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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - Lecture03_0126
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00:00 and there we are and what we're today, and, uh, hopefully
00:08 get through everything again. It's I kind of am slow on the
00:12 first couple lectures. But I'll I catch up for the last one.
00:16 if I see that something is I'll record whatever is missing for the
00:20 . That way, you don't have way. You get a bonus lecture
00:23 see you're paid for quality material What we're gonna do is we're gonna
00:27 about transport. So if you recall we've been doing or what we've been
00:31 with is we said, Look, have a cell wall plasma membrane that
00:35 is, uh, impermeable to sub substances some, and it's permissible to
00:41 substances. And I'm not recording, I forgot to record on the other
00:45 . So sorry, I'm gonna pause my thought. It's start
00:52 In theory, it's recording again. right, um, so it's impermeable
00:57 some things and impermeable to other And so the question is, how
01:01 we get things across that air impermeable there are things that the cell is
01:06 in terms of moving, and so we're doing is we're looking at these
01:09 . They're proteins that allow for things pass across. And so we recognize
01:14 first two groups. We call them and channels, all right? And
01:19 gonna look at the small transporting and we're gonna look at larger transporting
01:23 . And then we're gonna look at of the questions that how to cells
01:27 to each other. That's that's actually last thing we're gonna try to get
01:29 today. All right? So poor simply is an open channel.
01:34 , So basically, it's a structure that creates a passageway that goes back
01:39 forth. It's like taking the doors this room, and that way anything
01:43 wander in and out. All so it's kind of the easiest way
01:47 think about it, all right? doesn't have a gate to it.
01:51 , on the other hand, can either what we call open channels or
01:56 channels. But it's an open We got a special name for we
01:58 the Link Channel because it allows things allows things to leak in and
02:03 Can you not? I'm sorry. that just a random microphone thing.
02:07 couldn't tell if that was a question , um, but anyway, so
02:12 is a, uh this particular channel channel are very common. The idea
02:16 is that you have the door and just propped open. It's always propped
02:20 so that things. That means if have an eye on and that I
02:24 have a great in one direction or other, it can move or follow
02:28 Grady int. So, basically, it's like take, you know,
02:31 , opening the door, often dogs in and out of the classroom.
02:35 know, in the summer when it really hot, they still or the
02:37 when it's really hot, and they to turn off the heaters in these
02:40 , right? They open all the up, and then students randomly walk
02:43 thinking this is where they could kind of. That's kind of what
02:47 air like. Alright, a close , on the other hand, is
02:50 . It's Mawr, like a door it's closed. You have tow,
02:54 the key to open the door once doors open, then the ion can
02:58 back and forth across it and the . The thing that opens the
03:02 Alright, so they use the word . The thing that opens the gate
03:05 dependent upon the type of channel that looking at. Their different modalities.
03:09 term modality just means different ways that channels were opened. So you can
03:15 like a chemically gated channel. That's an easy one to visualize. You
03:18 a little molecule that comes along. to the protein causes a change in
03:23 shape of the protein that opens up gate. Things can pass through.
03:26 like having a key and literally going the door can open up right?
03:30 easy, Thea. Other ones are little bit mawr things you have to
03:34 of think about here like we have gated channels, mechanically, gated
03:38 mechanically gated channel is a manipulated I just thought of a terrible example
03:43 this. You guys remember bouncy bouncy houses? How do you get
03:47 a bouncy house? It has that , right? So you don't come
03:50 out. So how do you get ? Have to go in, pull
03:54 apart. To get through, you to manipulate the doorway and that's kind
03:58 what mechanically gated channel is. It's of the plasma membrane causes manipulation of
04:05 protein which causes the gate to open close. Right, And then this
04:09 , the voltage gated channel. This what we're gonna be spending a lot
04:12 time on and hear. What you is you have a molecule that has
04:16 of charges on the outside. And when the change in the number of
04:22 around that channel occur, So in words, you manipulate the concentration of
04:28 ions that charge change is going to the channel to open or close.
04:33 right, But we're gonna be spending lot of time. And these aren't
04:37 only three different types there, like gated channels. There's all sorts of
04:41 other types of channels that exist different of modalities. But these are like
04:46 three common ones. All right, a channel is gonna be specific to
04:53 . All right, You'll hear, example, a sodium channel of sodium
04:56 on lea allows sodium. Right, that's pretty easy, right? You
05:00 see a cat ion channel, which it's specific to cat ions only positively
05:06 ions, right? So they have specificity to them and that specificity is
05:12 function of two things. It's the of the poor, in other
05:15 the channel through, but also the of charges that are found on the
05:20 so that, for example, sodium bigger than potassium. So you'd think
05:24 a sodium channel would allow potassium, I got that backwards. Potassium is
05:28 than sodium is in terms of an , right? So you think All
05:32 , if I have a potassium should sodium just be ableto being its
05:34 on through, the answer is It can't do that because of the
05:39 and where they're situated inside. So serves as kind of the repellent for
05:43 sodium, even though it has all right stuff. It's where the charges
05:48 actually located. Now. You don't to know that, but if you
05:50 wonder why it's specific, it's because molecular basis for that. All
05:56 there's some some e can't say the in class, but I'm gonna
06:01 Uh huh. All right, So a carrier? We talked about it
06:06 a kind of like that door at airport and carry carriers buying very specific
06:11 There. Never open toe both sides the membrane at the same time.
06:15 so what happens is you're talking about small molecules, you know, and
06:19 you can see here, I've got got a couple of examples. I'm
06:23 . I'm getting some ink. So you've got, like, glucose
06:27 acids ions combining these channels or these , and what they do is the
06:32 comes in here it is on the . So the concentration graded in this
06:35 case is gonna be in this in direction. So this little tiny ion
06:41 this little tiny molecule wants to get the cell. So what it does
06:44 that binds to a specific binding site the carrier, all right that it
06:51 access to. And when that molecule bound to the carrier, that causes
06:56 change in the shape of the carrier that the opening now faces the other
07:02 . And when that happens, there no longer an affinity, a binding
07:07 available for that molecule that bound and so that causes it to
07:12 And so it just gets kicked and then once you're unbound,
07:17 you no longer have the key that the change in the shape. And
07:21 you just flip back again to the shape. And so that's kind of
07:24 a carrier is doing is it's basically things down there. Grady Int.
07:28 it's doing so in a regulated whereas with a channel when you open
07:32 the channel, it's first come. serve. It's like opening the door
07:36 black Friday, and it's the first that get in. So they're just
07:39 of sprinting in there because they're moving there constant. The islands are moving
07:42 their concentration ingredients. All right now regard to these carriers, and these
07:48 be familiar to you've probably seen There is specificity, meaning that again
07:54 carries air very specific to what they'll All right, so typically they'll bind
07:59 a very specific molecule, but sometimes could be a class of molecule.
08:05 , for example, if you remember way back when you took balls,
08:08 one you learn about glucose having a shape to black toast, right?
08:13 just the side chains that are slightly so you can have a carrier for
08:20 monos, aka rides that combined either orga lactose. Right? So there's
08:24 specificity. It's for the hex but it's more space, but it's
08:31 might have a more specific carry that to glucose only right. So it's
08:35 capable of binding lactose Onley but being to buy buying glucose. Alright,
08:41 specificity is a characteristic that you see this type of transport, the carrier
08:47 specific to the molecule. Alright. if, for example, you're Onley
08:53 to that larger class like the heck is, you can have competition.
08:58 , competition. Easy way to think it is Remember when you used to
09:02 musical chairs? Remember, remember the of musical chairs, One chair to
09:09 , right on Lee one but gets chair well. The binding site on
09:13 has room for one binding molecule. so what happens is is these molecules
09:18 competing for that particular binding site, so when you look at the number
09:23 molecules, the greater the one molecule the other. If you have
09:28 if you have an equal number of two competitors, then there's an equal
09:32 that each one will bind. But you increase the concentration of one or
09:35 other, you're increasing the competition favor the more numerous or the greater concentrated
09:42 . That that makes sense. All , So the number of molecules that
09:47 present play an important role, And so you can see here,
09:52 is kind of the transport rate for only Look glucose and lactose of president
09:56 this particular one. Well, they're for each other, so the rate
09:59 moving is a little bit slower. that glucose has a competitors. That's
10:04 an example. All right. Third is there is a saturation level
10:09 This refers to how fast things could through, All right. And so
10:14 , you can think about like Um, if, uh, think
10:19 these doors right again, how many can pass through one of these doorways
10:23 a time, Do you think to two at a time, side by
10:28 three if they're skinny. So all , so you can get in
10:32 All right, So the greatest rate moving students into this classroom is three
10:36 a time. Let's just use that , all right? If you have
10:39 students out there, then you're gonna to have three students moving in in
10:45 of 30 or 33 groups of right? You can't. There's a
10:50 point. But if there's only three out there they commander in you
10:54 if they have to Russian, they all Russia at the same time,
10:57 can move it their maximal rate. so that's really what saturation does.
