| 00:01 | Ok. Yeah. Yeah. Ok, me. Ok, let's |
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| 00:27 | here. Testing, testing. folks. Uh ok. Very |
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| 00:44 | I swiftly you're gonna sit like that whole time. Ok. Ok. |
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| 00:50 | won't look at you if I I'll ask, right? Ok. |
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| 00:57 | , welcome. So, uh I my laptop back. So quicker questions |
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| 01:03 | the whole nine yards today. uh, let's see here. Um |
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| 01:09 | , so we're starting, uh finishing three today on to chapter four. |
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| 01:18 | uh the usual stuff begins again, ? Weekly quiz, smart work, |
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| 01:21 | cetera, et cetera. So, , oh, so let me before |
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| 01:25 | start. Uh, so those of in lab? Ok. So just |
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| 01:30 | couple of words about that. So uh unknown project starts next to |
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| 01:37 | Thursday. Ok. Number one, works at a different pace, |
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| 01:44 | So if you're as you begin, , whatever day you start Wednesday or |
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| 01:50 | , um, it's with a, given a tube of an unknown with |
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| 01:53 | couple different types and a gram positive a gram negative step one street |
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| 01:59 | right? So if you're not, you don't recall that or you need |
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| 02:03 | brush up on it just look look at the uh go back and |
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| 02:07 | at the video that's posted or the notes. What have you OK? |
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| 02:12 | Because the media you use throughout not for, you know, street plate |
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| 02:18 | , biochemical tests. These aren't a pit supply of these things. |
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| 02:23 | It's one for student or two N plays because you're gonna use one for |
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| 02:27 | initial streak and then one for your . But um yes, within |
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| 02:32 | things can be I account for like ups, OK? But um gouging |
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| 02:40 | order while you do the street not a mess up, it's still |
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| 02:42 | to do. That means that you to gouge all the. But |
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| 02:46 | the point is um know what you're before you begin doing it. |
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| 02:51 | You need to review a technique or . Go ahead and do that. |
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| 02:56 | The other one is you may you're the person beside you, |
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| 03:02 | Um Pro proceeding at a maybe quicker than you. That's fine, |
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| 03:07 | This thing is built in to account different or people working at different |
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| 03:13 | That's just natural. OK? So wig out if the person next to |
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| 03:18 | has already gone to step three or and you're not there yet. |
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| 03:22 | That's fine. Right? They don't lag too far behind, right. |
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| 03:27 | that's why this two week period, two week period. Uh not next |
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| 03:33 | , but the week after those two weeks are nothing but unknown, |
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| 03:40 | ? Your goal is to at the of that two weeks, your minimum |
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| 03:43 | is to have a subculture of your , right? You got that and |
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| 03:48 | gonna be the biggest hurdle for The biggest hurdle is that once you |
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| 03:53 | your subculture of a pure culture of gram negative, you're pretty much golden |
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| 03:59 | then it's all downhill right? After , it's not fighting biochemical tests, |
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| 04:04 | ? But that this first part is be the hurdle. So again, |
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| 04:08 | worry about how quick or slow somebody to you is working. You do |
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| 04:12 | own thing. No, you wanna progress, of course. But your |
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| 04:16 | goal at the end of those two is to have uh a subculture of |
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| 04:21 | gram negative even even if you not a disaster, but certainly by |
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| 04:27 | following week, right? You got . You should have it. |
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| 04:31 | Granted many of you will get Get that like in the first |
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| 04:36 | maybe the first week. OK. again, everybody works at different paces |
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| 04:41 | got I think six weeks to finish thing. So more than enough |
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| 04:46 | So don't panic if you're not, know, keeping up with your neighbor |
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| 04:51 | whatever, right? So um the is, is you can only work |
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| 04:57 | the project during your lab time, ? So don't come in and guest |
