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BIOL 2301 Human Anatomy & Physiology I - BIOL2301_lecture11_0928
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00:02 Good morning campers. How are we doing today? Good. Yeah.
00:10 right. Um Just one quick announcement we start uh catching up with all
00:15 fun stuff that we've been doing. getting about one or two emails a
00:18 right now. Uh concerning like, my grade from Top hat or late
00:22 my connect grade is not showing up campus. Um I just wanna remind
00:26 , I made an announcement about this weeks ago. I emailed it out
00:29 you guys should have received this if didn't see it. I'm just saying
00:32 so that it sticks in your All right. Canvas connect and top
00:36 don't always talk well together, think them like um siblings that hate each
00:42 . And so if something goes wrong their communication between them, they basically
00:47 talking to each other for a little and that's no big deal because your
00:51 that I use don't come from camp is just a way for you to
00:56 everything in one spot. All So it's always going to be
01:01 Grade on canvas. That's from cut from top hat. That's wrong.
01:06 go and look at your grade on hat or on canvas wherever it comes
01:10 and if it's, you're good, right, you don't have to worry
01:13 it because that's where I put grades . And usually on the day of
01:16 I try to resync everything on, campus, not guaranteed to do
01:25 two or three different software developers trying communicate through that. But if there's
01:31 wrong we'll fix it. But just you see, this doesn't make it
01:36 . Yeah. Get that. So don't have to email me. I'm
01:40 of the problem. Have a All these that's, that's trust.
01:53 Top hat trust campus. You're actually the assignment that way. I don't
02:02 to eat like a egg canvas which is what I really do.
02:08 right with that in mind. Um we're gonna do today is we're gonna
02:12 up with the bones of the lower and then we're gonna go and start
02:15 about joints. And so the good is that the lower limbs are much
02:20 the upper limbs in that we have girdle and we have an upper
02:24 two lower bones and then the bones really the, it's gonna be the
02:29 , but it'd be the equivalent to wrist. And then we have the
02:32 things that we saw in the palms in the fingers. It's the soles
02:35 our feet or the length of our , plus our toes. And so
02:39 starting point here is the pelvic That's the name of it. It's
02:43 three bones that have fused together. you can see here the three colors
02:47 they're using here to show that. right. Um, so you can
02:51 these are the three bones, we're at two halves. So you have
02:54 on each side and they fuse those three bones fuse together and then
02:58 two bones connect with the sacrum and they're attached to each other with a
03:03 um some um what the pubic All right. And so what we're
03:11 at in this picture here, which horribly labeled because it has all the
03:14 that you don't need to know here , it's basically showing you the two
03:19 sides of this bone from the lateral and from the medial side. And
03:23 you can imagine you're getting two of on either. You're getting one of
03:26 on either side. Now, the bones are pretty basic and pretty easy
03:30 identify and hopefully, I'll give you simpleness. All right. So you
03:35 feel here on your hip that right when we talk about that hip
03:38 that is the ilium. This is upper portion of the hip,
03:43 So it's going to be the blue here. So that thing that you
03:47 when you're feeling for your hip, your ilium. All right. The
03:51 one that you're probably familiar with or heard is the pubis and that's where
03:56 all get pubis, right? It's bone that sits in the front,
04:00 the pelvis. All right. So the front bone and you can see
04:03 here. Um This is gonna be green bone. Um This portion right
04:08 that you're looking at, that is it connects with the other pubis on
04:12 other side. So that would be medial view. And then you can
04:15 over here this is the last Um You'll hear most people call it
04:21 is and that's fine. I the pronunciation is not a big deal
04:25 anatomy unless you come across some random who's like grammar Nazi, right?
04:31 is she the ishi? Excuse me really easy to remember because that's what
04:35 sit on your issue is your OK. No one smiled at that
04:41 . You know how long it took to come up with that. It
04:43 like three years and I finally, the ishi, it's your is
04:48 The Im, the proper pronunciation of word is, is all right.
04:53 you'll hear most people call it the . So those are your three bones
04:57 you can see how they come together they form or they, they,
05:01 form a structure right here called the . All right. And again,
05:07 you pronounce it wrong, no big , Aceta bum is the socket that
05:12 articulates with the femur that makes up long bone of the upper limb.
05:18 right. So that's the acetabulum. then just below the acetabular is a
05:22 through which the blood vessels and the and the uh nerve travel down through
05:27 legs. And this is the All right. So that's the big
05:32 right there that you see obra and this structure on the outside the Aceta
05:38 that is where the articulation between the and the femur is. And then
05:42 can see up here. Um uh me see just trying. So medial
05:48 , it's uh this uh ari surface there. That's where you would be
05:53 with the sacrum. All right. when you see a picture like like
06:03 , there we go, you can here, usually they'll put the sacrum
06:07 with the hip. And so you see here is the sarum, there's
06:10 cox. And then here this would the female o this is the male
06:17 and the reason I like to show picture is because this is one of
06:20 part of the body. It is the only part of the body that
06:24 differs between males and females, but the bones, this is the one
06:27 really stands out. And you can just by looking at them how one
06:31 broader and one is not, one a broad pelvic inlet that allows for
06:36 birth. Uh the male pelvic inlet not. So we'd have a hard
06:41 , we already have a hard enough giving birth as it is. I
06:44 , as an, as an it's actually we struggle um with the
06:49 relative to other primates. But, that's because we stand up.
06:53 Whereas most of the primates are, , their hips are arranged in such
06:57 way that they don't stand up, ? Normally they have, they have
07:01 work at it. But anyway, this kind of shows you like all
07:04 differences, you don't need to know , but it's one of the
07:06 And so whenever you see that is uh term we refer to as sexual
07:13 . In other words, die to , meaning changes or differences. All
07:18 . So the cox is a perfect of this pelvic dimorphism. So,
07:25 we're gonna do is we're gonna just down the leg and we're just gonna
07:27 moving from top to bottom each time we go through. And I'm just
07:31 highlight what I think are some of important things. And so the femur
07:35 the largest bone in the body. the strongest bone. When you think
07:39 a bone you probably think of, this bone. Um actually, uh
07:44 to us having a real made these would be like you'd get like
07:48 femur and you can use that as club to beat things. I
07:52 it's, this is the big it makes up a quarter of your
07:55 . So if you find a one of the things that you can
07:58 as an anthropologist say, or even a forensic scientist, you can take
08:03 femur and you can determine the size the person that it came from because
08:07 is, the ratio is almost literally to 4. So it's like,
08:11 , it's, I'm just gonna make a number. It's a foot
08:14 Oh That means a person was four tall. So it's kind of
08:17 All right. Now, the it's gonna be covered with big heavy
08:21 because all those vessels are responsible for you around. Um The head is
08:26 first structure. So you can see head there and then just near the
08:30 , we have these two projections called we have the greater canter and the
08:35 canter greater would be bigger than right? I just, you gotta
08:42 up. Somebody's got a yes, than the front row. All
08:47 So we got the greater lesser This is where your gluteal muscles are
08:52 . This is where the thigh muscles . OK. So these projections are
08:57 and large because they're responsible for attaching muscles which allow you to move your
09:05 moving downward. This is a always a long bone. It's gonna
09:10 a shaft and you can see this right here that's going down. It's
09:15 the Alinea aspira. Part of that aspira is an attachment for the
09:21 right? This is the gluteus the one you're most familiar with.
