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GEOL6381 - DSV1st_11-07_zoom_0
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00:00 burned, you know. Good Yeah, I guess when you start
00:16 me, it doesn't let me get . I even had Thio reset my
00:23 , which was not incorrect. But think Zoom may have some problems
00:29 um, somebody has a free account also a paid for account because it's
00:36 same email. Okay. Anyway, here. Okay, this is where
01:07 we kind of left off. One I want to remind everybody before we
01:13 started is the first exercise is due 11th. Before lunch time, you're
01:20 to get a second exercise that will do the same date. A lot
01:24 times I give you. Ah, long deadline. Not so you wait
01:29 the deadline to do it. But so you have plenty of time to
01:33 when you condone it. So, know, the sooner you get the
01:38 exercise done, which shouldn't take too of you follow the instructions correctly.
01:44 you get that done, get it . And, uh and then we're
01:48 have ah, pretty simple logging Very basic. But I just want
01:53 make sure everybody kind of gets an of how to look at the log
01:57 estimated without pulling out your petro physics . And and then, uh,
02:09 by this afternoon I will assign your exercise, and that one's gonna be
02:17 November 18th. And then, the mapping exercise will come next
02:26 So hopefully, uh, you'll have time to do that and and I'll
02:31 you a deadline since there's no other after this and just so you can
02:37 your time, I'll give you a , actually, after the exam.
02:42 if you want to get it done you'll be, you can do it
02:46 . And, uh, I just , you know, I have this
02:50 difficult exercise at the end of the , and we have an exam at
02:54 end of the class, and because that, you have thio, you
03:03 , schedule your time a little bit a little bit more constraints because you're
03:07 about the exam and you haven't exercise the same time. So when times
03:12 , I usually allow people to spend little time after after the exam so
03:17 they can focus on exam first and finish up the the exercise But once
03:24 start doing the mapping exercise, the you get started on it, the
03:28 . It will be okay with Then, of course, next
03:34 we have a midterm, and that's to cover most things that we get
03:40 today. And, uh, I send out a study guide.
03:47 probably tomorrow s so that you can that. Okay with that.
04:01 Now, we're gonna look at some the other basic logging tools, and
04:08 didn't get to see it, but assuming we're being recorded. Are we
04:11 recorded? Maria? Yes. Yes, it's recording. Okay.
04:18 guess you're the host. Yeah. , So, uh, we're gonna
04:26 looking at the sonic log, the log and neutron logging tool.
04:31 uh, my buttons aren't working Okay? And one of things with
04:42 sonic log. Of course, it's velocity. And everybody, I
04:46 knows the velocities quicker and denser Here's a list out of your book
04:53 just lists, uh, some of different densities just to sort of illustrate
04:59 , um, different materials have different , and consequently, we can discriminate
05:05 these different materials based on the velocity sonic waves, sound waves. And
05:14 think you know, when you throw and gas into some of these
05:20 it's going to slow it down a bit. And that's another thing
05:24 You can see, uh, fresh is slower put, Um, some
05:32 in there it could slow down even . Okay, here you can see
05:37 sonic log and we'll talk a little more about this and the density
05:45 Because both of those logs, compared the reasons Tiv ity will actually help
05:50 get an estimate of total organic carb bye the passing method and and different
06:02 of that method where you're looking at that relates to density of the rock
06:08 the resistance re sensitivity of the rock the same time, given that organic
06:13 is going to be less dense uh, and absorb more energy and
06:20 it will slow down the velocity then there's an interesting way to look
06:24 resisted. It goes up for ah of organic material, so there's a
06:29 overlap between the density log and the ity log Trevor density log you
06:34 and it's different in various places, it works really well somewhere and some
06:40 and other places, it doesn't work well at all. And when people
06:45 into those types of areas, they're starting to figure out ways to do
06:50 arounds and still use these tools to where we have high tow low T
06:55 C s O. It's just a of time before this gets really
06:59 Uh, refined. And I uh, I'm sure the tool toolmakers
07:05 they haven't already done it or working , uh, even better tools that
07:10 be in combination Thio to calculate this in a lot of different regions.
07:19 . And then, of course, densely log eyes based on electron density
07:26 and scattered from an act of gamma , uh, gamma sources cesium 1
07:33 . It was supervising a well, in Norway when they drop one of
07:39 down there, I don't know if would have gotten too excited about it
07:43 the U. S. But in they were really worried about dropping a
07:47 source into a well because they lost tool. But they do have
07:55 it's It's not a tremendous amount of , uh, element, but it
08:00 enoughto cause concern. If it was to get out, it's deep in
08:04 Well, I don't know why what be to concerning, but in Norway
08:08 very safety conscious, and that's kind just a little quick aside.
08:17 but anyway, you can see here at things. Um, it's
08:24 Shale could be very variable. you know, the more bound what
08:31 you having? It is gonna have big impact on on the overall density
08:37 this. And, uh and of , uh, you can see some
08:42 these other things like lime stones, can be with no Prasit e going
08:50 be very dense with a lot of or 10% porosity. Here's it's less
08:56 . And of course, you look here with gas and an oil and
09:01 sort of thing. It's even done of in most of these, more
09:04 less what are bearing, um, stones and lime stones. And of
09:14 you can see here the the low , of course, is is here
09:19 limestone or, you know, has prostitutes, so it's gonna have fluids
09:23 it have water in it. But you have oil and gas in
09:27 the density is going to be should a little bit less. Except for
09:31 . There's a there's sort of opposite effect on the gas. Excuse
09:40 . And so here we have, , starting out with we got the
09:48 log in the neutron log. Haven't about the neutron log, but this
09:52 much goes through the neutron log. it's basically, uh, looking at
09:59 density of neutron density of neutrons in in any rock whole rock mass,
10:07 would include fluids and and also the mass. And of course, as
10:19 know, hydrogen atoms, um, limited in neutron density, obviously,
10:27 , uh, and so you can here that you've got something,
10:34 limestone Here, um, that has oil or water in it. It's
10:40 out about the same. But down in the shale, you can see
10:45 the neutron ferocity is very high because there's bound water in here and that
10:54 scott oxygen in it, and that neutrons to the mix. And over
11:01 , the density log and as a uh, response there. So this
11:10 kind of increasing the the Newtown The process increased over here, but
11:21 it's pretty much on track with where should be with a density. So
11:24 can see here we've got a good bound water shale. Here you come
11:28 into a limestone and, uh normally, uh, will is gonna
11:39 look as though it has lower Prasit than water. But here in this
11:42 , you can see that it's equal we get into gas. Everything changes
11:47 both tools have sort of an opposite . And here you can see the
11:56 ferocity, which is over here for and over here for Prasit E and
12:07 and or oil. Then come over . You can see that the neutron
12:16 e really drops down to something below . And that's because it's seeing mostly
12:25 atoms, which, of course, really have neutrons, so it makes
12:31 look like there's nothing there. It's really, really low. Ah,
12:37 reflection. So you're not seeing, ah, the liquids that would have
12:43 complex Adams and them with neutrons. the neutron count because way, way
12:49 And of course, it makes the . You go really, really
12:54 so it's not seeing anything that would scatter that. So over here in
13:00 density log, you see, just opposite happened in gas, and it's
13:08 on electrons. And when you get , there's a limited amount. The
13:13 is a really, really hyper and so, with a low
13:18 you have high Prasit e calculated. this one, uh, gas fools
13:27 and makes it too high. Gas this and makes the process he too
13:33 . And those two errors or effects gas on these two tools, which
13:40 really well in oil and water in porous limestone or sandstone. And they
13:47 really well in Shales. Uh, if it's clay bound, it's water
13:55 plays. For example, if you Mont Marella night, that was,
14:02 , something that might look like it's ferocity. It might only be 60%
14:06 or something like that. So so have Thio take that into account.
14:12 . We're in a rock section that's de watered a lot, and,
14:18 , and also compacted as it's been time. So you're not going to
14:23 an 80% ferocity down here like you in Lake Turkana in more recent
14:29 but something that starts out like a Marella night that has, ah lot
14:33 water in the situation in the in deposit with us with something that could
14:40 even as high as as high as in, say, recent sentiments.
14:49 the time to get buried deeply like , this rock mass would be It's
14:53 Watered a lot in the process has off a lot, but this is
14:57 relatively high relative to what you're seeing the density log. Okay, so
15:03 this kind of offsetting things really a good gas indicator. So I usually
15:08 have a question on a test about the overlap. And again make sure
15:14 look at this look at the scale , ah, lot of the
15:20 uh, get this wrong. but here you know, the density
15:31 is going to be showing a much density, and therefore it peaks in
15:40 high, and that's the solid Then the dash line is going
15:49 I think there's almost nothing there returning signal that you're looking for for fluids
15:58 the in the in the poorest And and so it's going toe report
16:07 density essentially too low. And um I mean, excuse me,
16:14 the density Ah, too high and the process the low. So this
16:24 low density. This is high density . And so this is high porosity
16:33 it's low density, super low and this is low porosity because it's
16:42 reading has hired incident. Does that sense? It z sort of like
16:48 switch. It's left and right. make sure you look at it to
16:51 sure you clearly understand what's going on these things. So does does the
16:57 of dynasty increase to the to the opposite to the scale of neutral.
17:07 , here's the density log and processes up in this direction or density is
17:16 down in this direction. Yeah, , okay. Density is going up
17:26 this direction. Mhm density is going in this direction for Prasit E.
17:34 . Okay, so the density is up for both in that direction.
17:39 going down for both in this And so when you have this
17:46 This is the density is too which makes the ferocity low. Over
17:55 . The density is is too Excuse me. Too low. Which
18:04 the ferocity very high. Okay, densely goes up this way, density
18:11 up that way. Ferocity goes higher way, process goes higher this
18:19 and so the scales air not Some students think that the scales reversed
18:24 terms of density and process, but the same. They're moving in the
18:28 direction. Except for this one. one moves to low porosity, high
18:34 . This one moves to, love density, high process. Did
18:40 get that? And, uh, it's really simple, but you have
18:46 , even even though I've I look this and I automatically know what's going
18:52 . But when you sit and try explain it, this reversal could be
18:57 . Just because, uh, the these scales are basically they're not the
19:05 , but they're kind of the same they all it all gets,
19:09 more dense in this direction. It gets less dense in that direction,
19:16 in ferocity, goes, goes way this way. Ferocity goes up this
19:22 so the scales aren't reversed. Some think the scales reverse. They're not
19:27 . The tool of the response is because one's using density, too.
19:35 , look at fluids in the rock the other one's not And,
19:39 in A in a sense, it's more at the whole rock, the
19:44 , the more dense materials this the log is really looking at at the
19:51 of, of all the all the in the rock. And this one's
19:54 of looking at what could be highly by hydrogen, which has no
20:01 and it also your including, the thing that would scatter it and
20:06 the make the process. You go okay, And I think if I
20:15 shorten that explanation down to three it might be simpler to you,
20:19 I hope everybody understands. Here's another of looking at it. Here we
20:24 see the neutron log, and, course, they they put the
20:31 This one is up, ones but still dash line is usually going
20:34 be the neutron solid. You is to be the density. And here
20:37 this one, uh, it's real . It's just talking about ferocity and
20:42 density. And here, ferocity, could see process goes up this way
20:47 prosecute goes down that way. So goes up like this, and both
20:52 that goes down like this and Okay, But we have this cross
20:57 again and you can see the neutron read is, um, seeing high
21:04 , which is low. Prasit, here, the density log is seeing
21:09 density, which equals high porosity in way it's supposed to operate Here.