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| 05:03 | another lab, just show up at lab. Time. That's not yours |
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| 05:06 | catch up because remember you got plenty time. Don't, you don't need |
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| 05:09 | have that extra time. You've got of time to do this. |
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| 05:13 | Um Any questions about, if anybody's the lab, any questions about |
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| 05:18 | Ok. You're gonna go over this in the lab next week. |
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| 05:22 | but just be aware um, before come to the lab next week, |
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| 05:26 | OK, I'm doing a street Do I remember what that is? |
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| 05:28 | right. So I remember that. right. Um So let's start with |
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| 05:36 | little bit of a recap. So we've got uh all right. |
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| 05:41 | context uh we're going through, The pro cell, right? |
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| 05:48 | what's it got? What are the , functions, structures, et |
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| 05:52 | right? So we are um we at the end. So we've gone |
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| 05:59 | a cell membrane, right? That of that and a little bit about |
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| 06:05 | a little bit about osmosis. Um the gram uh negative gram positive cell |
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| 06:12 | and what that entails. Um And we began, I think last time |
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| 06:17 | um the atypical uh types of bacterial . OK. So uh the the |
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| 06:26 | that lack AAA cell wall, Basically, the cell membrane is all |
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| 06:31 | got. OK. The um uh right? The arch archaea that have |
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| 06:40 | don't have the identical structure of a I can, bacteria does, but |
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| 06:45 | has the uh something slightly similar that call pseudo then um then we looked |
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| 06:54 | this one mycobacteria. So uh they have PEP ICA but the proportion of |
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| 07:01 | is small compared to this, this material, these mycotic acids, |
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| 07:05 | these very hydrophobic, very long hydrocarbon that uh affect their, that the |
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| 07:14 | net effect of this is to to kind of determines how they look, |
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| 07:20 | , how they grow in culture, kind of stick together in liquid |
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| 07:23 | how they look on a plate. they kind of have a weird appearance |
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| 07:26 | the plate, very waxy consistency, thickness of this uh you know, |
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| 07:32 | material coming in now, right? they grow slow for that reason. |
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| 07:37 | So again, all attributable to the of they have OK. Uh Then |
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| 07:42 | think we went into uh different types uh outer material if you will, |
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| 07:48 | . So, biofilm. So biofilms not a cell individual thing. It's |
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| 07:53 | collection, it's a product of millions cells, right? A biofilm, |
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| 07:58 | but it is on the outside of , right? An extracellular matrix fly |
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| 08:03 | only loosely associated with the cell. a byproduct of metabolism. Um capsule |
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| 08:09 | a gene encoded uh product. Uh place Saar Saar protein combo tightly bound |
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| 08:18 | cell. It's a factor. It um it can uh kind of make |
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| 08:25 | less susceptible to your immune system. . We'll get more into this |
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| 08:30 | Uh in the last quarter of the , but um it definitely is a |
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| 08:34 | factor for many that have then uh went into cyto skeletal elements, |
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| 08:42 | So the the these these three types on uh the cell shape really. |
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| 08:48 | uh all of them have that FTSZ . So all these cytoskeleton elements and |
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| 08:54 | are about um maintaining shape in some , but facilitating a synthesis, synthesis |
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| 09:02 | cell wall material, envelope material, cell division, OK. Kind of |
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| 09:08 | that realm is where these operate. so uh all the all three bacterial |
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| 09:15 | here will have that FTSZ ring because what mediates separation. OK. But |
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| 09:21 | may, in addition, a rod will have these Mreb proteins throughout the |
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| 09:26 | of the cell. And that's how synthesizes its like. And then in |
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| 09:31 | to those two, this comma shaped of bacteria have have a have it |
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| 09:38 | one side of the cell to kind create that uh comic shape to |