09:24 actually three gluteal muscles, maximum minimus medius. All right, the maximus
09:31 the big one. All right, you look at someone's booty and say
09:34 cute, you know, or that's big or whatever, that's the muscle
09:39 looking at gluteus. All right, is what it's attached to is there's
09:44 linear sphere and there's a specific location the tuberosity, gluteal tuberosity to which
09:49 is attached. All right. again, you're not gonna be sitting
09:53 looking at a saying, where do find this that's reserved for the
09:57 But when you hear the word or the word, you should ask the
10:00 , what is its purpose? All , nine times out of 10,
10:04 named for what it does. So gluteal tuberosity stands out as being
10:10 that's named for. All right, you move further down, you get
10:14 the bottom of the bone where it's articulate with the next bone, the
10:18 . And what you have are these articulations called the con dials. There's
10:23 that's lateral and one that's medial. is kind of unique because this is
10:29 articulations from the humerus to the In other words, two bones,
10:34 articulations. And if I were to you see this or if you could
10:38 this, it's like two uh that side by side with each other.
10:43 , it's not gonna work this way that. And so when you articulate
10:48 these two things. So those are con dials, the lateral and the
10:51 condi and just like all the other just above them. And there's gonna
10:55 small attachments. This would be the condi and the lateral con di so
10:59 , lateral, medial, lateral, right, the other bone that we
11:05 of have to throw in here because no other place to put. It
11:08 the patella, the patella is your . And we're gonna see this more
11:13 . This, they're just trying to it here. It sits in front
11:17 the knee joint and protects the knee uh um from, from damage.
11:23 right, also plays an important role leverage. So we have the acoa
11:30 bones ilium ischem pubis down to the with some uh uh features down to
11:37 knee cap, which is the patella then we move down to the lower
11:41 . All right. Now, we two bones there, but I'm going
11:44 point out a feature to help you to remember the order in which things
11:47 . All right, we have the , the femur articulates with the next
11:53 . So remember how up here we the humors articulated with two bones,
11:57 femur only articulates with one bone. goes femur to tibia. All
12:03 And then the tibia sits between the and the femur. So we have
12:09 OK. That's how I remember. you can see here here, you
12:12 see the femur up here, here's tibia, the tibia is the medial
12:17 . So the weight of your body through your femur down through the
12:22 Now, one of the things I to say here is that the femur
12:25 goes inward towards the body. So brings the center of gravity towards the
12:30 line instead of away from the All right. So your weight comes
12:35 and then it's centered because of the the projection of the femurs. All
12:40 . But that weight is then carried through the tibia. The fibula plays
12:46 role in bearing the weight of your . Ok. It's gonna be more
12:52 stabilization further down. So femur tibia here you can see the articulation.
12:59 there's the tibia, there's the fibula on the side. All right.
13:05 , the most important thing I want just point out here is what's going
13:08 down at the ankle. All So the ankle that you're most aware
13:13 is the point that sticks out outward your ankle, right? So if
13:19 look down at your ankle, no we, we've got up here.
13:22 you look down at your ankle, see you have something that kind of
13:25 out on the side, both the and on the outside, right,
13:28 bone, those are the malleoli plural singular. All right. So there's
13:33 on the medial side and one that's the lateral side. If the tibia
13:37 on the medial side, then the malleolus belongs to the tibia and then
13:43 lateral malleolus then belongs to the Thank you. All right.
13:49 the way you can think about if you can think that right here
13:53 I have my uh fibula, I've this back. We're just, I'm
13:58 about this. I'll do it this . All right. So here I
14:01 my uh uh fibula. Uh Here is my tibia coming down and this
14:06 be my medial mali. All So lateral maus mel MAOIs, what
14:13 is, is those two bones or two projections project downward and outward so
14:20 the next bone that makes up part the ankle called the taus has something
14:26 holds it in place. All So what I'm doing is I'm creating
14:29 articulation kind of like an insertion between two points. And that's what this
14:36 trying to show you here is you see there's your taus, you can
14:40 how the lateral ma ma comes over . There is the top or
14:46 the, the end of the uh tibia. And you can see how
14:50 medial mais surrounds on the other So you basically create a hinge for
14:56 ankle between these two points. All , that's just perfect. So we're
15:01 stability with those malleoli. So the is born by the tibia, the
15:08 is there to help uh stabilize the . So that all that weight when
15:13 , when you're applying it downward, going downward instead of going out to
15:17 left or really outward or inward. that makes sense, that would be
15:22 purpose of the malleoli good. So from the top pelvic girdle, we
15:31 the coxa three bones ilium is pubis , femur to the tibia, tibia
15:37 the fibula, down to your ankle . Did you guys ever sing the
15:42 when your kids, the knee bones to the No, did you?
15:46 did OK. Just, just making , I mean, you can still
15:49 that OK? To do dumb songs help you understand things and remember I'm
15:56 you this, your cheat sheet is body, right? When you go
16:00 the test, you can sit there look at things like your arm.
16:04 write on your body. That's, not legal, but you can look
16:07 yourself and go. Ok. What I looking at here? You can
16:11 ? All right. It's a good to study anatomy is about knowing a
16:17 . So if you have a friend will let you touch them by all
16:21 , use the models you have available you, ok? You have to
16:26 yourself in front of a mirror, of creepy. But ok, do
16:31 . So here we are in the . All right. This is where
16:35 find the tarsal bones. All So the wrist was the car,
16:43 ankle is the tarsals. Now there's a pneumonic and you can go
16:48 the dirty ones if you want I try to find clean ones.
16:51 right. And again, what we is we just kind of walk through
16:55 in a particular way to help us remember them. And so using am
16:58 this helps you. But the order which I'm labeling these is a way
17:03 remember. I'm going down and forward , and around. It's a specific
17:08 so that it helps me remember But if you have a different
17:10 you want to remember it in that's between the malleoli of the Tibby and
17:19 fibula. We have the taus. right. The tali is really the
17:25 where we're going to be able to this. All right. So my
17:29 moves because of the Tallus and the mao the Tallus bone sits on top
17:34 the Calcaneus. The calcaneus is what think of when you think of your
17:39 . All right. So after the and the calcaneus, what we're gonna
17:44 is we go to the navicular All right, the navicular sits just
17:48 front of the calcaneus and the Tallus . All right. And then from
17:53 . What we do is we go the cuboid or sorry, not the
17:57 , we go to the uniforms. we go 12, three and then
18:03 go medial, intermediate lateral uniforms. then finally, we have the uh
18:08 cube shaped bone, which is just the cuboid. All right. So
18:13 seven bones together make up the All right. But we generally think
18:19 when we think of the ankle, think of primarily those two bones,
18:22 all seven of them are involved. Tallus Calcaneus, navicular medial, intermediate
18:29 uniforms, then the cuboid and if would like a pneumonic, there is
18:32 simple Pneumonic tall Californian navy medical interns cube that doesn't work for you find
18:39 that works. OK. Finally, we get down into the foot,
18:46 have what are called the meta tails the hand, we have the
18:50 So we have the meta tails. gonna move from the medial side to
18:55 lateral side. One through five. right. And then the meta tails
19:01 with the failing. Uh the philes , just like inner fingers. We
19:06 those phalanges, the the failings, individual ones are failing. But collectively
19:12 and again, we're gonna start with big toe. We give it a
19:15 name. It's the hall. You remember the name of the thumb.
19:19 . Thank you, Pollocks. Hallo, meet Pollock Pollock, meet
19:24 OK. And then all we do , we just go down through the
19:27 . Now, remember when we looked our thumbs, we said there's two
19:30 there. If you go, look your big toe, how many bones
19:32 got in your big toe? All right. Now, the hard
19:37 is looking at the littler toes, ? You can see your fingers.