21:14 can see a shell response, with bound water. And here we
21:21 see another one where you could see , oil that looks like this.
21:26 can go back to this. This sandstone. But if we go back
21:29 this limestone, you can see there little bit closer because it's a little
21:34 . And, uh, but here can see in this particular one,
21:37 can see definitely an oil leg, you can see a gas leak.
21:43 , of course, here's water down and in here, Shale.
21:50 And this log, uh, to it simple in your mind, you
21:55 want to just focus on this But many of you probably have already
21:58 with this a lot and don't even an explanation. Okay, um,
22:05 here is just another example showing, , uh, that overlap again.
22:12 so it's indicating it's not dramatic, there's there's probably oil in this log
22:19 as opposed to gas, which would probably farther off the scale. And
22:26 you can see these air, these generated things, and it's got to
22:32 to be Clay in here, which sometimes called the shale. But if
22:37 say clay, we're usually talking about classics, which is really what they're
22:43 for. And then, uh, here talks about oil saturation.
22:49 um, if you thought this was , the computers already decided it's
22:56 so you're out of luck on But sometimes you can get these interpreted
23:03 . Uh, can their algorithms Great. But again, if one
23:07 , there's a little bit different, one area you're using fresher water,
23:14 and stuff like that, and it have a big impact, or the
23:19 of the formation is greater. You get all these different things that could
23:24 problems. But In normal circumstances, would work out perfectly. Okay,
23:31 here we're talking about wire line So beyond rock fluids and porosity and
23:39 and by the wet and jump up down and scream and shout Because I
23:44 it yesterday, But these air porosity permeability logs. So back here
23:52 if I were asked you what are three main types of wire line
23:58 It would be rock fluids, porosity firms. So that's 123 text.
24:05 what else do we use these wire logs for? Yeah, like,
24:15 , cake and stuff like beauties the longs for. Did you say that
24:22 ? I just quite hear you, wall taking, uh, so things
24:28 need the caliper logs for. Okay, well, we're looking kind
24:33 it Thies main ones. And you're . There are other tools, and
24:36 gonna get to the other tools, yes, there's things. Look for
24:40 cake on also invasion. There's a of other things there. Cement
24:48 all sorts of other things. But at these tools, what else do
24:53 use these tools for? Relation? , that's it. That's one of
24:59 main things. We also will look , uh, say a gamma or
25:07 and resistive ity combination to come up what we call log motifs and that
25:15 us figure out a lot of You just had sequenced fatigue,
25:20 And I don't know if you had shapes for your I discussed by
25:26 but usually he would where you have patterns with a gamma log and the
25:32 ity log that help you determine whether finding upwards coursing upwards, transgressive,
25:39 in that sense and and that sort thing. Okay, um okay,
25:52 here we, uh these are the that we're doing. Ah, with
25:59 three main tools. But with those tools, we're also gonna be looking
26:02 lateral continuity and variation of strata. this is really important. And this
26:07 important primarily for for ah, most now, because most geoscientists were
26:17 you can't figure out anything between a without seismic. But you don't have
26:22 have seismic to correlate and figure out continuity and sometimes a variation in
26:29 And with two wells I know if a geophysics, you may need to
26:37 down when I say this, but can actually pick faults with two wells
26:41 air close by and then you also at some of these faces.
26:50 Using motifs and different trends can also you define sequence boundaries and sequence sequences
26:59 terms of what they actually are within boundaries. And here is just,
27:06 , simple example of log motifs. I remember when people first started working
27:13 these, probably in the late eighties earnest, every oil company put out
27:18 chart of its own log motifs. , and this is how it always
27:24 . And it's never quite this And of course, if this is
27:28 gamma log, that's probably a pretty drop. If this was an SP
27:33 , you wouldn't be a pointy. an SP log might kind of fade
27:39 up here in an oil sand. was filled with oil up past a
27:44 point. You had an oil water say down here. So log
27:50 uh, back and forth between us SP and Gamma, you can find
27:54 differences, but in general, faces like this are a lot more
28:01 in detail. Then just one standard for each deposition environment. For
28:08 if I corps the middle of the , uh, it only has a
28:14 plug it the top and then flu shells, floodplain shells. On top
28:20 that, you're probably just going to a solid sandstone if you're looking at
28:24 point bar. This is more like a point bar part of ah,
28:29 a river system would look like. it can change dramatically, even though
28:34 within the same thing. So I even medical doctors like black and white
28:41 now, and that's why they don't a lot of diagnosis by looking at
28:46 patient or checking the patient. They most of time trying to find a
28:51 that will tell them the exact and it's good that we have those
28:55 . But sometimes diagnosis is important. important for geoscientists. No, understand
29:02 everything is not not perfectly responding to black and white answers for log motifs
29:10 a lot of other things as we've going through this. So anyway,
29:16 , um I guess I don't have here. I'll have it in another
29:20 . When we talk about it after , but, ah, a lot
29:28 studies that use log motifs. When look at them, you have a
29:32 , really hard and time and trying figure out here. You can see
29:40 have basically, you have a bell thing here. And, uh,
29:45 that, of course, represents finding . And we get finding upward sequences
29:52 a lot of reasons. It's not for of alluvial dominated distribute,
29:57 but what we get thes finding apps sequences for a number of reasons.
30:04 we always have to put something like in context. Uh, with Ariel
30:11 of the wells. In other um, if I have a rough
30:16 what the coastline was say back um, the Paley is seen,
30:21 I'm looking at appeal Palace scene I'm going to see thicker sand bodies
30:28 to the coast. If it's a island, I'm going to see,
30:33 , thicker sand bodies perpendicular to the of its flu viel system and knowing
30:39 little things like that, um, you a whole different suite of faces
30:44 be looking for to apply these motifs , uh, just looking at the
30:51 might look very identical and very different settings. And that's something you have
30:56 remember. Okay, so now we're to go to the the exercise.
31:05 I have your pulled up there it . While I'm going through this,
31:13 just want you to know this has posted. But at the back,
31:17 you can print these out at sheet toe work on and there at the
31:22 of the whole thing. But I'm to go through ones that have annotations
31:27 them. But the the clean ones the back you can print out so
31:31 can do your exercise on, then everyone can has access to scanning.
31:37 could scan it and send it to . And again, this is this
31:42 gonna be really Ah, basic. , yeah, uh, kind of
31:50 you do this quick Sort of a and dirty estimate. Um, I
31:56 some of you're gonna probably scan digitize it and try to use
32:01 But try, try Thio resist from that. Just try to look at
32:07 from really Ah, very more simple approach, um, and kind of
32:14 what you know about the standard responses to see, but also consider that
32:20 standards responses could be a little bit just because there could be variables that
32:28 clearly defined in the data that I'm be giving you. Okay,
32:36 um, so one of the first that we're gonna look at is rock
32:41 . And, of course, there's thing called Alfa, which is sort
32:45 like the shale with a gamma And there's different ways to do this
32:53 with an algorithm with gamma log. But I think you know, we
32:57 kind of use the same approach with SP log to figure out approximately how
33:04 that sandstone is using the gamma Okay, so this is a slide
33:11 showed you before. And so we're to be looking for this,
33:16 static SP out here. You're gonna looking for your shell baseline back
33:23 And why is this the shale Because because here we're hitting shale,
33:29 that's about as, um, positive the return gets. This is is
33:36 against It usually lines up pretty but it can increase or decrease a
33:43 bit, Sort of going up and hill for various, uh, reasons
33:47 terms of Konate water and everything else going on in the formation as we
33:53 from shallow to deep. But, , but it's easy enough to do
33:57 this exercise. So the way I you to do this is we push
34:07 and make it clear. Sorry about . But here, um uh,
34:19 have a log was different from a of books, but anyway, here
34:26 have something where you think you have here. So this would be the
34:32 SP right through here. And let , um let's see if I can
34:40 a straight line. Okay, This supposed to be a straight line,
34:49 bear with me. So that's your sp course. This is a really
34:56 , thin bed. You might never get the static SP, but you
35:00 kind of guess it where it should . And s O, this is
35:04 sand and then we come down here if you go back here, we're
35:16 for that shale baseline, and that baseline would come again. This is
35:23 to be straight. Something like uh, follow the pen. It's
35:30 going to come like that. So easy to put a shale baseline.
35:35 of course, this is showing you here where the static SP should
35:40 And here's where the shale Baseline And from that you can calculate an
35:49 so 50% Alfa should be right about . So what is that saying?
36:05 a 50% makes between salmon shell perfect . It's sort of in a
36:11 cause it's more here. But this the limit of where you get down
36:17 50% and this is the limit of to 50%. But here's 75% so
36:23 is all the way up to And, of course, this is
36:29 . And so when we're looking for pay section, uh, oftentimes it's
36:35 to for ah, height, go and pick that 50%. And when
36:40 get your log, I want you color this in. Actually, I
36:46 you to color in this part, the 50% line with yellow meaning.
36:56 predominantly sand in here in this Okay, here's the 50. I'm
37:03 it would be. It doesn't quite , but here's, you know,
37:08 the 50% so show it kind of yellow in here. By the
37:14 you need colored pencils to do Unless you are really good with your
37:20 . Uh um, software. You do it that way, too,
37:25 this would be your 50% showing that mostly sand and probably effective ferocity.
37:36 then up in here, just fill in on the other side of the
37:41 line with whatever color hydrocarbon you think going to be in that well of
37:47 water, its blue or Excuse liquid. It's water, it's
37:51 If it's oil, it's it's gonna green. And if it's gas,
37:57 going to be written, okay? this is just a thing here to
38:05 of give you an indication of what got. Here's water. Here's an
38:11 water contact. And here, here's the well, water contact.
38:18 the top of the transition zone, this is filled with oil up
38:26 Okay. I don't think you're going see much of a transition zone in
38:30 wells on. Just remember. you're gonna be looking at the deep
38:38 for whether or not there's resistive ity here in the true formation.
38:43 the rock resistive ity true out here the outer edge of this un invaded
38:51 . So if you have, a deep log, it has a
38:58 resistive ity. What's that going to about the rock? The true
39:03 Uh, resistive ity. I have resistive ity out here. Hi,
39:09 . Iti is going to be out , right? Because this goes around
39:12 wellbore, so I have high resistive here. Hi resistive ity here.
39:16 does that normally mean? If I'm a sandstone, a porous sandstone,
39:24 a show, right? Okay. gonna be hydrocarbons, okay? And
39:29 it's if it's oil, it's gonna higher. Resistive ity most of
39:38 Then it would be in here. , But if I have,
39:44 say fresh water coming in here instead salt water, this resistive, it
39:49 be a little bit higher, Not just the mud filling up the
39:54 and displacing the liquids. But the liquids themselves are gonna be more
39:59 than the liquid out here. If is no, uh, oil or
40:05 . So, like, this is water out here and I'm pumping freshwater
40:10 here. This resistive ITI is going be higher than the marine water out
40:16 . If I put hydrocarbons in hydrocarbons will have higher resistive ity,
40:20 it might not be as different from is it ought to be. But
40:25 key to all this simple stuff is you if you see hi resistive iti
40:33 the deep tool, then there's probably to be hydrocarbons whether you get the
40:39 that we're used to seeing when we we look a deep and shallow if
40:46 If you're looking at a bed that know has saline water, marine water
40:52 it's a it's a porous bed. you seen it where the shallow will
40:56 a greater response than the deep and it still be oil. If you
41:03 oil out here, there's going to resisted it. It's going to be
41:08 resisted it. If you just have out here, then you have to
41:12 about it. But usually the resistive um out here is gonna be higher
41:18 it is in the section below the it and here could get pretty high
41:24 almost match the resistive ity out Or sometimes be a little bit
41:28 But but having high resistive ity in the distant tool, This this
41:36 more of a contrast between, um , if this was all if you
41:43 this was Marine and and this is gonna be marine, it's not a
41:47 formation. Ah, yeah, by , this is all Marine.
