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GEOL6363 Carbonate Sedimentalogy - Day6 02-04-2023 PM
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00:03 Okay so we're still we're still working way through the austin shocking. And
00:07 just before lunch I finished up with uh ferocity plot to drive home.
00:14 point about the difference in physique graphics between the Austin chalk and the North
00:18 chalks. So I hope you appreciate what I showed you from the rock
00:24 how things are much different here in texas than they are uh in the
00:28 Sea. And please I'm not an on chalk but but I'm familiar with
00:39 of the literature and some of the recent published stuff because I had to
00:44 something together for a seminar and I tell you that the cobra and the
00:50 U. S. Is is much different than the Austin chalk to
00:54 It's more of a deeper water carbonate deposit, but not probably as deeper
01:00 as I talked about for the for North Sea. Okay so I mentioned
01:08 mindset and industry is that the Austin is a fractured reservoir, right?
01:13 thinks you have to have fractures. a lot of the expiration history has
01:18 uh skewed toward trying to find uh settings where you might find find an
01:27 degree of fracturing. Um you know you look at the chalk you do
01:31 fractures in the normal vertical or sub fractures that you would expect to start
01:37 during burial. Uh What what I've found interesting is of all the rock
01:43 that I've looked at in the Almost all these fractures are filled with
01:47 . They're not open, no excuse . But historically everybody views the chalk
02:00 what they call a dual porosity That is, there's a matrix porosity
02:05 of the story. And then there's fractures, right? And I told
02:09 fractures don't add much volume of porosity Iraq at the most one or
02:16 Alright, so any oil that comes of a chalk of any substantial amount
02:22 going to come out because there's enough porosity to hold that oil and gas
02:27 then be delivered by the fractures. . And so what is the classical
02:33 of a fractured reservoir? You get we call gusher rates, right?
02:39 You get it for a few weeks a few months, you get these
02:42 rates of production. So it might , let's say 500 barrels a day
02:47 stays that way for a few weeks a few months. Then boom,
02:50 drops down to maybe 100 barrels a and it stays that way for the
02:55 of its history. Okay, so initial gusta rate, rapid decline,
02:59 term stabilized production is the classical response any fractured carbonate reservoir. Okay.
03:07 a lot of the chalk pools show , but some don't, so it's
03:13 just a simple fracture story. Sometimes stuff produces from the matrix uh crossing
03:21 permeability. Okay. And you I don't know if you know much
03:27 the way the chalk is being but it's being drilled horizontally with the
03:32 frack jobs, right? They call generation three or gen three frack jobs
03:37 they throw a ton of water and the stuff that they mix in with
03:42 water under pressure to crack the Right? So this is the third
03:47 of fracking. I think the first was vertical with with acid frack.
03:53 generation was horizontal with a weaker And now we're at the gen three
04:00 with the big big frack jobs which gonna crack the rock anyway, whether
04:05 have fractures or not. So it , really doesn't matter. I think
04:09 much now to try to find the , I think more important is to
04:13 the porosity. But you can you appreciate the strategies that companies have come
04:19 with over the years. And it's why we've evolved from the these different
04:25 of drilling. If you're dealing with vertical swarms of fractures, right?
04:31 you drill a vertical well, like you do right here, you
04:35 , you're gonna you're gonna get the amount of oil out for a
04:38 you're gonna probably rapidly depleted pretty If you just drill, you
04:43 parallel to that fracture trend. Uh because people realize that there can be
04:50 along a betting or strata, graphic of the talk that they went to
04:55 horizontal approach here, right? Trying access as many fractures as they
05:00 And so that's the current strategy But with the big artificial fracking technology
05:08 try to crack as much rock as can to get the oil and gas
05:12 . Okay, so you're going to from some of the data, I
05:18 you that some of these fields are than capable of producing oil and gas
05:23 based on based on their own preserved permeability, their matrix crossing permeability.
05:28 fractures aren't uh critical, but you're gonna see that most people think that
05:35 the structural setting is is such that enhances your potential for fracturing. So
05:42 still trying to chase the fractures to their produce ability. So the history
05:48 this trend is Pearsall field. First field discovered, sort of south south
05:56 of san Antonio uh Back in the . Okay. And then by by
06:03 ology pushed up this way. getting this was actually discovered back in
06:09 early sixties, but it really wasn't developed until it really Big push to
06:15 . Gettings field, which is the big field up here by Austin until
06:19 70s and 80s and it's probably the big field that everybody is chasing
06:24 trying to expand and then Brooklyn field was actually discovered in the early 19
06:31 . Alright, but really underwent later for the most part and it straddles
06:39 border between east texas and Louisiana. then there are a couple of legacy
06:44 in Louisiana that are productive and Masters is probably the biggest so far.
06:53 the industry has been shifting more and to the east here and getting into
07:01 . The problem, I'm not going talk about Louisiana detail, but uh
07:06 in Louisiana is is much more deeply in the chalks in texas. But
07:11 the other side there's potential here for pressuring or over pressuring. And so
07:16 could work in your favor for preserving at depth. Alright. Uh the
07:23 you get to the east away from influence of the land to uplift,
07:27 more of these chalks behave is the of the pure calcium talks.
07:31 There's not any, I haven't seen rock evidence to suggest that there is
07:36 a reaganite associated with this part of chalk trend at the time of
07:42 Of course, there's not much rock anyway. Right. This is one
07:44 those parts of the trend where uh very, very little rock data available
07:51 almost none of it is publicly accessible very little has been published on these
07:57 anyway. So there's not a lot not a lot to glean from that
08:02 chalk stuff yet. All right, let me, let me just sort
08:08 summarize the different approaches that companies have to try to play the chalk in
08:14 texas again. First they played the , normal faults. Sandy clients growth
08:22 more from the standpoint of trying to hydrocarbon. Right? So just just
08:28 simple fault. Movement and update migration oil up against the fault plane to
08:34 . All right. So that was uncommon. Alright. And then when
08:39 realized they wanted to chase fractures, they started to play the structural influences
08:43 the faulting and fracturing. You're hoping crack the chalk and what part of
08:49 chalk sequence is gonna get cracked? , it's going to be the upper
08:52 of the austin chalk. That's the biter baited chalk. It's not the
08:56 part which is more organic rich. that's uh less brittle. Right?
09:01 ductile. And then people realized that base lost in chalk has source rock
09:07 . I showed you the numbers Up to 21% T. O.
09:12 . And uh so now some people at the chalk as a self sourcing
09:19 . The hydrocarbons coming from the basal of the chalk. Still the upper
09:24 chalk is the reservoir. And you're hoping for fractures. You're hoping
09:29 structural strata graphic trapping all right. other people play it for the fractured
09:36 concept again, chasing the fractures, hoping to find enough matrix porosity to
09:45 it economically viable right? To hold oil and gas. Use the fractures
09:49 improve the permeability and now what's happening some of the fields like getting field
09:55 I think a lot of companies have it's not that critical to find the
10:00 . It's more critical to find the porosity because they're going to let the
10:04 three frack job take care of that fracturing, right? Why do you
10:10 fractures if you're going to create them with the big frack job? So
10:16 I think that's where, I think where a lot of the companies are
10:19 with respect to fields like uh Gideon's then you can just play the lower
10:25 like the eagle furred, right, right at the source rock, horizontally
10:30 into it fracking and just try to the oil right out of the source
10:34 . So that's that's been done in of the basal part of the austin
10:38 as well. Alright. I think the big questions for the Austin chalk
10:42 are whether there's any areas that are geo pressured none of those fields that
10:49 just talked about show that, but think one area where that may be
10:53 case is kearns trough. Alright, talked about the monster rates of
11:00 And then another question is whether there's controlled dissolution, that is some of
11:06 chalk actually producing from secondary porosity. , that might explain some of the
11:11 production rates or some of the higher process that permits that we see in
11:16 parts of the, of the trend that would include currents trough. That
11:20 include the southern part of the getting's . Okay, so Pearsall field sits
11:29 here to the, to the For some reason, this whole map
11:34 cute. I don't know why people this. I draw north there at
11:38 angle, but they do, it never be published. Uh but anyway
11:45 . Field right. One of the fields, you can see it sits
11:50 the cretaceous platform margin. Okay. again, I'm skipping some of the
11:56 that are in your slide deck, uh, I want you to appreciate
11:59 Pearsall arches is probably a basement related . It seems to be a structural
12:05 off of the off of the san arch. And I think the basement
12:11 here on which curse all field has . And a lot of people think
12:16 the basement block or the block faulting part of the story for accentuating the
12:22 . Uh you may or may not this, but there's a sort of
12:27 informal way of characterizing the different intervals the chalk, right? People use
12:33 , this system of A. C. D. E.
12:37 and in south texas A. Is youngest and he is the oldest.
12:44 when they go on the, when go up to getting field, they
12:48 it around for some reason and a the oldest and he is the
12:53 Go figure, I guess somebody just they had to do something differently from
12:58 field area to the other. But it's really confused things, right?
13:01 to match what goes on in Pearsall what goes on in Giddings. But
13:07 , as I said before, most think the prime reservoir interval Piersall is
13:13 upper cleaner chalk that's more prone to fractured. But it's interesting that if
13:18 look at the, if you look the production data and I skipped over
13:21 of those diagrams, you'll actually see there's production at the top, there's
13:26 all through the field, all And the production varies horizontally as well
13:32 vertically. So it's more complicated than way people try to summarize it.
13:39 if you remember the basement structure, just showed a couple of slides
13:42 a lot of people think that the is tied back to a position on
13:48 uh these frenetic basement blocks, If you look at the contrary of
13:54 production data, the higher numbers seem be associated with the edges of some
13:59 these blocks, at least in some minds. And so they think that
14:03 is probably reflecting some fracture or full to crack the rock and improve the
14:09 ability. So actually the same relationship applied to getting field or parts of
14:16 filled as well. All right. this is a summary of the Pearsall
14:21 , I'm not going to read but I want you to appreciate the
14:24 saturation, The amount of water that's up in this porosity is uh moderately
14:31 Ears. Okay and I'm going to this to getting field in a
14:37 maybe you'll you'll see where I'm headed this in just a second.
14:42 But what I want to talk about For Pearsall field is this last line
14:47 that you know, you can see been a history here where most of
14:52 production was associated with the classical simple wells. Right, drilling vertical
14:59 they may have acid washed or acid fracked the the wall that the well
15:05 if they got if they got you , two or 300 barrels a day
15:09 was considered to be really good All right. And then the more
15:14 development obviously has been horizontal drilling and can see how they have increased the
15:19 of production here, at least the rates of production with the horizontal drilling
15:23 the bigger frack jobs. But this line here uh some wells produced initial
15:30 . P. S. Of 200-300 a day for 50 years. That's
15:35 wells. Right. This is in literature, actually talked about this in
15:38 dissertation, this kind of relationship is fracture. Assistant production, Alright.
15:45 you drill a vertical well and you two or 300 barrels consistently for 50
15:51 that's telling you you're producing for matrix permeability. Alright. So I just
15:56 you to appreciate that some of these are capable of doing that. So
16:01 no question fractures, improved permeability if can get them, but you
16:05 I don't think you really need And especially with the bigger fracking technology
16:10 they're using right now. Okay. then getting up to the, up
16:17 the Northeast, uh I mean, probably probably skipping over in the interest
16:24 time. I'm skipping over some maps show you the evolution of getting's
16:29 There's a map that shows you. was basically a little postage size stamp
16:34 1960 then a greatly expanded in the when people started using seismic to chase
16:40 and fracture trends and now it's even . And uh You can see it's
16:49 thick to the northwest at 7800 ft and then it thins dramatically right in
16:56 here and then it actually thickens as go back on the other side.
17:00 that thinning effect there is actually an of effect that sometime in the tertiary
17:06 of that chalk trend was cut out one of these regional irrational channels in
17:12 , in the tertiary these classic channel cut down and actually wrote it out
17:16 of the chalk and this one's called Waco channel, there's one in south
17:21 called lavaka channel. They're actually actually couple of these that occur in Louisiana
17:25 that erode away some of the Austin . So these are apparently features that
17:31 related to the tertiary with these river cutting out and and eroding some of
17:37 stuff here. But in the irrespective that historically the Getting's field, it's
17:45 lower chalk what people call the And B. Chalk. Which is
17:49 layers are separated by a volcanic ash in cord. That ash layer could
17:55 anything from this to about a foot . And the ash serves as a
17:59 barrier and uh doesn't frack right? it's it's stuck, doesn't naturally
18:06 So there's no connection between those two . And so that's what produces the
18:13 field. Alright, so they turned terminology around. Yes. All
18:30 I don't know why, you cut off the question here was whether
18:44 the ashes coming from that separates the and B. Intervals. Giddings
18:49 Uh there's actually a volcanic trend in that runs from south texas up to
18:55 part of texas. And then there volcanoes that actually occur in Louisiana and
18:59 at the same time. So if think about the winds right, prevailing
19:04 of the east to west generally, they're probably coming from a up to
19:10 northeast volcano and being pushed that way and getting if you look at the
19:18 and west sides of Gettings the volcanic is thicker on the west side,
19:22 it thins out and disappears as you to the west side of the
19:26 So that would suggest everything is coming northeast texas or east texas or
19:34 Okay, there could be volcanic activity there too, but I think the
19:39 would probably blow that stuff to the . Okay. Alright, so this
19:47 the strategic graffiti. They turn it again. A. Is the
19:51 then B. Then C. But most of the production comes out of
19:55 lower A. And B. Zones are separated again by volcanic ash.
20:02 , and it's the same story for older part of the getting's trend.