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| 09:43 | OK. So uh again, all of collectively aspects of functioning in aspects |
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| 09:50 | of cell visions of patient cell et cetera. OK. And then |
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| 09:56 | we looked in so then we kind got the oh cytoskeleton elements take us |
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| 10:02 | the cells and now we're kind of out in the cell. OK. |
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| 10:06 | inside of it? And so remember nucleoid, right? So it's the |
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| 10:10 | of the lighter area it just represents a chromosome, but it's just the |
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| 10:16 | occupied, there's no membrane surrounding OK. Uh It's not, it's |
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| 10:21 | an organelle. OK. It's simply the area in the cytoplasm occupied by |
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| 10:26 | chromosome. OK. Then of millions of ribosomes, et cetera, |
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| 10:31 | solutes and so on and so OK. And this pheno phenomenon |
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| 10:36 | of polyribosome or polysome formation. So relates to um occurs because there is |
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| 10:45 | nuclear membrane. Everything occurs uh in cy cytozole cytoplasm. And because of |
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| 10:52 | there, because there's no division like is in ourselves um of these two |
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| 10:58 | , transcription and translation, these can virtually simultaneous. So as a transcript |
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| 11:04 | formed, right, expressing a gene very quickly, rhizomes can plop on |
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| 11:09 | begin translating. OK. And so enables the cell to produce lots of |
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| 11:14 | very quickly, right? It's one the list of 10 things or or |
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| 11:19 | of why bacteria can grow so right? Small chromosome, small cell |
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| 11:24 | can produce proteins very quickly to sustain high growth rate um among other |
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| 11:31 | OK. And so, and then know the uh the uh oh was |
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| 11:35 | right here right. The replication of chromosome, right? And how it |
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| 11:41 | , right. So the the uh the A is where you get, |
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| 11:45 | initiate the uh replication of the strands . And but then we we saw |
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| 11:50 | time that even before uh this round division is complete, it's already working |
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| 11:59 | , right? The what's gonna happen it becomes four cells, right? |
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| 12:04 | so that's so it's kind of uh might say, thinking a hit like |
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| 12:09 | thinking. And so OK, I'm be, I'm about to be one |
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| 12:12 | , but not very quickly after I'm gonna be four, right? |
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| 12:16 | to 4. So it's exponential right? So this ability to replicate |
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| 12:20 | DNA so quickly enables that, So here we're, we're in, |
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| 12:24 | still in one cell, right? still one cell. It's almost done |
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| 12:30 | that. It's it has, it's copying the the DNA, right? |
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| 12:35 | occurring, but it's already well under to the next round of replication. |
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| 12:40 | when we have now four cells, ? 1234. So it go |
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| 12:46 | it goes to show you how these can grow, why they can grow |
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| 12:49 | quickly. OK? And so this can occur. So, basically going |
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| 12:55 | here uh here to two cells, one generation, right? So that |
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| 13:02 | occur in under the fastest conditions in coli 15 minutes, right? You |
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| 13:09 | produce 20 generations in less than eight . OK. As long as it |
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| 13:15 | humans to produce 20 generations. Hey , a year, two years, |
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| 13:23 | than two years, 400 approximately 400 to get 20 generations. Think about |
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| 13:30 | . Yeah. E coli eight All right. So um that's assuming |
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| 13:35 | generation every 20 years anyway. um All right. So that takes |
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| 13:41 | to. So we've covered all these here except so we're gonna start with |
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| 13:46 | aging and then onto the remainder in any questions about any questions about any |
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| 13:55 | these things in this block here? . Right. Yeah. A leading |
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| 14:07 | strength. And also um no, we do that too. You Caros |
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| 14:17 | the same mechanism. So we copy at the same time as well. |
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| 14:21 | , it, it has to uh has that unique. Um I call |