11:01 helps you to determine the transport So how do you increase the transport
11:06 for this room? If you could move three people through a doorway,
11:09 would you increase the rate at which move in here? More doors that
11:16 . So how do cells do it in terms of trying to transport
11:20 put in more transporters. Alright, you'll increase if you want to decrease
11:24 rate, you remove the number of . So it's actually, you
11:28 there's nothing here that you that's not kind of common sense, which is
11:32 of cool, right? All so good. All right, so
11:37 now got those air. The passive mechanism. So we had the pores
11:41 the channels and we had carrier And remember, when we're dealing with
11:45 were moving from an area of high to an area of low concentration.
11:49 you're dealing with active transport, what now doing is we're trying to move
11:54 from an area of low concentration to area of high concentration were moving against
11:59 natural flow. All right, so can think of I'm putting balls if
12:03 holding balls, tennis balls, you , just keep it clean, all
12:08 ? I saw that look. Some you were like, I have tennis
12:12 . What am I going to If I wanna put them away,
12:13 gonna put them on the shelf, ? And I'm putting them on the
12:16 and I'm starting to stack them. does the tennis ball wanna go when
12:20 on the shelf? What's going to floor, doesn't it? All
12:23 so it's natural. Radiant is to with gravity. Alright to move
12:29 So, in order for me to the tennis balls on the shelf,
12:32 have to impart energy. This is we learn about physics, right?
12:37 have to use energy and I apply and I take that ball and I
12:41 it up on the shelf. It energy to do so. And now
12:45 energy has been transferred to that it now has potential energy come back
12:49 the shelf and expended by kinetic energy well. All right, that part
12:54 not so important right now. The here is that moving things in a
12:58 they don't want to go costs So we call active transport active because
13:04 costing energy. Typically, the energy in the form of ATP. All
13:09 now there's two forms of active transport , transported either primary or secondary.
13:17 you're using energy directly, that's All right. So if I have
13:22 molecule that takes a teepee and breaks and uses the energy from that 80
13:27 being broken, that hydraulic assist that primary active transport secondary active transport is
13:36 advantage of potential energy stored energy to something. All right, So,
13:42 example, I've put those balls on shelf. Now they have potential energy
13:46 them. If that ball falls and a wheel to turn that allows to
13:51 up balls the other direction. I pretending my magic world, that that
13:55 happen, right? That energy of ball falling, causing the wheel to
14:00 another ball up is potential energy being in an indoor. The energy that
14:07 first imparted in an indirect fashion to things. Alright, So secondary active
14:13 uses the concentration Grady INTs that you're through primary active transport to allow for
14:23 without using energy directly do that kind makes sense. Alright, We're gonna
14:28 examples of them. I'm just Let's our definitions down. Let's go look
14:32 see what this means. All Now the binding site on do you
14:38 see? I put it here The binding site is always gonna be
14:44 the side where there's the lower So just like we saw in the
14:49 , Normally the affinity site is on high concentration site. So you could
14:53 things down the concentration radiant with a transport mechanism, the binding site is
15:00 on the downstream side. Such Thanks uphill. All right, that's
15:05 idea. So this particular mechanism is sodium potassium, But this is the
15:12 seen this one ever since. Biology . All right, so this is
15:15 example of primary active transport that we use. You could always use a
15:21 pump, too. But this is nice, simple one that we can
15:25 because it's everywhere allows us to see pumping action. So first off,
15:29 is a pump. And so what pump is is that it is moving
15:34 in that opposite direction at the cost a teepee. Right? When you
15:38 a pump like a water pump in house, it zits sitting there using
15:44 , actively toe pump things. You , uphill. If you have water
15:49 your house, you're pumping it out the house. Direction of water doesn't
15:52 to go. So how does this work? All right, that's what
15:56 this stuff says. I'm just gonna through it. All right? So
15:59 we have our starting point, all ? And in our starting point,
16:04 have three sodium binding sites that are the inside of the cell. When
16:12 is, you have a concentration of on the inside. And what you're
16:15 to do is you're trying to get to the outside of the cell,
16:18 then at the same time, you potassium inside the cell. So this
16:22 is designed to do that. So naturally have sodium inside the cell,
16:26 have naturally have potassium on the outside the cell, and you want to
16:29 it. So what you're gonna you have the opening, the binding
16:33 facility of facing inward. All that's the first thing that we see
16:38 , okay? And we have a site for ATP. That's the second
16:43 . So notice this is a It has direct action that is gonna
16:48 on a T. P. So three sodium is bind to those
16:53 that's going to cause the breaking of ATP, all right. And so
17:01 what's gonna happen. The energy is to the molecule. That energy causes
17:07 change the shape of the molecules so it opens up in the opposite
17:12 All right. And just like we previously, when you open up in
17:16 opposite direction, the binding sites for ceased to exist. There is no
17:21 an affinity for that carrier that pump bind sodium so it says, I'm
17:27 go of you. Well, sodium know what to do. It's just
17:29 to move, even though there's a concentration now on the outside of the
17:34 . It just has to go because no place for it to be other
17:37 outside of the protein. So does gets kicked out. So that's what
17:42 showing you here. All right, there I've got kicked out. And
17:47 those same sites where that sodium was . And even though it's not drawn
17:51 way in the cartoon, that same is where potassium binds. Now you've
17:54 to potassium binding sites and so potassium on the outside of cell. But
18:00 trying to get into the cell where want to go. It's just a
18:03 that's just kind of sitting around floating and it's It's okay. It's an
18:07 . It finds those binding sites, when two of those binding sites are
18:12 , then that causes the change to two things. One, it flips
18:18 over. So now potassium is gonna kicked out, but it also allows
18:22 to bind up that at peace of p is now in position to be
18:26 again later on over here. All , So what we're doing, you
18:30 kind of see here. What am doing with them? Adding an ATP
18:35 . I transport in potassium changed Potassium binds. I changed my
18:40 Potassium moves in. I kick out potassium. Now, I've got a
18:44 site for sodium sodium binds that causes change to allow for me to break
18:50 80 p to release the energy. energy release causes me to flip
18:54 I move the sodium, and I keep repeating this action over and over
18:58 . So what I'm doing here is exchanging three sodium for two potassium.
19:04 so, if you can imagine a starting off as high sodium low
19:12 actually. Let me erase. I'm gonna raise everything. Forget I
19:15 that. Imagine equal quantities of sodium potassium inside and outside the cell with
19:23 pump. I'm moving potassium outward, I'm moving sodium inward. All
19:31 And so that final picture and again apologize should look like this. Lots
19:36 sodium, very little potassium. Lots our Sorry. Cut those backwards.
19:43 what happens when your brain is turned . Skill. Goodbye. Goodbye.
19:50 . This lots of sodium on the . Very little potassium, Lots of
19:59 , Very little sodium. So what I done? I'm now created to
20:04 ingredients. Right. Which way, ? So do you want to go
20:08 ? It wants to go into the . Which way does Potassium wanted?
20:11 to go out of the cell. I got potential energy out the
20:14 don't I? Great. So this establishes the disequilibrium that we talked about
20:22 Thursday. Remember? We talked about . This equilibrium. So this is
20:25 helping to establish that this equilibrium. at the same time, I'm also
20:29 potential energy because I'm stacking my ions a direction that favors movement. And
20:36 can use that disequilibrium the potential energy a couple of different ways. And
20:41 is the second act of transport that want to deal with. All
20:46 I know it's been a while, do you remember when you go over
20:49 eat a taco bell down there in in the pit? Remember that,
20:54 when you're a freshman, you go there and be like a line of
20:56 people. You're sitting there with your card ready to buy your you
21:00 your Taco Bell Grande. Remember What a pain in the butt that
21:04 . Rosen it right. You have stand in line for, like,
21:06 or 30 minutes just to get that , terrible taco that somehow really,
21:12 makes you feel good on the inside short period. Right? Alright.
21:17 it takes a lot of work. you agree? It takes a lot
21:20 work to get food. That's what trying to get at. Right?
21:23 is it to your benefit to expend lot of energy to get food or
21:29 in your body? Theano, is it's important to get fueling your
21:33 , but you don't want If you of fuel as energy, you don't
21:36 to spend a lot of energy to the fuel. Would you agree with
21:40 ? Another way. Put it. put it in financial terms. Do
21:43 want to spend a lot of money order to make a little bit of
21:47 ? No. You want to spend little bit of money to make a
21:50 of money. That's the That's the behind investment. It is true for
21:54 body. Your body wants to invest the right ways. Fuel shouldn't cost
21:59 a lot of energy to move around the fuel is energy on what secondary
22:04 transport does, it takes advantage of potential energy you already have stored to
22:10 , for example, fuel, And so this is what this example
22:14 that we're showing here. It's a glucose co transporter. All right,
22:19 what this is really doing that look, sodium wants to get into
22:22 cell, and I want to get into the cells. But there's a
22:25 of glucose in the cells, so has to move up against its
22:28 Grady int right, glucose outside the is useless. Glucose into the
22:32 Valuable, right? So So d to go in. Glucose wants to
22:37 go in. So they make a . There's a protein. Both of
22:40 bind to it at the same moves both of them into the
22:43 Both of them are happy now, old example I used to use.