19:41 , we are grippers, right? we can see that we have
19:45 but it's a lot harder to wiggle toe around and actually see the three
19:48 that are there and there are, are three bones for each one of
19:52 smaller um uh toes. So those 2345, just like we had on
19:59 hands and they have a proximal, middle and then a distal or proximal
20:05 distal either way. All right. very, very similar. And you
20:13 went through 212 bones in the So see when they repeat themselves a
20:20 , it's not so hard. All . So all you gotta do is
20:24 come up with a couple of different to help you remember where you
20:28 what's in that particular position. like I told you, how do
20:31 remember femur tibia fibula? Well, , all right, it's not
20:38 Now, the last little thing I to tell you about the bones here
20:41 about the foot. All right, weight of your body goes down through
20:47 spine, down through the femur centrally through the tibia down to the
20:54 And if that was all that happened , and it didn't go anywhere
20:58 it would be straight through, it be constant pain because technically, you
21:02 a lot relative to that little tiny . All right. So what we
21:07 here is we have unique arches in foot. All right, arches
21:11 are unique structures in that they distribute away from the direction of a
21:18 So like the Romans figured this And so they built these incredible structures
21:22 are, are amazingly large and incredibly and they actually bear their own weight
21:29 any extra work. It's really kind cool when you go see them.
21:32 you get a chance to and I you go to Italy, you'll never
21:36 to come back, you want It's beautiful and the wine is
21:41 All right. But here we got arch. So if the force is
21:44 down this way, in this we have the Calcaneus, which is
21:49 the direction of that force towards the side of the body and then the
21:54 of your foot, the meta or , the meta tails are driving the
22:00 towards the forward part. Now, that's all they did, you know
22:03 , if you just had a then that doesn't do any good having
22:07 arch creates a spring in place. what you can see if you look
22:10 your foot and see a footprint. if you go put your footprint in
22:14 , you'll see that there's a presence actually three arches there. Now,
22:19 of the arches are really obvious. have the medial longitudinal arch, which
22:23 just the inside of your foot and can kind of see it there.
22:26 right, the line shows you, like, yes, I can see
22:30 there's an arch on the inside of foot. And then the one over
22:33 on the other side, not so , the lateral uh longitudinal arch,
22:39 there are two arches that go in same direction. And so my foot
22:43 has an arch like so, so this direction and then I have a
22:47 longitudinal direction through the Metas. But across those two is we have another
22:57 . And so you probably notice even you're flat footed that the inside arch
23:01 much, much higher than your outside arch. And so there's an arch
23:05 this direction as well, that's going be the transverse arch. And so
23:09 transverse arch creates that spring structure. you don't only have a spring going
23:14 anteriorly, you have a spring that immediately and laterally. So every time
23:20 step, what happens is is that weight comes down, I should probably
23:24 it on this, it comes down then it springs up each single time
23:28 you step. So you come down this and then that weight bears down
23:33 it causes weight to be dispersed backwards forwards and then it comes back up
23:38 allows you to have that spring ready receive that weight again. It's kind
23:43 cool. All right, this is we're able to move. Well,
23:48 because of this structure. Now, is held in place primarily through tendons
23:52 ligaments. Um, if you've ever a, a tendinitis or uh
23:58 you know how painful it is on feet. That's because what you're doing
24:02 you're now uh stretching or uh creating . And so there's less movement,
24:07 inflammation in that area. So you get as much springiness and that's why
24:12 hurts so much. So, are any questions about the bones themselves?
24:20 think you guys got. Yes ma'am terms of where they're located?
24:27 So how do I remember it? , that because really what you're asking
24:30 , how do I remember which one ? Which? All right, the
24:34 I see is on the outside. ulna is immediately located. So lateral
24:37 radius, ulna is medial. remember you have to have your arms
24:41 this position. If you have your in this position, they cross each
24:45 . And we're going to see this when we talk about mo uh
24:48 right? So remember I have to in this position. So radius is
24:51 the outside is on the inside how I remember it? Remember I said
24:56 when I learned geometry, the, distance from the inside of a circle
25:00 the edge of the circle, the is called the radius. And so
25:03 just remember as I move out laterally again, do what you need to
25:08 to me. Remember it. All , you might go, it's
25:11 or who knows? It's just, gotta come up with your own
25:18 All right. If there are no questions, any other questions,
25:22 I'm happy to entertain questions. Just . 88 30 stretch. OK.
25:27 right. Articulations are the joints? right. The joint is simply where
25:35 bone meets another bone meets cartilage or meets a tooth. All right.
25:40 you'll hear the term articulation, that's is referring to the joint. All
25:46 . Now, what we do as is we're going to classify them,
25:49 of two ways we can classify them function. In other words, the
25:52 we're asking is, what kind of does this thing do? What does
25:56 allow this bone to do or the way is like? All right.
26:01 , what kind of structure does it ? And so we need to look
26:04 it in both ways and a lot this stuff is just simply memorize and
26:08 contrast type stuff. All right. it's, it's this type of lecture
26:13 it's like, OK, I've got just put the information in my brain
26:16 now, two terms that you need know our range of motion and degrees
26:22 freedom. All right, my wife a physical therapist. Um And her
26:27 tool as a physical therapist was to a protractor. You remember,
26:32 you bought one like in third grade you like use it like twice and
26:34 you never used it ever again. ? So in physical therapy, a
26:41 is one of the major tools that end up having and using all the
26:45 . Because what you will do is know, a normal joint that you're
26:50 at, just say joint X has certain a certain range of motion.
26:55 expect it to be able to do , right? So like my
26:58 you expect it to be able to all the way out and come all
27:01 way back and there's a certain right? Certain rotation that it's doing
27:06 terms of degrees, right? And you'd say is OK, let me
27:10 , you move and if that person like this and they can't move their
27:14 past that, then you'd say there is a failure in range of
27:17 . It's short by X number of , la la la la la,
27:21 ? So it's a way to diagnose failure of a joint or to talk
27:27 how good it's done. The degrees freedom is a little bit more
27:32 All right. So a long time you learned about the xyx and Y
27:37 , right? So X and Y , you know, up and down
27:40 YX is uh horizontal, but there's the Z plane which you kind of
27:45 think of as moving in and out you in a way for me,
27:48 ? But those types of movements are mathematical or those types of planes are
27:54 . All right. When we talk uh degrees of freedom, we're talking
27:58 the same sorts of movements that you'd in an airplane or a ship,
28:03 ? So an airplane or a ship rock back and forth, it can
28:06 forward and backwards, right? So can still see X and Y and
28:10 there. But it's like, wait second, there's kind of a different
28:12 of movement. You can turn you can turn right, you see
28:17 . So there's terms for this, pitch and yaw and stuff that I
28:21 know at all. So we'll see little picture here that I don't still
28:24 know the words to. But the here is that when we're talking about
28:27 of freedom, we're talking about that of plane. All right. So
28:32 have one degree of freedom, two of freedom, 13 degrees of
28:35 And you're talking about what type of can I do? Can I do
28:39 ? Can I do this or can do this? All right. Do
28:45 see the differences there, there's rotational as well as movement inside each one
28:50 those three planes. XX YZ. right. So when we talk about
28:55 degrees of freedom is, what kind movement is this thing allowing?
28:59 typically, when we talk about degrees freedom, we're going to talk about
29:02 specific type of joint. This joint the most complex type of joint that
29:06 going to be looking at today. when I say most complex, we
29:09 simple joints and then we have more simple or less simple joints and
29:12 have the more complex, it's not it's hard, it's just structurally,
29:17 the most complex. And this is synovial joint. And when you think
29:21 a joint nine times out of you're thinking of a synovial joint.
29:25 right. So it's just a term gonna come to it a little bit
29:29 . So right now I'll just kind put it back there in the back
29:31 your head. All right. So makes a joint stable? If you
29:39 at this graph, you can see we have uh on the y
29:43 we have the how stable a joint is, right? So it's showing
29:47 down here not stable or the least all the way up there,
29:50 very stable. And then over here have mobility. So down here,
29:55 would be the least mobile over That would be the most mobile.