41:54 this This will have high resistive This usually will have, um,
42:01 resistive ity. But if you put water in there, it could be
42:04 than you'd expect. But if we out of the poorest thing and we
42:09 into the shales Ah, you know reason activity is going to drop down
42:15 regardless. Okay, You're gonna have higher reasons to be an organic rich
42:22 . But you're But you're not going , you're not going to see the
42:27 of thing that you see here with water coming so again, Uh,
42:34 of the key is if if I high resistive ity out here, there's
42:37 out here Whether or not there's a overlap or a lack of it are
42:43 even a little bit of a Depends on what the fluid is coming
42:47 here. Okay. And also depends the tool. The tool distance of
42:54 tool. The shallow is out It might not be as big an
42:59 . Uh, because you don't know this line actually is all the
43:04 You're working in a particular field for while. You get an idea what's
43:07 on for sure, But just, know, just looking at something out
43:12 the blue. Um, resistive ity here in a sandstone that you know
43:17 porous has effective porosity. Resistive ity here means hydrocarbons and and extremely high
43:27 . That is gonna mean mean natural . And because that's really holly
43:33 its's off the scale resistant most of . Now when I'm talking about unconsolidated
43:40 and more consolidated sediments, the difference a little bit less between gas and
43:45 that an unconsolidated sediments. It's a change out here so that the key
43:51 looking for when you're looking for hydrocarbons a section. Everything's gone along like
43:55 , and it pops out like that the poorest you know you've got hydrocarbon
43:59 . Okay, regardless of whether you a good overlap between your shallow and
44:04 deep, okay? And I'll just show you on your logs.
44:08 You should be looking for two. another thing that I like toe point
44:14 to people is when you're looking at gamma log. Um, I used
44:22 look at, um, you kind of drawn a line about like
44:28 as being 100% line, and this is a little bit shale
44:34 But this is sort of your the that's going to get over here for
44:39 sandstone. Um, and I'm calling a subtle shale streak response. And
44:47 I mean by subtle is is it can see that this is obviously cleaner
44:52 that, and this is obviously cleaner that. This is almost not
45:01 Here is something that I would consider obvious shell return, but you can
45:09 see here it's finding upwards on this , and, uh, and here's
45:14 a good, obvious shell return. when you're when you try to come
45:19 here and say you've decided that this in here, maybe down to here
45:26 , kind of you don't you don't don't have what would be a shell
45:29 . But you kind of have gamma high in these sands. And
45:33 have a gamma low in the And, uh, you know,
45:38 would know right away if I'm trying figure out what the net Prasit E
45:42 . Section is in this sandstone right . And this is a big enough
45:47 to call this a separate sandstone. in this one right here, I
45:52 try to figure out what this gap and subtract that many feet from my
45:58 Ferocity. In other words, my sand is going to be less
46:05 say from here Thio here. But may be picking up some net sand
46:12 through this section over to that but not there and not there.
46:18 I would have a gross sand in and then the nets sand would be
46:24 gross sand minus the shale streaks that seeing. And even though it's not
46:32 obvious is this spike down here? obviously some loss of effective porosity
46:38 so you might want to just sort estimate an estimate, and this is
46:42 hard for geoscientists to do. It's for engineers to do, and it's
46:47 little tough on Geophysics Studio, but But you shale out some of
46:52 Take a Uh huh. This looks it's in feet. So you take
46:56 a foot here in a foot there you see some of this gamma
47:01 because again here is that this is coarsening upward sequence. So down
47:04 it's gonna be finer. So I want to take a little bit out
47:07 . I might want to take a bit out here. To me,
47:10 is a little bit more obvious. would definitely take, you know,
47:13 at the scale and figure out how feet you might want to take out
47:16 that. And then when you come to this one, you might take
47:20 a lot in here. Say, is where you would pick the top
47:23 that sand and you can see it the log. Here, pick that
47:27 of the sand. You remove some porosity here because there's a shale streak
47:33 and there's definitely a shale streak There's a shale streak there. There's
47:37 some subtle, uh, shale streaks here. You might take a little
47:42 out over here because of that. how conservative you are would mean
47:48 uh, you know, maybe you only take these out over here and
47:52 worry about any of that. But the end of the day, there's
47:56 be loss of effective process e when curve goes down here like this and
48:02 the curve, uh, kind of around like that and like that.
48:07 this isn't real obvious, but it's this one is, but there's there's
48:12 little shell parties in here. There's little bit shelling there. You
48:15 the the lift log doesn't reflect anything the the overall sand. The shell
48:22 is going to change a little And you're gonna lose a little bit
48:25 effective process because it's not as clean that is. Everybody see that?
48:32 , hope so. So here is the exercises here, You're gonna have
48:40 sandstone. This is 20 increments. this is 10 each. So when
48:47 answer the questions, this is 10, 10. So answer
48:52 Uh, the questions that are asked that sense, the sand that we're
48:59 at. Ah, it's clearly somewhere around here. Um, if you
49:06 a gammel of that log, that's spiky, and it would have lots
49:10 little things going up here. You pick it halfway between one of those
49:14 spikes and the next spike that gets the top. But if you pick
49:18 here, you're gonna be coming way almost to your 50% line to pick
49:23 sandwiches. Okay, when you do net sand. But if you're gonna
49:26 a top on this sandstone, you go over here and look at what's
49:29 on with the resistive ity. And here we see that we've got this
49:40 on and this you see a reversal , you got your normal 16 inch
49:50 kind of has a high resistive But here you do have high resisted
49:54 in that the deeper induction log so that by itself is kind of telling
50:02 , uh, look down here in shale. Look down here and all
50:06 a sudden, Europe. So there be something going on in here.
50:11 , with with an issue with your system and whatnot. But here you
50:16 sand. You have effective porosity You can draw your share line right
50:21 , you know, make it Calculating you might want to put it
50:24 on that line right there. Or can make it come up a little
50:27 . And then for your your SSP , SSP is here. But then
50:35 gonna have you, uh, look the thin bed effect and figure out
50:44 the true SSP should be. But your your net in your in your
50:50 your liquid is based on what you on this log here, don't try
50:53 redraw it out to here and then Thio recalculated. Go ahead and make
50:59 baseline and your apparent SSB here and just calculate with the true SSP should
51:06 based on the thin benefit and again in that sand 50% If you decide
51:14 gonna be hydrocarbons because I've got resistive over here. Color it in
51:18 you think that resisted he might And before you do that, you
51:23 want to see the next log. course, Log one's gonna have this
51:28 list of things for you to work to answer. And so I want
51:34 to kind of color in that mythology the sandstone where you think you have
51:40 Prasit e, but leave space to left so you can color in the
51:46 . And now here's the second and this one is classical.
51:53 uh, for some reason, some have a difficult time with this,
51:58 I'm not quite sure. But over you can see you kind of have
52:01 shale line. Uh, even though is a gamma log your share lines
52:06 right here, but you can see shifts a little bit. It's not
52:10 the same, but for this sand , good. Good point would be
52:14 through here. This would be sort your sort of your maximum. Prasit
52:19 . Here you see some little divots in a divide here. These air
52:23 obvious you. Some people like me maybe take a foot out because of
52:28 going on here. But you don't to. You could draw a
52:31 They're not, you know, maybe a couple inches there in a couple
52:35 there and say, Forget it. not gonna worry about it.
52:42 here, you're going to see, , a little sand mass. It's
52:50 a little bit lower, so it's little bit a little bit tighter,
52:53 it's still there. But we got nice finding upwards sequence here. Motif
52:57 that. We don't have ah, resistive ity. Uh, decide to
53:03 bell curve over here because we got going on over here Now, anybody
53:08 the class when it gets what's happening here? Everybody says the log is
53:14 crappy log. It's not a crappy . Something's happening there to make it
53:18 crappy. Um, anybody wanna take guess as to why that's happening?
53:29 . Now it's not a washout. , uh, this this is a
53:36 , really, uh, highly resistive . And what's happened is the curves
53:45 . The curve scale goes all the to here, but in these
53:50 it's gone off scale, and it's trying to print it down here,
53:53 it's really quick, and it's really . So it's It's not that thick
53:56 a section. So, uh, logs you can see the recycling in
54:01 , but But when a peak goes scale here, and it's gone way
54:07 scale. Uh, and then it comes to here and then it's
54:12 way off scale here. It's getting little tighter, and it's got this
54:16 in it. But remember, what's most resistant thing? And this
54:21 uh, the fact that you can't in anything is not a problem when
54:26 quick and dirty. This is a , really good sign, uh,
54:31 obvious. And if you look at I've explained about oil and gas and
54:35 and what kind of responses they it should be pretty easy for you
54:38 pick this if you've never done it . If you've done this before,
54:42 should be very, very obvious to what it is. I don't want
54:45 tell you the answer. And, , go ahead. Where the other
54:51 , I say there is one right where you have the box sized rest
54:56 shallow right above it There. Is like a signature above the rest in
55:02 middle of the page. The Calgary You mean this one? Yeah.
55:10 is above the blue box. Where's reds? Oh, that's right
55:16 Yeah. Okay, that's part of curve. Okay, this is this
55:20 either Anant amplified resisted the or conductivity . Okay, Okay. So that
55:27 doesn't relate, because this, this this is coming from this direction.
55:33 , And this this these logs will only go to there, and these
55:39 will go all the way to So when this law gets too
55:44 it re cycles and starts back and it's so far back it Z
55:50 recycled a couple times and doesn't even where to plot. In other
55:53 of if I had all this that resistive ity might go way out
55:59 here on the scale. And another you can do is you can change
56:02 scale so you capture all of But this log was probably done in
56:09 area with scale that they have because wanted to see what tells them where
56:14 certain fluid is. And this is is this is like a bright spot
56:19 almost like a bright spot on seismic here. Can't get any brighter.
56:26 and so, uh, then here see something different happening completely.
56:33 uh and you know, you you're this kind of overlap. It suggests
56:41 completely different from here. But you really see the overlap or calculate the
56:45 over here because you can't see the that well. But you know one
56:50 , you know, because both both logs were way off the scale.
56:56 thing you know, out here, resistive iti is extremely high in that
57:00 . It's very, very high in lock. And it's immaterial whether or
57:06 this had fresh water coming in and it high to Okay, So,
57:14 , so just from a quick and thing, this should be pretty easy
57:18 you to answer and hear your questions that. And I say the
57:25 I'd even give you the top on 1. 78 50. And so
57:29 is the 78 50 sandstone top is there, and you might want to
57:36 a little higher. But this I think, is just such.
57:39 it's way off scale. It's taken a while to get back. And
57:42 can see it's recycling over here. could pick it at 68. Excuse
57:48 . 78 40 48 or 49 but calling it the 78 50 sand right
57:55 on pretty much this inflection in Okay, You could pick it
58:03 you know, another foot up, I've gone ahead, just so it
58:08 it easier for everybody just called it 78 50 sand and pick your top
58:12 stand there. Down here. Of . Don't use This is a different
58:17 this is a sand, it's a sandstone. And, uh, and
58:22 can also see it's getting a different ity response completely different from this.