20:07 chased the fracture fault systems again, the edges of these uh these basement
20:13 again, the production data suggests that better production associated with the edges where
20:19 would get either summit effect of the , right? Or you would get
20:24 a grape effect where the chalk hangs the edge of these basement blocks and
20:30 because of that drape effect. So way, that's that's where people would
20:35 to find a greater degree of Alright, so here's the summary for
20:41 it's a cumulatively, it's a much field. It's also a really
20:46 much more extensive than excuse me, . But I want you to appreciate
20:54 difference in the water saturation here. 56% compared to what was the 30
21:04 percent at Pearsall. And I've always whether this isn't a reflection of some
21:10 the die genesis of these rocks have . Remember our earlier discussion about by
21:16 porosity. When we have more effective particle Prosky, we have more isolated
21:26 . Where do you trap the You trap it in the more isolated
21:30 porosity and you produce hydrocarbons out of other proxy system and that produces a
21:37 water saturation, but you still yield lot of oil without a lot of
21:42 . So we're more more companies are on getting now and it's sort of
21:48 that they're they're finding for the similar depths or finding much higher process,
21:55 little bit higher permeability getting than what would see in Pearsall or what you
21:59 see in Brooklyn field. And uh , I always wondered if this there's
22:05 evidence in the rocks that we're gonna about here in a minute, that
22:08 that there is some later dissolution of chalk. And could this be part
22:13 the reason for why you get differences the water saturation data. Alright,
22:19 creating a different kind of ferocity system you would normally expect for a uh
22:25 for a chalk. Okay, you know, everybody has become more
22:32 in the southern part of the getting's down here. This is what they
22:35 the donut hole and it's down here they're starting to find the higher overall
22:44 five, some places up over 12% And these are the kinds of numbers
22:51 stand out in stark contrast to what would see like a Pearsall field where
22:55 three or 4% porosity is pretty Okay. And so the question
23:01 what's driving that? Alright. And , You know, I told you
23:06 do an industry seminar on the Austin , I've done like 40 of these
23:10 over the last five years. I I pretty much pretty much depleted my
23:17 for some of our interests. I I've talked about every player in
23:22 in the trend now. Not not , but most of them. And
23:26 , but anyway, when I give talks internally to these companies,
23:32 they'll share data with me, but can't share that data outside unless they
23:37 me talk about it. So if tell me something I find interesting,
23:41 ask them, can I tell can share that in my other seminars and
23:46 say yes if you don't tell them the company is or what part of
23:51 trend they're working. So this is grapevine that you see on some of
23:55 slides. Right. What I learned other companies playing the trend. All
24:00 . And you can see what's different this part is that there's more dolomite
24:06 with the chalk. Normally we don't demonization with chalk deposits, right?
24:12 low mag calcite to begin with, ? Or reaganite, there's no magnesium
24:17 with that. Right? And? and then of course there's no nearby
24:23 source, right? Unless you want go deep seated and bring it up
24:27 false. Which you could. But you know, so historically we don't
24:31 of Dola might be important in the chalk, but you're picking up more
24:36 here and normally carbonate succession where you to bring in fluids that are
24:41 Izing the first phase of of before actually get replacement colonization is you actually
24:49 leaching, start micro leaching some of calcium material in those rocks. And
24:55 I've always wondered if the stolen ization isn't responsible for creating some of that
25:01 micro ferocity. Right. But you also argue that you're picking up these
25:06 minerals that we've talked about before. ? Mega courts and salaried pirate market
25:12 , they have to come from And that's the deep seated frenetic
25:16 So, the question here is are , is there a deep seated fault
25:20 here that is bringing up fluids A make the dolomite or B to make
25:27 minerals? And I told you all these minerals except for pyrite have to
25:32 for massive fluid. So, you , could that be a way to
25:37 some secondary process? So, these basic questions that are never gonna get
25:42 uh, until somebody really gets into rock data and goes looking for to
25:49 those questions. Right? And I see companies doing that right now.
25:52 uh, I don't have enough, would do it if I have enough
25:56 to rock data but I just don't that access. So so that's that's
26:00 interesting question that needs to be All right. So getting field up
26:06 to the up here to the northeast is along the trend coming down toward
26:12 . But in between Pearsall and Giddings this area called cards trough. And
26:17 is the area that's gotten a lot notoriety for the reasons I said
26:20 there's a lot of high producing wells to 5000 barrel day wells that caught
26:26 attention of a lot of people. uh and companies like E.
26:32 G. Uh have court this they have the rock data, the
26:38 these questions. But the problem with O. G. Is they don't
26:43 to anybody, they don't go to , they don't publish, alright.
26:48 sit on their data and so you , until they decide to release it
26:54 share it. Nobody knows really what's on in the areas like cars,
26:57 . So uh we sort of have hypothesize about what's going on here.
27:04 this is part of that same fall that we talked about earlier that impacts
27:08 older cretaceous, remember when we talked word field and Dilworth the micro porosity
27:14 we developed there and then the exotic that was associated with that basically
27:23 The talk here is sitting on top these older Edwards fields that that show
27:29 of fault driven uh production. And but the problem is those older
27:37 , those older Edwards fields are so that there's no rock data around to
27:42 at all right. At least publicly . So, so kearns trough sits
27:49 continental crust, Right. Which means faulting is gonna impact or intersect the
27:55 frenetic basement rock. It's it's highly obviously. So, that's the big
28:01 here. Could could part of what's on here? These higher production
28:05 Could that be related again to the influences? Is it just as simple
28:10 cracking the rock and improving again? cracking the rock is not going to
28:14 for those high rates. Okay. got to have a decent amount of
28:19 processing permeability. So, I've I've wondered whether what's going on at currents
28:26 isn't really unrelated to what I showed for Dilworth and and word field in
28:32 Edwards and the older Edwards. It's all part of that same ball
28:36 . And and could you be driving these acidic fluids out of frenetic basement
28:43 to to increase the the process in in the chalk. So that underlying
28:50 system in this part of south texas called the fashion fault system. And
28:55 is what drives the dia genesis and of oil and gas and the older
29:02 . It's interesting that these higher producing wells and cars trough basically line up
29:09 perfectly with those that older Edwards producing . Okay and then I mean this
29:17 a relationship we've seen in other parts the world but basically here's what I'm
29:21 about. Here's the map that shows the the the green, right?
29:32 the green uh look like little tires ? The little circles that's basically the
29:40 producers, right? The older Edwards trend related to the fashion fault
29:45 And then here's the here's the G. S. Producing well data
29:49 basically sits on top of that. . And then you see a positive
29:56 between these two producing trends in terms uh H. Two S. And
30:03 . Alright. So remember we haven't about H. two s. Too
30:09 . I'm gonna talk about H. S. More in this next
30:11 But remember we had a brief discussion thermo chemical sulfate reduction. Do you
30:16 that TSR where you have evaporate and reacting to make hydrogen sulfide that that
30:25 replaced or you get sulfate reduction down the sulfide minerals and native sulfur.
30:33 right. So in other words you you generate more H. Two
30:35 Is a reaction by product. Well . Two S. Theoretically could become
30:41 um mechanism for dissolving The chalk. , H. two s. make
30:48 acid. Yeah it dissolves steel casing well board so it's gonna dissolve
30:56 Okay so anyway this just food for here and I had to shorten this
31:02 in order to fit this in So this is um but I think
31:07 a little more complicated story for the . Alright, deposition. It's more
31:12 than the North Sea chalks. And think structurally it's more complicated. And
31:16 of this I think uh translates back maybe some favorable opportunities to improve the
31:26 processing permeability and by by extension to the production. Alright, so,
31:34 this is what else I've learned from grapevine with respect to the currents trough
31:39 you do see evidence of barrel The calcified fabrics are being dissolved
31:44 It's not just the coca lists and , it seems like calcification, oysters
31:49 stuff like that. Alright. There's pathogenic courts and Marcus. I remember
31:54 unique acid fluid indicators and as I showed there's a positive correlation between H-
32:00 s and ferocity. Alright, so possible TSR is operative here. You'd
32:06 to go down and probably get that from the Buckner. All right.
32:14 um, it's not that far So, All right, so this
32:20 slide here just sort of summarizes the nature of the Austin chalk here.
32:31 mean if you read all the everybody calls the Austin chalk an unconventional
32:38 , right? A resource play because treat it like it's like a
32:43 right? And they do this for obvious reasons they want investor money,
32:48 ? And investors don't want to hear anymore. All they care about are
32:52 big packages of rock that you can horizontally and frack. Alright. But
32:58 chalk really is a conventional play. a reservoir part to it. There's
33:03 there's a source rock tied to You still need to seal, you
33:07 need a traffic mechanism. Okay. big question again, is the productive
33:13 porosity. How much is primary preserved burial and how much is secondary created
33:18 barrel? Alright. I think you , the answer to the fracture thing
33:23 you don't need the fractures given the gen three frack jobs. All
33:29 But I think one big question to answered here is again, how much
33:35 this process is tied back to that setting in terms of driving favorable process
33:41 permeability. Alright. And you the other, the last thing here
33:45 the, what defines an Austin chalk . I mean, this is this
33:49 bothered me ever since I was a student and people would talk about Pearsall
33:55 gettings field or all these little fields between. And then you try to
34:01 out well, what is the, is the basis for calling it a
34:05 ? Right? Most fields have structural , right? Where they have
34:10 graphic traffic, right? You see prostate pin shop, but in the
34:14 , you don't see that, you see production and then it stops,
34:20 , sort of reminds me of what experienced. This is again, just
34:25 side track here, that reminds me I experienced when I worked in
34:29 When Russia opened up back in the 90s and I went to Russia for
34:34 couple of weeks with the Norwegian company the Norwegians bought interest in one of
34:39 Devonian fields in uh in Western And so we went to evaluate the
34:47 and the first thing we did was sit down with the Russians and uh
34:54 you know, they show all these , you know that they call
34:58 I remember asking one of them, what what what's the basis for the
35:03 ? What's the structural closure, you ? So no, this is what
35:09 do. We start here, we a well then we go out this
35:14 we drill a well drilled a well a well drill a well and when
35:17 stop getting production we stop when we back to the mid point that that
35:23 that we go north stop until we production, then we go west,
35:27 we go south, then we draw circle around it, that's our
35:31 Okay, And that's what the Austin reminds me of, right? Because
35:36 don't see any obvious structural closure, entrapment of the hydrocarbon. And so
35:45 something that's always about me going back . Okay, Alright, so that's
35:52 Austin chalk. Alright, appreciate the between the classical North sea chalk.
35:58 you should understand those differences. You also understand how a deposition of chalk
36:03 different than the digest talks that we about. Okay, in terms of
36:09 evolution. So I look at the chalk, it's sort of a hybrid
36:13 between the classical digest talks like we about for the Middle east or south
36:22 and and the classical deep water pure chalks. Right. Austin chalk sort
36:27 in my mind has elements of Okay, because of that unique fizzy
36:32 setting, because it has a mixture a reaganite and calcite to start
36:36 All right. Any questions on the boys? Okay, well let's let's
36:55 into the last grouping here. And see I've I've called these fault controlled
37:00 plays and I've already talked about this little bit with respect to our first
37:06 . We went through yesterday morning just noon on the Haynesville, Those dualistic
37:12 stones in east texas where I called a rap crest grain stone, but
37:18 argued for over print of burial dissolution to the structure. I want to
37:25 you through a case study uh from Canada. And this is another sequence
37:34 I got involved in as a consultant spent a lot of time working.
37:40 uh it taught me a lot of about the role of deep seated structure
37:44 not only in trapping hydrocarbons, but the dia genesis. Okay, so
37:50 think I'll take you through that plate example and then we'll take a little
37:55 and then we'll come back and I'm take you through the Ellenberger in west
37:59 . This camera division Dulles stone sequence has characterized by a lot of appreciation
38:06 everybody calls the sub a conformity cars . And I'm going to try to
38:11 that it is cars, but it's due to near surface cars is due
38:17 burial. Car certification related to dolomite . Okay, In other words,
38:23 gonna argue it's very similar to the study. I'm going to take you
38:26 now for Western Canada. All And there are a couple of papers
38:31 , there's at least one paper on blackboard. The contrast directly the keg
38:36 with the Ellenberger. So, a of the stuff that I show you
38:40 these slides will be in that in paper. Okay, so this is
38:46 of the strategic graffiti for Western Canada Alberta in the, in the
38:52 I mentioned the five carbonate mega The oldest is cake river and then
38:58 Hill Lake group. That's where you judy Creek, which we're gonna finish
39:03 this afternoon with talking about modeling of reservoir. And then the next one
39:09 be LaDuke, I mentioned some examples when we're talking about porosity evolution and
39:16 demonization of the reef flat material. an issue that we talked about for
39:22 pinnacle reefs earlier with the tabulate What we're not going to talk about
39:27 the this is a widespread shallow marine ramp I guess. And it's got
39:36 from you is to low energy democratic , but it's probably more famous for
39:42 control dia genesis here too. Where you get these faults cut up
39:46 they actually drive dull organization or secondary development of some of the lime
39:53 So, we're gonna start with the river. And I've already talked about
39:56 keg river a little bit in terms the pinnacle reefs that developed during keg
40:01 time. Alright. And I mentioned Alberta, there are all these little
40:06 basins, some that are not so , like a secret. That's pretty
40:12 . All right. But the ones gonna be talking about are up here
40:15 the northwestern side of Alberta and the ones are rainbow and Zama. And
40:22 a couple of other little ones up . They're famous because this is where
40:26 discovered the pinnacle reefs. Alright, none of these pinnacle reefs are associated
40:31 things that are open to the open directly. Right. That's the green
40:35 to the northwest, right toward the . That's where the open marine basin
40:40 . Right. So these are these obviously tied to the ocean in terms
40:44 circulation, but they're not directly into deep water setting. Right? There
40:50 more isolated little sub bases there, , like the maverick basin today in
40:54 texas that we just talked about, or the east texas salt basin that
40:59 talked about before. Okay, so the setting. And what you don't
41:05 is that the frenetic basement rock is shallow up in this part of
41:10 In fact geo thermally, this is oddest part of Alberta up here.
41:14 then what you don't know is that on the border with Northwest Territories is
41:19 major lead zinc mining district. Which is actually part of the story
41:25 tied to the story for these oil that occur further to the south.
41:31 , so here's the here's the map shows you these basins. Right?
41:36 is the one we're gonna be looking and there's amber and Zama and
41:42 All right. And I want you appreciate uh, the area that I'm
41:46 to talk about is right here in with the blue and the shallow water
41:52 is called Comet platform Right here. I want you to appreciate look at
41:58 scale here, 18 miles. We not very far from a major master
42:04 Fall system called the Hay River Okay, and that Hay river fault
42:12 is at the scale of what the andrews is today on the west
42:17 Okay. And the influence of the River is not just confined to the
42:22 . That influence carries up into the in this part of Alberta.