29:58 you see that there's an inverse relationship stability and mobility, right? And
30:03 should make sense to you, the stable something is the less it's going
30:07 move. Right? If I put block on the ground, it's
30:12 very stable. But because it has much contact, it's not going to
30:15 that much, right? But if put a round ball on the
30:20 it's not particularly stable. All I do is touch it, but it
30:23 just fine. So those two things opposites to each other and your bones
30:27 like that. You can kind of here, we're looking at some very
30:31 bones. So like for example, skull doesn't move around all that
30:35 You see right there is my I can't make the bones of my
30:39 move that well, right. And you get down here to the shoulder
30:43 , which is the most uh uh joints you have in your body.
30:47 can do all sorts of things I raise my hand, I can go
30:50 circles, right? I can do sorts of crazy stuff. There's a
30:53 of mobility there. All right. so this mobility is dependent upon three
30:59 types of characters or characterizations. All . The first is the articular surface
31:06 , all right. And all this saying is look if you look at
31:09 the two joints are touching each what kind of touching are they doing
31:14 right. So for example, if have a, a cup and I
31:18 something that is round that cup and roundness allow for more freedom than say
31:24 that is oval in a cup and that is oval, sitting in that
31:29 , I can't rotate in that. I got a more stable joint.
31:32 I have an oval shaped head and oval shaped cup, does that kind
31:36 make sense? If I have two that are interlocked, like a jigsaw
31:44 , I have no movement that's right. Think about two puzzle
31:47 Do they move all that much? . So it's the same sort of
31:51 . But this is not the most thing when it comes to providing mobility
31:58 , or even stability. The positions the ligaments across the joints play a
32:04 important role than their actual articular All right, the more ligaments you
32:09 the greater the strength of the right? So you can think of
32:12 knee joint for a moment, And if anyone here has ever had
32:18 your knee, how do you stabilize knee? You what are, what
32:22 the, what are the? Well, I mean, so if
32:27 want to still exercise, how how do they strengthen your knee?
32:32 tape it up? Is what I'm you guys are saying, I hear
32:36 . So it's, is it, that what they would do? How
32:39 an ankle right, they tape it . Right. So, what they're
32:43 is they're taking tape just like you , a ligament, they're crossing over
32:46 joint with pieces of tape over and again so that you can stabilize the
32:51 . So it's stronger. Right? mimicking what the ligaments do. And
32:55 when you look at a joint, more ligaments you see across that
32:59 the more stable it is. All . It's still not the most important
33:04 . The most important thing is your tone. All right, the more
33:08 tone you have, the stronger that is gonna be all right and tone
33:15 we haven't talked about muscle yet is how much contraction is sustained in that
33:21 muscle. All right. So I contract a muscle and make it nice
33:25 tight, right? But we're talking a toned muscle, a muscle that
33:30 in a state of contraction or semi all the time. When you look
33:35 somebody and say, man, they a great body because there's a lot
33:39 tone to it, right? You're at a muscle that's in a state
33:43 contraction all the time. People who have lots of tone because their muscles
33:49 always been working right now. Why is important is because muscles at the
33:54 of each of the muscles, you tendons, all right. And the
33:58 are the things that are pulling things holding things tight and close together.
34:03 right, muscles are not pulling on , they're pulling on the tendons that
34:07 attached to the bones. So if have strong muscles that are always in
34:11 state of contraction, semi contraction, always pulling on the tendon, always
34:16 the bones stable. Does that kind make sense? They're acting like the
34:21 do, but they allow for movement the ligaments are sitting there holding things
34:25 place, the the muscles move and through movement. And so they provide
34:32 stability through the tendons crossing over those . Cam does that kind of make
34:42 . Put it another way, let's you're a couch potato because it's always
34:46 to think in terms of the real , right? You're a couch potato
34:49 you decide today is the day I'm stop being a couch potato. You
34:53 , the cashed potatoes, right? . So you get it, you
34:57 your shoes on, you're running you know, the ones you would
34:59 100 and $20 100 and $40 You've never worn, you go to
35:02 closet, you put those on, go outside, you run on those
35:05 sidewalks and 10 steps outside. You your ankle, right? Why do
35:11 twist your ankle? Because you don't the muscles to stabilize the joints and
35:16 you get mad and then you go inside and you continue your life as
35:18 couch potato. So shape is important it is the least important. Looking
35:29 , stabilize the joint, more important not important to the muscles. The
35:36 and more um contracted your muscles in other words, the more tone
35:40 have, the better it is. if are you with me?
35:45 top tight. Ok. So if take a rope and tied it
35:50 it becomes taught, right. That there's a certain degree of stretch in
35:54 already so you can stretch it All right. So let's take a
36:01 at these types of classifications. These be particularly hard because they're just words
36:07 describe what you're looking at. All . So in terms of structural
36:12 we have fibrous cartilaginous and synovial fibrous joint has fibrous tissue in
36:21 not hard, cartilaginous joints, And then the last one is the
36:28 one. This is the one I is the most complex. This is
36:30 joint where the bones are separated by um a cavity of fluid. All
36:37 . It's a fluid filled cavity. these are the ones that when we
36:41 about a joint, these are the that we primarily are dealing with in
36:47 of movement. All right, we sin. Arthurs, Api Arthur threes
36:52 diaries. And I have to admit now and again, you can see
36:56 recording this is that I've been teaching class wrong for years and years and
37:00 . I said sin means without Because you think of sin without,
37:06 ? But sin actually means um uh in this case. All right.
37:12 Arthur is, is joint. So got together joint, we have a
37:19 two states, right? So like we talk about amphibians, amphibians can
37:22 in the water, they can live the land. So, Amy means
37:26 different environments. So that's what we're with is they're kind of between two
37:30 and then finally die is two. two joints is what that really
37:34 So here a synarthrosis is not an , it doesn't mean immovable joint.
37:40 it means is there's two bones that together and as such, they don't
37:45 . OK. That's where it comes . So the a is kind of
37:49 , well, it's not the same and there is some movement but it's
37:54 a lot of movement. So it's quite a diarthrosis and it's not quite
37:58 synarthrosis, it sits up someplace in . And so the diarthrosis is where
38:01 have two bones that are moving That's, that's what that last term
38:08 . And so that's all we're doing we, when we classify them through
38:11 sort of functionality, that's all we're is does the joint move, does
38:14 kind of move or does it not at all? OK. Now,
38:21 is my favorite part of the class this is where you start doing the
38:28 stuff when you go and take the . You know, now, trust
38:32 , when you're in Casa, I want you looking around at other
38:35 But if you can side glance every and then to see somebody and you
38:39 them doing something like this, you , that they're on a question that
38:45 with the joint. All right. you can do the same thing.
38:48 nothing wrong with that. If, someone comes up and gives you a
38:51 time saying no, I'm, I'm what I learned. That's OK.
38:56 because you're not, it's not a . Right. Right. OK.
39:01 you can do this. All So first off, there are four
39:05 types of movements that you're gonna We have what is called gliding
39:09 Put my stuff over there. Let's I have an angular movement? I
39:11 a rotational movement. And so those the three easy baskets. And then
39:14 you have that fourth basket, it's , well, if it doesn't fall
39:16 one of these three, we're gonna it something else. We're just gonna
39:19 it special. All right. So gliding movement really simply is when two
39:25 move against each other in a gliding , right? Not hard, angular
39:30 I increase or decrease the angle between bones. So when I go this
39:35 , I'm decreasing the angle. When go that way, I'm increasing the
39:39 that's not particularly hard either. And then a rotational movement is when
39:43 bones are moving along an axis. when I don't want you to do
39:47 on the exam, you see, , that's rotational. And then if
39:53 don't fall into one of those three , we're like, OK,
39:57 we have a special name for you we're gonna put you in a special
40:00 . So let's see these different types movements in action. All right.