58:29 , this part looks like that Okay. And there's the blank ones
58:40 you to work with color in and up with your nets and grosses and
58:47 me know what it iss Okay. that clear? Yes. So
59:38 By the way, I noticed a . Aziz. Usual. I
59:46 This is slide 41 in your We're tools number two. Uh,
59:53 would do a lot of cutting and I think I did it so
59:55 could get the arrow up there, , uh, in the slides that
59:59 have this says Cata Genesis again because cut and pasted it. I was
60:04 my way up, but this is Genesis up here and have corrected it
60:10 my slides. But it's not corrected your pdf. Well, how do
60:20 like that? Yeah, no, nothing like, um, small keypad
60:38 an iPad and I on a Mac air. Okay, so now we're
60:48 look at what? Some other and we've got other tools to another
60:55 three, and basically, I'm going go through a lot of this relatively
60:59 . Just just so you have a idea. Many of you that have
61:04 no many of these tools and maybe you're not familiar with, but just
61:08 you some examples of some of these examples of some of the things we
61:12 with them and a lot of the that we go through You You've already
61:19 the courses. You may have had seismic courses already, and so a
61:25 of this will be, uh, a review, But there may be
61:28 tools in here that you haven't heard . Uh, if you're in
61:33 for example, you'll you'll get into geophysics. And there's some things in
61:37 that the geologist won't see in any courses. So I kind of need
61:43 pull some of that up and explain . Okay, So for those of
61:51 that have been in the program for semesters, this could be your fourth
61:56 . Third semester, second or This is your third or fourth.
62:00 you had anything on pressure tools? might have gotten something from from Steve
62:10 . Doctor Norick. I'm pretty sure talked about this. Okay? Course
62:17 would have talked about this, Okay, well, here's one of
62:22 things that we do with some of things. Um, I guess before
62:26 get there, you know, there's a lot of different tools and,
62:30 , some of them dio a lot quick, Ah, checks what's gone
62:37 in terms of of. But the is running. These tools can be
62:44 , so a lot of times they get run. But when they do
62:46 , run the help. And, course, where you're gonna want to
62:49 these tools, it's probably gonna be a field where you're where you're making
62:53 lot of money, but you've got problems with pressures and production rates.
63:00 some things aren't squaring really well with it's a static geologic model versus your
63:06 or production dynamic model that you've that developed. In other words, the
63:15 is not fitting the production, and could be lots of reasons for
63:20 So sometimes you're going with these pressure to try to figure out. In
63:23 words, do I have, something that's creating a permeability barrier?
63:27 I have a big shift in and that might suggest that actually one well
63:34 in a separate fault block from Well, which is why their production
63:37 were completely different. Maybe you've got oil water contact coming up higher in
63:42 . Well, then another. you think they're in the same
63:46 but but still, at the end the day, if it's a field
63:50 you're making a lot of money, worth. It's almost always worth it
63:53 invest more money into it. If not producing a lot out of the
63:58 , you may not want to do . Even though you're having problems,
64:01 just going to go live with But that's kind of how these tools
64:05 . But when they work, they tell you a lot. And here
64:11 , um, the discovery well and their initial pressures that they have coming
64:19 . You can see this, but can see that there's a perm barrier
64:23 and you have a perf up here a perf up here. And this
64:27 barrier is not allowing significant flow across , and but at the same
64:35 maybe this is, of course, upwards sequence or something like that.
64:39 the flow rate happens to be higher . So you get on offset and
64:43 shift in your pressure and, a little graph like this. This
64:51 what you expected. There's no from , and this thing would just keep
64:55 over. But if there's a perm there, and this process is a
65:00 bit higher or effective processes higher here it is here, you're going to
65:04 a shift like that. It's also it's a finding upwards sequence, and
65:10 production rate would be lower here and there. And you kind of see
65:14 reverse of this. So there's a of things you can figure out and
65:19 t end of the day. You , you might not have recognized your
65:23 this being a significant barrier to permeability pressure equalization. So you you
65:31 you just figured it was gonna look this. But now you've got something
65:35 on with one per versus an And, of course, with some
65:45 your your book Drew the Shepard did your book the shepherd do the diagram
65:53 this with a new oil water If you're gonna move the oil out
65:57 here and remove that oil legged and is no longer the oil leg,
66:03 would become the water leg, and going to see pressures like that.
66:05 then the oil leg would be like . And this again. What
66:10 Assuming there was not a perm barrier . But if there's a perm barrier
66:15 in flow rates are more effective or up here than they are down
66:20 You would see something like that again if it was a finding upwards
66:28 you might see this. This leg here, right there. And this
66:33 over here a little bit over So it looks like something strange is
66:37 on in the formation. Okay. that's kind of why you do
66:44 So ah, lot of times you have issues like this, and a
66:47 of times you don't recognize anything But if you had a purpose
66:53 you might notice something strange is going between the preparations and, uh,
66:59 overall, your your flow rights might down because it z not over here
67:05 to this. It's somewhere between an of these these two depletion rates
67:13 uh, another. Another thing that affect it is, since this is
67:17 in this section, you're gonna be out probably more of this, and
67:21 gonna have less oil to produce So even if the ferocity is higher
67:26 lower here, you could see something this just because you're coming up on
67:31 oil, water contact and the thickness your your your total effective thickness in
67:38 aerial extent is shrinking. And so this is coming up. You're getting
67:43 thinner and thinner wedge effective Prasit e because the reservoir would be out here
67:49 this in a wedge, and you're from from 100% sand effectiveness to where
67:55 new oil water contact is in Zero. Okay. And and here
68:07 just showing kind of the same Uh, if you put another if
68:17 an efficient water drive and there is perm barrier, I just put it
68:20 here and just show you what this look like. And this could be
68:26 in fell to, So if what Ideo area? Yeah, and this
68:41 just showing you if you put another Phil well, over here pulling this
68:45 now, the problem is, if have multiple perps, you're gonna be
68:49 things out. So with multiple you're not usually going to see
68:53 But if you get an infield well pull it up here, that's when
68:55 going to get that break. So kind of explaining that a little bit
68:58 to you. And there we I'm having trouble with these buttons because
69:04 they work, and sometimes they Okay, so I've gone all the
69:08 through it again. And here we , back to this. Okay,
69:13 here we're looking at the flow You can have a flow meter like
69:17 , which is measuring a flow rate fluids. It's mostly water, and
69:23 got that what air that's going to there. But when you get into
69:26 transition zone and you get to, , pretty much here we're adding some
69:32 and adding oil, and then we to a point where it's pretty much
69:36 oil with Konate water in the and then you can see here,
69:44 , that you're getting, um, oil. So there, come over
69:49 . You can also see the same with the pulse neutron log. But
69:53 can also see with that because they're at the loss of hydrocarbons in here
70:00 you can see that it was like . And now we've got the hydrocarbons
70:05 here and on the second run, still have a log that looks the
70:12 . But the second run and you're have it. Uh, from
70:19 you're gonna have it swept out over . So here you can see the
70:24 zones completely taken up and you're getting and more water production through here and
70:29 . That's this is the transition zone , and there's oil, water contact
70:34 the way down here, and you're it more clearly over here in the
70:40 zone. The things were happening You're getting where you're moving that
70:44 water contact up up into here. , Uh, another thing that we
70:52 with wire line right logs is um See, how long have we
70:59 going down? We've been going over hour. An hour. Right.
71:11 . So how about if we take short 10 minute break right now?
71:18 good. And, uh, we'll back here. Let's see, based
71:22 my computer time, which is not what my C scout watches telling
71:29 Um, see, it's making about . 15. Oh, good.
71:36 right. Okay. Yeah. I'm back a little bit late.
85:02 distracted with something. Hey, Dr , um, did we ever decide
85:08 what day the final exam was gonna ? Yeah, that's a good
85:13 Um, based on what I've heard far, it sounds like everybody is
85:19 with doing it on the Wednesday but haven't heard anything about moving it to
85:28 . Does anybody want to move? want to move it to Tuesday?
85:33 be afraid to speak up, because it's only one person we could set
85:38 , so you can take it I'd like to do it Tuesday.
85:45 . How many? So So we we got J D. Who was
85:51 other person Clayton playing a coach? think that was J. D.
85:59 . Yeah, I think I would fun doing it to Zeta.
86:03 so Colonna, we got three so . How about the other seven?
86:12 wouldn't mind. I don't have anything Tuesday or Wednesday. I could do
86:15 day. So which everyone works better everyone else. You know, sitting
86:21 . Yeah. It would work better me. No one's good and it's
86:30 to be in the It's going to six thio, probably 6 to
86:36 It's theoretically three hour, um, slot we're supposed to give you,
86:41 I don't think it'll take that long I make sure that I try to
86:48 sure that the exam doesn't take three . It's I have had students spend
86:54 hours on my exams, but it's usually, uh, one out of
86:59 students. Okay, so we're going do it on the 24th, then
87:07 , any objections? Uh, just me know. Okay. 24th is
87:14 Tuesday. Uh, let's see. 24 is Tuesday. I would I
87:23 prefer to do with the Wednesday, , um, e could probably make
87:29 . They work. Okay. Are the person that was traveling?
87:36 Okay. Um, you know, keep us informed in case something
87:41 E I'm trialing the day before, was probably on the 22nd so that
87:48 just it be better for me to it on 24. The the Wednesday
87:55 I can make through Tuesday work, . Okay. And you probably don't
88:01 to take it the 23rd. Okay. So boy wouldn't work.
88:08 , so, Well, hopefully we do the 24th. Yeah.
88:14 so we'll plan on the 24th if happens to somebody like this can always
88:20 . Just let me know. uh, and just everybody.
88:25 if you find out that somebody is it later than you, you really
88:31 want to help them get their great . So please don't communicate what was
88:34 the test until you're sure everybody took test on that day. so when
88:41 take the test will all be together , uh and you kind of know
88:47 somebody's missing or not. And, , and again, if you
88:53 we want we all wanna remember academic . I hate to keep bringing it
88:57 , but I have to do it if I don't say it when somebody
88:59 something wrong, first question I get from the administration is Did you tell
89:04 not to cheat? And then I look at him like, Are you
89:06 me? But we're all grown so everybody please behave. And I
89:15 , um, do my best to the study guide to you. I
89:20 I've already got it pretty much But I don't like to finalize until
89:24 know where we get to on uh, lecture today as we get
89:30 today, because it's gonna be on material that we've covered the first two
89:37 . And if we get farther than think, it might be less than
89:40 we did this week. Okay, screen. And we're back here.
89:53 looking at the wonderful world of dip . Has anybody done a lot of
89:59 with dip meters. I've seen them logs, but never really worked with
90:08 . Okay, that's, um a of times, you know, we
90:17 these things and nobody ever uses But having said that, getting a
90:25 handle on the dip could be really in lateral wells. And it's also
90:32 , um, uh, that could important when the geology is kind of
90:40 , especially from the seismic. And show you one example I could show
90:45 100 examples of when it's like, my God, what's going on in
90:48 seismic? We need to get a meter in there, So So when
90:55 needed there, there definitely needed it's an easy thing to run.
