again we're moving from the toe and we're moving laterally here so
12:29 just go 1234 for the metatarsals. that's making up the length of your
12:34 and then you get down to your tiny toes. Those are again called
12:39 just like your fingers are called The big toe is called the
12:45 The thumb was called the what? , right? So Alex and
12:49 So here again, we can just them. So you basically look at
12:53 the if you want, you can the number one or you can call
12:59 it the Alex and you go to two for the phalanges number three,
13:01 four, number five, and again approximately, the nearest middle is the
13:06 in the middle. Distal is the , That's it, kind of
13:12 right? Just like your hands, was 212 bones. Guys, not
13:20 . I see the look on your is like what you just got to
13:24 at them and memorize them, That's why there's that song, the
13:27 bone's connected to the whatever bone. right? What I want to point
13:33 is finally just this arch thing. , have you noticed that your foot
13:36 arches to it? Or if you're me, you have very little arch
13:40 your foot, Very, very flat . The purpose of these arches is
13:45 send that weight away from and um disperse the weight away from the center
13:54 your body. Alright, Ultimately what is. So there's three actual arches
13:59 and if you go down to the , you can see if you go
14:01 in some wet sand, you'll it's like, okay I've got an
14:05 that goes front to back on both of my foot and I have an
14:09 that goes across the middle of my and kind of creates that kind of
14:13 cup. Alright. And as you imagine when I step, what happens
14:19 I'm pushing my weight downward, which serves kind of like a spring.
14:24 weight goes down through the outside of balcony as it goes forward through the
14:28 and then it goes off the edges the foot. And so the foot
14:32 , the weight is being distributed in four of those directions and your arches
14:37 serving kind of as a spring, ? So basically you press down and
14:42 arch kind of like flattens out a bit and then when you move
14:46 it actually kind of acts as a and helps propel you forward. So
14:52 archers are referred to as longitudinal So the one on the inside is
14:55 medial longitudinal arch, the lateral longitudinal , and then the transverse arch goes
15:02 from the medial to the lateral or lateral to medial, whichever way
15:05 want to go right. And this all maintained by the ligaments in your
15:10 . The tendons in your feet as as the muscles that kind of are
15:14 stretched as you go. That's Yeah, you're gonna have to speak
15:24 , you're in the very back project your voice like you're up
15:28 thank you. Great, go Right home. No, no.
15:36 a flat foot, it's basically your aren't as taught. So for
15:40 I have a flat foot. My sons have flat feet. My
15:43 my daughter does not she got Right? But what it just does
15:48 instead of having a nice tight art like this your arch is more like
15:52 . We all have arches. It's just the relative artiness.
15:58 How's that? Yeah. Right. so you can imagine when you
16:07 what do you do you make more a slap because you don't have quite
16:11 much of an arch. Whereas someone has a high arch actually creates more
16:15 a spring to propel them forward. , my dad has flat feet
16:22 I think my grandfather did as I don't know for certain it's been
16:27 . But yeah, I mean when when my first son was born and
16:32 did that footprint, you know when take the footprint of the I mean
16:36 put that foot on there. I like poor kid. It's just he
16:40 my feet. It was real easy see that. Yeah. Uh huh
16:48 . These types of joints, not types of joints. Dad joke early
16:53 the morning. All right. A simply is an articulation. That's the
16:57 that we use. It's simply the where bone meets another bone or bone
17:02 cartilage or bone meets a tooth. , so lots of different types of
17:07 can exist. Alright. And what do is we can classify them in
17:12 of two ways we're either gonna classify function and that's asking the question,
17:17 kind of movement does this joint allow we'll do is we'll classify them by
17:21 in other words, How are these being held together? How are these
17:25 things being held together? All And so you can look at it
17:29 same joint and you can look at in terms of structure or you can
17:31 at it in terms of function. . So we're gonna learn both those
17:37 now for those who are planning on therapy. One of the most important
17:41 you can carry around with you is protractor. Remember pro tractors?
17:47 it's like you used them like once 3rd grade, you never use them
17:51 and now you're gonna get to do again. If you're planning on physical
17:54 . And the purpose of that protractor to actually look at the range of
17:59 of a joint. There's an expected of motion and you can actually
18:04 okay, I need you to move and then you can see it's
18:07 oh it falls short or it basically extends or whatnot. And so you
18:11 look at that, that range of using that. So range of motion
18:16 to the normal extent of mobility for given joint. All right, when
18:23 hear the word degrees of freedom, you're asking what you're talking about here
18:26 a number of axes over which that can actually move normally. Alright,
18:34 , that doesn't mean in three It's easy to think in three dimensions
18:38 try to think in three dimensions But I think the shoulder girdle shows
18:42 really, really good example of And typically when we're talking degrees of
18:46 , we're really talking about synovial And mostly when we talk about
18:49 we talk about synovial joints and we'll to what that word means in just
18:53 minute. All right. But you think about like this, right?
18:56 mean with with the shoulder joint I move this direction, right? So
18:59 one axis. I can also move this direction. That's another axis,
19:04 ? And you'd be like, isn't that in three dimensions? I
19:06 , cause I'm not just moving like a graph, I'm not just moving
19:10 and forth like this or like Right? It's like yeah, that's
19:14 dimensions. So what we're thinking in of is in terms of the actual
19:20 , right? So I'm making a along this plane. I'm making a
19:25 along this plane. See, and still that's just a combination of those
19:29 movements together and moving along this plane that plane. But here's the other
19:34 . Here's the weird one, Watch the shoulder I can twist.
19:40 that's another axis, isn't it? twisting around a point and so the
19:46 has a lot of degrees of Alright. It has 3° of
19:52 Not all joints do that. You do it with your finger for
19:56 I can go back and forth. can go side to side,
19:59 But I can't twist a finger, I? They didn't want to go
20:03 that axis. So, that doesn't the same number of degrees of
20:09 That's different. That's moving along those axes. Try to twist your finger
20:15 ? It doesn't want to twist that . You know where's my shoulder?
20:20 can do I can do that with foot too. Right. Really?
20:27 really my hip. All right. the slide. Wait your turn to
20:35 this. First start the slide. is an important slide. Important
20:39 I asked this question I ever exam the class still misses it. I
20:43 understand why. All right. If looking at a joint and asking the
20:49 , how how stable is this There are different factors that give rise
20:53 stability. The first level of stability defined by the shape of the ends
21:00 the bones, the articular shape. right. So, You have two
21:05 together. They match, right? so you would imagine the closer in
21:11 that they are to match the more . They would be, the less
21:16 matched, the less stable they would . So, using an example here
21:21 this pin is gonna not be very . All right. If I have
21:28 bone that is shaped like that, I have another bone that's shaped like
21:36 , you can imagine them being close . It'd be a pretty stable
21:40 Would you agree with that? They're right. What about a joint like
21:54 ? All right. No, it be less. Alright, So their
21:58 they match, Right. But what we have is we have less
22:01 , Right? And so there's less in a joint where you have more
22:06 of freedom of movement when I had edges up around, like so that
22:13 movement of that joint. So, have fewer degrees of freedom.
22:17 That would be an example of like hip joint between the femur and and
22:21 hip bones, you ask AqSA. ? Whereas, if I have something
22:27 this, I have more freedom of , but I have less stability.
22:32 . You can think of your shoulder your hip. Look, I
22:34 I can move my hip pretty well I'm getting older. So, it's
22:38 for me to do this. you know. But look, I
22:40 do something like that. My hip just fine, right? But look
22:44 my shoulder, I can do I do windmills with my shoulder. Can't
22:49 windmills with my hip. I that's about as good as I can
22:52 , right? And it's because of depth of the joint socket that restricts
22:59 freedom of movement, right? So one stability is two things that have
23:07 shape or shape that matches. So articulate shape matters, but that's the
23:13 level of stability. Anyone here ever their shoulder. Yeah. Was it
23:21 ? Was it easy to get it in? Yeah, just pop it
23:24 back in. Why? Because the oid cavity is like the top of
23:30 golf tee and your top of your is like a big old golf
23:34 It's just all you gotta do is it right back in and it fits
23:37 fine. It's not a lot of , but that's easy. Imagine dislocating
23:42 hip though. You have to go do surgery. Good question.