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| 14:28 | like her jerky motion because the leading for reading continuously, this other one |
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| 14:32 | of got hops on and hops off keep up with it. And that's |
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| 14:35 | , that's a universal process, bacterial whatever. Yeah. And you |
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| 14:41 | question. Yeah, I had to uh I used to teach intra bio |
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| 14:45 | do all the nuts and bolts of replication. So you still remember it |
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| 14:50 | . Um The um All right. let's go into the remaining things |
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| 14:55 | So, polar aging. So this so if you think about it, |
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| 14:59 | basically what we're looking at here is asymmetry of a cell. OK. |
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| 15:05 | you might think with a rod shaped , it's identical no matter what end |
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| 15:12 | or pole you're talking about, But in fact, there is differences |
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| 15:18 | . OK. So if we look um uh here's our cell, |
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| 15:24 | So it, it, of course from a previous cell division obviously, |
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| 15:30 | ? So it will have split, ? Cation, right? So where |
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| 15:38 | the cation occurs, right? The process generates new cell envelope material, |
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| 15:46 | ? So that's new stuff. Where the acceptation is not occurring, |
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| 15:52 | end, the other, you know other pole, right? That's old |
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| 15:57 | . OK. So if you look here is this cell right? |
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| 16:01 | And so um we eventually we get . So now right here, |
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| 16:08 | This is this will be the new right there. So, on this |
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| 16:16 | in this one, right? That , that those will be the new |
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| 16:20 | , right? Because it has new synthesized there. OK. Whereas out |
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| 16:25 | , right, that's gonna be an pole. OK? That will be |
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| 16:29 | old pole eventually. OK. So so you see right here, |
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| 16:37 | So new, new the other end right? So, so what, |
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| 16:43 | what does this mean? Right. cares about this? Well, it |
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| 16:45 | out that uh the old poles, sides, OK. I'm sorry, |
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| 16:52 | sides over here, the red ones um uh damage can accumulate at, |
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| 16:59 | these ends. Um proteins that are not working so well begin to aggregate |
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| 17:06 | the old poles. Now, why of the stuff is occurring is not |
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| 17:10 | known, they just know what OK. OK. And so it |
|
| 17:14 | certainly contribute to the aging of the death of the cell eventually, but |
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| 17:22 | some they've seen with some types, . The um uh in pathogen types |
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| 17:31 | a, a proportion of w when population reaches proportions where there's more older |
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| 17:39 | . Number Y is the new ones there's, there's resistance, there's some |
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| 17:44 | resistance to antibiotics. Not, not known why. OK. But it |
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| 17:50 | be a phenomenon of, if it's these damaged proteins or something, maybe |
|
| 17:56 | have some kind of resistance to the . So maybe that has something to |
|
| 18:00 | with that again. Not quite It's under intense study because uh if |
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| 18:06 | is true, then this is another in which um bacteria can, can |
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| 18:10 | resistant, right? Just what we , right? And so um that |
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| 18:15 | mechanism also maybe is similar to uh growing. The presence of antibiotic is |
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| 18:22 | strategy as well. So it may contribute to that uh and be in |
|
| 18:26 | kind of realm as well. So , antibiotics have specific targets, |
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| 18:31 | They target specific proteins typically in a , whether it's a protein synthesis. |
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| 18:37 | So wall synthesis um uh uh other targets. And so um the availability |
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| 18:48 | those targets is most abundant when the actively growing because they have more of |
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| 18:55 | available because they're synthesizing proteins, the are available or they're creating cell wall |
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| 19:02 | because they're growing more targets are available it's growing and it's not doing any |
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| 19:07 | it's not growing and not doing Ok, then that in itself can |
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| 19:13 | it less susceptible to antibiotics because they , there's nothing for the antibiotics to |
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| 19:18 | . It's in a no growth, doing anything both. OK. When |