91:01 I think, uh, yes, anything. And we had more time
91:05 do more work. We would probably finding better uses and better examples of
91:11 use of meter logs. But they're always straightforward. The answers are not
91:16 . The one thing that is on logs is that the regional dip is
91:23 something we get a pretty good handle from a dictator, and that could
91:28 really important. Okay, so, , again, with the dip meter
91:36 . Do all these things. but it's not straightforward. You never
91:42 to jump in. I don't think make a lot of these interpretations without
91:48 having some context about the sand units the distribution of the sand units and
91:53 the depo centers are. Like I saying, if you have uh,
91:59 sand units that are running perpendicular to coast versus ones that are running parallel
92:04 the coast, it puts you in different context in terms of how you
92:08 it. So you always have to three dimensions. And the thing about
92:15 single, well, it's a single doesn't give you anything about three
92:20 It's really it's really only a You only get the vertical Ah,
92:29 access. When you do it you don't have lateral and the other
92:33 directions so you don't have an aerial figured out from one Well, so
92:37 when you get multiple wells and you , uh, being able to see
92:43 the depo centers are and where the Depot Center for Basin might be.
92:49 things like that, it helps you out how to use these other
92:53 including motifs ended meters, because you're it into a three dimensional context.
92:59 starting to make some sense. And the faces that you're looking for and
93:04 to discriminate are going to be a set of faces, depending on what
93:07 is you're seeing in some of the features on a three dimensional scale.
93:14 perspective When, um, excuse me we, uh, started out with
93:23 meters, Of course, they use resistive ity logs, so there's a
93:28 read on it. But they started three pads and then four pads.
93:34 um, Now they just have these that have channels on the pads.
93:39 you get up to 25 channels uh, you may have multiple
93:44 whereas we might have had a few before on each of these pads.
93:50 can anybody guess what one of the difficult things about a dip meter might
94:02 ? There's actually a couple of things could guess. Lateral orientation. It
94:17 like it might always be dipping like or right. It might be dipping
94:21 away, away from the log. . Okay, well, yeah,
94:28 you can sort that out. But sure that you understand the orientation of
94:33 tool when you're pulling it up is critical. So they have a way
94:36 doing that. And but one of biggest mechanical problems eyes. When you
94:44 these pads out, you can get up in the well bore and,
94:49 , usually a tool pusher, and often the company man, too
94:55 for those of you don't know, the tool pushers the guy that's being
94:58 to drill the well, and he more money if he drills faster.
95:06 so he, um, just kind make it straight and simple. He
95:13 no incentive to go slow. The man is the same way because he's
95:18 to keep the budget down because the it takes, uh, they have
95:23 pan rig rates. He's gonna have pay more the longer it takes
95:27 But he's he doesn't have the same is the company man who makes more
95:32 . Ah, the tool pusher is going to make any more money,
95:35 the company might get irritated with him it takes a long time. Eso
95:40 these things come out a lot of in charge of drilling it or really
95:44 that they have to do a dip law. But again, uh,
95:49 if something one of my first uh, uh, supervisors told me
95:56 I started working was there's two things can get out of an oil well
96:02 any kind of well, that we . One is money, and the
96:06 one is data and data could be a lot of money. So if
96:11 tool that you think you need and have a good reason to do
96:13 then it's probably a good thing to . And, uh, I've never
96:21 on a lateral well, so I know how these tools work and how
96:24 been modified, But they have been to work in lateral wells. And
96:31 wish I had more details on it I'm kind of kind of out in
96:36 woods on that, because I, , I haven't sat a well for
96:39 few years, although when I, , worked in the North Sea on
96:46 chalks, we were doing laterals, I just at that point in
96:50 I was working on a different aspect the analysis for the well data that
96:55 brought in. Okay, So here's what One of the the really neat
97:04 usedto look, it looked like Uh, I'm not going to
97:09 but it looks like a probe that might stick in you in the medical
97:12 the doctor's office of a smaller Mhm. I'm not gonna tell you
97:19 kind of doctor, but anyway, ah, the one in the doctor's
97:25 would be smaller than this, by way, and anyway, here you
97:29 see that you have these pads and course, they're going to cause
97:32 They could be retracted when it's when slower. But then when you start
97:36 it back up, you're gonna wanna that out and then just,
97:41 hopefully keep that thing moving straight And so you have these several pads
97:47 you can see here. Ah, looking at different features that helps them
97:52 out what the deepest. So you , um, you have this thing
97:58 you're trying to keep oriented. and as it's coming up, you
98:02 see where the dips are. Like , Here's a curve, and it's
98:05 little bit higher over here, and a little bit lower coming back down
98:09 way. So in this straight you know, the the dip is
98:17 towards down towards a and it's up between B and C. So,
98:26 this was being see, this would up dip. And down here,
98:30 a and B are would be more did. Okay, uh, and
98:36 what a standard, um sharp looked , and they're getting much more colorful
98:43 , and they do all sorts of stuff with it. Um,
98:48 um, what do you think is difference between the dark tadpoles and the
98:57 tadpoles that, like this Dad pull there and that tadpole right there when
99:09 try? Excuse me? Like, some to do with, like,
99:16 sand and dry sand or something. , no, it's Ah, you're
99:21 to make this oil, huh? , that's that's being very optimistic.
99:26 anyway, what this really means is the filled in ones, they feel
99:32 they're more reliable data points, and there could be a lot of
99:37 But here, this is probably cross in a sandstone, which is gonna
99:45 chaotic and because it looks very it might not be considered reliable,
99:50 in fact it might be reliable, you can't always tell and based on
99:56 , but based on consistency, they kind of picked the ones
100:02 they have an algorithm for sorting it , and there's a lot of different
100:06 that can cause problems. And here some of the things that they talk
100:12 here's increasing dip with not that, this is chaotic. Dips in a
100:19 body, for example, or creating . And here you have dips in
100:24 clay stone, but they don't seem match up with some of the other
100:28 . But these might be better than that are over here that air filled
100:32 . So sometimes, Uh, there's lot of noise, and it's hard
100:37 determine. However, uh, this what we're kind of looking for in
100:43 of how to interpret it, and is a uniformed pattern through a
100:49 And imagine finally layered sediments, that have lots of lamb in a
101:02 of beds, and they're all kind When they were deposited, they were
101:06 lines. So when you tilt they dip all pretty much together.
101:11 that would be what we call a pattern. That's uniforms. And this
101:16 is going to be in, in a shell because you don't have
101:21 betting in the shale, and you have other things going on.
101:29 now, another thing that can um, is you can get cross
101:33 and you can have also you have on a larger scale changed because you're
101:41 into it, something like a channel out of a channel. And here
101:45 dip is higher. And before we any farther, go back here.
101:51 , this is the dip. So Plots out in this direction from here
101:57 here That tells you the dip. , The little tadpole, The pointer
102:06 telling you which direction it's pointing So what would the dip be on
102:12 two tadpoles Right here? And there's nothing Thio tell you how many degrees
102:24 iss. But as geologists, what's the top all the time? North
102:33 is always at the top. uh, if North is top,
102:37 is what is where these to But it to resist. It's
102:44 32 to resist Right there. Only now. Almost horizontal. Oh,
102:55 sorry. Yeah, yeah. You're this is 30 32 or whatever,
102:59 it's East, right? Yeah. . Okay, So the tadpole is
103:05 you it's east. And the position here is telling you how many degrees
103:10 dip it. Okay, so where is on this scale is the dip
103:17 the bed. Where that is pointing the direction of the bit. So
103:24 , this one's about 31. This might be about 33 East.
103:30 So when we have consistent dip like consistent dip direction, inconsistent tilt,
103:39 flat beds that have been tilted So there, Well, laminated.
103:44 doesn't have to be a shale. can have lime stones and sand stones
103:50 the same thing, especially if they're and been more compact and more de
103:55 . And we're nice layered sedimentary sequences the first place. But because there
104:02 places where we get layer cake And of course, you're not looking
104:08 this, um, in in a scale. So sometimes the dip has
104:16 be pretty significant for you actually to out a direction. And when the
104:23 is subtle, it makes a little harder to pick it out because these
104:26 air not too far apart. so it's, um you know,
104:32 I have a couple of degrees you know, within a bore
104:38 the difference between this maybe slighter than You could see if it was a
104:43 one, but but it still it works pretty well because it's very close
104:48 . And, uh uh, it still see pretty much an angle on
104:53 . But the subtle angles you when you get less than five,
104:56 gonna be tough Thio to really see . Anyway, this is,
105:02 uh a good, consistent, very layered formation set of formations and most
105:11 is share. Okay, here we . Okay, that's Oh,
105:28 My wife just interrupted me. I don't want to get into a
105:33 about it, but my wife just me to tell me there was a
105:35 on the election a few minutes So when we get done for our
105:41 break, we can all check it the truth anyway, Um, when
105:47 look at this blue upward increasing. , lot of times that means pro
105:53 , and I'll show you why. and, uh uh, this would
105:59 the red pattern. And when we excuse me, this is upward.
106:04 is a blue pattern. I'm I'm reading it wrong again. This
106:09 blue. This is red, and looking at the slide the wrong
106:16 But here is our upward decreasing And this is our upward increasing
106:25 This one is red, and this is called blue, and this is
106:29 green. And then down here, , sometimes it's called a yellow pattern
106:36 a random pattern or bag of which was very similar to to this
106:42 in here. Okay, so let's what that kind of looks like Here
106:50 , uh, some beds that have structurally tilted, but they were laid
106:54 like layer cakes in the structural tilting picked up on the amount of dip
107:01 the angle of the dippy inconsistent. that's kind of what you see
107:06 Here. You see, the dip increasing. So something is causing this
107:13 to increase in this direction. what What would that look? What
107:20 we look at yesterday? That could something like this? Roll over in
107:26 car. There you go. That's Oh, good. I didn't put
107:34 on there. There. Yeah, a rollover. Anne Klein could do
107:36 . Ah, growth fault. Could have several, uh, places where
107:41 might see something like this. here's Here's another one showing upward
107:49 And let's see what it says back on this thing. I just want
107:54 see if it makes sense with what going to say. Yes, it
107:59 . Okay, um, if if don't have, um, a growth
108:06 , we might get something like It looks like pro gradation. In
108:10 words, you've got the layered shales here. Limited dip like the the
108:17 set beds. But as we go the top set beds, you're going
108:21 start, uh, seeing something like . And then, of course,
108:26 going toe fill in with the sand across the top, but the shells
108:32 top of that are going to show like this. You're gonna end up
108:36 shells flat down here, and we're going from a lot too flat.
108:41 you're gonna with sand stones on the , that air flat up here on
108:44 Nation. And but the programming shales front of it, like pro delta
108:51 , are gonna are gonna look a like this. Okay, then,
109:00 time you get something like this, is a significant break in,
109:05 this could be a nonconformity of faults erosion. All surface or again,
109:09 toe of pro gradation may look something that, too, when you get
109:13 here and you go to the bottom beds and you really have to be
109:22 interpreting this, I think you you use use the dip angles and
109:28 you try to figure it out. , an angular un conformity. If
109:33 gonna be one in an area you're and you probably have an idea of
109:36 it's gonna happen from a least the d size maker, maybe even from
109:41 and mag. But here you have angular un conformity. You can see
109:46 dip am of the overlying beds is different from this one. So what
109:51 was we had these beds laid down . Uh, it rotated and got
109:58 , and these were laid flat on of it. And then it rotated
110:01 a little this way to get these to dip down in this direction.
110:06 any time you see that, you there's a lot of erosion that's gone
110:12 . And that's often what happens when have an eroding surface that's tilted.
110:18 going to see an angular un conformity this, covered up with beds that
110:22 flat line after that, rotated the time and got eroded. And then
110:27 tilted again, back this way of the whole structure has later on tilted
110:34 another direction. Okay, and here showing you a channel and there there's
110:47 not too many real examples of recognizing . But if you're in the
110:54 you know, if you know you a flu viel system, you can
110:57 can look at this kind of thing you can see you have this tilted
111:02 that got incised. Uh, you a low stand happening, and you
111:08 see the dips changing right here. is a good, good candidate.