22:47 I promise you, I had lots these lined up for you Here is
22:49 example I used to use. I to school in New Orleans.
22:53 Went to Tulane. Okay, now lane in New Orleans. What we
23:00 to do, There's a there's literally all over the place. I
23:02 literally around campus. You could you throw a rock from campus across the
23:06 , hit the first bar you go as a freshman, right? And
23:11 the thing was, you learned very that every bar near campus had a
23:15 night. And what is ladies Ladies have no cover right to get
23:20 , but there's a cover charge usually into these bars while the guys want
23:24 go meet the girls and the girls to drink for free. So what
23:28 you want to do, right? would kind of hang out outside the
23:32 because they knew all they had to was find some guy who was willing
23:37 pay cover to go in, and they could get their drinks for
23:40 And that's what they do. That's you got how both of them got
23:44 they wanted, right? And so how they move in this is the
23:48 thing that's going here. Both of want to get into the cell.
23:51 have different motives, but they're getting using this methodology. So what happens
23:56 glucose alright, sorry for first. has to bind when sodium binds.
24:02 changes the shape of the molecule to it available for glucose to bind.
24:07 , Onley. When both of them together and notice one has to bind
24:10 and the other one, That's about both of them are bound. That
24:13 a confirmation. I'll change them moving the cell when it opens up
24:17 the inside of the cell. Notice change in the shape causes A no
24:22 has an affinity for both molecules and they go. Now this is the
24:27 model, all right, this is secondary active transport. Why we look
24:30 it right? But this is where take that step back for a moment
24:34 say, Okay, I like to stuff and I like to regurgitate stuff
24:38 test, and it's like, no, no, that's good for
24:41 . Right now. Let's take the back and let's think about this in
24:45 of biologists because there are a lot things that the body moves. We
24:50 to this mechanism as co transport all and so secondary active transporters fall into
24:56 class of co transportation, all And there are a lot of different
25:01 transporters. So here is a whole giant list of them. Do you
25:05 to memorize them? No. But when you see one, you
25:09 immediately think, Ah, this is this is working. It's using this
25:15 transport this, using this potential energy move to things across at the same
25:20 . Or sometimes, in some cases more than two things. This is
25:24 of my favorite little molecules. It's in K C. C. C
25:28 KCC transporter Again. Don't need to it. I'm not asking to
25:32 I like it because it's an example the extreme, or what you're doing
25:36 you're moving a sodium potassium and to across the membrane. All four of
25:41 have to bind to do so right what are you doing? You're taking
25:46 of the sodium Grady int to move potassium against its Grady int and chlorine
25:53 its Grady in kind of cool. on top of that, you're moving
25:58 animals and to cat ion. So basically not changing the charge inside the
26:03 . Kind of neat. Alright, typically with this type of Sim
26:08 that's what they sometimes we'll see a porter, right? What you're doing
26:12 one of the molecules usually going One of them is going downstream.
26:17 . And really, what you're doing you're moving that one thing against it's
26:20 and taking advantage of the potential energy the downstream. All right, here's
26:27 other type, the exchanger. All , so you don't always have to
26:30 a pump. You don't always have have a teepee being the driver.
26:34 is again a type of secondary active . Here. We're moving things in
26:39 directions. Their anti porters All so one has to bind one
26:44 What is to buy on the other , and then what they do is
26:46 basically swap over. It's actually not simple as that. One binds on
26:51 downstream side and basically causes the and it causes the thing to
26:57 Once it opens up the other way for the other one to bind.
27:00 go the other direction doesn't necessarily. may have the order backwards, but
27:05 idea here is what am I I'm exchanging, and typically what you're
27:09 is you're exchanging, like, for in terms of charge, because you
27:13 want to create, uh, a in the charge insider outside the
27:20 Alright, so that's kind of the picture, right? And so one
27:25 really, really common. Um is one that we're gonna be seeing?
27:30 right, we'll see that a little later. All right? Actually,
27:34 not the only one. This is I was actually looking for. Not
27:38 one. Sorry, I knew was there. Alright. Chlorine bicarbonate.
27:42 exchanger. All right, now. why do we care? You
27:46 I mean, you come into these , you know, Professor rambles on
27:51 a now and a half. You asleep around 20 minutes in. Why
27:54 I care? Why should I care this stuff? Well, remember,
27:57 talked about this in equal balance, ? This idea that while the number
28:04 ions and particles inside outside the seller same, they're they're just there's a
28:10 . And what's where and the reason what wares are, why they are
28:15 , like how used all those W's is because it creates that environment that
28:21 allows those cells to do all the things that they do. And this
28:26 just an example of all the things you'll find in a membrane, all
28:31 different molecules that we just looked all right. And so why we
28:36 it simple here, you know you'll reading along or you might be in
28:40 profession. At some point, you'll learning that this pathology is a function
28:46 , you know, the potassium channels working or, you know, or
28:50 pump missing or some exchange or not correctly. Right? And so what
28:56 really talking about here is that you're a disc or an imbalance in that
29:04 that promotes homeostasis. All right, again, this is not a slide
29:10 memorize. This is just trying to you where you might see some of
29:13 things on again. Here's some or trying to show you where they
29:17 Alright, again, I don't want to go through a memorizing stuff just
29:20 just a broader view going. okay. This is a complex
29:26 and cells are complex, but they mechanisms that air simple that are repeated
29:33 using different islands. Kind of All right, so I'm gonna stop
29:37 for a second online. Guys, you have any questions, this is
29:40 time to ask when I'm taking my . Look at this. What?
29:47 , sure. Student. There's thermal . Great. Uh huh. Secondary
29:56 . Some theoretical protein just powered by the cost is a lot less.
30:02 notice that what we did there just that the example of the studying potassium
30:06 p ace pump. We used one p a t p to to move
30:13 molecules. Right. And we created Grady INT to two separate radiance.
30:17 very little energy cost were able to a lot of stored energy.
30:24 for example, you guys learned a time ago about the proton pumps,
30:30 ? Remember, good old Kimmy osmosis you're you're basically making ATP at the
30:35 . You remember that if you don't that, it's real simple. It
30:39 like you started with glucose and you through multiple stages at the very
30:42 get lots and lots of 80 And there was a molecule called 80
30:45 phase. Do you remember that? it basically it was like one Proton
30:50 one ATP e. You're having to into the deep recesses, right?
30:56 a That's a really inefficient system, ? I mean, in terms of
31:00 mean relatively speaking. So I'm creating poet. I'm creating a Grady
31:05 and that Grady in is serves kind like a gumball machine. I put
31:08 one proton and at the other end get in a teepee, you
31:12 here it's different. I'm putting in teepee, and I'm I'm creating a
31:17 grading because I'm moving five ions. it's a very, very efficient system
31:21 that would be the answer that I come up with. And again,
31:24 answer may be entirely wrong. You dealing with questions of physics and questions
31:29 why did the body choose this other something else that's evolutionary? Or why
31:33 sells chew that? Choose this? worked and they kept it, you
31:38 , that's that's really the answer, know, I know that's not probably
31:44 . But that's what I can give right now. Yeah, that it's
31:49 Spiner. Great troll. I'm happy it. Okay, that's that.
31:54 good. I like that. Like when people are happy. Anyone
31:58 got questions? I guess the question , you go ahead, see?
32:04 it again. Yes, A Yes. Great. I'm sorry.
32:13 know, for every world that there in biology No, there's gotta be
32:17 exception, all right, But I not aware of one, but I
32:21 also not a channel or or carrier . And so I I don't know
32:25 answer to that. I'm not familiar one and again. So the list
32:30 we have here, you know, ones that are showing the textbooks,
32:33 are the most common type. But to give you an example how complex
32:36 system is for sodium channels. There hundreds of sodium channels, hundreds of
32:45 . All right, so when we sodium channel, it's kind of like
32:48 blanket statement of just saying You wanna ice cream? It's like,
32:52 ice cream. You have in your what ice cream you're looking for.
32:55 so, you know There may be out there. Really? What?
32:59 what? I'm trying to get There may be something out there where
33:01 a cat eye on foreign, an exchange, but I do not know
33:05 it. So I can't speak that is one anyone else. Okay,
33:14 move on to the next thing, on drily, we're now asking the
33:17 . All right, so we got things that we need to move.
33:20 right. We got big things that to move in and big things that
33:22 to move out of the cell. . And carriers and channels are too
33:26 to allow that to happen. So do we move things? And so
33:29 What we're gonna do is we're gonna vesicles now to move things out.