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| 19:21 | antibiotic goes away, then it begins grow again. So that may be |
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| 19:25 | maybe this old pole, new Pole may somehow figure into that. |
|
| 19:32 | So very, very sneaky. Um Now, in terms, so |
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| 19:40 | , this kind of represents, obviously asymmetry as well, right? You |
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| 19:44 | an old and new post that they're identical, right? So there's there's |
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| 19:48 | there. So similarly, other phenomenon forming an endo spores. OK. |
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| 19:53 | too is typically a uh location specific , right? The endo spor forms |
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| 20:00 | one side of the cell and not the other. OK. So you |
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| 20:04 | have asymmetry there as you see the the clear use at the end |
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| 20:10 | spores and you see it's at the end of the cell, OK. |
|
| 20:16 | These uh I mentioned this before the of the weird shapes uh a species |
|
| 20:22 | doesn't have a uniform shape like all rods or cock, but has kind |
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| 20:28 | this intermediate branching and we call club forms. This this is due to |
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| 20:33 | of asymmetrical division. OK. Where occurs maybe on one, on one |
|
| 20:41 | of the cell, not in the or uniformly and can, can create |
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| 20:46 | weird shapes called pleomorphic. OK. Here's a very obvious example where in |
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| 20:53 | species, it can have a right? Uh or a gem, |
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| 20:58 | can switch back and forth. And the point is it's on one end |
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| 21:01 | not on the other. So asymmetry. OK. Um, a |
|
| 21:07 | is simply just a, something involved in motion. It's a, I |
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| 21:12 | that like an uh, an anchor holds a boat in place, |
|
| 21:15 | So it kind of holds in place a, on a surface. |
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| 21:19 | and it happens typically if it's in , in a um nutrient rich |
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| 21:24 | so it doesn't wanna leave it. it kind of sticks itself in that |
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| 21:28 | to use the nutrients. OK. it actually reverts back to a flagellum |
|
| 21:32 | swim elsewhere when it runs out of . So, um but again, |
|
| 21:36 | here in this context is asymmetry found one end but not on the |
|
| 21:41 | OK. Um Oops any questions about about that? OK. So here |
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| 21:49 | a question. OK. Well, and afters, right, let's open |
|
| 21:56 | . And so here these are things gonna talk about now. These are |
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| 22:02 | up now. OK. So different of um pro inclusions or specialized structures |
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| 22:12 | of a cell. Pli embry Magneto . OK. Let's see what these |
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| 22:20 | all about. So we'll cover these after this slide. Oh OK. |
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| 22:42 | . Mhm. Pause here for a . All right. Let's um count |
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| 22:56 | from six 5432. Pause. What we got? Take a picture |
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| 23:10 | that. OK. And we'll see question in a few slides. So |
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| 23:18 | you'll change your mind, maybe you . OK. Next is OK. |
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| 23:25 | structure. So um so these specialized , inclusions are often OK. So |
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| 23:38 | one, no one, no one cell has all of them. |
|
| 23:44 | Two, many of these are uh metabolism specific, right? They have |
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| 23:50 | certain metabolism type and it fits for metabolism. OK. Others are energy |
|
| 23:57 | , food storage type things. So , they kind of fit different categories |
|
| 24:02 | . OK. So the first ones are metabolism specific. OK. So |
|
| 24:09 | relates, you know, we're we're back to um metabolism stuff, |
|
| 24:15 | So we're gonna revisit that not in same, you know, context, |
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| 24:21 | rather in terms maybe more practical aspect it now, right? And so |
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| 24:26 | especially when we're getting into growth, ? We're gonna still revisit some of |
|
| 24:30 | same concepts we learned previously in 13 14. OK. So here the |
|
| 24:36 | Hetro thing, right? So remember Autotrophs CO2 right? Is their carbon |
|
| 24:44 | . Unlike us, we're hetero right? So and there's two ways |
|
| 24:47 | be an autotroph. OK. So Autotroph thing is CO2, right? |
|
| 24:53 | it takes a lot of energy. what's the mode of energy to make |
|
| 24:59 | go? Well, you can use photo troph, photo Autotroph or you |
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| 25:04 | use in organic materials. Break it the little right? And so you |
|
| 25:10 | little trophy, photo, trophy. . More specifically correctly photo water trophy |
|
| 25:18 | chemo water trophy, same thing as Luther. OK. We'll go through |
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| 25:22 | terms. We're gonna see these terms chapter four. So uh we'll revisit |
|
| 25:27 | again. But the key here is CO2 fixation. OK. So, |
|
| 25:33 | organelles that are not organelles, structures proo that this relates to. Um |
|
| 25:39 | thylacine, right? So, thyroids are where the photosynthetic pigments are stuffed |
|
| 25:46 | the membrane. So we're talking So we're not talking about chloroplasts. |
|
| 25:52 | . Yes, I know you've seen in the context of chloroplasts. |