40:04 a gliding movement, simple, most , two opposing surface sliding against each
40:09 . The carpal bones are a great . These are called plain joints because
40:12 two flat surfaces. They don't have appreciable movement to them. So
40:19 this is the splash zone and since sitting right here, put your hand
40:22 the other hand, there we So look, when I grab his
40:26 , you see there's very little movement there. Most of the movement is
40:29 occurring between the old and the But when I'm sitting there playing with
40:32 carpal bones, they're not moving all much. OK. That's what we're
40:37 at thinking. Uh That's what we're at when we're talking about gliding
40:42 All right. So you can think like when the queen waves actually we
40:46 have a queen anymore, do So it's now, I, I
40:50 even know if King Charles waves at , but when the queen used to
40:54 , she would do this, All right. Not ours. I'm
40:59 saying in the UK in terms of movements. These names shouldn't be too
41:06 . You've learned about flexing and you about extending. All right. So
41:09 have flexion and extension. And what doing is we are increasing or
41:14 increasing his extension, decreasing. His is between the anterior and posterior
41:19 These examples are really good ones to when we talk about flexing, we
41:23 go like this, right? This flexing and it is flexing. But
41:27 you have to think of your arms this direction, right? This is
41:32 . This is extension. OK. extension, your legs do it
41:37 right? So here I am Here I am extending. All
41:42 So flexion extension, we also have . You ever done that to your
41:47 chasing somebody or being chased? And did this long. I did it
41:52 many times my knees are so screwed , but I stepped in a hole
41:55 hyperextended my knee. Yeah, the was like only two inches lower than
42:01 rest of the ground, but it like flat ground, you know.
42:04 wait, I've got great. I've extended my knee which is hypo extension
42:11 be or it's really hypo flexion, ? So what you're doing is bringing
42:17 foot up through my butt. it was, it was awesome.
42:22 I was, I love to tell story. It's so my wife and
42:28 were, I think engaged at the . I might have. May have
42:31 dating. I don't know. But family is from central Texas.
42:35 like around Uvalde and we went, , uh, not rafting but,
42:41 , uh, tubing down the, river. All right. So,
42:44 you've never done, done tubing when gets hot this spring, make sure
42:47 go to it. We have to rain in order for it to
42:49 But it's, it's awesome. You buy beer tubes, sit and drink
42:54 float down a river. It's All right. Yeah, it's
42:58 yeah, there's no complexity to this . Anyway. Uh There was a
43:01 tiny waterfall and it's like ya one person goes over, two people
43:05 over and I go over my foot stuck underneath my tube. And so
43:09 heard the sound. It was yeah. And so I got up
43:13 I'm like, you know, so was like her whole family was
43:15 So I had to be cool about . I'm like, yeah, I'm
43:17 . I'm good. I'm good. , it was awful. So much
43:22 . Um Anyway, so hyper Extension moving the joint beyond 100 and 80
43:28 . All right. And so you can see here they're trying to
43:31 you this um is like flexion and . Um I can't, I can't
43:38 but some of you, I, one of my close friends growing
43:41 he swam for Stanford. He had at his elbows. He could hyper
43:46 that was one of the reasons why was so fast because he had larger
43:49 , he had big hands and arms went beyond the normal thing. So
43:53 go like this and you have that , it would look like this.
43:57 this way, right, lateral flexion just flexion in this direction. So
44:03 be flexion, lateral flexion. Do see that? So this is
44:08 this would be extension. Truly. is hyperextension because it's returning back to
44:14 original uh shape when the aliens come get you. What do we call
44:21 ? All right. So notice what doing is aliens grab you and they
44:24 you up and away. So when arms are moving away from your
44:28 that is abduction and then when they you again, after they probed
44:32 we just say they've returned you but abduction. All right. You will
44:37 hear people say this uh if you're into the field like physical therapy or
44:41 you'll hear a deduction and a All right. And that's just a
44:45 so that if you kind of slur like I do sometimes. So instead
44:49 abduction, abduction, you're like was B in there? So you might
44:53 a B duction auction? OK? it's abduction, a duction. All
45:02 . So, abduction away, abduction circumduction is just moving your arm or
45:09 leg and this cone might circle. the cone uh the tip of the
45:15 would be the shoulder or the Can you do circumduction with the
45:22 Yes, you can. All So it's basically includes all these types
45:28 movements in rapid succession. Now, get into some rotational movements. All
45:34 . So rotation, you can see like nodding or saying no,
45:39 that's rotation. All right. Where you see rotation? You can see
45:44 , medial rotation, rotation here. are we doing? We're doing in
45:48 shoulder joint. OK. This is being done in the old on the
45:52 . It's up here in the You can also do it. When
45:56 do the Hoy poki, you've done hooky pokey right and put your left
46:01 in, put the left foot put the left foot in and then
46:07 shake it all about. Those are . If you're a runner, you've
46:19 these terms of four pronation and Unfortunately, runners are using the wrong
46:25 . The term that they should be is E version and inversion,
46:28 But that's OK. We're not mad runners for using the terms they you
46:32 terms and then you know, you stick with them is kind of it
46:36 all right. So what I want to do is I want you to
46:39 here. All right. So here have the on, on the
46:41 the own on the radius, remember in a position so that the radius
46:45 parallel. And when the and the and the are parallel to each other
46:51 I rotate inward, that is going be pronation. All right. And
46:57 is happening is if you, if think about this right here. So
47:00 here is the head of the, the radius, here is the head
47:03 the ulna. Those stay in the place, don't they, they don't
47:06 anywhere. See I'm putting my fingers here on the right when I move
47:10 hand does my, does my hand here holding the ona change. Uh
47:15 it did, you'd see it kind come like this, right? It
47:18 , it sits there. But what do is we're rotating the radius over
47:23 . So now the radius sits the comes down here. All
47:28 So they cross over each other. would be pronation, returning back to
47:32 original position where they're parallel again, would be PPIN Nation. So
47:37 supination. Ok? If you need draw a big black dot there and
47:43 big black dot there and see what . Don't use a permanent marker.
47:55 are weird ones. Some of these don't make a lot of sense
48:00 All right, when I take my toe and point it towards my
48:09 that's Dorsey flexion. All right, putting it towards my body now
48:15 Why Dorsey? Well, this would the dorsal side. So I'm thinking
48:21 why they think it's like, I'm pointing at dorsally. Yeah.
48:24 when I point my toe, I'm moving kind of in a dorsal manner
48:28 . I'm not gonna question it. just what we call it. Dorsal
48:32 . Ok. Hm. Ok. like that. Dorsey? Ok.
48:39 , that's fine. I'll, I'll with that. So Dorsey flexion when
48:42 point my toe away doing the ballerina , like I'm touching you.
48:47 That is planter flexion. All Now, the bottom of your foot
48:50 called the planter region. So you're towards the bottom of your soul.
48:54 where that name comes from, So Dorsey flexion, planter reflection and
48:59 with regard to the ankles when you're laterally. All right. So if
49:04 stepping outward like this, so your going this direction, that would be
49:08 version when you're forcing your in step the medial side, that would be
49:15 . So, inverting, inverting. . This lecture goes quick. All
49:24 . Like I said, you just in front of a mirror and find
49:26 friend. Do the movements together, the hokey, pokey together. It
49:32 other special movements. Protraction and All right. These are the fun
49:37 . You ready? Watch the That'd be protraction. It's retraction.
49:47 Yeah. Depression and elevation, the . Let's do elevation first. Do
49:55 know what elevation is? I have idea. I'm depressed. OK.
50:02 you have a lot of that. mean, you use your jaw right
50:04 your jaw falls down. That's lifting your job, that's elevation.