111:13 going over here is being possibly a boundary. So it could help
111:19 even with with something like that. here you could have an incised valley
111:24 a low stand, cutting into something structurally tilted a little bit before the
111:28 stand. And, uh and then you have, uh, beds here
111:34 if, uh, later on tilted little bit more, actually, just
111:39 at it. The dip on this is just a little bit less than
111:43 dip on that unit. So it's to tell what they're trying to draw
111:47 . But maybe maybe these beds, , didn't tilt until those beds
111:54 But the dip here is a little less than what it is there.
112:00 which is odd, because when you at this, um, it looks
112:05 they're pretty much the same. But , you're seeing a little bit greater
112:10 . Uh, right in this, upper part here, you're gonna get
112:14 a flat line again. These these cartoons are not 100% accurate. But
112:19 we see that red pattern. uh, and of course,
112:24 what's happening is you're on, you , kind of you get the clay
112:30 of channel. It's going to be up here. And then it's gonna
112:33 increasing with a dip into the center the channel on this rather than just
112:39 one channel, This could be a channel belt, so there could
112:42 like, channel deposits actually in and you'll see this kind of
112:46 It could be actual sand unit in on the sand unit in here.
112:50 each one of these could be channel . Excuse me. Channels within one
112:55 built. Yeah. Okay. Here just showing you a pattern you could
113:01 . Uh, here. You're getting much the typical drag. Roll over
113:10 a normal fault. And you can how that changes the dip here,
113:15 . And it's pretty dramatic when you the fault. Can. Here is
113:24 a example. Cartoon again. here we have flatlining sandstone shales,
113:31 they're well bedded. Uh, they together as a unit. There's no
113:37 . All tilt in here or de dip in here. There's there's simply
113:42 graphic dip or structural dip. And this is showing you the structural
113:47 and down here, showing you some positional dip going on. That's causing
113:52 nightmare over here and try to tie one of these to each of
113:56 I'm not sure you'd be able to it out, just looking at the
113:59 . But But you get the We have cross trough stratification Any time
114:05 have cross trough stratification say that a . It gets really tongue time.
114:11 But you can see here that the can be very chaotic. Uh,
114:15 not really showing you what happens to things because because there's like,
114:21 the dip in one of these troughs not gonna be like this. Like
114:27 like. The pattern is showing. going to be more like that more
114:31 that. So it keeps changing as move from one cross dropped to the
114:37 cross drops. That's pretty, pretty chaotic. And then we go back
114:41 a nice screen pattern which here has . We had sand stones in there
114:46 were nice and flat line. Here have a limestone unit that may have
114:51 surfaces above and below, but it's state sort of in layer cake fashion
114:56 then has some structural component thio dip here. But no de positional component
115:06 , Here's one of the examples of you might need a dip meter.
115:12 got this nice slice of a three seismic line, and you have this
115:18 list of life in there. And wants to tell everybody What Analyst
115:29 Come on. Geology majors. That's kind of a funny camera John
115:35 roughly on the list of it is huge mass of of rock that slumped
115:43 of a high or something. It's a gravity flow debris flow.
115:48 it's a gravity flow of some type deposit where you've got lots of things
115:54 rolling down in here. And so looking at the seismic trying to figure
115:58 what's going on. You gotta dip in there. It could be very
116:02 in helping you figure out what's going with with the betting in there.
116:06 know, you have some betting out and betting out here that you can
116:09 of follow. That's something really strange going on in there. Um,
116:15 you get really strange responses, it always be something that might be related
116:20 hydrocarbons, of course, but in case, there's some slumped blocks And
116:26 a lot going on in front of reflector and behind this reflector that could
116:31 some dramatic dip changes because you're going get a lot of de positional dip
116:35 here and not just structural dip. , And here is, uh,
116:43 know, the other ones had would had a few channels in each one
116:47 these, uh, four pads. , but now they've got the of
116:57 , they've got the caliper logs and got the pad sticking out in the
117:00 log to figure out where you got . And And the other thing
117:06 uh, and the old times we anywhere from just one sensor on this
117:13 they set up to 25. If gonna have four pads, it's gonna
117:17 to be uneven number. And if had three pads, it's gonna have
117:19 be something other than 25. Could uneven number or an odd number,
117:25 not 25. So now they have lot of channels on each one of
117:34 , uh, pad so you can things at this scale and not just
117:40 way over here and way over You're also seeing close up on a
117:46 scale changes from here all the way there and you can see there offset
117:52 that it's It's like trying to get as movable seismic out of this or
117:57 . But you're you're getting a really handle on what's going on this way
118:04 this way over. That's seventh. 22.8 inches across this pad here.
118:12 these things have gotten more and more through time, of course.
118:18 uh, and one of things that you to do, of course,
118:23 look at sedimentary structures and helps you all sorts of false that have offsets
118:32 fractures that don't. And and it give you a pretty clear image of
118:38 versus cross bedding. You can see dip and you can see deposition.
118:44 can see regional structural dip and de dips. Okay, so here
118:51 uh what one of the earlier ones like. This is in black and
118:54 , and you go around to the pads and you can actually wrap it
118:58 like this and get in idea. of course, it's dipping in this
119:03 . Here, this'll looks like regional , and then you've got some de
119:07 dip, perhaps, uh, coming there. And so it's pretty,
119:15 , pretty interesting. It almost looks a piece of core coming out of
119:19 ground. And you put it like . And here's another one,
119:24 comparing it to a core. And course, you know, it was
119:30 . We want a core, but dip meter works pretty good if you
119:33 get a core. And how many you have worked on doing sort
119:38 ah, standard core in A in Well, has anybody worked on anything
119:42 that? E mean, I've seen . Okay, Yeah, of
119:52 as geologists. Hopefully everybody that's a major is seen a core. And
119:57 would hope even the geophysics have, maybe you have it. But getting
120:02 core is a lot of work. I was sent to a well,
120:09 to pick a contract jewel boundary in well where we did not want to
120:16 another $8 million to drill another And of course, if you go
120:21 through a formation and you think you've the interval that you're government requirement has
120:31 that you need to cut. You to do a side track more or
120:35 to get past to some fresh, rock because you can't you can't
120:41 It's something that's full of mud cake drilling fluid. You have to move
120:46 the side. So it's It's a thing to do a corner. If
120:50 you decide upfront, you know exactly that is. You can drill the
120:54 . I may have already mentioned but when I was, someone was
120:59 to drill a core for the University Houston across the Cretaceous Tertiary boundary.
121:04 , between the midway in the camp north of Houston. Here they used
121:11 D seismic, and they missed it 1200 ft. So they got a
121:14 of the midway and nothing on So if they really, absolutely,
121:21 legal reasons had to get a core that thing, they would have had
121:23 drill another core. And something like happened in a well in Azerbaijan before
121:29 pulled me to go out there and and pick that point. And they
121:35 , um, $8 million on Um, if you drill a core
121:39 going to cost you $3 million. went out there and was able to
121:43 the strata graphic point for them where was, which pretty much indicated that
121:51 gotten to the contractual depth that were to drill to for the country of
121:58 and and consequently, we didn't need spend $3 million to drill a core
122:04 all, and that that would be everything worked. Well, if it
122:08 work well like the other, it could have been a Muchas eight
122:12 . So for a flight over to and my own private helicopter ride,
122:18 , I was able to save them t least $3 million just paying for
122:24 couple of tickets. And I didn't a lot on that trip because the
122:28 wasn't that good on the rig. we don't get paid. We don't
122:32 charged for food. I don't think the rig. So I don't think
122:34 was much much of a food and I did get taken out to
122:39 nice restaurant. Ah, it was of underground and where the the silk
122:46 used to come through and and, many, Ah, many thousands of
122:53 ago, 2000 years ago or Or maybe maybe just 1600 years
122:59 they had traders gone through there and had a little restaurant. There was
123:04 of, ah, what was, , pathway between buildings that were now
123:11 , covered up with with history and And that was that might have been
123:16 , but other than that, it pretty cheap compared to the three million
123:20 drill a core and the eight million you had to drill a second
123:24 which happens quite often, so getting image log that looks like this could
123:29 a lot of expense. You can , well, problems with image
123:33 but usually it's not gonna cost you near $3 million. And you get
123:38 that looks almost like structure. Excuse ? It looks almost like a core
123:44 itself, and you can see a of actual geological features in this
123:51 Uh, just, uh, I'm somebody else picked this out, so
123:55 don't have to show you why. know it's like this, but it
123:59 showing you obvious betting, and you see there's sort of a consistency to
124:04 betting in the red. And so pretty much how you would identify the
124:11 that you're seeing. And you can just looking at the rock. You
124:14 see it. So you got a signal on dip. Wherever this pad
124:18 up dip and wherever these pads are , dip structurally. But then go
124:24 and look at the deposition. All that you're getting here. And what
124:29 you think little things like this might ? They don't label this on
124:39 I think this is absolutely incredible. do you think these little blips are
124:46 here? It looked like something just of changed. Um, and what's
124:56 on here is because those pads air close together, they're seeing places where
125:02 know they might have a consistent Then there's all all of sudden something
125:07 a hole there where they don't see dip it all. And it's not
125:12 of that plugged by the way. if if you can imagine, there
125:16 , ah, hole cut into the here you might get something that looked
125:21 a gap, right? In other , it's basically there's no dip
125:29 And so you're seeing it pop up that. So what do you think
125:32 of these funny features are that air across the street? Igra fee by
125:40 . Very good. That's probably exactly it iss. And if we're looking
125:45 the shells and again, I know can get these tools into a lateral
125:52 . I don't know how it mechanically . I don't know if that if
125:56 have crawlers on them or what, it was probably a lot more expensive
126:01 a straight hole tip meter Or just deep, slightly deviated whole,
126:07 wire line, uh, type But, um, you could put
126:12 in a lateral on. You go a shale and you see a lot
126:16 this, uh, model Look to . It probably does mean bio Turbay
126:22 . And it probably does mean, , a lot of the organic material
126:28 here has been ingested. And the that I was telling you about that
126:34 into the midway, uh, the reason it was drilled in that area
126:42 people were looking at the midway is source rock for completely new play area
126:50 the state of Texas, which already a lot of oil all over the
126:54 . And and even Floyd C. was interested in this. But perhaps
126:59 I even figured it out, he it out. But the dark shales
127:03 the midway on that part of Texas heavily bioterror baited. And,
127:11 the water was deep at that probably at least, uh, 300
127:19 not 600 m deep. And but was oxygenated. So you had a
127:26 of, uh, bio Turbay Shin on and Bio Turbay Shin means there's
127:33 in there eating the organic material that were hoping would have turned into oil
127:38 gas. But when there's that, , biotic activity, uh, you
127:45 , it's sort of a no So what looked like really dark source
127:53 ? Uh, shells. We ran analysis on it, and I think
127:59 highest we got in there was 0.5 toc, which is not going to
128:05 much for you, especially in something might be not as mature as we
128:10 normally wanted to be. In other , it would be sort of that
128:13 early oil window and not through the part of the oil window, so
128:20 pretty much nixed it. And so a pretty important thing. Now,
128:25 you're drilling laterals, you're usually drilling a place where you kind of know
128:31 oil there and again. That's because you figured it out from a straight
128:36 . It had so much in it there must be something there that we
128:40 drill laterally. But But then, you start to exploit away from that
128:46 discovery, rather than in, are conventional stuff where we look at
128:53 big picture and come in and focus on the prospects, this thing you
128:57 out with a, Well, you , Scott oil and gas. It's
128:59 come out of the ground and you to figure out where that good trend
129:04 in the distance. Uh, running of these things in exploratory mode might
129:08 worth it, but again, a of times we don't even try
129:12 But when we start trying to maximize and a lot of the unconventional resources
129:17 we have right now, we may some people drilling wells. It might
129:21 something like this in what you could even though it's not a frontier
129:26 It could be frontier exploration in different of these massive shale bodies that people
129:33 not drilled yet and accidentally found that was a lot of oil. But
129:38 might go poking around like they did the midway. We know there's a
129:41 shale there, but we don't know there's any potential for production. They
129:45 out really quickly in that area. no potential for it at all.