|
| 25:56 | And that's true. But think of now as thyroids separate from a |
|
| 26:03 | right? Because they phototropic bacteria don't chloroplasts, right? But they have |
|
| 26:09 | pigments that they stuff into the membrane we call that thyroids. OK? |
|
| 26:15 | so you can see it's highly, can see the rings here. |
|
| 26:19 | it's basically a highly folded convoluted membrane basically using its phyto plastic membrane and |
|
| 26:28 | it up and stuffing it full of molecules or other pigment molecules. |
|
| 26:34 | So the carboxy OMs are specific to trophy. OK. So specific to |
|
| 26:44 | trophy. They can be present in photo tropes and, and lipes. |
|
| 26:51 | ? And it's where the kind of fixation is occurring. OK. So |
|
| 26:56 | active Co2 fixation uh generates kind of structures. And again, they're |
|
| 27:02 | there's not a lipid, there's not lipid bilayer around it. That's what |
|
| 27:05 | organelle would be, these are, can be protein covered structures. |
|
| 27:10 | So, don't think, don't think them as organelles, right? They're |
|
| 27:12 | kind of intracellular structures. Ok. so um the rubis is the shorthand |
|
| 27:21 | for the enzyme that catalyzes basically it takes the, the, the |
|
| 27:27 | and attaches, attaches it to a . That's what the enzyme does. |
|
| 27:32 | . So it's, it's uh the name is Ribis bios pate carboxylase. |
|
| 27:39 | don't need to know that uh because always refer to it as scope, |
|
| 27:44 | it's the enzyme that actually does the of the CO2 to the molecule. |
|
| 27:49 | . And if you have a lot that activity, you basically stuff it |
|
| 27:52 | a car because that's what those structures . OK. So um gas |
|
| 28:00 | So these are gonna be specific to aquatic um photo, OK? Living |
|
| 28:08 | water. And um the if so if you absorb light as living |
|
| 28:17 | we know, right, you need get to the right depths in the |
|
| 28:22 | uh for maximal absorption of light, ? And so a gas vale can |
|
| 28:28 | manipulated. And so you let some out or in and then in doing |
|
| 28:33 | going up and down the water So it kind of helps adjust it |
|
| 28:36 | the right level of um maximal light . OK. So um certainly a |
|
| 28:47 | will have thyroids, you can have , you can have a gas |
|
| 28:52 | OK? A chemo um Autotroph can certain carboxy, but they're not gonna |
|
| 28:59 | thyroids because they don't use sunlight. . These, these don't use |
|
| 29:04 | uh, but they can fix Ok. Um, they wouldn't necessarily |
|
| 29:09 | gas vas because they're not typically, , they don't need to adjust their |
|
| 29:14 | in terms for sunlight. So they really need that. So, the |
|
| 29:18 | here is to when we go go over these structures and specialized structures |
|
| 29:22 | whatnot, you know, who, , who might have it, who |
|
| 29:25 | not have it. OK. So and, and then also movement because |
|
| 29:31 | different ways cells can move, And gas factors can be technically be |
|
| 29:37 | mode of movement because it's moving it point A to point B, |
|
| 29:40 | And we're gonna see other structures that create movement as well, right? |
|
| 29:44 | kind of the point is the kind um you can think of these all |
|
| 29:49 | structures we're going through as like a , right? But then try to |
|
| 29:53 | some connections in terms of, you , OK. With this metabolism have |
|
| 29:57 | or not? Um Is this, this represent movement or not these these |
|
| 30:01 | of things? OK. Um Store. So these represent the um |
|
| 30:08 | storage, energy sources, um food um but also a metabolic byproduct. |
|
| 30:16 | this, this one here is a storage. OK. So mero Granules |
|
| 30:22 | so Coria bacterium is a species that known to produce these a lot and |
|
| 30:29 | you stand them with methylene blue and dye stains these Granules. So you |
|
| 30:34 | see how intensely intensely blue they Uh all it is is just |
|
| 30:39 | the phosphate polymer, that's it. so how it becomes an energy source |
|
| 30:44 | to simply just um take one of phosphates, add it to an AD |
|
| 30:51 | and make an A TP. Let me re remember, remember the |
|
| 30:58 | for this way of making an A substrate level phosphorylation, right? Um |
|
| 31:09 | I mean this and these polymers can hundreds, hundreds of these in a |
|
| 31:14 | , right? All wound up in . And so it's a quick energy |
|
| 31:18 | if it needs to. OK. polysac right? So like plants produce |
|
| 31:24 | , we produce glycogen with glucose right? Uh bacteria can produce both |
|
| 31:30 | they can have both types as an source sulfur Granules. So this is |
|
| 31:35 | byproduct of this metabolism here. So this is Lioy, right? Using |
|
| 31:42 | two S oxidizing it. Elemental sulfur a product. And uh for this |
|
| 31:47 | type, the elemental sulfur is what see these little yellow Granules here. |
|
| 31:55 | ? That's the byproduct of the OK? And it holds on to |
|
| 32:00 | . So it kind of just stays the cell, other species actually let |
|
| 32:03 | go and so it ends up outside cell. Others can actually use this |
|
| 32:09 | oxidize that uh further to sulfate or . So you see different metabolisms, |
|
| 32:15 | this one kind of holds on to and you kind of see it, |
|
| 32:18 | it in the cell, OK? lipid. So fat can be a |
|
| 32:24 | of fat can be a polymer. so here is PHB and yellow shown |
|
| 32:31 | yellow is the repeating unit, So you link those together to make |
|
| 32:37 | Phb polymers. OK? And it's an energy source, right? |
|
| 32:42 | fats are particularly rich in energy. . And bacillus is one known, |
|
| 32:47 | known to produce these, these blobs see here, these are all PHV |
|
| 32:51 | . OK. The type of OK. Um OK. Here is |
|
| 33:00 | next question. OK. So we're talking about making connections. OK. |
|
| 33:07 | see which of the following could be to some way in any, any |
|
| 33:14 | of motion. OK. Any type motion. No. So going from |
|
| 33:21 | A to point B, right? any or all of these or none |
|
| 33:26 | these be involved in that? Hi. So, yeah. |
|
| 34:07 | It's cut down from 76 218. . And survey says GG is |
|
| 34:24 | all of them could be end up . OK. So the forum I |
|
| 34:29 | is probably obvious that that's gonna be . OK. The magnetism. So |
|
| 34:35 | of this as a compass. And it aligns the cell that has |
|