50:13 . And then what makes, primates interesting. We have opposable
50:19 right? Opposable means I can take thumb and I can touch it to
50:24 of my fingers. Right. So opposition. That's reposition, opposition.
50:32 . OK. This is what lets grab things. It's kind of
50:41 All right. So those are the of movements you need to know.
50:45 again, all you can do, can either stare at the slides,
50:49 you want to or you can just the movements a couple of times.
50:52 then now you have your movements for exam pretty easy. All right.
50:57 what I want to do is I to walk through these joints. We're
50:59 go through the fibrous joints, So we're looking at them uh structurally
51:05 then we're going to see what these structures are functionally. And then we're
51:09 to spend most of our time in synovial joints because the rest of these
51:12 kind of uninteresting. And our starting here are the fibrous joints. There
51:15 three different fibrous joints. We have gomphosis goos is plural. We have
51:21 sutures and we have the Simoes. right, you look at those words
51:24 you're like, oh my goodness, words. Scary. Remember it's all
51:27 or come from Latin. There's only mphasis in the body. That's the
51:31 and socket joint. All right, teeth are peg and socket joints.
51:35 right. So what do we We have a tooth sitting down inside
51:38 bone. It's being held by a of ligaments. So what is
51:42 This is two things touching each But do your teeth move? Please
51:46 no, because if they move, need to see your dentist,
51:54 One example in the body. so when we say you, you
51:58 more than one tooth, right. . Right. Yeah. But this
52:01 the only example in the body of pegan socket. All right, or
52:06 , that is correct. All the suture we've seen already. This
52:11 where we have two bones that are like puzzle pieces, right. In
52:16 them, we have connective tissue kind gluing things together. So between
52:20 right. So you can see I've got fiber, I've got a
52:23 , that's why they're fibrous. And again, no movement, synarthrosis.
52:29 the last one is a synesis. right. Here we have two bones
52:34 are being held together by a This is a fibrous ligament. All
52:38 . So you can see here this the uh amphibian and the tibula.
52:42 so it allows for very little There is some movement, but there's
52:47 little when I was playing with his . If you were looking carefully,
52:50 saw that there was a little bit movement, that little bit of movement
52:53 occurring between the old and the not between the bones of the
52:57 not between the carpals. All So that little give was there because
53:02 a little bit of give. That an Ay Arthur, right? So
53:07 stable, but still allows some movement we get to the cars.
53:15 we have two that stand out. right, we have the sync.
53:21 All right, we're gonna look at different examples. Um um We're
53:27 well, so the synchro these are we have um an articulation with highland
53:34 . So we've already seen the epithelial when we looked at bone. Remember
53:37 it turned into a bone, it cartilage there. All right. And
53:40 was a highland cartilage. And so are immobile. Your bones didn't shift
53:45 and move because of the cartilage. if you put the wrong pressure at
53:48 right time, it could happen. the idea is that there is stability
53:53 . And so because of that it's a synarthrosis. What I'm not
53:57 you in this picture because I just the picture from the book and I
54:00 that when I was going over it morning is that it would be better
54:04 also show your rib cage, I mean, your ribs are held
54:09 place, right? Because they're connected the sternum via cartilage. All
54:14 So that costal cartilage is an example a synchondrosis. All right.
54:21 ignore the thing on the right epithelio . And if you want to put
54:24 rib cage there, that's fine. for the second one. The
54:32 all right, the synthesis is fibrocartilage two articulating bones here. There's gonna
54:39 slight mobility. So the example they're here instead of the other example in
54:43 body is the intervertebral disc. So about your vertebrate. Does your
54:48 Is there movement between the vertebrae? do you think if I touch my
54:53 ? Are my moving? Yes. there you see, I've got slight
54:57 . I don't have clean movement, I do have some movement. What
55:02 trying to show you here though is pubic synthesis, pubic synthesis. You
55:06 get a lot of movement but you have some movement, especially ladies after
55:11 give birth because in order to give that what happens is the pubic synthesis
55:16 down a little bit so that you greater movement so that you can
55:20 you know, create a larger birth . All right. So there's some
55:25 then it reforms itself and stiffens up . But you can see if you
55:29 and again, we're not gonna do in this class. But if you're
55:31 physical therapist, if you're planning on therapy, you better be comfortable with
55:35 bodies because you are your own uh tools. It's the wildest thing.
55:40 mean, like I said, my did this and they'd all show up
55:44 their uh uh really wasn't yoga It was the biking shorts and sports
55:49 and the guys would just wear biking and then what you do is you
55:52 with each other. You're like shifting and grabbing body part. It is
55:57 weirdest thing ever. You got to like, I'm cool with people touching
56:01 . Right? Because you're gonna be a lot of people and they're gonna
56:03 touching you. Right? Um, that's one of the things they do
56:08 they grab you by the hips and start shifting around and saying,
56:11 look at the movement pubic synthesis. right. So this is a
56:21 And then finally, we get down the thing when we think about
56:25 this is what we're thinking about and what we said, this has a
56:28 filled cavity. And so this is to show you just in a very
56:32 way. What do we have in synovial joint? All right. So
56:36 couple of things at the end of bone because each bone is touching each
56:40 and needs to move across each We have a cartilage there. This
56:43 articular cartilage. We've heard that term . Articular cartilage is the is the
56:49 of cartilage you find at the end a bone where there's lots of
56:53 OK. So it's like a smooth of cartilage. So the two bones
56:57 against each other instead of grind against other. All right. Second,
57:01 you'll see is you'll see a This cavity is lined by a tissue
57:05 producing fluid. It is called a uh membrane and the fluid is producing
57:10 synovial fluid. All right, this a lubricating fluid. And so this
57:16 an environment, not only do you these smooth surfaces, but you now
57:19 a lubricant in there that allows those surfaces to glide over each other.
57:23 second thing that it does is because mostly water is that it, it
57:29 . And so it kind of stabilizes joint and prevents the two things from
57:33 against each other, not only in of friction, but in terms of
57:37 pressure. Now, with that in , what that means is that we
57:41 have to have a structure that holds together. And so what we'll see
57:48 you'll see a capsule usually surrounding everything that it holds and maintains the
57:54 And then you'll see um um on outside, you'll see usually a series
58:01 ligaments. We refer to them as ligaments. If they're found on the
58:05 of the capsule, we just refer them as being extrinsic. Remember,
58:08 means outside. If you find things the inside of the capsule ligaments on
58:12 inside, we just refer to them being intrinsic. And then there's some
58:16 synovial joints will have lots of others will have fewer ones and everyone
58:20 a name. And so when we looking at some of these joints,
58:24 gonna learn a couple of the names them. We're not gonna learn every
58:26 of them because freshman class. All . Now, these types of joints
58:33 the Di Arthur Sees. These are ones when we think about a
58:35 this is what we think about, with the joint, but not part
58:41 it are some tendon cheese or All right. And you can think
58:46 these as basically, these are sacks with fluid over which ligaments and tendons
58:52 roll really tendons because it's muscles. right. And so the idea here
58:57 that this kind of serves as kind like a ball bearing. So you
59:00 have heard of carpal tunnel, Carpal TUNEL syndrome. All right.