23:48 You you also dislocated your shoulder. , you didn't. Okay. I
23:53 I saw another hand come up over . Okay. All right. She
23:57 a question. Mhm. So that's right. So, so there's a
24:23 to that. All right. the idea of, like, you
24:26 shouldn't pop your joints, right? didn't crack as well. It usually
24:31 . It's Oh, that's bad. , it's bad. No, it's
24:34 that sound that you're hearing is simply bubbles popping under the pressure as you
24:40 the cartilage and stuff like that. a big deal. All right,
24:45 you pop your knuckles and stuff you're doing anything that you normally wouldn't
24:49 I mean, you're just stretching to those just stretching the ligaments,
24:55 It's not gonna make your fingers all and horrible at the end. That's
24:59 a function of arthritis and other, know, age appropriate. I'm not
25:05 to call it appropriate. But basically result of aging, Right? So
25:09 my grandmother who's 96 years old, woman. I mean she's still she
25:16 shovels her front driveway At 96 years . Yeah, but I mean,
25:23 look at her fingers, you're how do you hold anything because they're
25:26 gnarled and stuff? But it's just function of arthritis that she has now
25:30 she's 96, she's had it like she's in her seventies or 60's or
25:34 like that? Right. News? just gonna be making noise,
25:43 All you're doing when you're cracking knuckles you're basically stretching ligaments, right?
25:47 know when you stretch, I think about like this athletes, anyone
25:53 athletes, Okay, right. What you do? What do you do
25:56 you before you work out you go there and you start stretching? Do
25:59 feel popping and stuff like that when happens? Yeah, it's but do
26:03 say don't stretch now because what you're is you're creating you're you're giving your
26:09 muscles an opportunity to become a little looser so they become a little bit
26:13 flexible so that you can do the that you need to be doing,
26:18 ? Know what I'm saying? It it doesn't help. It doesn't
26:21 It's not going to affect it's it's of it's just something but it's just
26:26 don't like it because when things crack your body it sounds gross and
26:31 Right? I mean, don't you it when someone comes up and starts
26:34 their knuckles by your head? There. There we go.
26:38 I got one. See if I find another one. Yeah.
26:43 Have this happen? Uh huh. like that. This hand it comes
26:51 day. Yeah. So that's basically . So, I'll just point this
26:57 whenever we look at a bone or , we presume a perfect shape.
27:01 . But during the course of all our bones, all our
27:04 everything, they're not 100% exactly the even in our own bodies. And
27:10 what you're saying there is something that's and so it catches That's why it
27:14 that. So, it's just a modification to the bone that make you
27:18 or strange enough, We're all weird strange. So weird and strange.
27:23 right. So, that's number Number two, the thing that's more
27:29 than the articular surface in terms of stability is the number of positions of
27:34 . Alright. So, basically the of a ligament is to prevent movement
27:42 the joint. So the more that have, generally speaking, the greater
27:46 strength of the joint. All So in other words, what you're
27:50 is you're criss crossing it with structure basically prevents it from moving around.
27:56 right, That's number two The third this is the most important. This
28:03 the one that everyone always missed. I say, what is the most
28:06 thing? # three is muscle This provides the greatest stability to a
28:14 . All right. So the more you have tone is a function of
28:22 muscles. So you can look at say you have a toned body,
28:25 can say, okay, that muscle already in a state of semi
28:29 That's what tone represents and what that . Muscles are attached to bones via
28:36 . And what you're doing is you're on the tendon and you're creating strength
28:40 stability around that joint. So, you were to be asked, what
28:47 the greatest stability in a joint? answer is going to be muscle.
28:53 about your knee, is your knee stable joint. For the most
28:57 if I come along and kick you the side, how's your knee gonna
29:02 ? No, but the more muscle have in your legs that are criss
29:07 over that cause you got tons of there. But if you have strong
29:11 and you have strong muscles that are crossing over that that's gonna provide greater
29:16 . Now, I can still come and knock you on your left knee
29:20 cause you harm. But the more stronger you are, the more you've
29:25 out those muscles, the less chance going to happen. You ready for
29:30 doctor Wayne story? So, I football for years, never had any
29:35 stop exercising because college, right? that's what we do in college.
29:40 stop exercising, right? And then started teaching high school right after I
29:44 on like a, what's that big they have at the end of the
29:48 , a field day, right? some kid hit me with a water
29:51 . I chased him and I stepped this hole and hyperextended my knee
29:57 Why? Because I hadn't exercised in . I didn't have the muscle strength
30:01 used to have and it's gone downhill since. So, yeah.
30:08 That stability. How do we classify ? Remember we said we're going to
30:14 from either by function or we're going class um by structure. So,
30:17 terms of structure, we have fibers , cartilaginous joints, and synovial
30:24 All right. As you can a fibers joint has fiber cartilage and
30:28 has cartilage. Synovial joints are unique that they have this cavity that kind
30:33 surrounds the joint. And we fill cavity with this fluid which we call
30:37 fluid. All right. So, a specialist structure. And when we
30:43 of joints, typically we think of . But these other type of joints
30:46 as well, the other side, flip side is we can look in
30:50 of how that joint moves. So can say all right. If I
30:53 at a joint and it's not a joint, we refer to it as
30:56 sin. Arthur sis. All You guys learned your prefix is a
31:03 time ago. Right. Sin means right. S. Y.
31:06 Is without. So without an arthur refers to the movement. It means
31:14 a slight state of two. You exist between the two states. So
31:18 basically saying it's kind of not moving it kind of is so we call
31:23 a slightly movable joint. Alright, that's an amfar Thanasis. Arthur C
31:28 plural. So the E at the of the plural eyes is singular and
31:32 the Die Arthur sis is gonna be that has uh free movement,
31:41 We're going to walk through specific types joints. We're going to name them
31:44 we go along, but we're going use those kind of definitions. Now
31:48 are four basic types of movements. have gliding movements. And here,
31:53 we're doing when we're talking about a movement, one bone is sliding over
31:56 bone. Alright, so literally There's no real angular ation to
32:02 Alright. There's no real rotation to . Which is those other two types
32:07 angular movements when you're going to increase decrease the angle between two bones.
32:12 for example, when I flex, the type of movement, that's an
32:15 movement, I just decrease the Alright, When I extend, I
32:20 now increased the angle Alright, I'm just simply turning one bone around
32:27 long axis. So, those are three basic types of movements. And
32:32 we have a group of movements. don't know what to call them.
32:34 we throw them in a special box call them special movements. All
32:41 yeah, we're gonna go through all them. See there we go,
32:46 you shall receive. All right, , gliding movements. This is the
32:51 simple type of movement here. We . We have two surfaces sliding against
32:54 other. So, what they're going do is they're going to make a
32:57 and forth movement. No change in angle limited movement. It's always gonna
33:02 at a type of joint called a joint, and occurs primarily here,
33:06 the wrist and at the ankles. right, everyone. Let's all practice
33:11 wave. Like, we're the She's been celebrating her jubilee. And
33:15 , what do we do is we ? That's a gliding movement. All
33:20 . You can It's you can grab by the wrist, remember.
33:24 very sorry. You get to be example again. So, what you
33:26 do is you can go in here you can just kind of play All
33:29 . So, what you're doing is bones in the wrist, not not
33:34 on the radius there right up And what you can do is you
33:37 move them back and forth. And they're doing is they're basically sliding against
33:40 other like that. That's about how movement they're making. But you have
33:45 many bones there? eight. And so when you have eight bones
33:51 against themselves, they show appreciable So God save the queen.
33:58 How old is that woman now? 100. That was what she was
34:01 this week. Mm She's been the for 70 years. It's crazy.
34:11 right. These are kind of simple and extension. All right. You
34:17 use your arm. You can use leg. Think about that. You
34:19 that special kiss. Right? You that kiss, ladies. What do
34:22 do? All right. What did just do? That's flex right,
34:27 I put my foot down, that's extension flexion, extension, reflection.
34:35 . All right, hyperextension is simply beyond 180°. Anyone here double jointed,
34:44 can put your can you put your out like that and it makes
34:46 Yeah, so slight angle. so me. It's it's nice and
34:50 . I had a friend who was swimmer for Stanford and he was part
34:54 the reason he was really, really at swimming was his angle here instead
34:58 going 280, went to like way here, like 200°. It was
35:03 All right, lateral flexion is simply movement in the body's coronal plane?
35:13 ? That's flexion, right? So you can do flexion and extension of
35:21 vertebral column. Right? When I this direction, I'm flexing When I
35:27 back to that position. Now it's extension. All right. If I
35:33 backwards, that would be hyperextension when nod your head. Election extension.