42:29 so appreciate that, you're going to how developed the story here, how
42:34 it is to be a proximity to . That wrench fault and the conjugate
42:39 to come off of that. so let me just give you a
42:45 for how I got involved in this . Okay, I got hired to
42:50 for S. O. Resources and had discovered all these little pools up
43:00 common platform here shown with the Okay. And they drill these low
43:07 but they thought were pinnacle reefs, ? They thought these were baby pinnacle
43:12 . All right. You have to back to the sixties again. Remember
43:15 these classical pinnacle reefs shown here were back in the mid 19 sixties by
43:21 T. D. Seismic and they drilled and the ones that were more
43:26 democratized were the ones that produced. so companies like ESso and Shell stepped
43:31 onto these platforms and they shot seismic here and they found these low relief
43:37 with closures on the scale of 16 28 m. So that's not much
43:42 closure, but it's enough to give a subtle seismic anomaly. And they
43:48 him. Okay. And they court true to the Canadian style, The
43:53 core everything. And not only do core, but they do things like
43:58 core analysis where they take the whole and they analyze it for prostate permeability
44:05 they run D STS routinely. On all their wells and not only
44:10 they just look for the standard They look for things like helium.
44:16 . And which most people don't ever for. Right? But helium is
44:20 because it's a radioactive decay byproduct from basement rock. All right. And
44:26 turns out that some of these pools commercial grade helium Which is only
44:32 Okay. Helium is a hot thing now. Right? Everybody's looking for
44:39 . I think it costs like $200 . C. F. I think
44:44 the price. Maybe it's higher than . Alright, so that's the
44:49 So I got hired to work with friend and a colleague Ian bureau,
44:54 see his name on this on this ? And Ian uh was the s
45:00 geologist and and I worked with him we worked together for a full year
45:04 this project. And The point was improve the production because the other part
45:11 the story was that these old these in these fields for 25 years produced
45:18 initial rates alright. Which were uh to 600 cubic meters a year.
45:27 I have to convert that to multiply by six, so 1800 to 3600
45:33 a day, produced like that for years. And then in the late
45:38 the production dropped off dramatically, which gets the manager's attention. Okay.
45:44 so the study was put together first all to get production back up and
45:49 secondly it was to understand the play where these really baby pinnacle reefs or
45:55 there some other play concept here S. O could exploit on other
46:00 over here that they didn't want to until they knew the play concept.
46:06 , so this is what we did a full year. Alright. I
46:11 a lot of time in Calgary work Calgary with the end to describe cores
46:15 sample. Then I come back to , we make thin sections. I
46:20 the thin section data up. I back to Calgary, we'd integrate the
46:23 section data, finalize our core descriptions keep building the story. But like
46:29 . Okay, so let me give a feel for the strategic graffiti.
46:34 , I told you pre Cambrian frenetic rock is, is relatively shallow.
46:39 only a few 1000 ft below the of the keg river formation. What's
46:44 between are these red beds and evaporates of the frenetic wash that occurs on
46:52 of that uh, granite basement. then in the base in the
46:58 you have the classical pin of a that we just talked about.
47:01 So you know how that's put together in the basin that's all in cased
47:07 basins, evaporates the musky is a evaporate in the, in the
47:12 That's what provides the strata graphic then that's over land by the sulfur
47:19 , which is another carbonate unit. then a regionally extensive shale called the
47:23 mountain, which is the effective top for for a lot of these reservoirs
47:28 stopped the highlights or gypsum. And what changes strata graphically on the
47:37 common platform is as you'll see, really no pinnacle reefs, right?
47:40 not in the right setting for pinnacle . And you're also you're obviously
47:46 So you don't get this cake, . You get dolomite in the mustang
47:50 not and not chips them or Okay, So this is our database
47:59 . Neither Ian and I had ever worked clinical reefs in this part of
48:05 . And so what we started with were the satellite clinical reefs. We
48:11 to know what they look like. . So we can evaluate what these
48:14 were up on the platform. You see how we organized our data
48:19 12 east west cross sections, tied three north south lines. We made
48:24 structural strata. Graphic cross sections. at the database here. 145
48:30 57 of which record almost entirely through river over 10,000 ft of core.
48:38 over 800 thin sections because as you're to see these are complexity altered Dola
48:44 and you can't figure this out from core data alone, you've got to
48:47 to go after the thin sections to really grain fabric and figure out what's
48:54 the reservoir quality. Okay. And we had all this engineering data.
49:00 , from the whole core analysis, you know, the S.
49:05 Never slapped the core. You when they do hold court analysis,
49:09 ? They keep the core together and they do that analysis, then they
49:14 they stored the course in their lab their facility and they never nobody ever
49:20 These rocks for 25 years. So first thing we have to do is
49:24 all the core slabs. So we actually describe. Okay, and then
49:30 had all the DST data and then D and three D. Seismic data
49:33 help with the structural story that I'm to talk about here in a
49:36 Alright, so here are the reservoir , the major reservoir types of the
49:42 river. All of these are Dola . Okay. I think you have
49:46 say part of that Dulles. Stone has been dissolved out, right?
49:50 has to be dolomite. Disillusion. major poor type is probably the zebra
49:57 . We talked briefly about last right? Where you get that bandit
50:02 and dark Golem might the dark is matrix dolomite gets dissolved out as horizontal
50:09 controlled by style lights. Okay, that's filled in with a little bit
50:15 the saddle, dolomite, which is the donor receptor part of the
50:20 And then look at the Brescia, ? Dolomite. Stone Brescia with ferocity
50:31 course, when people see this, karst word comes out and everybody thinks
50:36 is near surface cars. Again, conceptually didn't make any sense because this
50:41 an evaporating basin, right? If got evaporates out in the basin,
50:45 ? The mustang evaporates, your climate dry. There's not gonna be any
50:50 around to create cursed. Okay, there's another, the explanation for some
50:57 this Brexit fabric, Right? And know, Ian and I and unfortunately
51:04 away a couple years ago, but and I, you know, when
51:06 tell people tell people about this we always laughed about this because,
51:11 know, our first couple of we looked at the fabric was dominated
51:15 this. You can't, it's very to work anything out from that kind
51:20 rock. Okay, in terms of and setting and what you learn with
51:24 complexity alter dola stones is you try look at as much rock as you
51:28 get. And when you look at of the rock, you start to
51:31 little windows of opportunity where dole organization not so fabric destructive. And so
51:38 started to see things like this on left. These are robust, branching
51:42 atop roids in Democratic matrix. that's the more open subtitle, it's
51:50 part of the pinnacle reef. so these are not pinnacle reefs.
51:54 more open subtitle environment with a little better circulation and that was always at
52:00 base of these cycles and then he come up into the top words that
52:05 branching. But they're more delicate with unique internal structure. This is what's
52:10 an Pora. It's a little stick it's like that little branching red
52:14 I showed you the first day we talking about grain types. Is that
52:19 . But these things only live in subtitle environments. Okay. And then
52:23 of that wood grade up into the catalytic fabric. This is the title
52:28 fabric. Alright, So basically, started to appreciate that what we're dealing
52:33 here is up on the platform. dealing with these cycles of sedimentation that
52:40 over and over again. Right. what's the classical scale in a platform
52:46 ? The 123 m thick cycles that over and over again, dominated mostly
52:52 this restricted subtitle lagoon and tidal Okay, pinnacle reefs are out in
53:00 water to get restriction here. What to be along the margin. Either
53:06 reef complex or a new It's sand or something. Right. And there
53:11 kids here. But interestingly, industry drilled this at all. Right,
53:17 they were chasing the seismic expression. , so you're gonna see that most
53:23 these pools have nothing to do They don't have anything to the pinnacle
53:26 that really what is producing here is series of stacked repetitive cycles that are
53:34 structured by reactivated fault movement to give that 16 to 28 m of vertical
53:41 . And that's what gave them that seismic expression? Okay then the next
53:48 to figure out was what's controlling the porosity. All right. And is
53:54 keg river the typical dolomite story where you replace the finer matrix and then
54:04 leech the calcium grains right toward the ? Or is this dramatized first and
54:13 another fluid comes through to leetch. the answer is the second choice because
54:19 this relationship. Right here, what don't see is preferential preservation that multi
54:26 the centers of the grains. The is all over the place. It's
54:31 . Okay, and here you see with thin section. This is a
54:36 thin section. View at the The white paper technique at the
54:40 normal thin section. You don't even what you're looking at here other than
54:43 see porosity. And you see leaching some of that dolomite that replace
54:49 Okay, but here is the white technique. These are smaller pieces of
54:55 amphora, a little strum, a right? Their future together. See
55:03 grain contact. The fact that their together tells you the devil might is
55:09 . Right? Because remember earlier I you jay field where you get early
55:15 early proxy freeze that fabric together. not going to suture it. So
55:19 fact that the grains are sutured, you that this replacement dolomite occurred during
55:25 . And then what do you see ? You see random distribution of the
55:30 related to dolomite dissolution. All these are corroded by dissolution. Okay,
55:37 this is the scenario where it takes fluids, one to delimit ties,
55:43 then later another fluid to come through leach this stuff out. Okay,
55:48 we had to figure that out and to figure out is their faces control
55:52 where the fluid is coming from? can this be exploited? Uh and
55:57 subsurface. Okay, so all of porosity here, this is all stuff
56:03 by doing my dissolution. It starts with what I just showed you in
56:07 section solution enlarges where the whole grain dissolved. Out to give you multi
56:13 . Like you see here the black , but then look at how it
56:18 to be solution enlarged. Right? that black is porosity now filled with
56:24 oil. Okay, but you see going on here, How you're expanding
56:29 the influence of dissolution. Alright. we noticed when we saw these areas
56:36 more dissolution and we saw more of dolomite brunches like this. The common
56:42 again was the placement of these late and hydrates, the calcium rich fluids
56:47 out. That was for the we saw that for the zebra fabric
56:52 we got the zebra dolomite with the dissolution. We saw that fed by
56:59 oftentimes fed or partially filled with, an hydrate. Okay, so that's
57:06 we started to get a feel for being a driver for some of the
57:10 dissolution. Right, Okay. So built our strata. Graphic faces
57:19 That was the first thing we needed do for each of these pools.
57:23 we did it by again, this process where we describe the chords as
57:28 we could in Calgary, we'd sample thin sections, I'd work that up
57:34 then we integrate that data. And it's really deposition in a very simple
57:39 here. You're going from blue um por laguna carbonate to tidal flat.
57:53 , look at the scale here. are the 123 m thick cycles.
57:57 just repeat over and over again. then, as we described the
58:01 we paid attention to the distribution of zebra fabric because we wanted to see
58:06 the zebra was faces controlled or And it turns out it is okay
58:12 we paid attention the distribution of We could see in core because we
58:17 that wherever the zebra fabric developed, was always intersected by a fracture.
58:22 ? Because you needed a conduit for to come up intersect the style
58:27 And then the fluid would go this to promote the dissolution. And then
58:32 prove that because in some of our we have tectonic style lights,
58:37 The vertical skylights because of the wrench proximity to the wrench fault. So
58:43 get you get a vertical style which means you get a horizontal tectonics
58:48 light. And where you saw that zebra fabric went like this.
58:54 so that proves this, this inter between the fractures and the style
59:00 So we plotted that and then we the distribution of and hydrate uh then
59:07 it or massive pore filling cement. plotted that because again we thought that
59:13 be a driver for dolomite dissolution. so this is how how we built
59:18 strata graphic faces framework is like simple that I tried to talk about last
59:25 . A member of the composite cycle where you look at the stacking of
59:30 cycles and each successive cycle becomes thinner thinner and thinner. Then you turn
59:35 to a thicker cycle with mostly subtitle . Well that's exactly what we had
59:41 . So we're coming out of a deepening right here. Okay, right
59:47 major cycle break and look at the here. They thin progressively. The
59:55 cycles have more of the green subtitle and not as much white title
59:59 The upper cycles are thinner with a proportion of tidal flat and then there's
60:03 turnaround point again. Okay. And major cycle contacts had expression on the
60:10 log gamma ray log And that's what use for regional correlation. That's how
60:15 built our regional strata graphic framework over whole common platform over a distance of
60:21 miles. Okay. And so the cycle contacts are defining a composite cycle
60:30 up of the smaller 123 m thick . So the composite cycles are 7-12
60:36 thick. They correlate all across common . These small scale cycles correlate for
60:43 of meters or a few kilometers. . That's how we built our strata
60:49 faces framework. Okay, so in words, here's our strata graphic
60:55 Alright, keg river, we've broken down into 123, the top of
61:01 composite cycles. These are the 7 12 m thick cycles made up of
61:06 smaller 123 m thick cycles. And then we did the same for
61:10 mustang, wherever we had core we did the same for sulfur point
61:14 top of. We had core All right. And remember we're dealing
61:18 these low relief structures. Right? we're gonna get into this discussion,
61:23 final lecture. What's what's the mindset industry when they see a perverted
61:29 Right? You see something structurally enclosed this? They look at it as
61:34 tank filled a spill point. And they think they could just drill
61:39 the top and suck all the hydrocarbon . Okay. So ian figured this
61:44 in a couple of weeks that most the wells that have penetrated these pools
61:49 produced happily for 25 years were just the upper composite cycle. They were
61:57 all the soil down here. Ian had his engineer deep in the
62:03 and we're not we're barely into this , you know? But it's pretty
62:08 that they just tapped into the upper composite cycle that they got production rates
62:14 up to what they were before we the study, we hadn't even finished
62:17 study. All right. Just by that these major cycle contacts are basically
62:24 barriers. Right? If you want produce from this, you've got to
62:28 down and perforate the casing right and that's what they did. They
62:33 the wells, they got production back . Okay. And then look at
62:38 distribution of the zebra and yellow, turns out that 90% of the zebra
62:43 is tied to one faces. And faces is the blue subtitle and poor
62:51 because it's riddled with skylights and micro lights wherever they were intercepted by
62:57 That's where you get the zebra Okay, dissolution on a grander scale
63:03 with some of that course of saddle to give you that bandit dark and
63:08 color. Okay, alright. So how we built our, that's how
63:14 built our strategic graffiti regionally. And so, by doing the combination
63:20 strata graphic cross sections, you're able demonstrate that there are three periods of
63:26 that affect these sequences. The first event is lower to middle keg
63:32 That's when you create this response. here, see that, see what
63:39 talking about here. All right. what happens right here? What happens
63:45 here? That's where you classically entrap hydrocarbons, Right? But the
63:51 as I'm going to show you, tied back to the faults. These
63:55 the reactivated uh, basement faults, . These are the conjugate faults that
64:00 off of that master wrench fall. ferocity is tied back to these faults
64:06 we could demonstrate that the proxy types I showed you extend to the left
64:11 right of these false systems at least ft. Okay. And we think
64:17 actually a lot more than that. think it's probably on the scale of
64:21 mile or two, but we couldn't that with our core control.