| 34:45 | toward north or south, depending on side of the hemisphere of the |
|
| 34:50 | but it does direct them downward magnetic directs them downward to north or |
|
| 34:57 | So that is movement, uh, , there's a special movement associated with |
|
| 35:02 | called twitching. Ok. And we'll about that in a second. And |
|
| 35:07 | gas, right, we just talked and you can move your cell up |
|
| 35:10 | down the water column. So, all these could, you know, |
|
| 35:13 | some kind of movement. Ok. All right. So my besoms, |
|
| 35:19 | these, uh, so you see here in this, this is just |
|
| 35:24 | portion of the cell, OK. rod shape cell and um what they |
|
| 35:33 | ? Well, hey, they are . OK. But think of it |
|
| 35:36 | a compass to help orient it in environment. OK. So it's thought |
|
| 35:42 | and so the motion you see right, depending on what side of |
|
| 35:45 | equator they're on, on the southern hemisphere, they'll move towards that |
|
| 35:51 | and but downward, right, downward the pole. OK. So this |
|
| 35:57 | to if you recall aero tolerance, ? That phenomenon. So it's not |
|
| 36:02 | um these organisms are types that are micro aero files, um maybe border |
|
| 36:10 | obviate Aeros. And so they need oxygen. OK. And so usually |
|
| 36:17 | you go deeper in water, the content is less, not everywhere, |
|
| 36:25 | in all bodies of water because you , you have currents that may uh |
|
| 36:30 | may be occurring at certain times of year that carry oxygen rich water. |
|
| 36:35 | you know, generally speaking, you lower in the water column, you |
|
| 36:37 | less 02. OK? Because you turbulent up top, right? That's |
|
| 36:42 | oxygen mixes with water is on top then it goes down. But uh |
|
| 36:47 | by going to a, a depth here, OK. Somewhere here. |
|
| 36:54 | . You're gonna have, it'll reach optimal 02 levels. OK. So |
|
| 36:59 | kind of thought that's why this motion occurring with these, right? Get |
|
| 37:02 | to their proper depth of 02. ? For their metabolism. OK? |
|
| 37:08 | likely maybe they use oxygen but at levels, it's too toxic, |
|
| 37:12 | So you have to get them to right level. OK? Um |
|
| 37:17 | So it, it, it, is not, it's not a food |
|
| 37:20 | thing or an energy store, not all. It's all about orientations, |
|
| 37:24 | compass or south and going down. . Um Trim Pie Stock stocks. |
|
| 37:34 | not gonna say anything about what I before is um it's an extension, |
|
| 37:40 | types, it's not prevalent among a , but if you have it to |
|
| 37:45 | of help anchor it in place in nutrient rich environment, right? And |
|
| 37:50 | when the nutrients go away, then want to swim. So it, |
|
| 37:54 | revert to it from a stop to . OK. That's what those things |
|
| 37:59 | . So again, the types that , these aren't prevalent, but you |
|
| 38:02 | see a few species that have OK? But, and Pia |
|
| 38:09 | Phil and pi pi and OK, uh of course more, more |
|
| 38:15 | Uh And uh I think of that are more numerous, something like |
|
| 38:21 | What you see there in the picture the right. Those are those yellow |
|
| 38:26 | together or more numerous. Um Pilla specialized, they, they're fewer in |
|
| 38:33 | P I that is pil I and specialized functions typically. So like a |
|
| 38:39 | pilot you see there for conjugation or , you're gonna have specialized pillar for |
|
| 38:47 | , like twitching movement. We'll talk in a second. Um Even for |
|
| 38:52 | , recall transformation is of how bacteria um take in fragments of DNA from |
|
| 39:00 | environment and bring them inside. They , some can have specialized pill I |
|
| 39:04 | that purpose. So the point is pill I it's, you know, |
|
| 39:08 | functions here and there that cells can with it. OK. Um The |
|
| 39:14 | those are really for attachment, attaching a surface another cell. OK. |
|
| 39:21 | old ee Coli 0157 uh the Chipotle coli I call it intestinal pathogen, |
|
| 39:29 | borne pathogen. It has trim is of its vii factors because it needs |
|
| 39:33 | to stick to your cells in the wall to cause disease. And so |
|
| 39:39 | them, they, they can't. um so are all about attachment, |
|
| 39:43 | ? Pill, I can have different . I mean P I will, |
|
| 39:48 | know whether it's grabbing on to a fact when not by the cell or |
|
| 39:52 | to a surface for twitching motility or another cell for conjugation. No attachment |
|
| 39:58 | a part of that, but it has something else in addition to |
|
| 40:02 | either bringing something in moving, what you. OK? Um I |
|
| 40:08 | don't do that. They just kind stick to things, but they don't |
|
| 40:12 | the additional functions that a pill I have any time. Um All |
|
| 40:18 | So let's look at this. This kind of shows you the twitching |
|
| 40:22 | I think I equate this to like you had a um if you had |
|
| 40:26 | uh like moving a, a like rowboat, right? With two |
|
| 40:30 | right? And you're moving that boat land, right? And so the |
|
| 40:35 | are like hitting the ground and you're yourself that way. So the ores |
|
| 40:42 | pie, right? And you're moving body right? In that kind of |
|
| 40:46 | motion by attaching by those oars hitting surface, right? So it's all |
|
| 40:50 | the surface. All right. Twitching is all about the surface. So |
|
| 40:54 | can see here on the left might kind of follow. Um I don't |
|
| 40:59 | it there, let me do So here just for reference, |
|
| 41:04 | So the net, it's a net going that way. OK? From |
|
| 41:10 | to right. So you see where starts and where it ends up, |
|
| 41:15 | ? So what it's doing is and so the pill is made up |
|
| 41:20 | the same material that are made of , Pillin protein. Those are the |
|
| 41:25 | mono units, right? So it rapidly uh polymerize, add more units |
|
| 41:33 | it. And doing so makes it . That's what you see happening |
|
| 41:38 | OK. And so it extends and it attaches to the surface. All |
|
| 41:42 | , then it does the opposite, then depolymerize, right? It takes |
|
| 41:49 | off of it at, at the end and then by as a |
|
| 41:54 | it moves toward the attachment point, ? So it's kind of like |
|
| 42:00 | moves, attaches, moves. So what they call it twitching because it's |
|
| 42:05 | of like a herky jerky motion, attaching, then you're kind of |
|
| 42:09 | then you're attaching again. So it's smooth moving like a flagellum or |