129:50 whether you drill the core or whether drilled well and did a image log
129:56 have probably helped a lot and sort sorting out the the total organic
130:01 And, of course, using the method in here with the cross plot
130:05 resistive ity and another density tool like density log where the sonic log,
130:10 might be able to get some indication how good the source rock isas.
130:16 , okay, so, um, thing we're gonna look at a sidewalk
130:20 and cores. Um, and of to me, this This is,
130:31 I hate to keep saying this, geologists know that this is really
130:37 you know, in other words, get our hands on it. It's
130:41 a it's not a cat scan. , this is like when you cut
130:47 open and you see the tumor. , the beauty and the value of
130:55 remote sensing tools that we have, size mint, is remote sensing the
131:01 of remote sensing in medicine and and is, you can see things without
131:07 into the ground or poking into the too much. So there's a big
131:12 there. So those tools air definitely . But when when a medical team
131:18 do a biopsy, uh, they a lot more reassurance that they know
131:23 they're looking at in the same with , when we can actually get a
131:28 , we actually have rock. We a good idea what it really is
131:34 looking closer at the photography on doing geochemical analyses on it, not
131:40 fluid stuff, you know, you run a fluid test, pull fluids
131:43 and figure out an awful lot and there you're getting your hands on
131:46 as well. And, uh, getting, uh, things that help
131:53 figure out the deposition environment and the at the same time. You
131:58 the Biota that Aaron there oftentimes can you whether you're looking at a Marine
132:04 or a non Marine section, which away we'll tell you if a feature
132:09 channel that, uh, might be viel is flu viel and not a
132:15 turban type channel. In other if I see deep water, deep
132:21 , if anybody sees deepwater, bio around the channel versus non Marine and
132:33 a lack of any kind of thing it, you know that even though
132:36 might have sedimentary structures that are the one with the deep water fossils
132:41 it is going to be probably something do with the turbidity current, a
132:46 fan and turbo tights. Whereas if all non Marine, it's probably going
132:51 be a river and S. that's really critically important. And of
132:55 , the age is important, because doesn't seem like much, you
133:00 , we call things Eocene and paleo those air huge chunks of rock.
133:05 today, in terms of age, , we can see, uh,
133:12 in the rock record as small as years, and that could end up
133:18 a, uh, some sort of stand. Maybe not a sequence
133:23 but definitely Ah, low stand all sorts of things like that or
133:29 event. And and then, of , it helps tie in with
133:34 and you're gonna have a correlation And I'm going to give you the
133:39 bio straight up front. And of , analyzing the water can often help
133:46 a lot of things and in terms what your contrast is between your real
133:51 one is a contrast between your formation and your drilling fluid salinity something that
133:59 helps a petro physics a lot. there's other things that relate thio,
134:03 , Thio, salt masses and and it relates thio things that relate to
134:12 the rocks as well. Okay, corn analysis standard core analysis really looks
134:20 the same things that we're looking at the logs, process and permeability.
134:26 , and here, rather than using tool to calculate it, you can
134:31 at it, but again, it's . Trying to measure Prasit e and
134:36 permeability can be difficult because in terms permeability, you have tow push something
134:42 the rock and get a flow rate of it, and and what you
134:46 through and how you push it through be, um, mhm biasing factor
134:53 terms of what your results are. usually you can get good permeability and
134:58 ferocity because people have been doing this century now, I think, and
135:05 but those are some of the key you look for. But then you
135:08 in there and the geologist gets in , and he describes the sedimentary features
135:12 the fractures are and where discontinuities are often. If you have a
135:18 you can see it pretty clearly in core, and you may also be
135:25 to recognize uh, significant fractured that there is offset, even though in
135:32 court you're not going to see that offset, it may literally suggested,
135:37 you might be able to pick up and afford to okay, another tool
135:42 really important, um, are the cores. And that's because again,
135:48 have these tools going down and you , you kind of have thio.
135:57 is kind of a There's different types sidewall core tools, ones and unconsolidated
136:04 or like, shotgun shells. And , I haven't run one of these
136:08 in a while, but I think still look the same. Uh,
136:13 probably could get I probably could get colored picture for you, But But
136:17 , the ah, you have these shotgun shell sized charges, uh,
136:26 these things and cups and the charge the cup into into the formation and
136:33 has a little cable that holds it that when you pull this out,
136:36 have all these things kind of hanging by cables after they've been shot.
136:44 , of course, you can sequence , um you drop it down the
136:47 and and at a certain depth they shooting these things from the bottom to
136:54 top so that they hang down and the way the other ones and and
136:59 sediments. A lot of times, , there's Samant. Marilyn Night in
137:04 formation is probably going to stick in cup. Uh, and you guys
137:09 don't know what a film little film Cans looked like, but probably have
137:14 laying around here somewhere. But they're the same size as a Kodak film
137:20 used to be, uh, for , for a typical, uh,
137:26 that we used to make in the . And also typical pictures, Not
137:30 frame negatives, but the regular of millimeter size negative Xander slides. So
137:40 cans would go in there they come , pull it up here. Things
137:43 get messed up. But the key , though, is that with the
137:47 cores, we will end up with piece of rock. Uh, sedimentary
137:54 could be messed up, all sorts things that you can see. And
137:57 course, you wouldn't be able to in this, but you would have
138:00 would have your hands on a piece rock. And, uh, again
138:04 these things I'm talking about right now what geologists consider Riel data, and
138:11 had a bunch of geophysicist tell me this data is not really data.
138:17 the seismic is the rial data, the seismic tells you large scale properties
138:23 the rocks, but their averages every of the way there averages. But
138:28 is telling you is really fine tuned . I'm looking at the rock.
138:33 not looking ATT's something that indicates the on a broad scale, but I'm
138:40 at in a very fine scale with rockets. Thes would be pulled out
138:45 certain death. You tell them you I want one. It 8933
138:51 Ah, and then you go down column where you might want it,
138:56 they pull the deepest one out and they come up the thing and
138:59 pulling them out. And that's how works. Now, in addition to
139:02 ones that have the little cable, do have ones that are have a
139:06 mechanical, uh, diamond case cup the diamond edge of the cup can
139:15 of drill into into the more consolidated sections. When you're doing that,
139:19 air a little bit more expensive, and you can have more issues with
139:24 as well that they dio retract when pull it up. Okay, here
139:30 , um, just showing you when do have a core. If you
139:35 a sidewalk where you just kind of kind of hit or miss. If
139:39 have a solid core, you can drill in different orientations to see structural
139:47 from different perspectives from all three axes thats useful tool. And you can
139:54 those cores and you can push fluids in different directions to kind of see
140:00 direction you have. The best uh, on effective porosity. And
140:09 is getting back Thio the log motif , uh, that we were talking
140:14 before we were just looking at the logs. And here is something that's
140:20 typical for Sandstone. Here is something for a sandstone, but this one
140:29 is coursing upwards. So we often that's going to be regressive. This
140:36 is gonna be, of course, . So we're getting its shadowing upwards
140:44 getting We're going from near shore to water. So we're getting finer grain
140:50 potentially going from, uh, deep too shallow water. And that's why
140:57 coursing up. That's why that would regressive and transgressive. But here's the
141:01 . Bar on the point bar is transgressive or re aggressive. It za
141:06 of a meandering stream and it gives this kind of pattern. And in
141:13 way, uh, this is filling in this in this direction. So
141:18 a way, you had to call transgressive or regressive. It's actually
141:23 but you have a regressive sequence that's upwards. And so that's why you
141:28 to be real careful with what you're to explain with motif locks. You're
141:33 in offshore settings and you know the you working on. We're offshore.
141:38 can do this transgressive and regressive thing you're in a lake or in a
141:44 on sometimes, even, uh, Barrier Island complexes, you have to
141:50 real careful about calling something transgressive or up front, because things could
141:57 Here is something that you might see a good turbidity flow sequence or turban
142:04 . Okay, since we're logging it's Iraq. Iraq makes it not
142:07 submarine fan, but a turban tied is showing you what a channel sand
142:13 look like. An here. it's interesting because here's the channel,
142:19 here's where it was deepest. And where it's full and and here's the
142:27 bar deposit, and this is what usually use thio just to help us
142:32 channels meandering streams. And this could a Mannering stream here, but the
142:39 of it's gonna be filled with coarser stuff because the foul leg is probably
142:44 . Looks like the point bars over , because here's a slope on
142:48 This is a steeper slopes. So thing is cutting into this side and
142:52 over on this side, This is Rial Point bar over here. That's
142:56 this would be. And so you're to see that somewhat finding upwards sequence
143:01 here. And of course, if gotta log over here, it would
143:04 even more dramatic than it is But even when you're working in a
143:09 all Channel Sands, they're not gonna like this and, uh, distribute
143:13 Mouth Channel, for example, is much where you've got this straight laminar
143:20 just like a jet shooting out uh, if you take the Mississippi
143:25 where this tributary channels are in the , bars are right in front of
143:30 . You have sort of a jet going straight through, and the distributor
143:35 air very straight. They don't meander that's where the ah, the ocean
143:42 the water, the base level finally there's one direction to get this water
143:46 of here, and it's that And so you're gonna have As it
143:51 in, you're gonna have a Of course load. And of
143:53 it doesn't fill in. What happens the sediment loads in here and it
143:57 into the mud. Eso This isn't an incision, it's a distributor Eri
144:03 . But it's but it's a Aly uh, through time or die
144:08 sinking in the shells that it was out into. So distribute Terry Channel
144:13 gonna look for the most part, gonna look like this. Where a
144:17 bar in a meandering stream. that's deposition Lee up tip somewhat is
144:24 look more like this or the flank one of these larger channels Might start
144:28 a little bit like a point point . But to get a point
144:32 you have to have meandering so that have a cut side and you have
144:37 point bank side to get that kind a deposit. So it's good as
144:44 can be. You have to be careful with interpreting them. And I've
144:50 young geologists going in making these kinds interpretations with with flu beall sediments and
144:57 have to be really careful because you have something that looks more like this
145:02 of those Marine, uh, Marine Barrier Island. Regressive, transgressive sequences
145:09 you could see. Okay, any on that? Okay, now,
145:16 my here. I'm gonna skip Uh, I'm not going to read
145:21 , but you can look at these this gives you some or,
145:27 indication of what these things can look . And it's interesting, uh,
145:38 , you know, it's all over board. And if you look at
145:41 , you can see there's things that non marine and marine. And if
145:45 have bio strategic afi down here and here in the shales Ah, a
145:50 of times you don't get it in sand because because it's, ah,
145:54 destructive thio shells. And of you're gonna winnow out a lot of
146:00 the fine grain, uh, things might be in there even if it's
146:05 coastal or marine environment. So you you'd be looking at the shells.