64:27 so ferocity is not just confined right the fault that extends away from the
64:32 . But where is the oil entrapped here, Right here. There's prostate
64:37 , but it's wet. Okay, everybody appreciate the significance of the fall
64:43 and every time the fault reactivated. the first event is lower to middle
64:49 river when you get an upper musk structured event and the faults reactivate up
64:54 the musket, you get exactly the style of Dia genesis and ferocity
64:58 I just showed you for the cake and then later it actually jumped up
65:03 the slave point and you get exactly same style. Okay, this is
65:07 controlled. Dia genesis. This is fault and trapped oil. Okay.
65:15 appreciate what I'm saying. But what you creating right here? You're creating
65:20 structural closure on the scale of 16-28 . I mean, that's what a
65:25 over 100 ft. That was the relief features they were picking up on
65:29 that they thought were the baby That's just just structured carbonate.
65:36 so just look at these diagrams here you'll start to appreciate the structure influence
65:42 . This is just hand contouring that did for the for the common
65:48 All right. Remember the Master Wrench sits over here off to the off
65:52 the lower right. Alright. And are the conjugate faults that come off
65:56 the high angle to the master All right now, what you're gonna
66:01 us do is map the distribution of relative to that structural gradient. And
66:06 mapped the composite cycles. K K two, K three. But
66:11 only mapped greater than five m of than 3% porosity. That's what the
66:17 used as their prostate cut off for whole core analysis, which is pretty
66:23 . Right? But you know why did that? They don't like to
66:27 cylinders of core that have a rugged . Right? Or etched and
66:32 So they never analyzed the zebra. never analyzed the Brigitte. They never
66:38 that. Remember that What chord that halfway dissolved out. That's where the
66:44 but they didn't. They analyzed the title flat staff. That's where they
66:48 up with a 3% porosity cut But here we map it and you
66:52 see how it mimics that structural Then there's another little wrench fault that
66:57 right through here. So you see the process is deflected. Then it
67:00 back up to the northwest. That's tracking that structural gradient. We mapped
67:06 distribution of and hydrate because we thought was part of the story. It
67:11 turns out some of the faults in massive and hydrate that becomes the side
67:17 to some of these pools A couple course we looked at had up to
67:22 ft of solid, massive white and with the dolomite brunch at the top
67:27 a dolomite brunch at the bottom. this is older, this has replaced
67:32 dolomite that provides the side seal for of these pools. All right.
67:39 then here's the faulty worked out from two D. And three D.
67:44 . It just confirms what I've been . Everything's tied back to these conjugate
67:49 systems. Okay, so to finish here, I just want you to
67:54 , you know, the classical pinnacle that we talked about earlier is is
68:00 conventional play type. They actually turn to be structurally controlled too because the
68:06 D. Data shows that they're sitting a activated on reactivated basement blocks.
68:14 . But uh Yeah, that's more the classical or conventional pinnacle reef
68:20 But the stuff we've been talking about in the platform, these low relief
68:25 with the 16-28 m of closure shown green here. Okay. They are
68:33 because of the influence of these reactivated faults bringing up pot fluid, acidic
68:40 from the basement that's driving the dolomite . Alright. To create the
68:45 And we know that these we know these fluids are coming from basement because
68:52 the lead zinc mineralization that we've talked , fluoride and the fluoride was analyzed
68:59 chemically to show that it's hydrothermal. . And then the clincher I think
69:05 the fact that you pick up the . All right. To even pick
69:09 helium in a drill stem test the is significant because helium is such a
69:16 nerd element to capture any of And a D. S.
69:20 Is significant, significant. Okay, had up to commercial grade helium at
69:24 of these pools. All right. then, you know, arguably the
69:29 part of the story here is that is part of the driver because you
69:35 evaporates between the basement and the keg . Those fluids could pick up dissolved
69:41 react with some of the hydrocarbons in system to create HQs. Some of
69:46 pools have up to 12 or 13% two S. Some of these pools
69:51 up to 30% carbon dioxide. all of this I think is consistent
69:58 , with the role of these deep uh false. Okay, so I
70:04 you to appreciate that this will set the stage for the Ellenberger here that
70:09 talk about when we come back from break. Okay, so It's 10
70:16 two. Let's take a How much you want? You want 15
70:20 You want 10 minutes? Excuse 15. Alright, come back and
70:27 25 After two. Okay, The last case study I want to
70:36 you through is the Ellenberger uh from texas and the allen burger trend has
70:43 there's a history, interesting history because the evolution of thought about what kind
70:51 play type it is. All Originally, uh, Alan berger in
70:58 texas, you can see the areas produces, there's production around and off
71:05 what we call the central basin Remember the central basin platform did not
71:11 during our division time. Alright, this is not a positive feature in
71:16 position right here and eastern shelf existed you came into the villain basin and
71:24 these two areas where you get production the Ellenberger and so some of us
71:28 to the what people call the ramp stones. That's the purple here and
71:33 of us related to Kearse ification and mostly in the sort of the orange
71:40 area right here. Alright, so lot of lot of production associated with
71:45 so called cars. But initially the used to be called a fractured carbonate
71:51 . People recognized it was Dulles stone isolated ferocity and yes, they recognized
71:57 and stuff like that. But what termed it more of a classical fractured
72:03 . And then what happened is in late 80s, some of the geologists
72:07 the Bureau of Economic geology and in reclassified it as a karst uh
72:17 Right, implying several car certification is cause for the creation of the reservoir
72:24 quality. Alright, so the controversy is considerable really. And it goes
72:33 again to the evolution from the concept a fractured play to a several cars
72:41 . And now I'm going to argue some of it is also a deep
72:45 die genetic play very similar to what just showed you for the keg
72:50 Alright. But a different age Right. This is older than the
72:54 keg river that we just talked Um so let me just sort of
72:59 this up and again, you could at the paper that's on blackboard,
73:05 sort of tip for tat sort of the two systems. So you can
73:10 the similarities between the keg river and Ellenberger. Right. But essentially with
73:17 bottle that drives selling burger of discussion the so called cars model cave
73:26 right solution collapse Brescia. All So they talk about the everything is
73:33 off of the Brescia and this is the Ellenberger looks like. And what
73:37 don't appreciate is that this fabric only in Dulles stones. There are lime
73:44 in the Ellenberger, you never see bridge in the in the limestone,
73:48 only in the dolomite fabric. And then look at what's between these
73:53 , lighter color dolomite class. It greenish gray shale. Okay, so
74:02 yourself the question, where's the green come from? Comes from iron?
74:06 . These are iron bearing clay And why are they not read if
74:13 is a barrel cars with fresh right, They should be converted to
74:18 terra rosa color that we talked about . Nobody's ever described reddish or terra
74:25 colors from the Ellenberger in west It's always this greenish gray color,
74:32 a reducing variety of of iron Okay, clay minerals and everything is
74:40 off of the bread because the bread the K Phil do the solution
74:45 Okay. And then they talk about cave roof and the cave floor.
74:50 the better porosity? They always argue going to be right here at the
74:54 , right, where you get fracturing the collapse is because of the fractures
74:59 get the better reservoir quality. And what's implied by the cars model.
75:04 supplied by the car's model is that car's cuts across faces. There's no
75:10 control on ferocity, right? Because cuts across. You get a big
75:14 dissolution can cut several faces and and there's no implication for faces control on
75:22 quality. All right. So, talked about cavernous ferocity. I showed
75:28 this picture when we talked about poor a couple of weekends ago and look
75:34 cave systems are not big holes. , there big holes that fill in
75:40 their own cement. All right. this is part of the problem with
75:44 Ellenberger. They can find the but they can't find cavernous ferocity.
75:49 can't find uh K formation. None that's ever been documented. There's no
75:55 stalagmites flow, stone shelter porosity or like that, that you would expect
76:01 see in a in a cave system you see today, right at the
76:06 . So, that's another issue. right. You don't have all these
76:10 genetic features. The stalactites, stalagmites of early die genesis that would suggest
76:16 dissolution. Early segmentation. Okay, the other problem is they don't even
76:23 to explain where the dolomite cups They just ignore the dolomite. That
76:28 to be explained, right? Every has to explain all the fabrics in
76:32 rock. You just can't pick and one and say, oh, that's
76:35 because they got Gretchen. Alright. unfortunately, that's what happens. All
76:41 . It turns out a lot of clay material that I showed you that
76:46 is actually die genetic. And we it's di genetic because it lines pores
76:52 you see here. Alright, that's filling from the bottom up. Remember
76:56 geo pedal that we talked about and you see this kind of fabric in
77:01 rocks with this clay material. You situations like this in the Ellenberger where
77:07 cut the style lights. You these are barrel fractures and that fracture
77:12 with the clay feeds into these areas look like this. Okay with the
77:17 material. So, it's not a early car story. Okay, So
77:25 I'm gonna do is just sort of quickly show you uh, what I
77:30 in the Ellenberger, I got involved in another study here years ago looking
77:35 the Ellenberger and uh on the, the eastern shelf, the midland
77:45 And I'm gonna show you data from little producing fields here called Withers and
77:50 field. There are actually other producing closer to this master Ranch fault system
77:56 cuts through here called the ford Chadbourne . So, you know, these
78:04 moderately sized fields for the Ellenberger. the point is, I want you
78:08 appreciate how close we are to that Ranch wall system where only you see
78:13 two mile scale bar. So 234 away from from the master wrench fault
78:21 . Okay, so the first thing can do is make general arguments why
78:28 cars does not come into play for Ellenberger. Right? And I've already
78:32 a couple of these. All First of all Karst dissolves and it's
78:38 involves, it's not just dissolution, involves re precipitation. Okay, limestone
78:47 don't erode they dissolve vertically. So part of what's part of what's driving
78:54 whole several cars model is, I know if you know the strategic graffiti
78:58 west texas or not, but you out of the organization and what sits
79:03 top of the or division and this of the world, it's a Pennsylvanian
79:07 shale. So there's a time Right? You're listening to devonian slurry
79:12 Devonian mississippian. Right. So everybody , oh, what happened to
79:18 It got eroded but carbonate terrain is the road, they dissolve.
79:24 if you've got long term several remember the classical pinnacle Karst towers that
79:30 showed you in china. You create kind of topography that's never been documented
79:35 in the Ellenberger. Okay. And as I said, cars cuts all
79:41 , your car's fabric should not be uniform thickness regionally. It should
79:46 Okay. And cave systems definitely are laterally continuous. We see that today
79:53 the pleistocene where you get a car over here might go a couple of
79:57 and then you pick up another right? It's discontinuous. They're all
80:01 by regional joint or fault systems, there's still discontinuous And then there's something
80:08 on with the country rock that you to look at as well.
80:10 so it's not just, you can't focus in on the so called branches
80:15 and figure it all out. No drops to support cavernous porosity. And
80:21 I find interesting is the course is confined to the top of the
80:25 You see these bridges owns all through Ellenberger. Okay. And then these
80:31 some of the core observations I'm going share share with you. I've already
80:38 , you know the no spill your or flow stones, no cavernous or
80:41 porosity. The contact. I'll show the contact from a couple that I
80:46 in one cord contact, it's sharp not car stick. What you don't
80:53 is the black shales filling in some the ferocity toward the top of the
80:59 , which you think that would happen somewhere if that was truly formed
81:03 you'd expect that shell to filter You don't see that I said the
81:07 shells are green color. They should reddish if they're severo Karst. I'm
81:14 show you some church fabrics that get but the church are definitely burial because
81:20 the what they replaced. They replaced grains. So to replace the grains
81:27 had to be in the church had be emplaced in during burial, but
81:32 stuff gets tied up in the in so called Brescia zones. How do
81:35 do that? That's early. See I'm saying? I can't be near
81:39 classification then I'm going to show you rotated Brexit class and a strong association
81:46 fractures and style lights and uh, our scale photography here that again,
81:57 you look at the country rock away the bridge zones, there's no evidence
82:01 early segmentation. In fact, you argue from both the geochemistry and the
82:07 that the initial replacement Dolomites are Therefore, if they're dissolved at any
82:14 that has to be barrel dissolution by . Okay. And and that so
82:21 cars fabric cuts some of these barrel . All right. And basically what
82:28 gonna argue is that there is a selective control on some of the ferocity
82:33 the, in the Ellenberger. So let me skip ahead here and
82:38 show some rock data. All here's one of the wells that captured
82:42 court contact and that's the pennsylvania black sitting on top of the Ellenberger does
82:49 look like several cursed, Remember all things we wanted to see reddish to
82:56 discoloration, microcars fabric soul crust. of that stuff is there. Here's
83:04 , here's a poor, none of process you've seen near the top of
83:09 Ellenberger ever sees any backfilling by the black shale. You would think
83:15 if this is early ferocity that some that would be backfilled by shale when
83:20 came in and filled that in and that surface. Right? You don't
83:25 that one of the clinchers I think the are the Brexit class. Remember
83:31 discussion couple of weekends ago about the of appreciation. You look for the
83:37 class. So they're the class with style lights. All right. And
83:43 classes are skylights are all different angles each other and the horizon. The
83:48 way you can explain that is that rock got buried pressure solution set up
83:53 this. You replace it by dolomite then you dissolved it to get that
83:58 collapse where all the classes are rotated different angles to each other and the
84:04 stress direction. Okay. And that's what you see here. All
84:10 And then when you look at the stolen might away from the bridge
84:14 you see either incorporation of some of courts into the dolomite, but the
84:21 sutured, see the future contacts And so that means that the dolomite
84:28 it had to be burial because as said before, if that's early form
84:32 , those grains, even the quartz would be frozen in place, you
84:35 not be able to suture them And then here's the carbonate part of
84:40 story. These are political pack stones show uh, sutured contacts and
84:50 it's the same story we talked about at the suture but delay metabolized,
84:56 it has to be burial because if early, like I showed you for
84:59 field in florida, everything would be in place. Okay. And then
85:06 is even more interesting. This is of the wretched class material, That's
85:11 of those church I was talking about it's replacing analytic grain stone. But
85:16 at the suturing between the eu, the fact that they are sutured but
85:21 replaced by silica and silica cement that all happened after initial So train of
85:28 analytic grain stone. Okay, and incorporated into the bridges. So how
85:33 you do that if that's early form ? Right near surface Gretchen that never
85:39 any sense. And then it turns that some of the church also is
85:43 genetic. And you can see that in as a replacement product because it
85:49 some of the micro style lights. where you get this church, you
85:54 corrosion of the dolomite, you see of the dolomite crystals here. The
85:59 I think is part of the story for for promoting the dissolution churches.