35:42 . Some flexion extension. It's pretty . Right? When the aliens come
35:47 take you away, what do we it? Abduction? Alright, so
35:52 your arms lift up away from your abduction, when the aliens returned to
35:57 after they probed you, we would that abduction. That's when your arms
36:03 back to your body. So Abduction When you do this sort of
36:09 thing. That's a lot of And abductions. Together we call that
36:14 . Alright, sir, conduction. some flexion and extension there as
36:19 So for example, you could do . All right. Here's some rotational
36:28 . Alright, When you say that's a rotation. Alright, basically
36:35 head is rotating on the axis, ? So you have your atlas and
36:40 was the access. So you're saying , that's rotation. You can do
36:47 of the upper limbs. So here you're doing is you're rotating the
36:52 right? And so what's going on ? You can feel the bone
36:56 right? So that would be lateral , medial rotation. And you can
37:02 all this at the exam. That's cheating, right? Telling someone,
37:07 , what's this? That's not All right. The two weird ones
37:12 pro nation and supper nation. If a runner, you probably use these
37:18 in describing how your step is. actually an incorrect usage of those two
37:24 . All right. What these refer is the rotation in the ulna and
37:29 radius. Alright. So remember this our normal position when I rotate my
37:37 limb or really my my lower arm what I'm going for. What I'm
37:41 there is I'm doing pro nation. bringing my radius over my ulna.
37:49 ? So remember radius is over old is over there when I
37:53 remember I'm putting my fingers at the the heads of the radius and at
37:56 head of the ulna. When it , that radius. Now is coming
38:00 here, Olga is now going that . That's pro nation. When I
38:05 it back to the original position, cepa nation. So pro nation and
38:10 nation. Now we move to the moments. Those are rotational. Now
38:21 special these don't fall in the categories rotation reflection extension. All right.
38:28 the bottom of the foot is referred as the planter. That's the planter
38:34 . Alright, so when I point toes toward the bottom of my
38:38 In other words make that ballerina I'm moving towards the plant region.
38:44 it's called a plant reflection when I my toes towards my knee or my
38:52 . What I'm doing is I'm flexing E. So, it's a Dorsey
38:58 . So Dorsey flexion up. Plant down when we're talking about the
39:05 And what we're doing is we're either immediately or we're rotating laterally. We
39:10 the term E. Version or inversion I'm going laterally, That's E
39:15 So again, you can take your and point the sole of your foot
39:19 . E. Version. If I the sole of my foot inward.
39:23 now I'm kind of on the outer edge or the lateral edge.
39:26 an inversion. All right, so types of movements there. So normally
39:34 refer to these types of movements as nation. Subornation incorrectly is kind of
39:41 you do it. Okay. Pro is a non regular movement in the
39:48 plane. Alright, so I can and retract. So if I
39:53 I can stick my giant if I my job, I'm pulling it
39:59 That's what this is trying to show there. All right, elevation is
40:05 I lift something depression when I drop . So if I drop my
40:10 that's depression. If I lift up job, that's elevation, but that
40:14 not be an easy one to Maybe if you have a question about
40:17 , you elevate your shoulders right? when you get the answer, you
40:21 your shoulders back down. You depress elevation. Depression. All right.
40:27 of the unique things about primates is have opposable thumbs. Take my
40:32 I can touch my forefinger with That's opposition. And when I separate
40:38 two things, that's reposition opposition, position right so far so good.
40:51 pretty quick, isn't it? I this stuff is just like boom,
40:53 , boom. You just go sit in front of me and practice
40:55 . Find a friend make faces at do funny moves. Say, what
40:59 we call this? All right. we're gonna do now is we're gonna
41:04 through the different types of joints. gonna look at the fibers joints.
41:07 look at the cartilaginous joints. We'll some synovial joints. And as we're
41:10 along, we're gonna name them my as well. We're gonna say.
41:13 type of movement does it allow? , our starting point, The fibers
41:18 is called the emphasis plural is gum which is what I have up
41:23 This is a peg and socket Right? So that's a comp Asus
41:27 there. The tooth is basically being in the bone. You can see
41:31 here the ligaments holding it in go and grab a tooth if you
41:34 to and chest this out. Does tooth move around? It does
41:40 Alright, could you pull it Certainly just like I can break any
41:44 of joint, right? But that is being held in close position.
41:49 doesn't do anything. It doesn't move it doesn't move. It's a sin
41:53 assis your sutures. We talked about sutures. This is where we get
41:58 that are interlocked in between those There are ligaments holding those things
42:04 That's again a sin arthur assist. , so far so good. Too
42:09 fibrous joints. The last one is sin nemesis. A cinema SIS holds
42:14 bones together. Series of ligaments. like we see here, you're gonna
42:19 them not only on the tv and fibula, but you'll see them in
42:21 old and the radius as well. right. There's a little bit of
42:27 again. We can do the playing somebody's wrist. Want to play with
42:31 wrist now, are you tired of playing with your wrist? Should I
42:34 hip? Put your hand up? right, so, right here,
42:38 can see I'm now holding onto the . Do you see that movement?
42:42 ? That's because there's a little bit fibrous tissue there. A little bit
42:46 ligament that holds those two things That's a sin nemesis allows some
42:52 So, it's an amfar theses we're to move away from the fibers joints
43:02 those three fairly basic and we move to the cartilaginous joints. Alright here
43:09 a cartilaginous joint. What we're gonna is we're gonna articulate bone with
43:14 Alright, So the fibers joints you a fiber ligament in place. All
43:21 , These are not mobile joints, they're all gonna be classified as an
43:25 sees the epa feasible plate, for is an example of a sunken
43:33 So sin is right there telling you an immovable con dro telling you it's
43:40 . So sunken cities are these types joints. The other type that's not
43:46 in this picture, is that costal ? Remember we looked at the rib
43:50 and we said here we have a of ribs. Here's the sternum in
43:54 the rib and the sternum was a of costal cartilage. Alright, so
43:59 would be the second rhesus. A is where you have a fiber cartilage
44:11 the bones. The two examples and that we have here is the pubic
44:15 , but the other other inter vertebral . You have a bone, you
44:20 this specialized fibers cartilage that sits in it allows a little bit of
44:26 Again, I can't grab one of guys and start shaking your hips.
44:30 you would see there's a little bit shifting in the hips if you've given
44:34 . Ladies, that pubic synthesis actually down and loosens. So it makes
44:40 in the pelvis so that you can up or widen up the birth canal
44:43 little bit. All right, But giving birth for a short period of
44:49 . You have a lot of movement the pubic synthesis. Alright, So
44:55 slightly mobile. These are sympathies. the pubic synthesis right there.
45:00 so it's fiber cartilage here, highland , the last type of joint.
45:09 why we wait to talk about Because this is when we think about
45:13 , this is really what we think . We think about movement. And
45:17 where the synovial joint comes in. the synovial joint has a whole bunch
45:22 parts to it. So here's the bones that are involved, right?
45:26 so it's surrounded by a capsule which refer to as the articular capsule.
45:32 . And this is basically a bunch fibers. And then within that is
45:37 membrane that kind of sets apart a for fluid. All right. And
45:44 that that that capsule, that fluid kind of like that fluid that we
45:51 within the serious membranes. It's basically to bear weight. Right? So
45:59 kind of like the fluid in your . It's there too reduce friction.
46:06 so when you move it's it's there protect that structure. So, you'll
46:14 on the end of each bone we articular cartilage. So that smooths off
46:19 surface. So basically have to slick rubbing up against each other. You
46:23 the synovial fluid in there that makes less friction. There's less friction.
46:28 they roll over each other a lot . And because the fluid bears
46:33 it doesn't actually you're not grinding one the other on the outside. Typically
46:41 you're gonna see is you're going to a bunch of reinforcing ligaments though.
46:45 they're found on the outside, but may actually be even on the
46:48 If they're on the outside, we to them as being extrinsic ligaments,
46:53 if they're on the inside of the , then we refer to him as
46:57 intrinsic. Alright? And those two intrinsic and extrinsic are always used in
47:02 kind of way. Extrinsic means external intrinsic means internal too. So,
47:08 you're intrinsically clumsy, what does that ? I'd say that you my son
47:18 intrinsically clumsy. He always falls down stairs. What does that mean?
47:23 making fun of him. It's even though I'm recording it. What
47:28 you mean? He is? He's clumsy. He's never figured out how
47:35 put one ft in front of the as an example. That's good.