33:33 ? You can imagine cells are always proteins. Alright. Thes air proteins
33:38 need to be secreted. Alright. we refer to as, uh,
33:43 released out into the external environment. not necessarily picking that. I could
33:48 picked that over there as well. right, or we have molecules that
33:52 are proteins that are being embedded into plasma membrane. And when they've been
33:56 the plasma membrane. They're gonna be kind of the same mechanism, All
34:00 ? And so what we're looking at is we're looking at a vesicles that
34:04 from the rough into plasma. Um, again, this is that
34:08 back to biology. One when you all the different parts of the
34:11 right? And you're like, I've got the nucleus. And then
34:13 got the rough into plasma, particularly the Golgi apparatus. And then I
34:17 these vesicles Alright, that's kind of That's like the easy pathway,
34:21 There's also lie systems and other things . Alright, but in essence,
34:25 you can see here, That's what doing is I'm I am making proteins
34:29 I wanna put outside or into the . Now, the process of producing
34:34 stuff all right, it's gonna follow of two patterns. Things they're always
34:39 be made. And so they they're basically just made at a at a
34:44 rate, alright? And so this what we refer to as constitutive
34:49 Alright, So I've got something that cell is always producing. It's just
34:53 be making at a constant rate, continuous. It's just being produced at
34:57 regulated fashion. All right. The is is that we have things that
35:02 cells produce. All right, they're continuously. But instead of being
35:08 the release is regulated. All Now, I'm not describing in this
35:13 . And either of these two right when a molecule is signal to
35:19 something new Alright, I'm talking about is, uh this is like a
35:24 protein that I'm always secreted or housekeeping that's always found on the surface of
35:29 membrane. Alright, So what I'm regulated notice. There is a continuous
35:36 of this of this, whatever this happens to be, but the secretion
35:41 under regulation. All right, generally speaking, when we're talking about
35:47 secretary pathway things that are always being , I'm regulating at the level of
35:53 to moving to secretion. So at last little stage right here,
36:00 Now, the mechanism to move those molecules those larger structures to the surface
36:08 some specific nomenclature to it. All ? This is a particular transport in
36:13 . So what you're talking about are . How did I move the big
36:16 . I put him in vesicles. . Now, to move vesicles,
36:21 gonna require energy. The vesicles are bound. In other words, they
36:27 made up of the same material that up the plasma membrane. And they're
36:31 of what is called the Indo membrane . All right, so they have
36:35 lipid bi layer. All right They're made at the rope into
36:41 Ridiculous. There, pinched off. transported over the golgi. Processing is
36:46 place. It's all part of the system. All right? Now,
36:51 you think of the plasma membrane relative a vesicles, the plasma membrane looks
36:56 this relative to a vesicles. And here is the vesicles, poorly
37:03 or crudely drawn by me, kind sharp and pointy. That wasn't the
37:09 . So how do I get something looks flat to be itsy bitsy?
37:14 , tiny bent. And the answer because there are proteins called coat proteins
37:21 that play a role in pinching or that plasma membrane, the one you're
37:27 familiar with. One you've heard is class Thorin. You heard of
37:32 right? Probably. Way back Back in mild. You heard about
37:36 coated pits and your brain said check . I heard that. And then
37:39 kinda went on your merry way. right, We don't really talk about
37:43 , all right? But really, it is is these little tiny
37:47 They're associated with the plasma membrane and cause it toe bend under certain
37:52 Alright, Usually there's another molecule that into play that allows you to do
37:57 . So what it does is it the round shape. Look, I
38:00 an error right there from that plainer , and this is what this is
38:05 to show you. This had a of of receptors that were located
38:12 Receptors got bound up. And then that did is cause migration. Where
38:16 clattering waas that's the clattering coded And then when you got enough of
38:21 interaction that caused the membrane to be off, and then look what happened
38:26 things that you can't with those receptors now inside of vesicles and you're bringing
38:31 material into the cell in the Now, the other thing is kind
38:36 cool about these is that they could recycled, right? There's a
38:41 usually energy dependent, that causes that protein tau fall off or to be
38:47 and you recycle it. Okay, that's that's an example of what a
38:52 protein does. So classroom is the common, but they've now gone
38:55 And there's another one called customer. actually several others that they've now started
39:00 discover, and they're they're very They allow manipulation of the plasma
39:08 When we learned about vesicles in biology , we basically saw vesicles and just
39:13 of randomly found its way to the membrane. It merged with it
39:17 and contents either went out or, know, you pinched off and it
39:21 in. That's not how it Everything is is heavily, heavily regulated
39:28 the cell. So this is where snares and the snaps come in.
39:32 right. A snare is simply a of docking proteins. In other
39:37 it tells that that Vesco where to and we're gonna look at a picture
39:42 little bit later. Not today, a little bit later on, where
39:45 gonna be able to see how it's , yeah, I can see how
39:47 lined and what it does is that these proteins, these snares basically once
39:54 to the vesicles or a couple of attached to the vesicles. A couple
39:57 these molecules are attached to the plasma , and when these two things come
40:01 , it allows the vesicles to dock the plasma membrane. And then the
40:07 helped the vesicles toe merge with that membrane so that the contents within the
40:13 can be released alright or if they're of the membrane to be added to
40:18 membrane. The other part of this are the snaps and snaps, or
40:24 the proteins that say all right, to recycle the snares. And
40:27 basically, once all the action it causes everything to leave and be
40:32 so that it could go back into membrane so that you can repeat the
40:35 all over again. Alright, again dependent process. So let's take a
40:40 at which these processes are. You them? You've heard of Indo
40:45 Yes. You've heard of exa Yes, Great. Those were the
40:50 easy ones. When I was in , that was like that was either
40:53 or was that it's either in or , all right? Well, of
40:57 , as we become more knowledgeable, see nuances. And so we rename
41:02 and add stuff and it makes a bit more complicated, but it shouldn't
41:05 that much more complicated. All so into psychosis as a general statement
41:10 bring things into the cell and it's down into three different types of,
41:16 , of, of or sub classes this. This area. Alright,
41:22 probably heard of pinot psychosis. Pinot is named because it's it's similar to
41:28 not, uh, you know, we had something called a go.
41:31 will come back to that in just Vegas items. You used to be
41:34 of Indo psychosis, but then they , No, no, this really
41:37 something completely different. So they took out of the whole thing. So
41:40 have Indo psychosis. We have exhaust iss. We have Figo psychosis,
41:47 is like Indo psychosis, but not . Pena psychosis, plasma membrane in
41:58 eights. Alright, so it basically down work and then it pinches off
42:02 brings in whatever is there very non . What happens to be in the
42:09 in the interstitial fluid is what you . That's peanuts psychosis. It literally
42:15 , uh, sell drinking. that's where it comes from. We
42:22 receptor mediated into psychosis here, so see. There's the There's the peanut
42:27 that's down on that side over We have receptor mediated into psychosis is
42:33 specific. You have a receptor, receptor buying something specific when enough of
42:37 receptors are bound, that's gonna activate coat proteins, which are going to
42:42 the plasma membrane to in vaginal So it basically it it pulls away
42:48 then closes up on top of And now you have a vesicles with
42:51 receptors facing inward to that into the , like so right bound up.
42:59 now what you can do is you then take that material and do whatever
43:05 is that you're supposed to do with , whether it be to destroy
43:07 consume it, activates something, All right. But the idea is
43:11 very, very selective. All we could use this as a form
43:15 transport. Aiken, take pick up on this side of the cell and
43:19 can move it to the other side the cell. That would be another
43:22 I can use. Their, risk. My ink. All
43:29 So in terms of where you can this, this is trying to show
43:34 the receptor mediated. No psychosis Note the customers that are the coat
43:40 that are associating. This is another that kind of stood out as being
43:45 is called Cavalli induced psychosis. This initially discovered in blood vessels, and
43:49 think it's limited there. But it be, um, it may have
43:54 broader implications, so it's primarily in capital Aries again. What you have
43:59 you have a small pit on the of the cell. It's already
44:02 You already have the coat proteins that already associated there, which is called
44:06 it's called a Calvi. Oli is creates a little cavern or pit,
44:11 then what happens is is that you receptors that are there is very similar
44:16 it that binds up to those things the in that cab viola, and
44:21 it closes it off and allows you bring in those molecules. I think
44:25 reason they distinguish it from the others just the presence of the type of
44:29 proteins that air there, I don't for certain. So how is this
44:34 than Vegas psychosis? And each of cases I just described. What was
44:39 plasma membrane doing? What is the I used in vaginal ation? It
44:46 imagination. Alright, so imagination is direction, right? That's that's what
44:55 plasma membrane is doing. Okay, psychosis. The reason it was probably
45:01 reason it was separated out is because is an active or an act independent
45:06 . And so what happens is is the cell sends out pseudo podia.
45:11 other words, it stretches outward and captures what it's trying to catch.