86:05 , genic courts. Okay, micro . Micro crystalline quartz. And it's
86:10 same relationship again, it's gotta come somewhere, right? Usually courts,
86:16 , genic courts comes from frenetic basement , but more importantly, it has
86:22 be precipitated from acid fluids. So are the genic courts only precipitates
86:28 massive fluids. Well, that's the of fluid chemistry that dissolves carbonate.
86:33 . But some of these churches are porous and they actually contribute to the
86:38 . And those churches are called to churches and the literature when they're micro
86:44 . Okay, so where you get better porosity in perm in the
87:02 it's not related to the breach It's related to the cleaner dola stones
87:07 and below the bridge is so it's just the cave roof, it's also
87:11 cave floor. It's also occurs laterally from the bridge zones. And I'm
87:16 to show you that most of the occurs after the rock has already been
87:21 by dolomite. So it's very similar the keg river. One fluid to
87:25 ties another fluid to come through and that fabric. And if you can
87:31 a large it, then you get a situation where you get the to
87:35 grander scale and I'm going to show the fractures and style lights control
87:40 Okay. And as I said, interesting where you get more of the
87:47 . You tend to have nearby the of these late stage church.
87:53 so here's what the process looks like some of the Ellenberger and you
87:59 historically people describe this as buggy, you have to at this scale and
88:04 of this is buggy, but some this is also multi prostate gets solution
88:09 . Okay. And uh this is the kind of process you would associate
88:17 grecia. Alright with classification. classifications. Big scale process development.
88:23 is fabric selective dissolution or solution. fabric, selective dissolution. And you
88:29 see this in some of the corner the These are the rip up class
88:34 talked about earlier. The inter class by dolomite. Sorry, replaced by
88:45 . Then you can see the dissolution look at the dissolution, it's all
88:49 the place, it's not confined to centers of grains. So this is
88:52 the ties the matrix reached the center the grain that we talked about for
88:58 lot of Dolomites. This is dolomite after the grains have already been replaced
89:02 dolomite and fence section politic grain I mean you can see a nude
89:10 this. This view here but you the fabric better with the white paper
89:15 you can see the process is a of partial molded and primary inter particle
89:20 . Alright, that's again tied back deposition, all faces. Here's another
89:26 of molding processing. Large inter class dissolved out. There's corrosion and dissolution
89:34 the dolomite crystals here. This is fabric selective. Alright. So
89:39 Greta is non fabric selective, It cuts across a lot of different
89:44 but the bulk of the process occurs from the fact away from the retro
89:51 . And it is by definition or fabric selective dissolution but it involves leaching
89:57 the dramatized material. Alright. And other thing that dissolves is the finer
90:07 Dolomites that go after some of them critic matrix like you see here on
90:11 bottom and then even some of the stage cements are dissolved out and these
90:18 either saddle Dolomites. Okay, it the sweeping extinction. So, you
90:23 that their burial Dolomites, they get out. But even the crystals like
90:28 , that are not classical saddle they're still burial because you see the
90:33 stain there, that's for iron. rich Dolomites, right? Iron only
90:40 under reduced conditions. That's more of burial cement. So you've got to
90:45 this to write fresh water is not to do this to dolomite.
90:51 so and then the tectonic effect related the fort Chadbourne comes from the fact
90:57 you have in the core and then you see vertical tectonics, skylights,
91:03 fractures, crosscutting fractures. And then twin cal sites or twin cal sites
91:10 got replaced by dolomite. The twinning that deformation effect on calcite is created
91:16 stress when the calcite precipitates. So a couple examples here where the fractures
91:25 clearly tight. A lot of this together there's a relationship between the process
91:29 the fracturing and some of these fractures horizontal. So this is true orientation
91:37 this way. So these are tectonic that feed some of this Prasit e
91:42 that's the linkage again. Okay, sorry. And then you can work
91:53 the timing here of the dissolution by what we did for the keg
91:58 What I talked about earlier. The fact that the grains are sutured
92:01 leached means that they have to that had to be during burial.
92:07 dissolution occurs along the style lights or the skylights where you see the skylights
92:12 into secondary porosity, where you have porosity preserved adjacent to the style
92:18 Okay, these are all relationships that talked about before. Sometimes even style
92:24 floating and secondary porosity. Then the that these iron rich dolomite and calcite
92:29 leeched. Those are burial to begin . So their dissolution by definition is
92:35 . Alright, so here's the stylized that I was talking about. You
92:39 a skylight coming along here and it and gets cut out by this buggy
92:47 that's filled in with drilling mud. the style it picks up on the
92:51 side. That's a simple crosscutting Here's another thin section view where all
92:57 blue microprocessor and the dolomite is preserved and adjacent to the style lights.
93:04 , so that's that relationship we've talked many times for both limestone. Secondary
93:10 peril process development as well as Okay, and then the fact that
93:18 have saddle Dolomites here. Uh Usually saddle Dolomites come in a dull stone
93:25 . The saddle Dolomites usually come from cannibalization of the other dolomite.
93:31 You dissolve that dolomite and then by receptor processes, you re precipitated at
93:37 temperature to create the saddle dolomite Okay, so there are lots of
93:42 Dolomites associated with not just the brush , but with some of these other
93:47 bogie and multi core systems. All of this has to be explained
93:53 it doesn't make any sense if it's your surface classification. And then the
93:58 part last I think key observation our second last key observation here is
94:05 where you see more of the dolomite to create the porosity fabric. Whether
94:11 more fabric selective or whether it's more are related. You have evidence of
94:16 placement of late stage calcium rich Again, either late stage cal sites
94:22 you know, we're coming in late the fractures that feed that cut style
94:26 like you see here or you see stage and hydrates coming in. So
94:32 a sense, this is very similar the keg river that you get these
94:35 stage calcium rich fluids, they're coming a warmer hotter temperature. We don't
94:40 if they're coming in hydro thermally or . But I wouldn't be surprised,
94:45 we don't have the geochemistry to prove . But the fact that they're casting
94:49 makes intuitively makes these Dolomites more prone dissolution. Okay. And then we
94:56 evidence for involvement of basement derived Late states sulfide minerals Falla,
95:03 And uh uh pyrite and even a . Right, Which is a barium
95:12 . Okay, So this is a burial replacement. You can show petra
95:23 and you can support this with the , its burial that most of the
95:28 fabrics were dissolved. A lot of is fabric selective to produce molds or
95:34 large molds or bugs, but it on a grander scale to give you
95:38 retro fabric. Okay, so the here is the appreciation was burial All
95:45 . Most of the processes that we in the Ellenberger at least I saw
95:48 the Ellenberger is tied back to a texture. So pack stone and grain
95:54 texture. Strong control on dissolution with and style lights. Again, the
96:00 mineralization implies passage of these hotter fluids are coming out of frenetic basement
96:06 This is tied back to that structural . The conduit falls to come off
96:09 the fort Chadbourne fault. Okay, again, the similarities to what I
96:16 you for the cake river I think very striking. And that's the that's
96:20 point of why we put that paper was to let people know that there's
96:25 alternative way to explain some of the fabric. Okay, because the mindset
96:31 industry is that all the Ellenberger is , your surface cars, freshwater die
96:38 . But yeah, the shortcoming is never explained the origin of the dolomite
96:43 . Okay, now, this is to say all Ellenberger or all permian
96:51 west texas cannot have classical cars. , there are cars reservoirs around the
96:56 and there's one in west texas in Permian called Yates field uh that the
97:03 a little town called Iran uh on way to midland from From San Antonio
97:09 off of by 10 and you drive through gates field, that's determined to
97:15 a several cars to play in the . Alright, there are other fields
97:19 office or spain where this has all interpreted early near surface cars, although
97:25 noticed that some people are backing off Casablanca and I think probably what they've
97:31 or some of these rotated wretched So they're starting to revive that,
97:36 that story and maybe make it a bit deeper burial dissolution. Okay,
97:45 all right, so that's the that's play type review, right. The
97:52 plays pay attention to fizz, a setting. What controls the encourage the
97:59 of those plays. Be familiar with of the key attributes of each of
98:04 play types. Be familiar with the analog that might support, you
98:12 pick an analog that might support some these conventional play types and then be
98:18 with the force carbonate settings and the potential drivers were shutting sediment. The
98:25 talks at least appreciate the role of graphic setting plays and dictating the initial
98:30 and composition and how that that carries in terms of the die genesis across
98:36 evolution and appreciate the structural influences on genesis, I think especially the keg
98:45 study from Western Canada is so well ? I mean with the 10,000 ft
98:50 core and the you know, 100 wells. I mean that's a really
98:55 constrained study and that I think pretty shows you the role that the structure
99:01 . Not just to entrap the but to drive the die genesis of
99:05 carbonates. Okay, so you've got bibliography for future use that is tied
99:12 to this diagram here. I want finish up by just making a couple
99:16 comments here and then we'll take another and finish up with our last
99:22 Uh, this is a old diagram 1981. It was published by my
99:31 and rice James lee Wilson and I've seen anybody update this since that.
99:37 right. At least on a public . There may be proprietary studies that
99:41 updated this, that I'm not privy . But you can see up to
99:46 where most of the focus was People were chasing the platform margin looking
99:51 grain stones and reefs right? Or the patrons right behind the barriers and
99:57 like that. And you can see emphasis given to the degree shut off
100:02 the tidal flats or Duncan for miti's certainly to the chalk plays. All
100:07 . So I'm sure the numbers here changed a little bit, but it
100:12 of tells you the thinking, The old thinking was where's your high
100:17 along the platform margin. Right. the old northern Bahamas model. But
100:22 hope you now appreciate that you get the right climatic setting with the stronger
100:28 winds. You have the potential to high energy conditions well into the platform
100:35 . Okay. And I showed you examples of that for different play
100:41 Okay. And then with respect to recover efficiencies again, what I've come
100:50 in my consulting over the years is lot of companies don't want to play
100:54 . They don't want to play carbonates of all, because they think it's
100:58 to predict ferocity and you know, think that's debatable. I think you
101:04 the same issue with classics to be . All right. But the thing
101:09 scares them are the low permeability They think because of the low perm
101:14 not going to yield a lot of . You know, unless you could
101:18 fracture that rock, right, artificially it or or naturally fractured.
101:25 Have natural fractures to improve the So, what I did here is
101:30 just like just cherry pick from the for examples, three of which I
101:35 good ultimate cover efficiency numbers. We about three of these Black Lake Fairway
101:40 poza rica. We didn't talk about from abu Dhabi for offshore Dubai
101:47 That's another one of these isolated, brief complexes along a basin margin.
101:53 , but look at the look at perms here. The process is even
101:57 not that high. The perms are not that high. But look at
102:01 ultimate recovery efficiencies for these three examples . And none of these are fractured
102:06 . None of them show the gusher of initial production with the long term
102:13 flow. Okay, so I want to appreciate that. Alright. And
102:19 I want to finish this discussion by you about the scale some of these
102:26 and how it ties back to some the things we talked about in the
102:30 . Okay, so this thing that like a funny shaped animal with the
102:35 big ears, there's a field called field from the Caspian sea area and
102:44 , I guess it's in Kazakhstan. . And this was discovered back in
102:50 late 1990s from seismic data. And so I'm gonna, I'm gonna
102:57 , you know, the kinds of that the discoverers would have posed.
103:03 ? So, how am I going develop this? Right, Where do
103:06 drill my first? Well, where I go for subsequent wells? All
103:09 . What kind of questions do you to be asking before you actually try
103:13 develop something like this? All so, we're gonna finish up with
103:16 discussion here in a minute. But is huge. I mean, look
103:23 the reserves. Right, And there's production here, but there's hardly anything
103:27 on Kashagan. I've only come across paper on the die genesis nobody's really
103:33 the regional strategic graffiti or face these . Okay. But I want you
103:39 appreciate, you know, Kashagan looks big, right? That's 10 km
103:44 scale. All right. But I you to appreciate, you know,
103:49 talked about keiko's platform being a relatively scale Bahamian platform compared to the big
103:56 Bahamas. But how many Kostya guns you fit into the size of keiko's
104:02 ? At least three or 4, . Right, right. And these
104:09 God knows how much. Right. haven't fully developed this structured. They're
104:14 even work anywhere near fully developing So, who knows what the reserves
104:19 . Okay. And then we talked some of these other fields, There's
104:23 field that's the scale of a field that's far field plotted at the same
104:29 as Keiko's platform. I mean, could probably put what, 2030 fields
104:36 the size of one Keiko's platform fairway . We talked about earlier from east
104:42 . Right. That was that atoll complex with the taylor slope behind
104:47 right controlled by the trade winds sitting a salt structure. You know,
104:53 million barrel oil field plotted at the scale, judy creek is the one
104:59 going to finish up with here from Canada, billion barrel oil field.
105:05 . Only with the pancake morphology, ? 200 ft thick kilometers across the
105:12 . And then Qatif is one of big arab D fields in Saudi.
105:18 it produces mostly from these alleged grain ? And it's striking how the length
105:24 Qatif is about the same length as modern hamburger shoal. I showed you
105:28 with the video of the agitation of water. Okay, Alright. So
105:37 just added this yesterday. Okay, this is not, I don't think
105:41 is in your slide deck. All , but I should have put this
105:44 and I apologize for not doing But you guys have access to the
105:49 uh to the recording. So, just listed here some of the
105:54 Right. And expirationist wood or development would start asking after they make the
106:00 discovery. Right. These are the of questions you wanna ask. What's
106:04 strata graphic age? Yeah. Why we care about stage? Because it
106:09 who the players were, controls their meteorology. Right. Here's the what's
106:14 platform paleo geographic setting. Where were ? Tropical, subtropical, stronger trade
106:22 . Right, think back to that of Kashagan, right. There'd be
106:26 windward side? There'd be a leeward , right. Depending on the prevailing
106:30 direction. You want to know where at on a more regional scale.
106:35 you on an isolated basis? Are , are you connected to some open
106:40 setting? Okay. That would if connected to an open ocean setting,
106:46 you can start thinking about oceanic effects tidal currents and it swells.
106:52 how deep is the surrounding basin? there nearby potential source rocks?