47:38 right. If you're intrinsically intelligent, means you have a natural ability to
47:44 information. All right. It means already baked into whatever the system is
47:50 you're looking at it. It's That means you have to add it
47:53 the outside. Alright? Or in case external to the capsule. It's
47:58 part of the internal portion. It's the expert panel portion. Now,
48:03 speaking, what we call these types joints are die are 3Cs right.
48:08 allow for movement. Alright. So sent arthur sees no movement and the
48:14 C. Is just a little bit movement die. Arthur sees free
48:20 And so that's what our synovial joints now typically associated with a joint.
48:26 not part of the joint, but typically associated with them. Are these
48:30 called Bursa and tendon sheets. And this cartoon is trying to show
48:34 , is showing you a series of Bursa and then tendencies, they're basically
48:38 same thing. They just have different . It's based on how long they
48:41 . Yes, ma'am. Mhm. , so your body always produces
48:54 All right. And it's it's based how much how much pressure or how
48:59 um It needs to keep that that stable. So, I mean,
49:04 are pathologies where you can actually loosen synovial filled. So, the bones
49:07 grinding down. That's pathological. It's a normal thing. Um you can
49:12 over produce synovial fluid. So, couple of years back, my knee
49:16 swelling up and I didn't know So, I went to an orthopedic
49:20 and he took out 80 ccs. that's 80 ml of fluid out of
49:25 knee. He's like, there should be 20 in there. And that
49:28 basically took a needle, which is my favorite thing ever because it was
49:32 big old fat needle and you put right into that joint and just kept
49:36 the stuff out. And then a later it was back up to 80
49:42 . It's like, what the hell going on? We solve the
49:45 Yeah, but it shows you it's producing incapable of producing All right.
49:57 really if you think of tendons as of like wires, you know
50:03 what you're doing is you're basically pulling a tendon With a muscle and that
50:09 is attached or that 10 is attached a bone to make it move.
50:13 . But if that tendon goes over joints, it's basically gonna be rubbing
50:19 against things. And so the purpose the bursa is basically to alleviate and
50:25 tendency is to alleviate friction as you back and forth. And basically it's
50:30 of like having ball bearings in in in your body. So basically you're
50:36 over these Bursa or these tendencies to movement. Now, if you roll
50:43 something multiple times or basically rub against multiple times, obviously you create friction
50:49 when you create friction that causes And so sometimes if you overstay are
50:56 , you can actually create inflammation in . Have you guys heard of Carpal
51:03 ? Alright. Carpal Tunnel syndrome deals this bursa right here, right?
51:10 what you're doing is basically you're putting arms or hands into a basically a
51:15 position and so that movement basically goes and forth really, really quick and
51:19 inflammation in the bursa and basically that in flames and then tightens itself around
51:25 tendons and then movement becomes painful. what you have to do is you
51:30 to go in and cut things in to get that freedom of movement
51:36 Anyway, so, the whole purpose is basically to alleviate friction. That's
51:40 the purpose. So, when you at a joint very often you'll see
51:43 and tendon sheets that are associated So, as I said, we
51:52 think in terms of yes, let me go back. I figured
51:55 figured you want that slide. Mhm. You're no, they're not
52:11 every joint, but they're found frequently around or near joints. So,
52:15 not with every joint, but they be found near joints. Just
52:22 Well, so All right. I'm jump way there. Let's see if
52:26 one does. No, I got . So, I had I used
52:32 have a picture here um that actually where some of these bursa were.
52:38 ? And so you can see here a tendon. Actually. No,
52:41 I take that this is the So are bursa associated with this. All
52:47 . And so this allows for that to roll quite easily when you flex
52:54 bicep. All right. So, idea here is it allows for free
53:00 in that joint. All right. in this case in the shoulder you're
53:03 have there's multiple bursts of that are within the shoulder or near the
53:07 All right. But as we come here, you can see how many
53:13 do you have up here, you 123. So you have a 10
53:16 sheet that basically associated with all of . And so when you flex your
53:21 , you know, you're not you feel the tendon like squishing anything,
53:25 it's basically allowing for you to So when you pull on that muscle
53:30 basically pulls that tendon which pulls it and turns it and so that tendon
53:36 allows it to do so without creating sort of hard friction. No,
53:46 think it's just a function of they discovered it was like, oh well
53:51 is wrapped around attendance. So it's a tendon sheet. They probably don't
53:55 know what it was, they just it that way and then another one
53:58 more kind of round and you kind roll over and so we'll call this
54:02 a bursa. It's just yeah, actually has to do with shape elongated
54:11 sack like so Mhm. They can yes, but typically you roll over
54:20 . Alright, that's the easy I think you just roll over
54:25 The key thing here, it allows you too move tenants by reducing friction
54:31 reducing friction. So like I we tend to think in three
54:36 we have to think in three dimensions we think about movement. All
54:40 The problem is is that our brains think, I mean we think
54:47 Y. Z. That's because that's of what we've been exposed to.
54:51 if you've been if you've ever flown plane or ever been in a
54:54 you learn that there's different types of in those three dimensions and I I
54:59 this picture I don't expect you pitch and yaw and stuff like
55:02 But this shows you those different types movements that you can make right?
55:06 I can roll back and forth this , right? And I can go
55:12 and forth this way that's turning, can go up and I can go
55:16 . So there's all sorts of movements I can make with a bone that
55:21 really match up with what I think three dimensions being at least I think
55:26 three dimensions. I think more in planes. Not in these nautical or
55:33 planes. Alright. So that's kind what I want you to kind of
55:36 about when you when you're looking at bone, it's not those three dimensions
55:40 you're most familiar with. Its in kind of dimensions. Alright. So
55:46 , would be rotating along those access ? For rolling. I don't
55:54 Again, it's understanding that it's it's it's your work around axes as well
55:59 along planes. So that's when we about degrees of freedom, that's what
56:04 kind of talking about all right now we talk about when we when we
56:11 this when we look at a Typically what we're gonna do is we're
56:15 be talking about the axis is the in one plane, is in
56:21 is it in two planes? Or there multiple planes? And so when
56:24 look at a movement you're like is bi axial uni axial, multi
56:28 And that's kind of the way that describe it. And so when we
56:32 at these joints, we're gonna name joint based on uh these are synovial
56:36 . It's like how are they And then what kind of movement are
56:40 allowing? So remember we talked about movement, we said that was done
56:44 a plane joint. Alright. And this is a non actual movement.
56:50 not moving all that much. It's this short gliding movement. So it's
56:55 non actual movement. That's what plane allow allow. So here they're trying
57:00 show it here. But you can think in terms of the risks.
57:06 hinge joint is just like a hinge a door. Can we see
57:09 We can't see him here. All . And so you have one bone
57:14 is kind of a um a collar then you have another bone that basically
57:20 a you know like a do I a term for it? No,
57:25 don't have but basically it's it's a that's a cylinder, it sits in
57:30 collar. And then you can just along those two joints. Now you'll
57:36 here that the example that they're using in the elbow but it's specifically the
57:40 that they're looking at here is between ulna and humerus, right? So
57:44 looked at the truck leah and the clear notch of the ulna. That
57:49 a hinge that was being created. so that allows you to do this
57:54 because of the rotation of the trow inside that trow clear notch. All
58:01 . It's uni axle. I can go in this one plane with that
58:05 . I can't spin or turn around if I spin, that thing's gonna
58:10 off. So it only allows me move back and forth inside that trough
58:15 joint is more of a joint where take that cylinder and it goes into
58:20 sleeve entirely like so and so I move in any direction other than around
58:27 a circle. So I rotate in pivot joint. So this is uni
58:33 again, because it only allows one of movement, I can go back
58:37 forth and that's about it. The axial joints include condo Lloyd joints and
58:49 joints. Alright, a condo Lloyd is where the bone shape at the
58:56 is kind of an oval. I'm do it like that. All
59:01 So it's kind of oval in And so if you think of your
59:05 for example, that kind of looks in shape would you agree Kind of
59:09 in shape? It's kind of rounded the bottom, so it has kind
59:11 an oval. And what you're gonna is you're gonna put it into a
59:15 that has the exact same shape, ? So let's just pretend this
59:20 So in the condo Lloyd joint I rock back and forth this direction.
59:26 can rock back and forth this So I have two directions I can
59:30 . But what I can't do is can't rotate around the axis because I'd
59:35 out of the joint. Right? condole oid joints basically allowed movement In
59:42 two directions. So most of your are condo Lloyd joints, the other
59:52 is a saddle joint and this is to be here at the thumb.