45:17 right, now the word means sell , so you can see it's opposite
45:20 the cell drinking. But it's the that makes it stand out so you
45:25 see in the little cartoon here is here. I've got a little
45:28 I got a macro fage that macrophage that bacterium doesn't belong here. I'm
45:33 reach out and grab it and then it inside my vesicles, and then
45:40 gonna destroy what's inside the vesicles. right, so, again, lots
45:45 80 p. But what we're doing we're stretching the sell out to
45:49 as opposed to pulling things into a little imagination on the surface of the
45:57 . Now, what do we do some of this stuff? Well,
45:59 of the things that weaken Dio, , and I realized I don't have
46:04 slide for exercise hostess, but we already kind of talked about that,
46:07 I'll get to in a second. what we can do is materials that
46:12 into those receptors we can destroy for for materials sake. And so,
46:17 example, that bacterium or, in this particular case, what we're
46:21 at is, um Let's see, not showing the license of the
46:28 Here is we have. I'm just to make sure if I'm looking at
46:33 transporter. Oh, this is the . Um, all right, So
46:36 license, um, is if if you're not familiar, is a
46:40 inside the cell that kind of serves a digestive structure. It basically it
46:46 and materials puts it in there. a very acidic environment because proteins to
46:50 nature and has enzyme that chop up protein. That's that's it's purpose.
46:55 right. And so this is just to show you how we go about
46:58 it. So the license, is created through the into plasma
47:02 Um, and what happens is is have things that we're moving to
47:09 for example, here I'm putting in that are gonna be useful for its
47:15 . And so what do I I have a vest. Sickle.
47:18 your surrounding? The vesicles, The protein. I should be doing it
47:23 way. I have a vest, with coat proteins. It merges with
47:28 Larger lice is, um that's being . It transfers the materials that it
47:34 , recycles the receptors that are bound to that thing. And then it
47:39 that process over and over again. so now what do I have to
47:42 a structure that can then be merged , For example, a bacterium that's
47:50 into vesicles? And what do I with that bacteria exposed to all that
47:56 acid and all those enzyme chop chop, chop chop. Now I've
47:59 things that I can use, you , to help the cell,
48:04 That's an example, right? Or me go back. One other right
48:08 . You can see the merging with zone, so those materials that I
48:13 are being destroyed and used for whatever . All right, so that would
48:21 an example with lice. Is, is doing its using Indo site ACIS
48:26 a means to capture the things that to digest Now, just in case
48:33 missed out on it. This is I was trying to get out
48:37 This was Exocet. ASUs was basically something and bring it up. Let
48:44 . This was just with the classroom . All right? You can think
48:47 this way. Imagine those little blue . Not there. Okay, so
48:52 not bound up. I've got a of receptors. I'm surrounded by
48:56 and what I can do is I move up to the membrane and then
49:01 those binding proteins. Do you see it's just the opposite of exit Indo
49:06 ? Basically, just move the other . I can put things into the
49:10 , or I could have a whole of stuff bound up or not bound
49:13 , but just inside the vehicle, I just move it up there,
49:18 with the membrane and release everything. what the snare pictures trying to show
49:22 . I'm releasing it all out Remove all the ink on the slide
49:25 you can see that. So in psychosis, bring things in. Exocet
49:33 Moving things out. Figo, psychosis out, Bringing things in. That's
49:38 key difference. Is there all Good place to pause questions. Was
49:50 ? I'm sorry Your microphone is breaking a little bit. Could you repeat
49:53 , please? Well, exactly that speaking. So? So it's a
50:01 molecule altogether. The question was, case you guys in here, what's
50:04 difference between a classroom and a All right, customer is is a
50:09 of protein classroom, the type of they fall under the category of coat
50:14 so molecularly I don't not know what structures are. It's just not my
50:19 of expertise, so just I know they're very different, and they're used
50:22 different contexts, all right, and the only thing. You just need
50:26 understand the purpose here. It's a that helps bend the membrane so I
50:30 create a vesicles. That's that's the thing. That's that's all you need
50:34 know. I just want you to there's not just classroom classrooms, not
50:38 only one. There is a massive of these molecules. Anybody else?
50:44 does receptor receptor mediated means? So mediated eso again. This goes back
50:50 what I was saying earlier about Look what the words are so receptors is
50:54 protein that binds a ligand binds toe . Right. So receptor mediated would
51:00 be something that binds to a molecule the process. So receptor mediated in
51:06 psychosis means you have to have a that gets bound up before you get
51:12 psychosis occurring. Does that make Yeah. Yeah. And and again
51:18 . I'm not. I'm not gonna going. Dude, you should know
51:21 . All right, but what I you to start doing to to make
51:24 way above the morons from A and . And if you graduate from A
51:28 M, you're not a moron. the ones that are in here that
51:31 hear my voice. All right. wife is actually in Aggie, so
51:35 get to make fun of them. don't know if that gives me the
51:38 to. It's just that I All right. Right. But the
51:41 here is I want you to be . I don't want you to be
51:45 by the limitations that you said on . Okay, so when you look
51:49 something, you're like, wait a . I'm not really sure what this
51:51 . Kind of pause for a second say. Do the words Tell me
51:54 it means. Sometimes they don't. mean, I mean, classroom doesn't
51:59 you anything. I mean, maybe does. If you actually knew what
52:02 route was. I don't know, code. Um, er, kind
52:04 like. Okay, coats. Okay. It creates a coat.
52:09 covers something. So that's the Um, you use that a little
52:14 to help you along, all but I'm not managing. If you
52:17 understand, if you didn't know it that's That's not the idea.
52:20 I'm just trying to help you guys it easier for you When you when
52:24 get in anatomy and you're going to these words that are literally I don't
52:27 , they they look like sentences. you're just like, I don't know
52:32 this is and just, like, it down and it will literally tell
52:35 , like for muscles, it's literally this place to that place. That's
52:39 literally what they say. All You guys all learned about osmosis in
52:44 , right? And in biology. if you took physics and physics,
52:48 you get a little bit there? many guys know what I was
52:51 This is I mean, could literally like I got this. I don't
52:54 to talk about it. Let's move . And most people kind of look
52:58 me and good. Not so sure that. I know how to answer
53:00 a test. I'm gonna make your easy so that osmosis makes sense for
53:05 rest of your life. Okay, you took chemistry, you're not gonna
53:09 this answer because they like to make complicated. Alright. Moses is simply
53:15 diffusion of water down its concentration. in the end. Okay. Water
53:22 from an area of high water concentration of low water concentration. All
53:26 That's what osmosis is now. The is, is when we teach
53:30 What's the word? We use a when we describe osmosis, you sodium
53:38 salute. We talk about salute. water moving from an area of low
53:43 concentration to an area of high solute notice. All said, what they've
53:47 is they flipped it around. It's trying to describe a man is the
53:51 of a woman. Right? Or to describe a woman is the opposite
53:55 a man doesn't make any sense. have to know what it is that
53:58 dealing with. So if you're gonna a woman, you're gonna describe
54:01 If you're gonna describe man, you're describe his characteristics, you're not going
54:04 sit there. Go. It's the of what we what I want you
54:06 know, all right. But the we do that is because we're talking
54:11 an attractiveness, right? And actually we're really doing When chemists do that
54:16 they do, they love to talk solid because water is religious, the
54:19 where everything is taking place, And so what they're really doing here
54:23 they're trying to get you to focus on the salute because they want you
54:26 kind of deal with the salute. as Moses is, really, all
54:30 gotta do is think about where is water, All right. And so
54:35 can think about like this. All , here. I've got two
54:38 If I put ah, 25% salute and I put 50% salute over
54:46 So this is just salute. How water is on this side right
54:54 If it's your choice, is out 100%. What? What's what's
54:57 Water 75. Yeah. I see, there's this. Like I
55:02 , simple math in this class. not doing anything complex. How
55:05 How much water is over here? . So it's way the water going
55:09 go is going to go from high low, isn't it? So you
55:14 are still stuck up here with trying figure that stuff out? I saw
55:16 look. You're kind of looking, I'm not sure you just want to
55:19 here on where the water is. water is moving down, its concentration
55:24 . All right. Now, in environment where the membrane is or is
55:29 to the solitude is the salt you move, right? So in this
55:33 , let's say that membrane right there permissible to that. Saw you water
55:37 gonna move down. It's great. where is the saw? You're gonna
55:39 ? Is he gonna move it all the first place? If it's
55:43 Yeah. So which way they're going go from high to low. All
55:50 , so it's gonna go that Okay, so that's simple again.
55:53 is intuitive stuff. Don't let Don't again. This is not chemistry where
55:58 trying to trick you, right? . They've got all these secret
56:03 Only one of you get today. right? No, we all want
56:06 eat. We're all gonna get for right, so you already understand
56:09 But if that membrane and then they're move until equilibrium is reached,
56:13 That's the idea. All right. , if that membrane is impermeable to
56:18 salty, the salty you can't It's stuck where it iss,
56:21 So water is gonna keep moving down concentration, Grady int until the pressure
56:28 that container where it's moving to becomes great, right? Think about like
56:33 . All right? You all know smart car is You know, that
56:36 tiny two seater. How many people you fit in a smart car?