59:04 what you're looking at right there in picture is you're looking at the carpal
59:10 . All right. So you can here we have a series of tendons
59:16 through a bursa. All right. what's happening is that every time you
59:22 this? Right, you're moving muscle is pulling on that tendon, which
59:27 inside that bursa which is rolling, rolling along that bursa and allowing for
59:31 . But the more friction you the hotter it gets, the hotter
59:35 gets, the more inflammation you And so you can imagine that tunnel
59:38 eventually going to inflame and tighten up it becomes, you have things restricting
59:47 movement and how they treat carpal tunnel used to is they'd go in there
59:51 they'd actually cut open that structure so you have freedom of movement. All
59:57 . But anyway, so the purpose these things is to allow you to
60:02 movement without basically cutting the tendons. basically a smooth surface over which these
60:09 work. And that's what a tendon is and a burst and it's based
60:11 the shape. So um the attendant that is gonna be wrapped around
60:17 the bursa usually sits underneath. So roll over it. Now, here's
60:25 uh degrees of freedom picture. I you guys to see. So you
60:29 see here. It's not just you have movement in all sorts of
60:34 directions, right? And so not bone does this, but it helps
60:39 to visualize. Oh, I'm not in an XYZ specifically, I'm working
60:45 the three dimensions in a particular When we look at a joint,
60:54 ask the question, what kind of are you allowing? What types of
60:58 of freedom if you allow movement in axis? That's simple. You're un
61:04 , you do it in two biaxial and three or more, we
61:10 call it multi. All right. sometimes you'll see Triax, some people
61:14 get tri oh It's, it's Once you get past to it's
61:18 All right. So we're gonna go through and we're gonna kind of look
61:22 some of these joints again and then gonna come back in and we're gonna
61:26 at at um some very specific novi . So we mentioned the plane
61:32 So this would be the one that for gliding movement. This is non
61:37 . Why? Because it doesn't allow in any plane, right? These
61:41 basically bones that are holding still and movement from occurring in between them,
61:48 ? So there's no appreciable movement, gliding movements. So that would be
61:57 example would be your carpal or your . All right. The hinge joint
62:04 like the hinge on the door. right. So the example that they're
62:07 here is between the humorous and the . But you can think about it
62:10 this. All right. I have joint or one bone that has a
62:14 kind of like ac, right? then I have another uh bone that
62:18 kind of a rounded head and one in the other like so, and
62:23 for movement along that thing so that get this type of movement,
62:29 It's a hinge movement that's not particularly to see. All right. So
62:33 get flexion and extension. All So notice the movement, it's not
62:38 other than flexion extension. So it's one axis, you're not moving this
62:43 or that way, you're just going and forth. It's because of that
62:47 shape, the pivot joint. On other hand, is a bone that's
62:53 either into another bone or basically next a bone that's being held in place
62:58 a ligament. All right. So radius is an example of a pivot
63:03 . But the easy one is to about the joint between the vertebrae and
63:09 skull. All right. Now, we talked about the, the
63:13 we just said C one through C , then we worked our way
63:17 you know, through the te the and stuff like this. But the
63:20 top cervical vertebrae actually have a C one is called Atlas. Why
63:27 it called Atlas? Well, it's the, the Titan who held up
63:31 world. I know you guys didn't Greek mythology, but you've, you've
63:36 of that, that's the Titan. holds the world in his hands,
63:38 ? So Atlas and then underneath Atlas axis and axis is basically so that
63:44 can rotate. So the axis allows to do this, that's rotational.
63:50 if you look at the bone, can see what axis is doing,
63:53 sits up inside Atlas. And so actually surrounded by a portion of Atlas
64:00 that you can rotate this direction. . That's rotational joints, UNIX as
64:12 . Then we get to the So the condyloid, so condyloid you
64:15 hear. Oh, that sounds like , condo. OK? Then we
64:19 about the epochs and the cons. right. So this is kind of
64:23 weird shape. All right. So I want you to think about is
64:27 of a cup, but like more a gravy bowl, right? So
64:31 more elongate than it is round, ? So it's oval shaped. So
64:36 shaped like this from the top. at your hand, cut your hand
64:42 , so that is an oval. if I have a head that is
64:47 oval and sits in there, I rotate in this direction, right?
64:52 can go back and forth like like , I can also go in this
64:56 , right. So I can go the lateral, I can go an
65:01 to posterior, but I can't rotate the axis of the bone. Can
65:06 ? Because if I'm in that if I rotate, I pop myself
65:11 , OK. So it only allows different movements. So the types of
65:16 uh joints that we have, uh showing you here on the radius next
65:21 the two carpal bones. We have of them. Um Think about
65:28 I can go like this, I go like that. I can even
65:33 both those movements together. But what can't do is I can't twist my
65:39 , can I, they don't want go, they only go in those
65:43 directions, right? Kind of a . The other one is a saddle
65:48 . You got a pringle. Can guys pick your Pringles? All
65:53 So think about the saddle shape one shaped kind of like this. The
65:57 one is shaped like this, They're the same thing, but you
65:59 them over and you lay them on of each other. So now what
66:02 I have? I got movement in direction and I got to move in
66:05 direction and together they kind of create different axis through which I can
66:12 That is the axis here on your , You can do this. It's
66:18 those two bones are going in this in this direction versus you can't twist
66:24 . All right. So Conoy and , the saddle joints very, very
66:30 in terms of the type of movements provide structurally different. You're just getting
66:34 in a different, in a different . Last is the what I have
66:39 here, Triax, you'll see. told you, um, is Multiaxial
66:43 . What we're doing is we're going those two axes, you know,
66:47 to lateral poste to an interior. what we have, we have a
66:51 and socket. All right. So , you have a cup, but
66:54 cup is perfectly round. The head you're sitting in. That cup is
66:58 round. So it can go lateral media, it can go anterior to
67:02 here. But you can also take twisted inside, right. So just
67:07 my shoulder, shoulder is easiest to . So I can put it out
67:10 . I can go up and down I can go this way that
67:13 but I can also do this. . There's a limitation there for a
67:19 . And that's because I do have holding it in place. But if
67:23 didn't have those ligaments, I could spinning it around, over and over
67:25 over again, which would be gross scary. But it'd be interesting.
67:30 right. So this is what we is complete degrees of freedom. All
67:39 . So what do we have to do? We have to learn some
67:43 . They're not hard joints, they're pretty straightforward. All right, we're
67:47 gonna use some example, joints that can see these things in place.
67:51 first one is the TMJ temporal mandibular . First thing you need to understand
67:55 when you look at the name of joint, it's gonna tell you which
67:58 are involved. So temporal mandibular joint temporal bone and the mandible. It's
68:04 straightforward. This is your chewing We'll just call it that. All
68:09 . So, structurally what we have we have a con dial. You
68:13 see there is the con dial that's con di, right? It's sitting
68:18 a small depression called a fossa. is the mandibular fossa in the temporal
68:24 . So your jaw doesn't move, it, it's stuck in there,
68:29 ? But you can fall down and get that depression and that condal still
68:34 in there. But what's happened is that as it falls, it falls
68:40 . OK. Now, if nothing happens, it's just gonna slip right
68:43 up in place. But let's say put something in my mouth to
68:47 I get resistance now. And so resistance is creating a force that I
68:53 to overcome. So the muscles have strain and move past that. So
68:57 happens is is that con di slips onto this projection here, the articular
69:04 , the articular tubercle and now what have is you have something that you
69:09 pressing up against. Now, if look at this, this is
69:14 this is thick. What you want press up against if you're creating
69:17 something thin or something thick, There you go. So that's why
69:21 there. And what happens is that pushes it and then because it's not
69:26 slip backwards because that would be What it does is it causes the
69:29 to slip sideways and backwards. This where I kind of look around the
69:33 to look for somebody who's chewing gum I don't see anyone right now,
69:38 ? But think about a cow chewing cut, it's really overt in a
69:43 . But it's also obvious when you someone chewing gum, which way,
69:49 way does the job go to the side and what it does, it
69:53 a gliding movement as you uh elevate jaw back and that gliding movement allows
70:00 to grind your food with your OK. So this is advantageous.