59:57 think of a saddle like on a , right? Kind of has a
60:02 shape, right? So it has shape like this and then you take
60:06 saddle and put it that way. so one saddle can move this
60:10 one saddle can move that way, creates the same type of movement as
60:13 condor joint. In other words, can rotate this way, I can
60:18 that way, have a little bit freedom to be able to do those
60:21 movements, right? But what I do is I can't spin because the
60:27 will separate if they do that. , so condole oid joints are like
60:34 oval in a cup and the saddle are two saddles. That where the
60:39 bones can move in those two directions axial. The last one which is
60:51 axial tri axle is the ball and . It's just like the condo Lloyd
60:56 in the sense that we have one that's kind of that's round in
61:00 but now it's entirely around totally Alright. And it sits in a
61:06 , totally circular. So I can in any direction, right? I'm
61:10 just rocking back and forth. I rock in any direction around that
61:16 But the other thing, because I'm I can actually twist myself right?
61:19 I'll actually fall out of the And so the example of this where
61:24 have a ball and socket, the places are going to be at the
61:26 Glenwood cavity, the tabula in the . All right. So, what
61:31 I do? I can do all of fun things. I can
61:34 I can do backwards. I can side to side. I got a
61:38 of degrees of freedom because it just that the cup here is very,
61:42 shallow at my hip. The cup a little bit deeper, but it
61:46 allows me to do all sorts of things. I can do the hokey
61:51 and turned myself because that's what it's about. We are taking a
62:03 I just want to get through all stuff. All right, So,
62:08 want to look at four joints. . Just four. We have a
62:14 mandibular joint. All right. All are going to tell you where they're
62:19 . So temporal mandibular says that between temple bone, right? Or the
62:25 bone and the mandible. All So, here you can see
62:31 This is gonna be your chewing. is what allows your mandible to fall
62:35 through the chewing process. We have very, very loose articular capsule.
62:40 the reason we have this loose articular , because when we depress our
62:44 lower jaw to fall forward down, happens is is that our bone slips
62:52 . Alright. And so, what have here is that's the mandibular con
62:56 . So, it's that condor And what it's gonna do is it's
63:00 fall out of this little tiny um depression. And it falls forward to
63:07 to Brickell. It's called the articular brickell. And now, what we
63:12 is we have something that when we down, we have something that resists
63:19 that that joint, in other we don't just fall through. Look
63:22 thin this is if we if we you ever been down on jawbreaker?
63:27 mean, are you like me when get like a jawbreaker? It's like
63:30 lick lick try to bite through Am I the only person?
63:38 Okay, thank you for being weird me. All right. So,
63:42 happened is we probably break that bone it's so thin. And so what
63:46 now have is we have something that resist so we have something that we
63:50 use as a lever as we bite into something. All right. And
63:55 we're braced up against that to And then what happens is we look
63:59 the path of least resistance or the trying to find the path of least
64:03 to get back to its original And so what it does that slides
64:07 to the left or to the depending on which way you're biting.
64:11 basically it allows the jaw to close . Now this is where I look
64:14 the room to see is anyone chewing ? No, no one's shooting gun
64:20 early. I see. Think about you chew gum, what happens?
64:26 you bite down and your jaw goes to the side, right? You
64:29 like you're chewing code, chew, chew chew, then you slip it
64:34 the other side, and then it's choo choo choo and then it goes
64:38 to the other side choo choo It basically slides your jaw slides to
64:42 side and that creates that grinding motion tear apart the food that you're
64:47 Or in the case of gum to do that. Alright, to kind
64:50 bounce it off. All right. then once you've closed them out,
64:55 you slip back in to that depression then you open again, fall forward
65:02 repeat the process. Yeah that popping so again what you're doing is when
65:12 biting you're slipping, right? And what you're hearing is this kind of
65:18 as you as you do that. right. The movement here is called
65:24 lateral excursion. It's not like I'm ask that, but I just want
65:28 to if you want to picture are you chewing gum? I'm not
65:34 be like like the little give me gun. Did you have that?
65:37 you have those teachers? Yeah, mean it was always a little old
65:41 . Remember it? It should be spit it in my hand and you're
65:47 , yeah, so with the what's happening here is typically it's the
65:54 that's in a state of contraction. so it's not allowing you to but
65:59 can actually also kind of get it on a bone. I mean in
66:04 open position, right? And again not slipping and sliding. Now why
66:09 be stuck in that position? I don't know. But yeah, second
66:15 is the shoulder joint. It's called glen. Oh, humerus joint.
66:19 glen from glen. Oid cavity From the humorous alright, it's a
66:24 and socket here, we don't have lot of stability. There is a
66:29 very shallow cavity. You see it here and then what we're gonna do
66:33 we're gonna put a little bit of on the end. So it's right
66:36 actually, that's called the labrum. labrum is basically the little lips on
66:42 end, let's say here, um stay in this space now. What
66:48 doing is we're sacrificing stability because of shallow uh that shallow surface press plus
66:56 lips for lots of freedom. And to help support this movement, we're
67:02 to have a whole bunch of reinforcing . The ligaments are named based upon
67:07 they're attached to. So there's one attached to the glen oid cavity and
67:11 crosses over and goes to the we have one that's attached to the
67:15 process, crosses over and attaches to humerus, one that's attached to the
67:20 Coid process crosses over to the chromium . So, the names of the
67:25 as you're going to see very often just named for where they're where they're
67:29 attached. All right, So, don't think I ask those kinds of
67:34 . I don't think I ask what are the names of these ligaments
67:36 this one, but in the future probably gonna have to know them.
67:40 , if you ever get lost, you know your structure names, you
67:43 know the names of the ligaments or nerves or whatever it is that you're
67:47 at because that's how they're all Makes your life easy. Alright.
67:52 then you have muscles and here's the that are crossing over again and that's
67:56 to stabilize the actual joint itself. if you have typically speaking if you
68:01 strong deltoid and strong biceps and all stuff that kind of stabilizes your shoulder
68:08 well. And it takes quite a to pop it out and against like
68:13 said, there's lots of bursa that associated here. But this picture doesn't
68:16 them. Alright. Your elbow joint actually three different joints. Because how
68:22 bones are there? Three? There's joint between the humerus and the
68:27 There's a joint between the humerus and radius. And then there's a joint
68:30 the radius and the ulna. And those joints are named for where those
68:35 are. Alright. So the humor joints is what we've already talked about
68:40 ? It's the trow clia that's part the humerus and the clear notch of
68:43 ulna. That creates that hinge All right with regard to the the
68:50 . We have the capitulation of the and the head of the radius and
68:54 basically stabilizes the joint between those the upper and lower arm. And
69:01 we have a pivot joint. So have a ligament that crosses between our
69:07 uh the owner around the radius. get that right. It's uh I
69:13 there's a picture of it. I took that out. Alright.
69:16 basically it crosses around that and allows you to get that pronation. And
69:21 Nation. All right. And it's it's around the old round allows the
69:26 to rotate so that you can get um that rotation when you see the
69:35 collateral, what do you think of damage sets damage that occurs external to
69:42 target, Right? So it's not you're shooting, it's on the
69:46 All right. So when you see word collateral ligament, it's kind of
69:50 same thing. It's not right It's around the edges. And so
69:53 have ligaments that restrict movement here. is the stabilizing. So we have
69:59 ligaments on the outside, one on radius one of the owner that prevents
70:02 much movement from taking place. And the annual ligament that allows. That's
70:09 that. Alright. That's the socket which the radius pivots. Yeah.
70:21 . So humor owner right, creates hinge joint the radius. So at
70:27 capitulate um basically supports that movement. the actual joint that allows it is
70:34 owner. Right? But there's still still articulation there. So it's just
70:39 supportive joint. It basically helps right? The other joint goes from
70:45 ulna wraps around the outside of you ? So it's basically it's a ligament
70:50 it wraps around and attaches back to illness and now you've got your radius
70:53 the middle. So the radius is to rotate. That. That would
70:56 the annular ligament. Alright, so allowed. That's the pivot so that
71:00 can do pronation and separate nation. . That's the annual ligament here is
71:06 the radio owner joint. That's Alright so the collateral ligaments. This
71:10 the type of movement they present So I can't do a lot of
71:14 this direction right? If I try stiffen and hold my arm I don't
71:18 a lot of lateral and medial movement ? Most of bilateral medial movement is
71:24 function of the humerus wrote rotating at Glenroy cavity. So those ligaments prevent
71:32 from side to side. That's what collateral ligaments do. The hip
71:43 There's another ball and socket just like glen oid the humerus joint. Sorry
71:53 . We have a very very deep . So the A. C.