106:58 That's obviously what you need to Which side of the platform faces the
107:03 ocean. Which side is when reverse leeward, you wanna know how deeply
107:07 you are? Obviously you get that the drilling, right? But that
107:11 on the die genesis story we've been about for this whole, what do
107:17 call it? Belt? Right. three badges of the belt,
107:21 We've talked a lot about the Dia , Right, What kind of scale
107:26 grains would be there? This ties to the strata graphic age because that
107:31 influence the faces development. Right. you could develop any kind of re
107:36 around the periphery where they could develop up on the platform for example,
107:40 maybe you're not in the right geological period to do that. Okay,
107:45 out Kashagan is what we call carboniferous . So it's borderline Mississippi in
107:53 So that answers the question. There not be any major barrier reefs associated
107:58 Kashagan because the elements weren't there? grains weren't scalable grains were not there
108:03 make barry reefs. That's the time where you get things like Quran Lloyd's
108:08 zones Phil Lloyd algae. Okay, it's Pennsylvanian age. Alright, they
108:15 little isolated buildings. Right? They make linear shallow water, high energy
108:21 ? Okay, same thing with the scalable stuff. Right, is this
108:27 time for making new, is this will tie back again to your
108:30 settings, right? If your tropical or colder water climate, of
108:35 you know from now the Mississippians a with lots of fluids. Okay,
108:41 lots of foods in the Pennsylvanian permian . So, so that's potential.
108:46 potential exists. And then you want know what over lies the platform top
108:52 from a topper side steel issue. are there any nearby evaporates or D
108:58 evaporates? This would be a question consider if if you have some understanding
109:03 the underlying structural framework. Right. is you want to know what your
109:09 structural framework is for the reasons we've talked about. Right? And that
109:14 part governs some of the trapping mechanisms can come into play. Right?
109:18 these are just some of the questions you want to be thinking about it
109:23 you know, we're pretty mature business , right? There's not a lot
109:26 frontier stuff to be discovered. But once in a while somebody makes a
109:31 like Kashagan and those are the kinds questions you want to be thinking
109:37 right to decide. Where do I the first? Well, where do
109:39 go after that? Okay. And appreciate what I've, I've stressed
109:48 Day one is paying attention to your geography. Right? The global fizzy
109:55 setting, how important that is. hope you appreciate that now.
110:00 Because all the old literature is skewed northern Bahamas styles of deposition involving oceanic
110:06 and titled parents. But I think trade winds offer a lot more potential
110:11 I definitely think they better explain a of these play types that didn't make
110:16 sense based on what I showed you the northern Bahamas. Okay,
110:21 So you all have a good feel the trade wind systems now and then
110:27 how the play types tie back to bottom topography. That's the fizzy graphic
110:33 at a, at a local Is it more platform to base in
110:37 or is it more ramp to base transition or it could be something in
110:41 . Right. I mean ramps can to state margin platforms. I showed
110:47 this last week when the permanent west where he went from a Low relief
110:53 like this. And you did you steepened with time. Right.
110:57 you ended up with a whole 1800ft out in front of the permian
111:02 Okay. So that's the other thing want to always be considered thinking
111:07 Right, Pay attention to the geometry how it ties back to these different
111:13 again, all of which are always by the strata graphic age.
111:20 Alright. Any questions or comments before take a break? All right.
111:29 take one more. We'll start back 3 15 here and we've got one
111:33 lecture to talk about and that's how model these carbonate reservoirs. So when
111:39 come back we'll go through that and show you a couple of cross sections
111:43 you can appreciate what I'm talking about that will pretty much wrap it
111:48 Okay, so we'll see you at 15. Okay. So the the
111:57 formal lecture is 17 on developing existing reservoirs. So we we just talked
112:04 , you know, the strategies coming exploration discovery, Kashagan gets discovered,
112:11 ? You want to be thinking about the strategies for for drilling those first
112:18 wells. But what happens is you to develop, you know, you've
112:22 a reservoir, you're starting to develop . How do you want to build
112:28 internal architecture? Because eventually you're gonna off a primary recovery right? Where
112:33 stuff comes out by itself and start to water flood or C. O
112:38 sweep. And so this leads us development geology. And so I just
112:43 to talk a little bit about And as as I do this,
112:48 actually taking you through in more detail of the play types we talked about
112:53 , which is the platform, mountain and that's judy creek from Western Canada
112:57 the Devonian and that was the first , study the absolute first case study
113:03 S o did that documented this approach I want you to appreciate how they
113:08 these strata. Graphic faces bottles and they exploit them to get more oil
113:12 gas out of out of the Okay, So the two guys that
113:18 all the credit for this approach or Winnie uh and frank Stokes. Both
113:22 these guys worked for esso resources. of them are retired now live in
113:31 , but they're the ones responsible for . This uh approach an Exxon corporation
113:39 they called actually stick sequence photography. with the rock data building the model
113:46 from the bottom up. We always core from the bottom up. We
113:50 worked from the top down. We bottom up we build our faces relationships
113:56 . Right? We're looking for upward sequences. We're looking for the cycle
114:01 right where deepwater faces abruptly over lies shallow water faces trying to break out
114:07 major minor cycle contacts that we've talked a little bit before. Okay.
114:13 so that's the approach. Right? uh you know, you guide your
114:20 and your correlation from established models that talked about the deposition of models we
114:25 about before. Okay, so this just the slide that summarizes what I've
114:30 said. Right? You never do top down approach in carbonate geology.
114:35 right. So, and then you , you know, once you start
114:40 the rock data, then you start in the log relationships that you
114:46 Right? You don't start with the and try to interpret faces. It's
114:51 difficult to do that. And carbonates we talked about before you start with
114:55 rock data, you try to establish log response that you can then carry
115:00 the next well where you may not some core data. Okay. And
115:04 is how you try to build your strata graphic framework. All right.
115:09 the application here is I think The first is if you understand the
115:15 city that we've been talking about AIDS in the interpretation of the faces
115:21 de positional setting. You think about deposition all models right? The ramp
115:27 a steep margin platform. Where always the finer scale cyclist city? It's
115:31 in the more restricted ramp, interior , interior setting. So if you
115:36 the classical 123 m thick cycles and don't know what the regional story is
115:42 . Just that by itself tells you not you're a platform margin, you're
115:47 out in deeper water, you're in more restricted shallower water setting.
115:52 And then if you understand how the is tied back to position within these
115:56 shoaling sequences, that's what you could to predict the spatial distribution of some
116:02 these faces in the subsurface. And if you can tie a reservoir quality
116:07 to a faces and back to a within these up originally sequences, then
116:13 this is gives you a better idea reservoir quality and continuity. This is
116:17 what they did for judy creek and all the other devonian examples that they
116:23 . Okay. Again, the cycle that they defined right? The major
116:30 cycle contacts have time strata, graphic . Okay. Remember the first phase
116:36 deep water deposition is time synchronous over area. Major cycle contact, time
116:43 over a large area and by large miles tens of miles kilometers. I
116:49 basin scale. Okay. And then cycle context where you go safe from
116:54 tidal flat to a to a lagoon top right deep over shallow. That
117:01 only correlate for a few 100 That's what we saw in the keg
117:05 from our field studies in the keg . Okay. And then the reason
117:11 they did all of this work initially to get more accurate reservoir. So
117:17 to more accurately book the reserves. and then two more accurately understand the
117:26 plumbing for later water flood or 02. Sweet. Okay, so
117:32 methodology is always straightforward. You start the rock data, you have core
117:37 the ideal situation. But if you have core, you work side wall
117:41 percussion cores, you don't have You can work the cuttings data but
117:46 , cuttings data and carbonates has to worked with thin sections and the cuttings
117:51 has to be closely spaced samples. or 10 ft is pretty good.
117:57 if somebody's collecting every 30 or 60 , you've seen that you could put
118:01 couple little cycles of sedimentation within within that distance. Right? So
118:07 the limitation to the cuttings. So always trying to identify the upper shoaling
118:13 . Right? What we call the chilling sequences and then identify the cycle
118:20 . Major minor cycle contacts. You try to identify the major ones first
118:24 they have through going time significance. then you come back and you start
118:29 the inner part of the platform and and try to break out the smaller
118:32 packages. And then you try to that as far as you can correlate
118:36 with rock control. That sets up regional and local time strategic graffiti.
118:42 then you map the faces within that strata graphic interval. Okay. And
118:48 for reservoirs donation, you would superimpose engineering data, your prostate perm
118:53 water saturation data, things like Okay. Alright, so again,
118:59 looking from the core data, we're for a situation like this where we
119:05 shallowing up. And this example is a reef complex, right? We're
119:09 from lower re four slope to middle upper reef. Four slope or high
119:15 reef margin. That's the continuation of normal upper shoaling relationship. But then
119:21 see the sharp transition back into deeper environment. Right? We flag that
119:26 a cycle contact deep over shallow. that's a major cycle contact.
119:32 So that contact becomes a timeline for correlation, right? These are the
119:37 that correlate all the way across some these platforms, like the swan hills
119:42 . I'm gonna show you for judy or it correlates all the way across
119:47 basin, like the scale of the the Williston sometimes. Okay.
119:53 So you see the problem here is , as I alluded to, a
119:57 of, a lot of companies have these structurally enclosed features or buildups and
120:04 like that is basically buckets turned upside , right? And they just assumed
120:09 the thing is filled the spill point oil and gas and then the water
120:14 at the bottom. They always thought could just happen to the top here
120:17 suck it all out. Right. , it's not that simple. And
120:22 respect to the platform mound carbonate we're to talk about for judy Creek,
120:27 is a tall brief complex. They thought they recognized it was an
120:33 reef, right? With. But thought the marginal ferocity was all in
120:38 all the way around. They thought lagoon was tight and they thought all
120:42 had to do was put in a dip injector for water flood and they
120:47 everything around the periphery. But they and they did sweep around the
120:52 but they only swept part of it they didn't realize that the margin is
120:56 up of cycles of sedimentation separated by barriers. Okay, so that's why
121:05 had to understand the internal architecture of , Of these devonian examples. All
121:11 . So this is the methodology. already I've already said this.
121:15 so start with your rock data. out your packages to identify the
121:21 Look at the dia genesis and ferocity that to the rock, relate that
121:25 the log sweets. Alright, and break out your upper showing sequences and
121:31 out your cycle contacts. Major minor contacts. Again, always check to
121:36 if there's some long response that might back to that cycle contact. But
121:43 you set up your regional Strategic Griffey you come back and break out the
121:46 scale cycles that make up what we the composite cycles. And then you
121:52 to correlate within these time equivalent All right. And it's it's unfortunate
121:57 don't have time to do an exercise we could do an exercise like that
122:01 I could show you the methodology gonna about another couple of hours to do
122:05 . Okay. Alright, so the here that were pioneered by Esgo resources
122:11 they ended up with more accurate reserve . You're going to see that they
122:15 almost 300 million barrels of oil to Creek. Okay, by this
122:21 You end up with a better recovery recovery model and then more complete and
122:27 field development. Canadians extend the Okay, wedges is part of
122:34 I'm going to show you what that like in cross section, of course
122:38 for infill drilling, not just near reef edge but also in the inner
122:42 of the platform. And I showed that for judy for keg river.
122:48 ? They just deepen the wells to into new version oil associated with some
122:51 those older cycles. So that's part the dead field drilling are well deepening
122:57 then the term reactivation is a Canadian for re completion where they come back
123:02 and they re complete some of these . Alright, so you can do
123:07 better if you understand the internal Okay, so the sequence we're gonna
123:13 at is called the uh Beaver Hill group. Alright, this is the
123:23 oldest carbonate mega sequence and I talked this a little bit before.
123:29 these are broad carbonate platforms that had margin deposition. They got drowned
123:37 You back step your reef on the paleo highs And now we're talking about
123:41 platform mound carbonates or isolated reef complexes develop up on a drowned carbonate
123:48 And again, judy creek is the famous every one of these blue blobs
123:54 see on this map here, it's isolated reef complex like judy greek but
123:59 Creek has all the notoriety because of the work that went into this and
124:04 course this is what's been mostly published . Okay, so we're gonna take
124:08 look. I'm gonna show you how creek has put together from a facing
124:13 , then I'm going to show you they built the strata graphic framework.
124:18 then if I can load these I'll show you the couple of cross
124:23 . Alright. Which I gave you blackboard. You have these cross
124:27 you have a pdf of the cross and we'll just talk about that to
124:32 up. Okay, so remember these pancakes. This is true seismic,
124:38 cross skill, true scale cross Sorry. Alright, judy creek was
124:43 in 1959 from that vintage two Seismic data was barely visible as an
124:50 . It's sort of amazing that they drill this. Alright. Somebody had
124:54 creative id to see this. All . And they initially thought again,
125:02 an atoll reef complex, right With a continuity around the periphery. They
125:08 there's a capping high energy grain stone stone sand body on top here where
125:13 no well defined reef margin. But thought basically most of the platform material
125:19 tight. And they thought everything was continuity that they, you know,
125:24 at, you see how the old , the original water contact is
125:28 That's due to loading of the Canadian . All right. And so everything's
125:35 everything is tilted down to the to west, basically. Okay, So
125:42 gonna see that most of their emphasis study was focused towards the stuff towards
125:48 update part of the reef complex. ? For the obvious reasons, that's
125:51 most of the oil migrated. All . But you can see the initial
125:56 that the government that they booked with government back in the 60s was 830
126:01 barrels of oil. But by the the study had been, the study
126:06 basically done by the early 80s. the book reserves in 94 were 1.1
126:12 barrels of oil in place. They added again about 300 million barrels
126:19 the, to the reserves. so let me show you how this
126:26 all put together. All right. our setting, we're on a drowned
126:30 platform. So the deeper water here the drowned platform, right? It's
126:35 the true basin. Everybody appreciate All right. You have to go
126:39 to the right before you actually drop into a deeper part of the waterways
126:45 . And so this just shows you part of the, of the platform
126:51 complex. Right? It shows you marginal faces and the more typical platform
126:56 faces. These water depths that you here you want to take with a
127:01 of salt. What they've done here they've contrasted the morphology of the stem
127:08 rides that make up the different parts the reef with the present day corals
127:12 Belize, right? Using the morphology comparing it to present day water
127:18 So, I would take this very carefully, but probably not that
127:22 off. But who knows? We know exactly what strom atop where it's
127:28 they lived back in the devonian, . Okay, so we're going to
127:33 first with the, with the look the reef margin, right? That's
127:37 major reservoir faces. And we'll look the toe of slope here. These
127:43 mud stones sometimes bite debated, sometimes . Then we come up into the
127:48 line mud stone that's basically going from or anoxic faces, sometimes to the
127:56 aerobic faces with enough oxygen to but not enough oxygen for calcified
128:03 And then we grade up into the . The lower reef is dominated by
128:07 thin plate wafer like strom atop just like the modern plate corals deeper
128:14 . And then the middle re four is a little bit more robust,
128:18 or head strom atop roids. They them bulbous troma top roids. And
128:23 the high energy part of the reef where you get the thick tabular and
128:27 types of strom atop roids. And we know this thing build up the
128:31 level because it's back behind it is re flat, which shows that nice
128:37 effect, right, coarser grain closer the seaward edge, finer and finer
128:42 material as you go back and then drop off into the lagoon and lagoon
128:47 dominated by amfa poor. Remember the stick like branching strum Ataka And we've
128:52 about and there's a deeper part of lagoon which is darker color. There's
128:58 shallower part of the lagoon which is lighter colored. And then some of
129:04 stuff gets built up above above sea to make an island because we find
129:09 or tidal flats back here and the flats could be cryptography nominations with finesse
129:16 or the beach deposits can be accumulations for a degree. Right? That
129:23 would concentrate in a beach sell. right. So let's take a look
129:27 the rock data first and then I'll this all into context of some of
129:32 strata graphic cross sections. So the thing to take away from judy creek
129:37 the scale of the cycles along the . This is where you get the
129:41 10 2030 m thick cycles. Because its reef dominated the storm atop
129:49 produced a lot of sentiment for a unit of time. So you expect
129:52 thicker accumulation of cycles. Alright, the rock data, but I'm gonna
129:58 you this rock data anyway, so just go through this in a
130:02 but appreciate the major cycle. Contact right here we go back into deeper
130:07 . All deposition. Alright? So at the base of the reef
130:13 you see that that toe slope laminated disrobe IQ fabric here lime mud
130:19 no reservoir quality. All right. is some of that modular fabric.