56:41 is the trick question. OK, said to know you're not trying hard
56:47 , all right? You and all teammates wanna go down and party at
56:51 club that you know what I'm talking . So you got a smart
56:54 How many of your teammates can you in that car? You're just gonna
56:59 shoving him and shoving them in until , It's like you get,
57:03 four in uncomfortably. And then after , it's like, All right,
57:07 many can we keep going? And just like, if we could keep
57:09 you in this direction, you can get seven in that car, and
57:14 maybe you get that eighth person and start shoving them in the car.
57:17 know, you're like, pushing him one, and someone's gonna pop out
57:19 other side, right? Like a car. All right. So you
57:24 really fit a lot of people in smart car because there is a finite
57:28 . And if you can fill up volume appropriately, may not. I
57:31 say comfortably. I just said, can you fit? You know,
57:35 don't fit as many people in there you possibly can. Alright, but
57:38 some point, the volume is gonna so full that the next person that
57:42 in is gonna force the person And so when we're dealing with Ozzy
57:47 , that is also true. That osmotic pressure you hear about is
57:52 hydrostatic pressure. Remember, Hydrostatic just means pressure of water, right?
57:57 osmotic pressure is the opposing pressure or is the is the pressure you reach
58:04 the hydrostatic pressure opposes the movement of . Alright, so hydrostatic pressures.
58:10 natural pressure. Right? So erasing all the ink on the
58:15 Sorry about that. Here we go . Remember, I'm just gonna use
58:19 here. So here's my 75% Here's my 50% 50% water. Water
58:25 moving in this direction, but there still a pressure in this in
58:28 in this outward right, it's naturally water just wants to move away from
58:35 , right? And so when that in this direction equals the flow in
58:42 direction, that's when you recharge my . Alright, so that's pretty simple
58:47 that so much more simple than all horrible explanations you've gotten before. All
58:53 , so that's the idea is that an osmotic pressure. So when that
59:00 is permanent with water in the you remember we said both of them
59:03 and we're gonna get equilibrium when it's Lee promotable water water is gonna move
59:09 its concentration Grady int until the osmotic right? Says the opposing hydrostatic.
59:15 of the osmotic pressure stops its Oh, no e meu myself.
59:23 , I still muted. Yes. couldn't hear me if I waas All
59:29 , let's double check and see what's on here. My audio is
59:35 Okay. Oh, you've been Someone in the meeting muted me.
59:40 mute me. I I didn't You muted me. Whoever press the
59:45 And I don't know how you got right to do that. I don't
59:48 . Anyway, um, what I saying and I apologize is that I'm
59:54 you. Thank you. When you my voice goes away, just let
59:57 know. All right. Um but I'm saying here is that when it's
60:00 permissible the water. Basically, the of that water stops when the pressure
60:07 it is it collaborated. That's what supposing hydrostatic pressure. That's the osmotic
60:13 . That's osmotic pressure. All now there's a term you've all
60:18 which is called Osmo Rarity Right, is a scary word because it's a
60:22 like modularity, but we don't know , Oz, malaria simple. It
60:26 says, Let me count up the of particles in a in a certain
60:30 . Alright? And so usually that is one leader, right? And
60:33 we don't care what the particles We just how many of them are
60:37 , right? So here's the If I take a mole of glucose
60:44 I put that mole of glucose in water, that mole of glucose glucose
60:48 not dissociate, it just goes into water. And now I have not
60:52 won Moeller solution, I have one mole of solution because one mole per
60:58 alright, but if I take a of sodium chloride, sodium chloride dissociates
61:02 water because we got two ions and for every sodium chloride we get one
61:06 on one chlorine So one mole of chloride becomes to Oz moles because there's
61:13 sodium. There's one chlorine, 11 of each. All right, so
61:18 what similarity is. So the reason care about this is because this is
61:22 that your body is looking at. what it's regulating, all right,
61:27 what it's behavior is. And so we look at and say, All
61:30 , so the first thing is that potassium pump is there to help maintain
61:35 water balance. All right, so you can see we have that imbalance
61:39 sodium and potassium on either side of , and basically the water is moving
61:44 and forth so that they create So the Osma clarity outside the
61:47 the same Azia similarity inside the even though we have the disequilibrium,
61:51 , we don't care which particles were as long as there's the same number
61:54 particles. Alright. But if for reason I kill that pump in this
61:59 , we're using a molecule called wabi do would be to do that not
62:03 . Kill the pump. What Well, we have all these leak
62:07 , so potassium starts moving out sodium back in because that's the direction that
62:12 concentration Grady INTs are. The proteins move anywhere, and so we end
62:17 with this higher concentration of particles inside cell. And then that means there's
62:23 water relative to the number of because that's what similarity is. Or
62:28 water moves dams concentration. Gary causes cell to swell. Cells don't like
62:34 swollen cells don't like being shrunk. like being the size that they are
62:40 . So there's an important role that pumps play and what the's exchangers do
62:49 it comes to maintaining the right environment and outside the cell. Here's an
62:57 . All right, here, I've environment. You can see there's my
63:01 similarity inside and outside the cell, Equilibrium Waters moving in at the same
63:06 as it's moving out. And then I do is I put a whole
63:09 of horrible stuff outside the cell. say horrible stuff in just saying particles
63:14 be glucose. Could be whatever it matter, right? So what's gonna
63:17 is water is gonna move down its Grady in because there's more particles outside
63:21 cell means there's less water by Water moves outside the cell. Now
63:26 have a shrunken sell. What I about shrunken cells, shrunken cells are
63:34 equals bad, right, So doesn't to be there. So what it
63:39 is that it kicks in and activates puts into place thes transporters, which
63:47 what it moves. Some of those that are out here into the cell
63:55 create equal Osma clarity. Really? one we should be looking at.
64:01 then so water moves back in the , you get back to the original
64:04 . Put another way. Are you with the size of your bedroom right
64:09 ? Got enough space to sleep? your clothes, maybe study. Imagine
64:14 your room by. Well, I know about Third. Be a little
64:17 about that. Your roommate sleeping in same bed with you? Kind of
64:22 of uncomfortable, Especially if they're All right. You're like,
64:27 I want the room back the way waas. So you're gonna find a
64:30 . That's what this cells doing The is exactly true as well. Here
64:34 have the same similarity. What do do? Is I reduce basic.
64:38 added a whole bunch of water set the concentration. So what's water gonna
64:42 ? It's gonna move into the Now, we've got a big giant
64:44 cells unhappy about that. So what I want to do is I want
64:47 open up, uh, channels that me to move ions out, which
64:53 the cell can then move back to original shape. Why? Because water
64:59 particles, right. It follows the . It moves down its concentration
65:05 That's the key thing with ah Here's another one. You're really
65:13 Yuria is an interesting molecule. Do have that friend that you could tell
65:18 joke too? And they just kind stare atyou for a couple seconds before
65:20 laugh. You know which one I'm . You're picturing them right now,
65:24 you? There is somebody that, know that just is a little bit
65:30 . Yuria is that little bit Okay, Your area is just a
65:35 like everything else, but it has . It's it's capable of passing through
65:40 membrane. It's semi permeable membrane semi to Yuria. So here I've got
65:45 whole bunch of Yuria creates an imbalance terms of the similarity. So water
65:49 gonna move down its concentration ingredient. , but Yuria, because there's no
65:56 here, is gonna move back into cell. But it does so
66:02 right? So it slowly leaches back in the water follows to create this
66:08 . Eventually you'll get equilibrium with regard the Osma clarity. So you initially
66:14 shrinking, right? Because the water leaving. But you don't need to
66:18 all these systems because you're really kind leaches into the cell and brings the
66:22 along with All right, now, does this matter again, e always
66:29 you why does this matter? All , you guys planning on going to
66:32 health professions? All right? You someone who's dehydrated. All right,
66:36 this. Poor person is dehydrated. should I give him? All I
66:39 to give him fluids. Right. , if I give him a pure
66:42 or her pure water, that water gonna cause this sort of imbalance
66:46 Too much water on the outside. is gonna rush into the cells,
66:49 causing the cells toe life. It's bad thing. And so what,
66:54 understanding this becomes important is that when give someone just as an example,
66:58 someone's dehydrate, you give them Plus Salyut, it slows the rate
67:02 which water moves in and allows for cells to slowly regain their size
67:09 Right? And so, if you been put on an ivy, do
67:11 give you pure water? No, give you lacked hated ringers or
67:16 5% plus lactating ringers, if you . What lactate? Herb ringers
67:20 It's water with stuff. You can it up. All right?
67:26 some terms. This is Tennis city what? Your book refers to his
67:29 about similarity. When you look at solution, you ask the question,
67:34 right. Is it hyper tonic? it isotonic isn't hyper tonic. And
67:38 just me the same thing. Is hyper hyper ISO or Hypo Oz
67:43 You know, Osma Low, low, false that have the same
67:49 of ions, right? What's the ? Malaria? Real simple. Hyper
67:55 mawr. Isil means same. Hypo less. Alright, we're good.