71:57 itself is deep. And then what do is we're gonna put labrum on
72:01 side. So here's the labrum and says hey I'm gonna make it even
72:06 . And so now what we do we don't have quite as much movement
72:11 we did to start off with. if you look at the Illinois cavity
72:14 very shallow. Now you have something deeper and then what we're gonna do
72:17 we're gonna take a whole bunch of ligaments and we're gonna cross over this
72:22 reinforce even further and again the ligament . Not so important but you can
72:27 it's from the femur to the different that make up the hip. So
72:33 the scheme and the pubis. Alright then muscles that cross over the hip
72:39 there to reinforce and stabilize. And your hip is actually a very very
72:44 joint because of that. You do high degrees of or a large range
72:50 motion. But it's more limited because that deepness and because the muscles that
72:55 crossing over it, this is the joint, the knee joint. And
73:02 reason we look at the knee joint you know. Alright, it's a
73:05 joint. Okay, great. I mean it allows you to do
73:08 but it's the shape of the joint unique. Alright. So at the
73:12 or sorry, at the at the the femur you know where it's meeting
73:18 head of the tibia. You have condor shape and another condor shape.
73:23 so we call this a by cond structure. Alright? It looks kind
73:28 like that and it sits on top the tibia. And then what we
73:34 is we have this fiber cartilage called meniscus so that we now create a
73:40 for each of those con dials. right, So it's a by consular
73:45 . Now if I have this by joint, that means I can now
73:50 . Right? So there's a hinge . But what this doesn't allow me
73:53 do. It doesn't allow me to this direction. So remember anaconda All
73:57 it was bi axial right? But I have to conduct joint side by
74:02 . I sacrifice. It's by actual to make it uni axial. I
74:07 lift one side out of the All right. So the joints that
74:13 here, the one that I just to you is the tibial femoral
74:19 So there's the femur and tibia has two con dials the latter and the
74:23 one. And that's creating that that . But there's also the patella that's
74:30 . And the patella femoral joint is articulates on the surface and protects the
74:35 of that joint. So right now sitting in front and then when I
74:40 basically that knee, the patella slides and protects and continues to protect the
74:47 . And it's something that I can on by the muscles to create um
74:53 leverage to make those muscles do their . So that's what I want.
74:59 I want to talk about the knees because it's kind of a weird way
75:01 do a hinge. But it creates a bit of stability. Now,
75:08 other thing about this is that actually one shows versus if you're if you're
75:13 there's a picture of the versus is this articular capsule is incomplete. So
75:20 articular capsules on this side, it's that side and it's on the back
75:23 , right? So it'll be on medial side. Since we're looking from
75:26 lateral side but it's not here in front. All right. Instead what
75:31 have a whole bunch of tendons that support and protect the front side along
75:36 the patella and then there's a whole of ligaments that are in there that
75:40 going to be looking at here in a second. Um So these are
75:43 names of the of the ligaments and not hard. So these are ones
75:46 you do know need to know collateral where they found on the outside.
75:52 we have one that's on the lateral where the fibula is. We have
75:57 on the medial side. That's the . So basically that's stabilizing the external
76:02 so that your knees don't rock back forth. Right? So you're creating
76:06 stability and then inside. So these intrinsic ligaments or the cruciate ligaments.
76:12 you're familiar with at least one of . You've heard of the A.
76:15 . L. Right? The basically hyperextension, right? So hyperextension of
76:23 your knees go that way right? that. All right. So if
76:28 go too far that a cl nope, I'm not gonna let you
76:31 hold it. The other is the and this is one that we don't
76:36 all that often. That prevents hyper . Alright, so if this is
76:40 , hyper flexion would be my foot through my butt. This happened to
76:45 alright. I was dating my wife the time. We went down to
76:49 river, you know the um the river West of san Antonio went tubing
76:56 over a waterfall. My foot got underneath the inner tube and I heard
77:01 and you know, I had to cool. So I got out and
77:03 like, yeah, I'm fine, cool, you know? But basically
77:07 pushed my foot into my butt and tried to go past my butt.
77:12 lots of fun. All right. then the other one is the Patellar
77:16 which connects the Patella to the All right, So let's take a
77:22 . How much time did I use ? Did I go way too
77:26 I'm talking so slow. All let's take a break. Let's let's
77:30 for, oh, I don't five minutes or so and we'll come
77:34 , we'll go as far as we in this and then we'll finish it
77:36 up on friday. All right. do you want to just keep
77:40 He was like, no, let's take a break. Uh huh.
77:48 have an answer when he said, all have to memorize the names.
79:18 , here we go. So what gonna do now is we're switching
79:22 So that's, you know, like said, joints are fairly simple,
79:27 kind of practice them, look in mirror, you know, and keep
79:31 simple vision, you know I And again, those picture issues are
79:35 , very simple. They don't distract with all all the other stuff that
79:38 be found in those, so it you kind of get focused. And
79:42 I want to do is I want introduce the idea of of electrical signaling
79:48 really how we use the membrane to um electrical Sydney or allow electrical electrical
79:55 to occur. And the reason we through all of this is because this
79:58 how muscles and neurons uh basically change internal environments to allow for an electrical
80:07 to occur across their length so that can do their job. I'm not
80:11 to pretend this is the most fun . In fact, I think
80:15 especially in A and P. that's the one where you guys
80:17 why are we doing this? Why you torturing me? All right.
80:20 it's not that it's hard. It's that it's conceptual, right? You're
80:24 looking at something and going, I can see that. Right.
80:28 what we're doing is we're looking at movement of ions back and forth across
80:32 membrane. And so I want to remind you very quickly remember we have
80:36 cells have different concentrations of different ions inside and outside. Alright. And
80:41 reason that we have these differences is of the proteins that are found within
80:47 membrane. All right. And so don't need to memorize these numbers.
80:53 . So please don't memorize them. right. But what you should
80:57 And this is something you can you , people get caffeine like tattooed on
81:00 bodies because they think it's cool if wanna get something tattooed on your
81:03 this is the thing you get tattooed your body. Lots of potassium inside
81:07 . Very little potassium outside cells. of sodium outside cells are very little
81:12 inside cells. Alright, So this kind of a consistency that occurs throughout
81:18 entire body. And then you can they have calcium and chlorine and other
81:23 are going to do the same But really, the two big ones
81:26 are gonna be these. All And we've already talked about it
81:29 look, if I have a difference concentration, if I have a lot
81:32 potassium here, potassium wants to move of the cell so that it can
81:35 equilibrium. Similarly, if I have lot of sodium outside the cell,
81:39 wants to move into the cell to equilibrium. And they're gonna be doing
81:42 independently of each other because they're trying follow the laws for their particular
81:47 I'm trying to equal equal, liberate two environments with with regard to sodium
81:53 with regard to potassium. All The problem is, is that these
81:59 also ions and so we have to take into consideration their charge. Now
82:05 the membrane. We have a bunch membrane proteins and some of those are
82:09 channels and these ion channels are basically to exist in one of two
82:16 We talked about these gated channels. ? And so a gated channel can
82:22 in the closed state or can exist the open state. And when it's
82:27 , those ions can't permeate between through the lipid bi layer because they're water
82:34 . They have to wait for the to open for them to come
82:37 So if I've got a lot of over here, sodium can't come in
82:41 there's some gate that's allowing it to to come in. So and if
82:44 it's a closed gate, nothing's going happen. But if that gate opens
82:48 the sodium moves now some gates and their gates where they exist in both
82:54 . But for the purposes that we're about, they're stuck in the open
82:59 , they can still be closed. we don't need to worry about
83:03 We call them leak channels. And lake channel is one of these channels
83:08 it's a voltage gated channel and it happens that this surrounding environment is has
83:14 met whatever requirement is to get it stay open and it stays open and
83:18 ions can pass through. So I know. I just pressed pressing all
83:26 of horrible things. Oh my Alright, pause time out. It
83:33 to the actual very beginning of of , don't say. And it
83:40 All right, good news is still . Alright, there we go.