130:23 can see the by observation with the fossils here, but again, poor
130:28 quality for the obvious reason to solve critic. And again, they started
130:32 this system here because it's a simple reservoir. No complicated dia genesis.
130:39 a little bit of dolomite in this , but it's mainly poor filling
130:43 so it doesn't really play a role the process of evolution. Right.
130:48 , we come out of this is toast slope. Just dis aerobic.
130:53 we get into the lower part of reef. This is what it looks
130:56 a core. These are those what are called play tea or wafer
131:03 storm atop roids. Okay. That's to be an adaptation to lower light
131:08 . But what's in between democratic colloidal with no reservoir quality. So there
131:14 be processed in the strom atop obviously, But but there's no effective
131:19 associated with this rock going the wrong . Then you grade up into the
131:25 part of the reef or soap where get the more robust branching strom atop
131:31 . Right? These are bigger than alfa poor. So, this is
131:34 that lives in more open marine, below fair weather wave base.
131:39 And sometimes it's the branches like you here that's equivalent to some of the
131:43 corals. I showed you in the of the police race for example.
131:48 you get in place what are called drama? Top Roids right in growth
131:54 . All right, This would be the head corals I showed you from
131:58 caribbean, right? They don't want live in high energy unless they're protected
132:03 their big branching high energy corals. , these things are down the slope
132:08 deeper water. Okay. And then happens anywhere along this margin and you
132:14 see a little bit of it coming right here, is you get these
132:17 slope sands. Okay. And that's they look like in core. And
132:24 mean, I've looked at lots of Creek or the sand sometimes are just
132:29 few inches thick, sometimes they're over ft thick. Maybe not one accumulation
132:35 be amalgamated. This looks muddy, at this, at this scale.
132:41 is not muddy. This is a stone. This is a remote operated
132:45 stone and it can have up to porosity. Can have hundreds of millet
132:51 permeability. This produces oil in the . But what's the problem here?
132:56 can't predict where you're gonna get it , because this is the stuff that
132:59 shut off by storms, right? probably shoots down the remember the spur
133:05 groove structure? I mean, we there's spur and groove structure in the
133:09 reef. So that's you know, presume that's how it gets down and
133:14 gets out into the basin. you know, if it's properly
133:19 the stuff can be productive. You can't predict where it's gonna occur.
133:25 . And then you get up into upper reef, upper four slope reef
133:30 . There's a thick tabular strom atop with the root stone of grain stone
133:34 . I mean, this is one the big booming reservoirs obviously. And
133:38 on top of it or what would developed behind it right before pro
133:42 It would be the reef flat material the broken up pieces of strom atop
133:48 sitting in a grain stone matrix. these are roots stones, two grain
133:53 with excellent primary porosity within the stream roids, but also between the grains
134:00 with excellent permeability. Okay. And here's the cycle contact in court.
134:07 right, upper part of the There's your God dang it. There's
134:16 deep water carbonate sitting right on top the reef. Okay, So the
134:20 was drowned out. What is this ? Tell you? Marine hard
134:30 Right. This is not cursed. . This is reworking by organisms.
134:38 is a hard ground and hard Get bored and encrusted and grazed.
134:44 . And you can see some of boring, you can see some of
134:47 grazing and micro topography, but none this is dissolution related. So this
134:53 a classical what we call drowning in where the reef is doing just fine
134:57 then what happened Sea level, jumped , right, it didn't have to
135:01 100 m, but it had to up enough to get it out of
135:05 zone of agitation and uh good light . Right? So how deep was
135:12 ? 30 ft? 22, who ? Right? We don't know.
135:16 it couldn't be a slow rising sea to produce this fabric. Right?
135:20 had to jump up quickly. the reef would have kept pace with
135:24 . All right. But this is typical major cycle contact, right?
135:28 going from shallow water reef to deeper basin all deposit. These are the
135:34 cycle contacts that correlate all the way judy creek and actually correlate from blue
135:39 to blue blob to blue blob across swan hills platform. Okay, so
135:46 the marginal environment. Okay, That what you see on the margin of
135:50 judy creek. If you go a kilometers inboard, you're into the back
135:55 lagoon. And this is the fabric see. Alright, dark to light
136:00 sediments. The darker stuff referred to deeper water. Buy your stuff referred
136:05 be shallower with better circulation, but the poor likes to live in these
136:15 protected settings. Okay. And then the stuff grades up into the tidal
136:22 deposits with crypto of eliminations of financial . Other times it grades up into
136:27 beach with good primary porosity between the fragments. Okay, so am I
136:35 . You you would learn if you the lower paleozoic. you would learn
136:40 and support looks like it's a little , more delicate branching stream atop
136:45 It has a little central canal with side chambers that come off of
136:50 Very distinctive. Very easy to And this is what the laguna stuff
136:55 like. No, no reservoir quality of the critic political fabric is
137:01 Okay. And then that grades up into tidal flats with the finesse tray
137:07 crypto google lamination or sometimes it And produces, this produces oil.
137:13 I told you that this stuff can productive in the subsurface or sometimes this
137:18 up into beach deposits made up of of. Alright. Which I don't
137:24 a picture to show you. All . So, very simple relationship
137:29 Right? Anything that has mud is with the exception of the tidal
137:36 stuff that has financial porosity and then of the light colored rock,
137:42 With no mud has the porosity in soiling. Oil productive. Okay.
137:49 started with this very simple system where didn't have to worry about the complicated
137:55 genesis and that's how they built their their models. Okay. And then
138:00 happens a lot of times that where have faces changes or you have cycle
138:05 ? Right? Think back to that and based on all what happens along
138:10 contact is you set up pressure Right. Style lights. Right?
138:16 of time. Skylights are set up in texture. Go from the fine
138:21 or coarse grain fabric for example. so we've talked about the role of
138:25 lights generating cement. And so if faces change doesn't create the permeability
138:33 then the stylization that comes along with is probably going to set that up
138:37 . Right. So this is the part of the story is appreciating that
138:42 cycle contacts are vertical permeability barriers to , right for trying to get the
138:48 out or trying to sweep water or . 02 and later. Alright,
138:54 here's the revision. Think back to old bucket model, right? Where
138:58 had everything in continuity. So, are actually three major reef cycles that
139:03 here. These are essentially the composite . The 10 2030 m thick cycles
139:10 equivalent to numbers stacked one of three cycles in the platform material. Those
139:16 the major cycle contacts that correlate all way across judy Creek and correlate from
139:22 Creek to the next one to the one. What's missing here is the
139:28 strom atop grain stone show because what's here is you are back stepping from
139:35 cycle right for the most part and running out of space towards the upper
139:40 of the structure. And so when platform becomes too small, you can't
139:45 up a reef lagoon, right? high energy all the way across.
139:50 that's what the Captain Storm atop. . Sandal represents. All right.
139:56 , so let me show you how is all put together here. And
139:59 start with this map here, which shows you the the aerial distribution of
140:05 edges of the reef for each of cycle contacts. Okay, so look
140:11 the database that went into this study wells Over six km a core.
140:19 . They cord where they needed geological . So sometimes they cord producers,
140:25 they court injectors. Okay. And , Look at the scale here,
140:34 only five km. So, you , that's seven or eight km across
140:38 way. All right. Remember it's very thick. It's just a few
140:42 ft thick. So look at the at the relationship here are are zero
140:47 . One is the old disciple, the black line. Okay. And
140:51 R four, R five is the cycle of sedimentation with the storm atop
140:56 sandals. Okay. And I think can already see a relationship here,
141:03 ? This side, much different than side. Right? Basically what's happening
141:09 this side? Everything is stacking up from cycle to cycle. But when
141:15 look over here on this side, different varies, right? Depending on
141:18 you're at. So, what, the one question you want to know
141:24 this setting? Which way is for ocean, Which way is more
141:35 Which way is the trade wind? . I've already mentioned for the
141:44 the prevailing trade winds were out of northeast. Okay, so that makes
141:49 side the wind, we're facing Right? This is the east side
141:54 makes this side the leeward side. . We haven't talked about this too
142:00 but platforms and even more small scale ups like this, it's very common
142:05 see a aggregation, all stacking geometry cycle to cycle on the leeward
142:11 Alright, it's very common. All . So I think you can actually
142:16 that. I mean if you see regional strike to the stacking, you
142:21 use that as evidence for the leeward . Okay. And then look at
142:25 line of producers see all these black here. These are producing wells off
142:29 structure. Anybody want to guess what producing from, what happens on the
142:39 sides. Yeah, yeah, bunch carbonate sands, right? They're coming
142:46 that leeward margin. All right, is the role that strong trade winds
142:50 , right? Just like Costa rica lane that we talked about earlier.
142:54 ? You expect this to be the shedding side. And these are all
142:58 four slopes, sands that we talked , shed off into a little bit
143:02 water and if they are effectively trapped then they are productive. Right?
143:07 every one of those black dots is productive oil. Well, okay,
143:11 this is part of the story. , so we know I'm going to
143:17 you two cross sections. one from here on the southern side of this
143:21 and one up here on the northern . But we know the way we
143:25 the trade winds are operative here is way to get a handle on it
143:29 prove that geologically is to look at of the sand bodies that we've talked
143:34 . Look at their orientation and that's they did for this study. This
143:38 the cap instrument operates and body at top. You can see how again
143:44 sand bodies line up with a linear like this. Well, that's what
143:48 expect. The city right parallel to prevailing trade one. That's what I
143:52 you for, keiko's keiko's platform. , so let me show you the
143:57 sections here and we'll start over here the northeast side. Remember this is
144:03 windward facing side. Okay, and , R zero to R. One
144:10 from here to here. Right, the lower 434 soap is the
144:17 Middle four. Soap is light Upper four Soap margins, darker
144:22 oranges, tidal flat. And then a little bit of laguna stuff
144:26 So look at look at the the here internally. Did what it pro
144:32 , right? Internal geometry is pro . All the reef built all the
144:36 out to this position right here. , And then what happened? We
144:44 ? God darn it. We terminate cycle of sedimentation by relatively rapid rise
144:50 sea level, which implies that we our shallow water reef deposition somewhere up
144:57 and start the machine up again. you can see the next cycle basically
145:02 out to the same position. So that's that aggregation als stacking geometry
145:06 this cycle to this cycle, but is still strongly pro gravitational. And
145:12 look at here, the next cycle stepping. The next cycle back
145:17 And what's not shown here is the in the top, right shoulder behind
145:21 . Okay, but what's the sense get here? Everything is pretty much
145:26 up, right? This is not back stepping. This is what they
145:30 , retreating where it shifted back a bit, but there's still continuity.
145:35 see the you see the development strategy , one will can access this poorest
145:44 . These poorest faces here. They're not offset and separated by necessarily
145:51 permeability barrier. Okay, so the that you get here is more outbuilding
145:57 this north east side. Let's swing to the corner and you see the
146:02 cycle R zero R. One strongly pro gravitational. You see exactly
146:08 same relationship, right? The reef out the lagoon, pro grades out
146:12 some of the reef flats. What expect, right? But then look
146:16 subsequent cycles back step back step step back step, right, strongly
146:23 stepping around the corner. Okay? very soft spoken. Especially when I
146:40 to listen. Is What do you ? Because it comes up like
146:51 Incredible. Oh, here, that's that's the that's the lower part of
147:01 reef, right? The deeper part the reef. So the whole system
147:04 pro grading out, right? So a shallow part of the reef.
147:08 programming. There's always a middle and lower four slope in front of
147:12 right? That goes out with right? And then there's a lateral
147:18 into that even deeper laminated stuff that talked about before. But some of
147:24 could be punctuated by the yellow for sands that we talked about,
147:28 They could shoot out in front. that make sense or not? I
147:35 , what's bothered you about? What it? Well, it stops right
147:46 because you terminate the reef to start next cycle of sedimentation. So there's
147:52 drowning out of the reef. None of these judy creek doesn't show
147:57 of several exposure except in one It's very minor exposure. Right?
148:03 mean it's very, very subtle. , so most of these cycles are
148:07 by the relatively rapid rises in sea and you shift back, you start
148:12 up, you build up or appropriate . Okay, so that's why it
148:17 stop because you killed your you killed whole reef complex. Okay, so
148:25 the sense here of back stepping. , so let's play devil's advocate here
148:31 Exxon sequence photographer. How would they the stacking geometries to first sea level
148:38 . Right? In other words, would be the systems track? So
148:42 track for this would be more up . Like I showed you on the
148:48 of judy creek too. Right? systems track is that? That's the
148:53 high stand. Okay. So you've had this overall transgressive effect.