70:06 , think about gum. When you cho cho cho, you just keep
70:10 the action, you get bored, it over the other side and you
70:13 start grinding in the other direction. right. So it's a hinge like
70:20 because you're opening and closing, elevating. But when you are actually
70:25 something, you're actually creating a gliding because you're moving that condi out of
70:29 FASA and onto a harder, thicker , shoulder joint, this we said
70:37 a ball and socket joint. All , there's bursa that's located in
70:41 This picture doesn't show it. It's , if you look at it,
70:45 a very, very shallow joint. is like a golf tee with a
70:48 ball. All right. So golf , not particularly big, right?
70:54 to the golf ball, you have little surface like so, right?
70:59 like that. And then what do have if you have a golf ball
71:01 goes way out, not a lot stability with a golf ball on top
71:05 a golf tee, you have to down there and you have to place
71:08 carefully, right? So that's what shoulder is. It's basically this big
71:14 inside this little tiny depression. We talked about how easy it is to
71:19 , right? So one of the we stabilize that is we put a
71:22 of things. So we have the lab, you can see out here
71:26 trying to identify it. So, the articular surface, they actually have
71:30 little bit of material that goes out little bit further and kind of
71:33 look, I'm bigger than I really . So it's, it's like kind
71:37 putting safety edges on the end of uh golf ball. Second thing is
71:45 going to reinforce this with a whole of ligaments. All right, these
71:48 three ligaments that are crossing over that , are really, really simple.
71:52 right. So we have two major . We have uh the Achromia and
71:57 have the choroid process. All we talked about the Achromia process.
72:02 talk about the shoulder coord sits on other side. So you have the
72:05 or it's really a chromium and the . So you have a ligament that
72:09 that way. So it crosses across top. Notice the name Choco Achromia
72:15 tells you the two points that you're over. So, what is the
72:19 Humoral? What two things are Is it going from from into Coco
72:25 of the scapula to the humerus? it crosses over, holds it in
72:31 and the last one, the glenohumeral , it'd be from the glenoid cavity
72:36 to the humors to hold it in , but we don't have a lot
72:39 ligaments there. So we can do sorts of crazy stuff with our
72:44 All right. It's the muscle tendons your deltoid that play an important role
72:50 reinforcing the shoulder and giving it its . So, be aware of the
73:00 ligaments. Not notice, I'm not you where they are just what is
73:04 job to help stabilize the joint. get to the elbow joint. This
73:09 a weird one because we're getting weirder weirder as we go through. So
73:14 we have one bone that is articulating another bone which is articulating with another
73:20 which is articulating with the first All right. So the humors articulates
73:24 the ulna. The humors articulates with radius, articulates with the ulna.
73:28 we have three different joints here and named based on those relationships,
73:33 humor, humor, radial, radial . All right, humor is the
73:40 joint that you think of when you of your elbow. The reason you
73:47 truck, the truck clear, not , not we put the truck change
74:00 , my elbow. Yes. So can rotate. That's a function of
74:09 roll, radial owner joint. All . So is I have the radio
74:15 to the ulna? And I have ligament that goes from the ulna around
74:19 head of the radius back to the side of the ulna. So it
74:22 a pivot joint which allows me to the supination of the pronation. The
74:27 joint is the humor, radial This is that capitulum and really all
74:31 doing here is you're stabilizing the lower . All right. Now,
74:36 stabilization is done primarily through ligaments. again, this is not a great
74:41 . It's, it's just trying to it simplified. If you really want
74:44 see this, just do a quick for elbow joint and then look at
74:47 , you know, anatomical pictures of elbow joint and it'll show you all
74:51 ligaments. But what I want to out here is that two big
74:55 we have collateral ligaments. Collateral means the edges on the sides,
75:01 So we have a radial collateral ligament we have an owner collateral ligament.
75:05 the older collateral is on this right? The radial collateral ligaments on
75:10 side and it stabilizes the joint and it does, it prevents lateral and
75:16 uh medial movement, a lateral, movement. So this is really hard
75:20 do. I can't do it Usually you have to grab somebody.
75:23 if you can hold your shoulder still try to move, it's terrible of
75:27 too, try to move this All the movement that you're seeing is
75:30 here in the shoulder. If you hold the shoulder step, you'll see
75:34 the old on the radio is don't side to side. It's because of
75:37 two ligaments, hip joint got two and we're done. They have
75:50 another ball and socket just like the difference is, is that our socket
75:55 much, much deeper. And so deeper the socket, the less movement
75:58 get, I can take my arm raise it up here and go
76:03 I can't get my leg to do . And that's not just because I'm
76:06 and stiff. It's because the hip the movement. Ok? And pull
76:14 to their ears. Notice they're actually bodies in their hips. They're not
76:18 their leg out of the socket. ? We're not barbies. All
76:24 Again, we have the uh So this is the acetabular lam just
76:30 for the structure you're located in. so what you end up with is
76:33 just a mostly deep socket, you a really deep socket like this.
76:38 your movement is much, try to that way, see how it's all
76:42 , all of my hip here, not my leg. This is if
76:45 keep my way ligaments crossing over notice the names, where do you
76:52 them? Opal ilium to the femur m to the femur pubis to the
77:00 . And then on top of remember what we said, muscles are
77:03 most important. So the gluteal your thigh muscles, everything are crossing
77:07 that. And it's this structure incredibly and strong. This is why people
77:14 actually stop supporting that joint. I I have two slides here. Is
77:24 right? Maybe three slides, oh on, just go one through.
77:31 the knee joint again, we're, dealing with 22 bones here,
77:36 The femur and we have the So there's two bones. But what
77:39 have is we have two joints because what we said with the femur is
77:43 have these two con dials. Walk , go through the bath,
77:49 It's just, I still have three . Maybe two. All right.
77:57 two joints, the tibia and the and then we talked about the,
78:01 tibia and the fibula are, are as well. So there's a joint
78:06 as well. The ti fibula and tip in the tibia. There's not
78:10 lot of action. All the action taking place right here in the tibia
78:13 , uh femoral joint. The condoms held in place by two fiber fibrocartilage
78:20 called Mannis. If you've ever known who's had their meniscus ripped,
78:24 it's not a pleasant thing. It's horrible surgery, you have to repair
78:27 . It's hard to stay on your . All right. But this is
78:31 holds these two things in place. creates these cli uh structures so that
78:36 two condos can rotate through them. it's in that consular structure that conduit
78:44 now with regard to the movement. the movement that it allows is which
78:48 flexion extension, right? Notice if put my leg this way, can
78:54 go outward from my knee? can I go inward? No,
78:58 if I did that, I'd be outward like. So, so the
79:03 movement you can do is this So that's why we have that bicondylar
79:07 uh structure to cons bicondylar. We cartilage on the outside. It's an
79:15 capsule. So it's closed on the ladder on posterior aspects. So
79:19 it's protected on this side, but the front, not so protected.
79:22 , we have the quadri stepp muscle the front side. This also has
79:26 ligament that hold the Patel in place . These are the things you should
79:31 aware of the ligaments. All Three of them. Well, there's
79:35 but two on the outside fibular and . So medial laterally. So that
79:40 an knees in place on the inside outside structurally inside. We have uh
79:45 cruciate ligaments. You're probably more familiar the AC L AC L prevents
79:52 right? So our sorry uh hyperextension. So you don't bend your
79:58 this way PC L is gonna do opposite, the hyper reflection. So
80:03 can see why they're called cruciate, cross each other. All right.
80:07 then lastly, we have the patella , the patella ligament sits here in
80:10 front and it holds the patella in of the joint protected. So I
80:16 that's all I have. Yeah. there we go. So it looks
80:21 there's more information than there really is because all the verbiage. But if
80:25 kind of know the structures, you're in really good shape. Ok.
80:30 ain't no panic. You too. we playing here this week or
80:37 Are you playing at home this week ? No? Oh, well,
80:42 we'll go there and we don't have live. We actually have a really
80:46 players. They're just not playing well
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