83:46 slide slide slide slide slide slide that's we didn't want it to do
83:58 There we are. So, if have that open gate then the sodium
84:05 going to just pass through passively. right, similar if I have a
84:09 specific for potassium, potassium is gonna through passively. So when we're dealing
84:15 these ion channels, understand you don't to have energy involved, they're just
84:20 move down their concentration gradients. All have to do is have the gate
84:25 . And so what we're concerned with how do we open and close these
84:30 Lincoln gated channels. Remember have some of molecule that binds to it.
84:36 it's like a key a voltage gated , on the other hand, has
84:40 have some sort of membrane or some of change in the charge around the
84:46 . And so we're going to see of these channels as we move
84:49 they're going to become the kind of focus of what we're looking at.
84:54 , the general rules that we're gonna looking at and I've already shown you
84:57 concentrations, right? We don't need memorize the numbers. We just need
85:01 know the differences. These are the important islands that we deal with potassium
85:06 sodium. First, a little bit chlorine and then a little bit later
85:10 deal with calcium. Alright, But it says there's lots of potassium on
85:14 outside or inside of the cell. potassium is gonna move passively out of
85:18 cell trying to reach equilibrium sodium, lots of sodium on the outside of
85:22 cell. So it's gonna passively move the cells to reach equilibrium chlorine is
85:27 of those weird one. There's more on the outside than there is on
85:30 inside. And so it's going to into the cells but it has things
85:35 affect its movement. And then typically more calcium on the outside of cells
85:39 there is on the inside of the . So calcium tends to move into
85:43 . Generally speaking. Now there's some that you probably already learned through life
85:50 with regard to ions, ions have . And when we talk about like
85:55 , like charges tend to repel one uh charges that are different from one
86:01 , tend to be attracted to one . And so when we look at
86:05 ions, for example, when we at potassium, potassium is going to
86:09 attracted to negatively charged ions because potassium positively charged. And so what happens
86:15 is while it's leaving out of the there might be negative ions on the
86:21 of the cell to which that potassium attracted to. So even though it's
86:26 to move down its concentration gradient every an ion moves it's leaving behind that
86:32 charge and it's equally attracted to that charge. So it wants to move
86:36 as well. So there's a relationship is a relationship between the concentration gradient
86:42 one direction and the electrical gradient in other direction. That kind of makes
86:49 . Put it another way I saw look right, I wanted to move
86:54 my concentration gradient. We're all clear that one. That's an easy
86:57 Right? I want to reach So, take away the what you're
87:02 at now, just think of positive charges. Every time a positive charge
87:07 , it creates an electrical imbalance. so what you're dealing with is there
87:11 be lots of positive charges over here none over here. And so every
87:16 that positive charge moves, it's becoming and less charged over there. So
87:21 creating more and more attraction on this . So, as you move this
87:25 , attraction to move back the other increases. That kind of makes
87:32 That makes sense, sort of maybe don't know. All right. I'm
87:38 to show this with some very specific . So, if an ion is
87:46 and is able to be transported across membrane, what it's gonna do is
87:51 gonna change the distribution of charges along membrane and it's that change in distribution
87:58 we're most interested in. Alright, a form of potential energy and it's
88:03 energy that we can exploit. Now we're talking. So we're talking about
88:11 is called a membrane potential. This where it comes from. Here's our
88:15 . Right. And what we're talking is we're talking about potential energy,
88:19 the membrane potential. And what we're at in this little picture here is
88:23 can see the chlorine ions, you see the sodium ions. Alright,
88:27 can see here we have inside the we have this negative charge that a
88:31 a an ionic cellular protein. it's not an abbreviation for anything other
88:37 an antibiotic sell your protein. It's protein inside the cell, cellular protein
88:42 can't escape the cell that has negative to it. potassium is attracted because
88:48 positive charged, negatively charged ions on inside. All right. So,
88:54 I have a potassium channel potassium we very little potassium on the outside.
88:59 have lots of potassium on the So, it wants to move down
89:03 concentration gradient. Would you agree with on that? But every time one
89:08 these potassium leaves it leaves behind that charge. So, there's an attraction
89:15 to that negative charge. So, though there's a movement in this
89:19 there's also desire to go back and an equilibrium a point where the attraction
89:25 leave is equal to the attraction that come back in. Alright. And
89:30 that happens, when you find that , what we found is the place
89:35 the membrane potential sits at rest. this is going to be true for
89:40 ion that you see here. Alright wants to move in. You see
89:45 a very little sodium but every time goes in, it leaves behind a
89:50 charge. So, there's gonna be attraction to come back out at some
89:54 . We don't know where that point . Well, we can calculate
89:56 We'll get to that in just a . But there's a point. So
90:00 a point for sodium to reach There's a point where potassium reaches
90:05 There's a point where chlorine reaches an and each of these things has an
90:09 on where that resting potential is for membrane, the membrane potential.
90:16 the membrane itself doesn't carry a Alright, There is no charge to
90:21 membrane. What we're looking at here we talk about membrane potential are unmatched
90:29 . This is where I tell the story. You ready for the stupid
90:33 ? Okay, in downtown Houston near Oak, there are two high schools
90:39 by side to each other. There's High School and there is Episcopal High
90:44 , side by side. They're separated each other by a chain link
90:48 Now, you can imagine at Lamar are couples that are formed at that
90:54 school, right? We're going to male female coupling. All right,
91:00 , just you have to go with . Otherwise, it doesn't make
91:03 All right. But you can also that there are people that do not
91:07 that there's there is not and attracted to them. Similarly. Over at
91:16 High School, you expansion the same , there's gonna be couples that
91:19 They make googly eyes at each other the time and they walk around with
91:21 hands in each other's pockets, And then there's gonna be people at
91:25 high School that don't couple. I want you to imagine that both
91:29 , right? They're separated by that and that they have an open lunch
91:32 now, an open campus. They actually leave campus, but they can
91:35 anywhere on campus. So everyone at separates, you know, goes outside
91:40 the building because it sucks being inside building because teachers are staring at you
91:43 you go outside and you go and lunch Now there are some couples that
91:47 going to eat together, right. look at each other and make the
91:49 goo eyes and I love you and love you and I love you and
91:52 sit there and feed each other peanut and jelly sandwiches. But then you're
91:55 have those poor little sad sacks that out with their little tiny little bit
91:58 brown brown lunch and they're all sad they walk outside and then they look
92:03 the fence and across that fence they're to see the opposite that they're attracted
92:09 and what are they going to No, the fences in the way
92:14 stop at the fence and then the one over here looks and sees the
92:20 that they're attracted to and goes up the fence with their sad little
92:23 They stare through the fence and they at each other and they go,
92:26 can't be together because there's a fence the way. All right. That
92:32 that separation of charges that want to together is the membrane potential,
92:38 The membrane doesn't cause or doesn't carry . It's the ions that are
92:44 See do you see the sad They're so lonely. They don't have
92:47 chlorine to match up with. But there's a negative charge on the
92:51 side that they want to get So please let me in. And
92:57 can never leave because they're too And so they're stuck in there just
93:00 But there's a positive charge on the side. And so it's this congregation
93:06 the plasma membrane that we call the potential. And it's measurable.
93:11 It's a measurable difference between We can up the number of positive charges and
93:15 number of negative charges. And we see the difference in there. And
93:18 can measure that out. And that's we call the membrane potential.
93:22 All cells in the body have a potential, but only a select few
93:27 use the membrane potential. Can adjust membrane potential by opening closing ion channels
93:32 allow what goes in. And what out now the way we measure this
93:37 We use a volt meter. And , what you can do is you
93:39 take a volt meter and you can a probe inside a cell, you
93:42 a probe outside the cell and you the difference in charge. Alright.
93:47 the value comes out negative, what means is that the inside of the
93:51 has more negative charges than the outside the cell? Because this is the
93:55 . This is the Yeah, it's records is the reference. So,
93:59 asking how different is this from And so, if this is
94:03 it's saying there's too many negative charges to the outside. Alright. And
94:08 it's positive, that means the inside more positive charges. And it actually
94:13 you what that is? And we actually calculate it out. You don't
94:16 have to do the calculation. Good . This is not a math
94:19 You do not have to do math in the class. Who write that
94:22 . So, I do not need do any sort of real calculation
94:25 All right. But what we do we're gonna have this equilibrium and we
94:31 actually calculate it out based on what know. So, if I know
94:35 ion concentrations, I can take those , plug them into this equation.