68:02 right. It's this other half that got to remember about this tonic.
68:05 always refers to the solute concentration and reason I say pay attention. That
68:09 when you're in an exam and when comes up, you'll be like,
68:12 , I know water moves down its greater. But what am I looking
68:15 ? What? I'm looking at a tonic solution, So I just remember
68:17 hyper mawr tonic refers to sell you type er salute. So that means
68:24 less water. You have toe It just kind of go through the
68:29 . All right, now, remember I was saying here. Shifts and
68:36 results in changes an effective, similarity. The key ones here sodium
68:40 glucose. Those are the ones that caused all the problems. So that's
68:46 we give you the lacked headed ringers whatnot. So let's take a look
68:50 see what we got here. All ? We're going to see what the
68:54 does when we add in excess of . And this is this shouldn't be
68:58 hard to see. All right, the top is gonna be my What
69:02 start with this is what happens Okay? It's not talking about the
69:06 . It's ultimately what? What does look like. Okay, so my
69:11 step, I basically I start off 100% water. I'm sorry. I
69:15 off with my my equal concentrations. notice that the ah similarity is always
69:19 300 million as moles. Okay, book is really specific, and it
69:24 down to, like, 290. gonna be 2090.7 or whatever.
69:28 it's 300. A good number. , but they're the same. So
69:33 gonna take water, and I'm gonna it into a, uh into the
69:38 that surrounds a cell. So what's water going to do? Well,
69:45 , right? Oh, sorry. is isotonic. This is not just
69:49 water. There's isotonic. I was , Wait a second, that's that's
69:51 right. If I give something that's , that means I'm adding in the
69:55 amount of water and solute as what's in the environment already, and that's
70:00 in equilibrium. So when I add to just the extra cellular fluid
70:05 put it outside the cell. I expect any that change, right?
70:10 just like expanding the outer compartment. that kind of makes sense,
70:14 So if my ah similarity here and is the same and I added more
70:18 the same lot similarity, then the thing that's gonna change is how much
70:22 have outside need to reset. I . I see At least two furrowed
70:30 does. Do I need to explain Better not your head and say
70:33 I don't mean okay. I If it doesn't make sense, it
70:38 help that. I just said and gonna go. Maybe I'll figure it
70:40 tomorrow. You're going to stop caring 20 minutes, so Well, all
70:46 . So here we have. don't worry about Well, right
70:51 There. That's just showing you how is there or caring about right now
70:55 just this. All right. So I add in on this side something
70:59 looks exactly the same, right? other words, I've got outside the
71:04 a fluid that is 290 million Moles and I added mawr fluid.
71:08 290 million Oz bowls. That fluid already an equilibrium on either side,
71:16 there's gonna be no net change in of fluid movement because there's no net
71:21 for it to go to right. no excess water, so water doesn't
71:25 to balance out right. There's no that needs to balance out. It's
71:29 imbalanced. So when I add something already the same, it's just going
71:35 stay wherever I added it. So true would be the same would be
71:38 if I had to sell, the would end up being bigger, But
71:42 couldn't leave and and the ions couldn't because already in equilibrium right now,
71:49 go to the case of the pure against everything starts off in balance.
71:56 had an extra water on the left . Look what happens to the Osma
72:02 . It drops, right? I've it. So now I have a
72:06 bunch of water on the outside. where does the water wanna go?
72:10 there's less water? So it's gonna in this direction until three reach
72:17 So what's happened to the cell? cell's now swollen, so it has
72:20 respond to that and create balance by ions out to get it back to
72:24 original shape, and it will never its original equilibrium. As a
72:30 we have to get rid of the , which will then ultimately bounce
72:33 But we don't need thio worry about shit. But you see what's happening
72:36 When I had an excess water, is gonna move down its concentration.
72:44 . Both sides are swollen. All , so now let's add in pure
72:49 . Bullets of salt. Plug it and I don't know, open person
72:55 use a salt shaker. I don't how they would do this because it
72:57 to be in solution. Right? again, starting point. Everything is
73:01 the same, right? And what ? I had an extra salt miles
73:05 way, way high relative to So I've got a lot more solid
73:09 this side. A lot less salute that side, which means effectively.
73:14 have a greater concentration of water on side. Less concentration of water on
73:19 side of the water moves in that . The cell shrinks. The extra
73:26 compartment grows as a result until equilibrium met. And there's your equilibrium.
73:35 you see how this works, I mean, in a very general
73:37 , water drives or is driven by presence of the salute. Which is
73:44 Kim is talk about this all the , right? That's why they focus
73:47 the salute. But we're interested. water going? So water,
73:52 water moves down its grave mint. just have to recognize that the Grady
73:57 changes as a result of the presence the solid. Now, how does
74:02 all happen? All right, things move back and forth across
74:10 um, through what we call epithelial cells. So here you go.
74:16 is, um let me see how set this up. All right,
74:20 this is the interstitial space. This the Lumen. So you can imagine
74:23 this were your digest suggestive track, would be the part. That's digestive
74:27 here. This would be inside your . This is the barrier in between
74:31 . Okay, That's how you wanna at that. So if I'm moving
74:39 this direction, that's called absorption, ? If I'm moving from outside the
74:44 into the body, that's absorption. I'm moving from inside the body to
74:48 the body, that's secretion, That's the two basic ways to do
74:53 . Now, the way we do , how we move things. We
74:55 either move things through cells or you move things in between cells. Makes
75:00 makes sense. Right? So if moved through the cell, we refer
75:04 that as trans cellular transport. And that means is usually I have something
75:08 causes me to pump into the And then I moved back out to
75:11 the other direction, right? Think that glucose, right? What did
75:15 do with glucose glucose? I had move from the Lumen. I moved
75:19 uphill into the cell because it's against concentration. Radiant. But I wanna
75:23 move it to my fat cells where can store that glucose forever.
75:28 when you're my age, that's what do with that, right? And
75:30 what is gonna do is it's gonna downhill. So there's a Grady int
75:34 in that direction, like so. right, for something like what?
75:39 your secrete ing it would be the way would be moving in this
75:47 All right, so something is Something is downhill. Whenever you're dealing
75:51 one of these types of transports. I am going in between the cells
75:55 that's what this is trying to show right there. That's referred to as
75:58 of cellular transport. This is where gonna find you. Remember this tight
76:04 ? You remember the good old Tight ? Remember when the characteristics of the
76:07 junctions in some places that their leaky you have a leaky tight junctions,
76:12 biggest one of the bigger oxymorons in . Thank you very much.
76:17 All right. So this is just of show you what the salutes we're
76:23 . And this is probably a good to stop because I'm not getting into
76:26 to cell talking, so I'm basically a lecture behind, if not a
76:31 bit more. All right. So here. Here. What we
76:35 I got sodium where I get sodium my diet. Tater chips. You
76:41 , those little Mexican Candies? You , all that fun stuff. So
76:46 got sodium in high concentration of I'm gonna use a channel to move
76:51 sodium in. And then what do wanna dio sodium levels of rising inside
76:55 inside cells? What do I My sodium levels to be higher Low
77:01 low, low. So I got pump to pump it out. So
77:05 is moving into my body. It's , um, downhill. And then
77:09 moving uphill like that. That's how how it's moving, right? It's
77:14 pumped out. That's an example of . All right, Um, here's
77:18 example of glucose. Remember what we ? We had high glucose inside the
77:23 . We have very low glucose outside cells, so we're gonna use secondary
77:27 transport. So if I have high out here, have to pump it
77:33 an area of high concentration. But get it to another cell,
77:37 I have a simple carrier that moves down from an area of high to
77:43 . So it's uphill, then So you see how one's uphill wants
77:48 downhill. All right, um, is for sodium secretion. Sorry.
77:52 . Common slide or sorry. Potassium of sodium. So I had to
77:56 . Think. Alright, So What do I have? I have
77:59 and lots of potassium that really high . Very low potassium out here.
78:04 if I'm allowing the potassium to move its concentration grading so I can secrete
78:10 , get rid of it. That my potassium concentrations getting lower and lower
78:14 the south. But what I have I have a pump that is constantly
78:18 potassium uphill. Right? So it's first, then downhill again.
78:26 I'm not gonna ask you What is doing right? Actually, you should
78:30 able to figure that out if you . If you know that the inside
78:32 cells is always high potassium, low , right outside of cell is always
78:37 soda or high sodium potassium. I'm asking this question, but it's just
78:41 and you look at, then here's . Chlorine has a whole bunch of
78:46 . There's that molecule is talking about K C. C. Right?
78:51 it doing? It's allowed chlorine to in uphill against its Grady int,
78:55 then you have a channel that allows to secrete climbing right back out.
78:58 downhill. So this is how I . Things take advantage of those
79:04 take advantage of those carriers, and could move islands wherever I need
79:09 And how do I have the energy do that while I'm gonna ride that
79:13 , uh, driven pump? So potassium make ups pump that allows me
79:16 do that. All right. Gonna there for those. You have
79:23 This would be a good time to them. I'm sure I put you
79:29 to sleep. This is not the stuff. And I recognize that.