148:59 That's the that's called the transgressive systems . And then that stops and that's
149:05 it stops is called the maximum flooding . And then what do your cycles
149:10 they build up like that? The guys call that the early high
149:15 Okay. And then when they see start pro grading, they call that
149:20 late high stand. And then when level drops below the edge they call
149:25 obviously the low stand. Okay. in their model for them, the
149:30 track. This would be the this be the early Hiestand Systems track.
149:34 ? They they're saying sea level has rising. You've created accommodation. Now
149:39 catching up, you're trying to fill up. Okay. But what about
149:47 strongly back stepping? That's what they the transgressive systems track. Oh
149:52 sea level is doing this right. not we're not stabilized the level.
149:57 doing this now. Exactly. And at look at the distance now we're
150:05 about, right? We talked about on a basin scale. How things
150:09 , but this is even more Right? We're talking about over a
150:12 kilometers one side is behaving completely different the other side. This can't be
150:18 level by itself. Okay, Sea provides the combination. Sea level terminates
150:23 cycles, but the internal geometry and extent of pro gradation which is obviously
150:31 by these changes has to be due some environmental, local environmental control.
150:40 ? And that's what I want you take away from this discussion.
150:42 I want you. I mean, started from day one, right talking
150:47 the distinctive aspects between carbonates and classics . This is what you're seeing expressed
150:54 this diagram, right? Clay sand grain doesn't care about environment gets
151:00 around by base level, changes related sea level. But how you put
151:06 carbonate system together depends on your environmental . Okay, so all this bs
151:13 sea level explaining the stacking geometries that doesn't work in carbonates. Okay.
151:18 you see it, you see it here with these two diagrams.
151:28 circulation, right? Which this is windward side, right. That would
151:33 the brunt of the stronger trade You come around the corner a little
151:37 more protected. I mean, we this today in the modern reefs likened
151:42 , where the reefs that get better to the trade winds are more fully
151:47 , their more mature. Right? you get into areas that are a
151:50 bit more protected. They're lagging behind little bit, right? So the
151:54 rates are lower so that, you , you're not gonna accumulate at the
151:58 rate. So stuff like that have be stuff like that. I mean
152:04 water quality is not going to it's really circulation, I think.
152:09 , and driven by the trade winds this is not an oceanic setting,
152:13 ? This is an isolated basin and , and trade winds are really the
152:22 . This may be irrelevant, but to get upset. Say that
152:49 The three layers like the other. , yeah, yeah. So what
153:09 , what does that mean we're going talk about that? Okay, why
153:13 there no reef here? Well, is a reef, Right, because
153:17 really flat. So what sources are flat, where does the settlement come
153:24 to make a re flat. So there has to be a reef
153:29 in front. Right, So this part of how they figured out how
153:33 expand the limits of the build up add new oil and gas.
153:38 so this is a lead into my last couple of slides.
153:42 so good observation. Right? They pick up reef here, but what
153:48 to be out here somewhere? Reef in blue. Right, so there
153:52 to be a blue for this There has to be a blue for
153:55 cycle. There has to be a for this cycle, right, because
153:58 reef flat is made up of debris from the reef margin thrown back by
154:05 . Right? That scale of Okay, now there's no reef margin
154:11 because you've run out of space. ? The purple, is that high
154:14 root stone, Right? You got small an area to set up a
154:19 and lagoon. So it's high energy the way across. Right, So
154:23 the purple. But okay, let address your that's a good point.
154:28 , so that's the point of this slide. Right? So basically,
154:33 what here's what we're saying, They drill the well, they they
154:38 the reef flat, right? So has to be a margin out in
154:43 of it. So they would step and drill this area right here and
154:48 virgin oil in the reef margin. that's how they added more oil.
154:56 ? So they call that an extension , of the reef. And then
155:02 a situation where they drilled a couple these Lagunas cycles. There is production
155:07 here in the lagoon, but it's associated with the tidal flat or beach
155:12 . But if they hit a bunch these, these 123 m thick lagoon
155:16 tidal flats cycles, But what has be out to the right a
155:20 Right? So they would step out they drill that and the first thing
155:24 would probably encounter would be what the flat, right? And then they
155:29 push that further and find a margin here. So that's what they call
155:32 wedge extension or wedge edge prospect. , so you see how they added
155:39 volume of hydrocarbon by understanding the strategic and the faces within those time equivalent
155:45 . Right. That's what's really key is establishing time equivalency to these
155:51 right? You do that with the contacts and then you correlate the
155:56 right? So if you got a , there has to be a brief
156:01 out in front right, to create . And if you've got a reef
156:05 , there's gonna be a re flat it, right? If it built
156:08 to sea level. So, and where most of the oil was.
156:12 . It was in that reef flat grief margin. Okay, so that's
156:19 they added, that's how they added 300 million barrels of oil.
156:22 by doing this or by doing this by coming back here and deepening.
156:29 esso didn't really deepen these wells, thought they were going to drill off
156:32 top of the structure. Right? suck everything out. So they just
156:37 back and they perforated the individual cycles here to tap into that oil and
156:42 associated with the reefer tidal flat. , alright then, just to show
156:49 , I mean, the story is same for all those blue blobs.
156:52 showed you on that back, we with, right, this is snipe
156:56 , we talked briefly about snipe uh last weekend we were talking about
157:03 deposition of cyclist city. Excuse Side plate is a smaller.
157:10 It's only like 300 million barrel field it has exactly the same cycles,
157:18 scale as cyclist city is uh as Creek, it's just a smaller structures
157:23 doesn't have as much hydrocarbon and And I'm just showing you this because
157:29 a paper on black blackboard published by Gate and Spring Gate was an engineer
157:36 worked for esso. And if you ever interested in more of the engineering
157:42 of of this approach, that's what got into with their paper. They
157:45 you the geology but they get more the, into the engineering data.
157:52 . Alright, so everybody appreciate this . Alright, so let me let
157:58 finish up by trying to load a of these diagrams. Let's see if
158:03 can do that. Um Let me the share here for a second and
158:29 can't tell which is rich because it's small. Okay, this is good
158:46 . Um I don't know if I show this pdf tell you what,
159:43 take a break. I'm gonna throw files into a power point and then
159:48 think I can show that way. , so let's take a five minute
159:53 or so and then I'll convert this a power point and I'll show you
159:58 cross sections. Okay, Okay, these are the these are the cross
160:05 that I posted on blackboard for judy or two for judy creek and one
160:13 a reservoir called norman wells. And I think Even at this
160:18 even though it's pretty small, you still see how they broke out these
160:22 . Alright. And I know you see the date here, but this
160:26 diagram dates back to 1981. All . Remember when this reservoir was
160:33 1959. Right, so this is years after the initial discovery. And
160:40 you need to appreciate for these diagrams that remember everything is tilted down or
160:48 to the northeast? Right. Because the loading of the Canadian rockies.
160:52 ? So everything the basis tilts like . And so the oil water contact
160:57 like that. And so where did where did they play? Where did
161:02 push most of their development? They most of their development on the northeast
161:06 . Right. Because they expected the to migrate up like this?
161:09 And be all trapped up here. , that's true to some extent.
161:13 ? There's still oil production on the side, but but that's why they
161:20 on that side. Okay. So do you see here, you
161:25 you know the different cycles and I've the here's the the lettering system we
161:32 used on those previous diagrams. Zero to R. One R.
161:35 to R. Two. Right? is the top of R three.
161:38 four. There's a cap on the . Right, sensual. Alright.
161:42 then if you look at the you at the next diagram, you can
161:45 where all the porosity is, It's mostly associated with the re faces
161:49 the margin or the inner part here the tidal flats and beaches. All
161:55 . So let's go back and you the black, you see the black
162:00 back here. All right. But don't see out here on the margin
162:05 black bars are tidal flats or Okay. And you can see where
162:11 had well controlled the small scale They could they could establish appropriation or
162:17 time synchronicity of the small scale right? These are the small scale
162:22 that correlate for hundreds of meters or few kilometers right. The big scale
162:27 contacts are these numbers right here. they correlate all the way across judy
162:32 and they correlate from blue blob to blob two blue blocks all the way
162:36 this ground, swan hills platform. , Now, given the date
162:42 most of their core work was focused this margin here. Okay, and
162:48 this is pretty well established, the . This is the side you'd expect
162:52 briefing, right? That's it faces more open ocean and and also windward
162:58 of the, of the structure over , you have to take, you
163:04 to know that this is not completely . Okay, Because they didn't know
163:09 right? When they did this work . We didn't know about trade
163:14 Right, Okay. So there's a a reference in the notes that I
163:20 you to a 92 paper. Which by then they knew about the
163:25 winds. Alright. I mean both these guys went to keiko's, went
163:30 Kinko's on a field trip with So, they know about the trade
163:35 . Alright. And so they revise now. And what you don't get
163:39 this leeward margin is you don't get . You get or not established thick
163:46 , you get small scale briefing and get a lot of shedding.
163:50 So, if you look at their recent cross section and I don't have
163:54 slide of it because the only, only cross section I have is like
163:58 or eight ft in length. And haven't found a way to reduce
164:02 to to slide scale. What you is a lot of the shedding.
164:08 four soap stands, like we talked right coming off that leeward margin.
164:12 that's the difference Between the older version and the newer version they published in
164:18 92. Alright. Uh you don't good continuous riffing on this back
164:24 You get you get sorry, you the shedding right then appreciate the significance
164:33 the small scale cyclist city here, ? There is reservoir quality back here
164:39 with the beaches in the, in tidal flats. All right, but
164:42 have to individually perf those cycles to any oil out of that stuff.
164:47 , so that's judy creek. And that's the porosity that goes with
164:53 , that diagram. Right. And norman wells, we talked, excuse
165:00 , We talked about norman wells last when we're talking about the cyclist the
165:07 . Right. And I showed you norman wells diagram with riffing on both
165:12 . Okay. And normal. as you do get riffing on both
165:17 and you can see the this darker right here are the reef is a
165:22 margin upper four soap, like we a judy creek and then re flat
165:27 behind it. You get more of symmetry on both sides because I think
165:33 inference is the lagoon was a little deeper and that inhibited off transport to
165:39 degree to allow you to develop these on both sides. But what do
165:43 see on this side that you don't don't see on the other side,
165:48 four soap stands. See these right , Those are the four soap stands
165:52 get shed out into the basin. don't see as much on this
165:56 There's a little bit right there. , so this is like the Golden
166:00 poza rica story, right? Where's of your shedding. It's off the
166:05 side. Again on the windward which would be this side. That's
166:09 northeast side. Again, most of stuff being thrown back up on the
166:13 to make the reef flat. so again, to play Devil's
166:19 right? The Exxon guys would say is sort of back stepping,
166:24 That's the transgressive systems track. But here they say, oh no,
166:28 up building, right? That's the high stand, which never makes any
166:32 . Right from a sea level, sea levels of crime control.
166:36 So Norman Wells is a 630 million oil field. It's actually the oldest
166:43 reservoir in Western Canada. I think mentioned this discovered in the 1920s But
166:48 really didn't develop it because it was isolated until the late 60s, early
166:54 . Okay, Alright, so you print this out and see more of
166:58 details if you ever get to that where you need to access these
167:06 Uh that's just uh I think if go look at the cartoon from that
167:14 lecture, you're talking about about four from one side to the other.
167:20 it's even a smaller platform, Smalling complex than what I showed you for
167:25 Creek, Judy Creek is about 78 across at the most and this one's
167:31 smaller. Okay, the sea No, of course not.
167:38 And that's my whole point. And this is the problem with Exxon
167:41 they they wanted a grand model, could be equal, they thought could
167:49 equally applied to carbonates and classics. . If you look at their published
167:54 , the carbonate model is identical to classic model. They infer all the
167:59 during low stands, they treat everything same, responding the same way to
168:03 level. And it's it's not that . Okay. Alright. Any questions
168:11 comments about these diagrams or anything we've about. All right. So We're
168:23 a little bit earlier. I mean 4:20 PM. Um everybody got the
168:31 guidelines. Right. Is Gloria on ? Yes, I am. I'm
168:39 professor. You get Gloria. Did get the email with the guidelines for
168:43 final? Yes. Okay. We're we're gonna do the we're gonna do
168:49 online while everybody's taking the test Alright, So you have the same
168:54 hours and we'll figure out a format where you have time to go through
168:59 questions for take as much time as need. Okay. But I just
169:02 to make sure you got the I pass those out to everybody
169:07 But I also emailed it to everybody well. So take a look at
169:14 . You know, if you have questions about the guidelines get back with
169:17 , I'll be glad to answer But I think I sort of told
169:22 what I expect you to get out our discussion here in the last two
169:26 . Right? For the play Since the really understand the fundamental concepts
169:31 what would drive some of these right? The role of fizzy graphic
169:35 and be familiar with the reservoir analog you can refer to as a to
169:41 one of these play types. And then understand some of the differences
169:46 these plays, differences between digest deposition of talks, things like
169:53 And then I told you I'm gonna some of the stuff that you guys
169:58 with on the first two exams. I see a theme where people are
170:02 , then I'm probably gonna challenge you . But rephrase the question,
170:07 It will never be exactly the same usually. So, Okay, so
170:17 of you, I'll see Wednesday night . Alright, at six o'clock you
170:23 up to three hours. It usually take people three hours. Usually most
170:27 finish less than two hours, but you have three hours if you
170:31 it. So. And same for . Glory. You can take that
170:36 . Utah will be stuck here for hours. All right. Any other
170:43 or comments before we break for the ? Same up. I haven't put
170:53 whole thing together yet, but I between 10 and 15 questions but there
170:58 be multiple parts to some of the like you've seen before. So it
171:02 out to be more Than just 15 . Okay. But similar format to
171:07 we've done. There might be some and stuff like that. Okay,
171:15 enjoy the rest of your weekend as as you can. But the good
171:19 is we're finished, right. I've you a day because normally in the
171:25 normal schedule, we would have come next friday for five hours or four
171:31 , whatever it is, and then skip saturday, and then you would
171:35 taken the test the following Wednesday. you're gonna get a little more break
171:40 this segment and the classics segment. . Such a hassle to come here
171:50 all of us. Right. So right, enjoy your weekend and we'll
171:56 you guys Wednesday evening.
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