94:40 at that ratio outside the inside and can determine what that equilibrium is going
94:47 be. In other words, where that point where the ions are following
94:51 their chemical gradient and finally get There's so much charge that the attraction
94:56 go back stops the movement of that gradient. So when the chemical gradient
95:02 in the electrical gradients that way, that point where they cross where there's
95:06 net movement. So basically on goes and following chemical gradient. Oh
95:11 there's an iron over here I'm attracted but I want to go down my
95:14 grading and it just sits there going and forth and you're still basically stopping
95:18 movement. This is the equation we . Alright. It's called the Nursed
95:27 . All right. You don't have do any math but you can actually
95:31 this to kind of look at those ratios and kind of figure out what
95:34 is. Alright, the Z right . If you're if you're curious if
95:38 one of those math people that's the of the ion that you're looking
95:42 So, potassium surveillance of one, has a valence of one chlorine has
95:46 valence, one calcium has a valence 2. 2 Plus. So
95:53 All right. Ah that's called the Hodgkins Cats equation. G.
96:00 K. Equation. And basically what equation says, it's like, oh
96:03 that nurse equation that we just looked . But you know, there's not
96:06 one ion, there's lots of different . And so each ion has its
96:10 effect on the plasma membrane. So I want to determine the membrane
96:15 I need to know what the concentration each of those ions are and I
96:19 to know what their permeability is. is permeability basically. How many doors
96:24 I have to allow those ions to back and forth in this room?
96:29 have two doors. Both of the are shut right now. Right,
96:33 in effect there's no way in or of this room because the doors are
96:36 and you are incapable of opening the yourself. Right. I can increase
96:41 simply by opening the door. Have increased permeability by one. If I
96:48 up that door, I have now the permeability again. So what I
96:53 do is I need to know what the permeability of that membrane for that
96:57 ion? The greater the permeability of ion into a chat into or out
97:02 out of a membrane, the greater it has on that membrane potential.
97:10 you look at this little chart up again, not worrying about anything,
97:13 that, that equilibrium potential that you calculate from over there again, you
97:17 need to know it, but it you where you get these values.
97:20 can see potassium has a uh A uh an equilibrium at about 90 million
97:30 You can see sodium, it's Here's plus 61. Alright, so
97:36 idea here is if if potassium would itself, I can measure and then
97:41 the inside of the cell becomes -90 stops moving. If I measure and
97:47 just looking at sodium, sodium would moving into the cell when the inside
97:51 becomes plus 61. Alright, that's what that number means. But the
97:56 thing that shows you over here is relative permeability and you can see and
98:01 think this is very bad. You never have fractions when you're dealing with
98:06 . So, let's just turn that a one. If I turn that
98:09 a one, what number does that into anyone know? Lower. Lower
98:19 times what equals 1.04 times what equals 25. Thank you very much.
98:25 one of those numbers. You should able to just go like that when
98:27 see four, four and 25 should easy from my quarters. Right.
98:33 it says look for everyone's sodium that in or out of the membrane,
98:39 potassium moved in or out of the . Right. That's so this is
98:44 lot more permeable. There's a lot potassium channels than there are sodium
98:48 Here's another way you can think about . Think about a football game.
98:52 all been to a football game. right. It's half time time to
98:56 to the restroom, ladies. When you gonna get back to the football
99:01 ? Are you going to get back the time the third quarter starts Maybe
99:05 the beginning of the 4th quarter. ? Why? Because the line into
99:10 bathroom is so long. Do you why that is has to do with
99:18 ? I'm gonna give away our Is that okay? In the men's
99:22 ? We have a trough. We like four troughs. And when guys
99:26 to the restroom we walk in, stare at the wall because you do
99:32 make eye contact, right? And halftime, where you normally have like
99:38 a normal trough probably allows maybe five to stand side by side at
99:44 you gotta get like 10 people, people. So we basically walk in
99:48 and we're just like we do our , We stare forward, We don't
99:50 say hi, you finish zipping up you step back and off you
99:55 wash your hands, get out of . So if you look at a
99:57 restroom line, if they won't it's moving like this. Right,
100:03 , you don't have troughs, you stalls, which means only one person
100:06 use a toilet at a time, is probably a good thing.
100:11 So you have to wait. So you have, let's just say,
100:14 know in a normal situation that the number of people can use the bathroom
100:18 halftime, you're still stuck doing the number of people at the bathroom.
100:21 can double and triple R. Permeability . Right? It's a terrible
100:28 but it shows you movement, I can increase or decrease movement in
100:34 men's restroom, I can't change how women move into the restroom unless I
100:40 in more stalls. Okay, So what permeability is dependent upon is depend
100:45 the number of gates that are available those ions. And again, we
100:50 calculate out, we figure out what permeability is. Use those uh those
100:55 use this equation and we can figure what the membrane potential is. The
100:59 potential for a neuron is -70 million . And we calculate that basically using
101:04 values that we can figure out using equation and then ultimately that equation,
101:10 know, we just learned what the is. So I said, it's
101:15 . So here it is, there's -70. Right? If I look
101:20 potassium potassium Is way over here. , if all we're doing is considering
101:26 and pull it. It's pulling it way. But remember sodium is moving
101:30 but it's trying to get into the and it's not going to stop moving
101:33 the inside of the cell is plus . But the relative permeability is 25-1
101:38 that. So, what happens is resting membrane potential looks more like the
101:43 potential for potassium than it does for because this has such a greater effect
101:49 the membrane. Right? In other , if you're looking at the surface
101:53 a cell, you'd see potassium potassium potassium potassium channels everywhere and then you
101:59 like one sodium channel and that's why resting membrane potential, the equilibrium,
102:05 point where the cell is at rest you can measure that distance Hangs out
102:10 -70 chlorine. You can see is similar as well, but it doesn't
102:14 much of an effect on the What all that text tells you is
102:20 that I just said verbally so on those different things. So ultimately this
102:26 kind of what it looks like. you're looking at a neuron, its
102:30 potentials -70 is being affected by the moving in the potassium moving out.
102:35 with more potassium moving out than sodium in the resting membrane potential doesn't go
102:40 way. Instead it moves this But it can't quite get to there
102:43 this still has an effect. It it away from from there and that's
102:47 we end up sitting there now. , eventually, if all if all
102:52 was true, everything I just told was true and that was all that
102:54 there. Eventually. What would happen that we'd reach a point of
102:58 There would be no movement any right? But sodium is always moving
103:04 , it's always moving. And the for that is because we have another
103:09 in that membrane surface and that is sodium potassium pump. It basically
103:16 wait, wait, wait, I just put you on the inside
103:18 the cell and you just went out the cell. No, you come
103:21 and you go back over there and that potassium said, and it leaks
103:29 . And then that same pump is wait, sodium, I don't want
103:32 on the side of the cell, want you out of the cell.
103:35 the sodium says okay. And it goes back in and so the pump
103:41 always pumping, sodium is always moving , potassium is always moving out and
103:46 getting stuck at rest at that charge far. You with me very
103:54 This is why it becomes problematic. right. So, you've got to
103:58 what we're trying to do is we're to put the ions out. That
104:01 potential energy. The ions are always because they have these leak channels that
104:06 always present, potassium has more leak . And sodium So, these ions
104:10 moving and it causes the membrane to a point of difference and equilibrium on
104:15 side at around minus 70 million volts it's at -70 mil votes that we're
104:21 change when we deal with the action , how am I doing on
104:26 Three minutes of the case for the ? Yes, every cell is
104:36 So, when you go and look the I'm going I am going to
104:40 here. I'll just answer your question stop because this can go on the
104:44 page because it's it's consistent. All . So, when you look at
104:50 heart, for example, the heart a resting membrane potential about -60 muscle
104:55 a different resting membrane potential. And reason again, why would that be
104:59 ? Here's here's an A level question I know I'm not gonna ask
105:03 but it's a question I'd ask my level students. Why would cardiovascular
105:07 Why would heart tissue have a different membrane potential? Let me just go
105:12 two slides. Three slides. Why it go back? Why wouldn't have
105:16 resting membrane potentials? All the same are there? So, it has
105:23 be the uh it's it's part of plan of memory. But what
105:27 What matters what permeability? That's what looking for. The permeability has the
105:37 . Because all the ions we can all out right in terms of
105:41 Ultimately it was. It's dependent upon that permeability is. Okay, thursday
105:49 done. Woo. Yeah, we All right. We got friday and
105:55 test on monday, rent repeat. be able to answer questions. That's
106:01 . No, that's
-
+