79:32 ahead. Sorry. I just seriously, because it always ended
79:39 It takes well, so fingers. is characteristic of a very specific type
79:45 of cells. So we have a acidic cells. They're actually even termed
79:49 acidic cells. And so, what they're doing is they're trying to
79:52 either cellular debris or some sort of . Uh, large pathogen. I
79:57 be clear about that. So Yeah, it does it result in
80:00 ablation or the loss of whatever it that they're consuming? Yes. The
80:03 is take this in, get it of the environment, destroy it.
80:07 then we've removed from the environment that substance, whatever it happens to
80:12 You're welcome. Anybody else? What you going? The paper. Is
80:20 next lecture? Uh, what am gonna talk about? The paper.
80:27 , let's see. I know I it in the lecture that's already
80:34 So right now What you What you be doing is you should be ideally
80:38 what it is that you're actually interested in pursuing of those different topics.
80:45 , for example, again, if if you've signed up for more than
80:47 topic accidentally, just let me and I'll remove you the first.
80:52 first thing once the first one to is February 9th. Is that
80:55 So that gives you kind of a bit of time to kind of figure
80:57 out. So I'm pretty sure I have embedded in lecture what those next
81:02 are. Um did I promise you I talk about it more or
81:08 I can't remember. See, my gets turned off midway through the
81:11 If I'm not here on campus, focusing on, you know, call
81:15 duty. I'm focusing on. people are laughing at that. I've
81:19 kids, and I also play call duty with them. So,
81:24 so did I promise you that I'll about it more? Yes. Just
81:28 we should start identifying sources. so our story time. If you
81:34 , you can leave. I'm don't around. I had a student in
81:38 Where I you know, like, day of class. I talked about
81:40 paper a little bit like I did you. And the next class he
81:44 in said, Okay, I'm done my paper. I was like,
81:47 so full of crap. Now you're . And hey said, Well,
81:51 know, just take a look at real quick and let me know if
81:53 if I'm missing it. And it out the guy was He was He
81:57 a student who already earned his PhD was going on to medical school.
82:03 was his plan. He just needed . Pre req. So? So
82:07 he had done is literally within a hour period. He you know,
82:10 just took whatever the topic was, he just went through because he's used
82:13 writing and basically just churned it all in literally 24 hour, 48 hour
82:18 . Whatever it was now do I that if you know. All
82:22 when can you start identifying sources? moment that you figured out what you
82:26 work on? Start identifying your Start working on it. Now,
82:29 the thing. The earlier you get with the paper. You know,
82:33 less you have to worry about it . You know, I'm not saying
82:36 it all done this week. Please do that. I set up those
82:39 those time bands in those smaller assignments historically, all I did was And
82:44 this is why you see things. , I've ever wonder you saw this
82:47 . Why? Their answer is because 20 or 30% of my class would
82:53 work on the paper until the last before it was due. And so
82:57 they would get all freaked out because didn't have this paper. And then
83:00 would drop the class, even though they had to do was just do
83:03 stupid assignment and I got tired of . So I said, All
83:07 I'm gonna treat you guys like Okay, step by step. This
83:11 what you need to be doing. it's not hard. I mean,
83:14 week toe work on sources a week work on an outline, a week
83:17 work on getting your words on and then two weeks to refine everything
83:21 not hard, you know. So that's really kind of the idea
83:25 So if you want to start working , more power to you. You
83:29 , identify 50 sources. Call them to four to calm down.
83:32 Calm down to 20. You or start with 10 and work your
83:35 up. Get rid of stuff you like. Keep stuff you want.
83:39 the idea. So I'm not I'm holding you to the sources that you
83:43 . I just wanna make sure that started doing it. That's really all
83:45 doing. Next question. You You bet. Next question.
83:50 Yes. Why? Okay. I'm here. I'm listening.
83:59 So? So when you killed a Sodium palm? Uh huh. I
84:07 that. Mhm. Yes, Moves from outside the inside?
84:13 Uh huh. The memory is but, uh, yes, that
84:23 I'm just circling for you right Yes. So So, one of
84:25 we're gonna be focusing on is that are leak channels everywhere, and in
84:29 , the concentration the number of leak you have has a major impact on
84:34 movement of those particular ions. And gonna learn a little bit later,
84:38 you don't even know it now. their arm or potassium leak channel than
84:41 are sodium channels. And so that potassium movement has a greater impact on
84:46 than sodium movement does on the ion inside and outside the cell. So
84:53 we could do is we can modify adjust those. And that's really what
84:57 conductivity is is making changes in that . So what you're looking at when
85:04 showing you these little tiny arrows right is there already is telling you there
85:08 leak channels in place, so sodium leaks into the cell. Potassium naturally
85:14 out, but what the sodium potassium is doing? Is it saying
85:18 no, no. You moved out , but I don't want you
85:20 I want you back inside. That's it's doing. So it's it's It's
85:25 you can imagine. You already have leaky boat, but you put the
85:28 there to make sure the water levels rise. And what happens when you
85:33 the pump? Well, the water are gonna naturally rise. In this
85:36 , it's the ions, but that's same idea. You're welcome anybody
85:44 Is there any place you know of has practice questions that will get us
85:50 learn the material at death. You us to learn it for the
85:54 Not that. I mean, I'm there are. So, you
85:58 I mean, there there is, , I mean, for for
86:02 I'm in terms of not purchase, don't know, but for purchase,
86:06 example, uh, mastering, a MP is one. Again.
86:13 a lot more anatomy than there is . But, um, the author
86:17 the textbook for Pearson, which is human physiology by D. Silverthorne.
86:22 a good friend of mine. well, e mean a za good
86:26 we can be his colleagues. I mean, she stuff that she's
86:30 is produced, um, is I've actually even written questions for
86:35 But I don't want you guys to like you have to go out and
86:38 questions sets. I'm sure there are lips and stuff, but again,
86:42 danger is, is how much of stuff is stolen material. And
86:47 you know, honestly, I have questions on my exams that if you
86:51 to memorize them, all, you , learn everything that I wanted you
86:54 learn in the first place. I'm suggesting go out and steal and memorize
86:58 exams. Um, And again, have I know that former students have
87:04 exams of mine and whatnot, but terms of an actual source, where
87:08 get it? I don't know. , the pre reading quizzes air those
87:13 level than we need. No, air very low level. Those
87:16 Just like please, please, please . Here's something simple. Can you
87:20 it? Um, something I might you. I mean, I'm gonna
87:23 you. So you're asking kind of pedagogical question. I'm answer.
87:27 maybe you're not, but I'm answering anyway. This way. So think
87:30 it. If I'm shooting for a grade, like a 70 or 65
87:34 whatever it is that I'm shooting that means I've got a pad,
87:36 lot of the test with low level . So, you know a good
87:41 of your exam will be low right? But high order questions would
87:46 to the effect of like, Can think about this? Conceptually. What
87:49 this doing? You know in this context or you know, this I
87:54 you this. How would you apply here knowing that you know. So
87:59 that's the idea. But again, air those air fewer in in terms
88:03 questions. So if you're breaking it , you can think about half the
88:06 is gonna be really low level, , blooms. And then you move
88:10 weapon that the other half to really of challenge you guys is gonna be
88:14 upper level blooms to kind of get . So you pad the great with
88:17 half the half the test or half test is padded. Grade three other
88:21 is, you know, really to what How far do you guys learn
88:25 stuff? But it's not, but not, but yeah, but I'll
88:29 you, it's not all gonna be . I mean, like level
88:31 you know, I mean, most its level 34 blooms if you know
88:34 bloom's taxonomy. So it's kind of middle range on Lee. A very
88:38 portions that really, really, really order. Alright. Anyone else?
88:45 last question for a paper. If pure zehr grainy it How do you
88:50 sure it's gonna be great objectively and ? Oh, we have so much
88:54 . We're gonna be doing calibrations. I'm gonna make sure that you guys
88:58 how Thio thio objectively, Um, know, observe rather than subjectively greater
89:06 . So we're gonna go through, , multiple, multiple calibrations. You're
89:11 get to see good papers, bad and and, you know, kind
89:14 mediocre papers and kind of figure out see what you're doing. The truth
89:17 , though, that you can't completely the subjectivity, right? Because everyone
89:23 a certain level of expectation. But can I can I can get off
89:28 rough edges, and I can kind normalize everybody around. What?
89:32 I'm trying to get you dio generally with five reviewers. You know,
89:36 you have one, outlier is not have an impact on your grade.
89:39 know, if you have three out , then well, you have to
89:43 liars. You know, it's It's very where generally speaking, you'd
89:49 a good outlining a bad outlaw. do you have one on the same
89:53 . You're welcome. Anybody else? right, We're wrapping it up.
90:00 closing up shop. You'll hear me around for a bit while hit Stop
90:03 all these different things. So, , I'll see you on
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