146:10 if it's encased in marine and or encased in, um uh, non
146:19 stuff or a lack of fossils, could tell the difference between whether it
146:24 be a title sand or one of other sands. And same with
146:28 Here we have flu viel here we a point bar that's gonna have some
146:34 influence that's gonna have marine influence. streams and flew audio channels probably won't
146:42 Sands won't and, uh, come here. It looks a little bit
146:47 . And we're seeing, you this is still the same finding upwards
146:51 . Ah, but here Ah, coming up with something. That's Delta
146:58 something that's a turban. I'd Those aren't even next to each other.
147:02 then there's the custom sands. That's marine, and that's Ah,
147:06 custard is lake And And what is called? I can't read this one
147:14 these. I have my computer glasses , but I can't read up to
147:19 things. Okay, Proximal deep sea like like a fan Delta or something
147:25 that. And these air, all things. And it really helps to
147:32 , uh, sort of an overall d picture on the large scale in
147:36 frontier area, or even an expiration , or even a production and development
147:41 . Knowing what the context of these are is very, very important.
147:46 strategic AFI and what but the deposition systems of the strategic fee are A
147:51 of times have been figured out in and projected in the deep water.
147:56 but you also can have changes as go from on short offshore. So
148:00 helps to have bio strata graphic data help you distinguish between these things.
148:06 here is, uh uh And I'm I'm not gonna go into this because
148:12 I start talking about this, it'll into a really long discussion. But
148:15 your own, you can look at and one of the things that's obvious
148:22 , for whatever reason, they already that this is a title complex
148:28 And so it really helps, discriminate, Uh, these different motifs
148:33 one faces to a next, and know that it's gonna be the kind
148:37 things that you see when you have barrier island which they show here,
148:42 this would be a secondary barrier. it is so hard to find anything
148:48 the literature that even talks about a barrier. But when I was in
148:52 Carolina, Miles Hayes, who I say is arguably the best coastal geo
148:58 ist that ever lived or will Hey was there and he talked about
149:01 barriers all the time. They didn't very many figures that pointed them
149:06 but but so I really like this because we start talking about de positional
149:12 , Or have you ever worked with on hurricanes? It's really important to
149:15 the difference between a primary barrier and secondary barrier and basically the primary
149:22 One is going to take the brunt , ah, waves, wind and
149:27 like hurricanes. And this one back gets less impact from that.
149:34 but I knew I was going to saying too much, but this this
149:39 back here, If you have a hurricane, you're going to see a
149:44 back here on this one. You see an erosion all surface, but
149:48 deposition deposits deposits on the primary when have a big hurricane. And many
149:56 around the world, including many of that air getting funding from NSF,
150:01 the signal is all right on the side of these barriers, and they
150:06 realize that a real major hurricane is leave nothing here because it's going to
150:11 wash straight over top of that barrier like it did Boulevard Peninsula and starts
150:17 dumping stuff back in the secondary Which, which of you think about
150:22 Galveston area? This was This is we would call land over here,
150:26 this would be the bay. so I've said too much about
150:31 And but take a look at those while you get to it. And
150:36 . Of course, when you um, when you get core logging
150:41 you can get some real data, can start tying into your riel to
150:45 log responses, and it makes your thio interpret the log where you don't
150:51 a core a lot more useful. the actual exercise of integrating these data
150:58 where you have a core doesn't only help you figure out what's going on
151:03 that particular core interval. It also you in that area where you have
151:08 lot of the same, uh, related to the pressure realities,
151:15 the type of fluid that you might using in the drilling fluid, all
151:19 of things. They're gonna be oftentimes an equal basis. So if you
151:25 over a cord section how all these things, they're going to respond.
151:30 hopefully you can get a reservoir in to figure out when you have different
151:35 of in Norway, for example, don't know if they still do
151:38 but when I was working and up at least 2000 and six,
151:43 they pretty much demanded that if you into a new reservoir block, you
151:47 to core it. And consequently, had lots, of course. And
151:51 had lots of ways to compare real data real fluid data with with these
151:59 that we use that are looking at ity and density, uh, from
152:05 clever methods. But you're able to the quality of this tool or excuse
152:11 , not the tool quality doesn't change the responses don't change. But the
152:17 could mean something a little different, different variables. And when you know
152:21 most of the variables are here, you can Thai and sort of,
152:28 , standardized. What's going on Relative What's in the rial rock on
152:32 really good interpretations. It's like a way to calibrate the tools with rock
152:38 the fluids that might be in that . And here's some core samples just
152:46 you things that can change. Did see this slide with Johnny Bowditch
152:54 That's okay. I think you And did the heat. I guess
153:00 was no way for you guys to look at Coors. Was there other
153:06 than the images? Yeah, because when he teaches the class, he
153:11 these core boxes. I I think chorus there still at University of
153:17 So if we ever get out of , uh, this terrible epidemic,
153:21 is pandemic or whatever, which is even worse right now, it's really
153:26 . Over 1000 people a day are now, Um, one of the
153:32 that we can do is maybe for of you there that haven't graduated
153:37 or if you have graduated at some in time, I can pull pull
153:41 cores out for the people having class maybe, uh, try to remember
153:45 let people know that took the but didn't get to see if we
153:48 pull out John X scores and go them in person. Uh, but
153:53 , I have to find out if really still have them. I know
153:57 after Janek went thio Thio, what the heck is a school?
154:05 , which is a really good by the way, in Canada before
154:09 went there and he got a really deal to get to go up
154:12 But But long after he was up already, we still had those core
154:16 , and I think we still probably . But I don't know that for
154:20 . And I do have my core the midway that didn't make it to
154:23 Cretaceous tertiary boundary, and it could that to you to which would be
154:28 interesting thing as well. But here , just from a picture the fact
154:34 it's going from sort of white, is probably courts rich sandstone to the
154:41 . You can kind of see, , what's happening? Of course.
154:47 , when you get a close look it and you have a log that
154:50 go with this, uh, and some idea of the context you could
154:56 , figure out that some of these Delta Front sand stones where you're getting
155:01 , San san and, uh, deposits here on then here is,
155:12 , something where all of a sudden get a flooding, Uh, thinking
155:17 he says delta front so you could ah, distribute Terry mouth bar.
155:20 be some of the bigger deposits. some of it could be in front
155:25 that in front of the D V the distribute Terry mouth for Delta
155:29 sand stones. And then you ah, sea level rises and you
155:35 this flooding surface. And, or sea level doesn't rise. The
155:41 know, most of the the sediments , um on a delta sink all
155:46 time, they subside a lot. I still think, um, those
155:51 are worried about sea level rise, underestimating the incredible amount of subsidence that
155:58 on in the Delta deposits. In words, Mississippi Delta. If sea
156:03 didn't go up or down, it be sinking anyway. However, based
156:10 tool that I'm not sure how they it, the the actual sea level
156:16 , um, is supposed to be six or seven times greater than subsidence
156:22 right now. But subsidence is not not a number that's consistent everywhere,
156:28 I don't quite understand how other they're that out. If you have thes
156:33 sand stones loading ah shell, for , you're gonna have significant subsidence.
156:39 it's where the sand stones are that have the deposits that can defend against
156:44 hurricane more so than some of the except some of the marshes will have
156:50 lot of route good stuff in And so if it is equivalent to
156:57 sandstone is being deposits on the levee in the in the sub bakeries and
157:04 aerial floodplain, uh, the grasses help defend it, too. But
157:08 you're in this phase, whether it's sandstone or the shells, it's pretty
157:12 . But when? But it actually . Uh, and you just have
157:17 Marine Shales coming over the top of . They're more easily disrupted by the
157:23 , even though they are sticky. don't have, ah, the heft
157:29 the sand stones. And they don't the binding capacity of the Routed,
157:35 , uh, flood plains that air this tributary channels and and distribute Terry's
157:42 not the ultimate channel, but the that air moving out on the
157:47 So, uh, that's really a thing to measure. I think,
157:51 a general sense. And there's actually where these mud stones, when
157:57 sandstone sit on top of them, pop up, uh, a za
158:04 200 ft above sea level. As matter of fact, um, s
158:09 I don't think they're considering the fact there are places where the Marine
158:13 actually, because these air pushing down one place, these get popped up
158:16 a diaper in another place. Eso that issues kind of tough. But
158:21 looking at this core, we can the sands. All of a
158:25 we go to Shales. So this , uh, Deltek deposits, Obviously
158:30 several different faces. We have a surface here, and now we're into
158:35 flooding surface here. Now we have Shales, so it's, uh,
158:40 a transgressive setting. Okay, so going. So we're finding upwards here
158:45 a transgressive setting, not in a stuff. Okay, here's a core
158:53 I worked on in South Carolina when actually figured out where the Cretaceous tertiary
158:58 waas Um it was mapped in South for 70 to 100 years in the
159:06 spot, and I went in there figured out that it was in the
159:09 spot. But then I had to all these, uh, auger holes
159:14 look for outcrops and and got some data from the, uh, U
159:19 Geological Survey. Got to figure out it was. But in the process
159:23 that, I worked on a of course, that were above and
159:27 that boundary. And this is a want to guess what these lenticular,
159:33 and pleasure bids are. When we talking about sedimentary structures, we had
159:44 diagram that went kind of like from to from from more sandy toe less
159:53 . And we have the clay wisps , and we have particular sands up
159:58 . Uh, do you remember two the primary de positional settings that we
160:03 thio to interpret this by marine? , there these air. Uh,
160:18 answer is that to this air, gonna be marine influenced. So there's
160:32 marine fossils in here, so narrow down to that, so we won't
160:38 won't be saying this has something to with a levee or distribute or a
160:46 play. What could it be? one wants to guess. Right?
161:03 , 11 face, Uh, one of a bomb. A sequence might
161:07 something like this, but this isn't sequence. The first thing that most
161:16 interpret thes as our title. The thing that they interpret these as our
161:24 storm deposits that sometimes we know and a wave base on the muds and
161:32 and kind of window and create some deposits. And then there's other places
161:37 there is limited sand. If For example, if this got deposited
161:41 another storm came by, it um, reactivate this and drop the
161:50 window out the sand because the other would stay floated and you might get
161:54 sand bed that would look like this else. So these these,
161:58 um could also be storm deposits. if it's a storm deposit, what
162:04 be an easy way to tell the between a storm and a title
162:10 And two slides ago, I gave a clue. The green size we're
162:25 to figure out what what this Is it? Is it a
162:28 Oh, I'm sorry. I'm The grain size. Okay,
162:32 we can have a lot of the grain size issues. Um,
162:37 that's not the answer I was looking , but, uh, a lot
162:42 times when you are offshore, you're have less coarser grains. So So
162:47 you're saying actually could could help You might have more finer grain court
162:54 out here if it was anywhere near . You've got that on the beach
163:00 , so it wouldn't help there. if you're off the Atlantic Coast,
163:05 size might work. But what would pretty quickly is that the fossils in
163:10 are going to probably be very open fossils, whereas the fossils that you
163:16 find in a title system are gonna things that suggest brackish water conditions or
163:23 a full marine setting. And so another way that you'd be able to
163:28 those two things. And I think getting time to take a lunch
163:37 And it's definitely time to take a . Eso Let's go and take a
163:45 break. It's now 11 38. , uh, how about if we
163:55 back around 12. 28? Is about 50 minutes? Yeah, it's
164:05 make it about 12. 28. back or make it 12.
164:08 Make it even 12. 30. . All right. Yeah, that
164:15 good. And if you look at slides ahead of time, you can
164:20 , You can ask me questions about . Thank you. Thank you,
164:29 . Maria, I'm here. Can hear me? Do you want me
164:33 stop the recording? I'll go ahead pause it a
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