|
| 42:13 | OK? But nonetheless, it's But uh the key is it's all |
|
| 42:18 | a surface. OK? Because that P I have to stick to |
|
| 42:24 | and it's sticking to a surface, ? This doesn't happen if you floating |
|
| 42:28 | , in aqueous medium, it's on surface. OK. Um Nano tubules |
|
| 42:35 | extensions of cytoplasmic material between cells. The of course, beginning to change |
|
| 42:44 | with your other members of the you can exchange all kinds of |
|
| 42:48 | right? Different types of molecules. uh proteins transcripts, et cetera, |
|
| 42:54 | ? Um As well as if you technically call this a way to transfer |
|
| 43:00 | , right? We're gonna learn about next unit, you know, uh |
|
| 43:04 | conjugation. Uh but technically, you transfer plasmas this way as well. |
|
| 43:10 | . So um the um and also occur between different species too. So |
|
| 43:17 | this is a phenomenon that's relatively like I was studying this stuff, this |
|
| 43:22 | known. So relatively a recent OK. Um OK. Any questions |
|
| 43:30 | this point? OK. Like I rattling these things off but I |
|
| 43:34 | literally this, you know, chapter stuff like when you or an intro |
|
| 43:38 | or the cell, right, all structures kind of the same thing |
|
| 43:42 | right? Structure function, structure right? So um um so movement |
|
| 43:50 | , we're using a flagellum singular, plural. Um So unlike Eion |
|
| 44:00 | if you recall, um EIC motion like with, with a flagellum is |
|
| 44:07 | of this undulating like a whip, ? It does this kind of |
|
| 44:12 | OK. Bacterial motion Procar motion is propeller. It's not this kind of |
|
| 44:20 | action, it's a, it's a structure. OK. Um And so |
|
| 44:27 | , let's talk about this for just a sec. So H antigen, |
|
| 44:31 | , we previously talked about the O , right? So Ogen is associated |
|
| 44:37 | the um ram negative ops layer. . This is associated with the |
|
| 44:43 | OK. Similarly, like with o produces an immune response. OK. |
|
| 44:50 | so long time ago, we developed as a way as a means for |
|
| 44:58 | . OK. So medically important strains have this are many times food borne |
|
| 45:06 | , your e coli, your et cetera. Ok. Um |
|
| 45:12 | right? The O is for the , but it also has an H |
|
| 45:15 | with it as well. Ok. uh it just, it, |
|
| 45:19 | again, it just, that's why see the term antigen, right? |
|
| 45:23 | it can generate an immune response. so we have antibodies to all the |
|
| 45:27 | H and O strains again for the of identifying. So, again, |
|
| 45:32 | is from medically important strains. So can wrap the idea. So there's |
|
| 45:36 | suspected 0157 outbreak, we can confirm pretty rapidly because we have the antibodies |
|
| 45:43 | it and, and to identify OK. Um Lar Morpho, I'm |
|
| 45:48 | gonna go into all the, the of these. OK. Uh But |
|
| 45:52 | what you see on the screen represents four types, uh 1234. So |
|
| 45:57 | can have some that have just a one in and rule a thumb. |
|
| 46:01 | notice that all the cells here are shaped with a couple of exceptions. |
|
| 46:12 | , bacteria that are motile are rat . There's a very few handful that |
|
| 46:18 | oxide that are motile. 99.999% are watching. OK. Um And so |
|
| 46:28 | , flip flagellar arrangement, you can a bunch, bunch of at one |
|
| 46:32 | , you'd have them all around the like this. Uh they can be |
|
| 46:37 | on each end. OK? These kind of more of the rarities this |
|
| 46:41 | here because when these move, only one of those can be |
|
| 46:49 | right? You can't have both uh kind of, they kind of cast |
|
| 46:52 | other out. So you have to one has to be moving and not |
|
| 46:55 | other. So kind of a Um any case you could if you |
|
| 47:01 | to use this as maybe a means identification, but it's it's not typically |
|
| 47:06 | . So I wouldn't worry about But you know, there are different |
|
| 47:11 | the uh OK. So the so this is obviously a gram |
|
| 47:16 | right? Has an outer membrane, ? And the inner membrane uh but |
|
| 47:20 | course, gram positive can be motile well. But the point here is |
|
| 47:23 | it's a rotating structure. So you the hook that rotates as you |
|
| 47:30 | OK. And it can rotate clockwise kind of clockwise and which way it |
|
| 47:37 | impacts how it moves OK. And forth is anchored in the membrane as |
|
| 47:44 | through the basal body. But the point here is it's rotating, |
|
| 47:48 | not doing, you carry out kind motion, it's rotating with a |
|
| 47:52 | OK. And of course, energy . OK. So, all |
|
| 47:56 | So the movement itself is um based the presence of attractants. OK. |
|
| 48:07 | what's gonna be an attractant? An is gonna be something that the cell |
|
| 48:11 | want to move towards because you can it. So nutrients, obvious |
|
| 48:17 | right? Uh various kinds of uh amino acids, you know, |
|
| 48:24 | types of nutrients can be attractive. . So that's what affects the |
|
| 48:32 | OK. So if you have uh versus clockwise rotations, so counterclockwise, |
|
| 48:44 | are promoted by the presence of OK. So you can see here |
|
| 48:49 | the front, you have receptors for attractions. OK? And so if |
|
| 48:54 | are present, if triangles are the , OK, they'll bind to the |
|
| 49:02 | and that will initiate counterclockwise rotation. . And so counterclockwise means a straight |
|
| 49:10 | . OK. And so that makes if it's encountering a attractant, |
|
| 49:14 | then we wanna run into it into of it, right? So we |
|
| 49:19 | use it. So that's what promotes counterclockwise rotation, a run. |
|
| 49:26 | Um So it basically becomes a balance a, a difference in frequency of |
|
| 49:37 | versus clockwise. OK. So rotations are favored when there is no |
|
| 49:43 | little, little or no presence of , right? Because now you're not |
|
| 49:47 | the binding to promote kind of clockwise . Instead, you, you're rotating |
|
| 49:54 | and that produces a tumble. So you can see how the flagellum |
|
| 49:57 | kind of all splayed out here, ? They're not, they're not working |
|
| 50:01 | music. OK. So, so it, it, it comes, |
|
| 50:05 | , what's the proportion of both OK. And that determines kind of |
|
| 50:08 | it goes from point A to point . OK. And so this is |
|
| 50:15 | example of kind of just a meandering they call random walk. OK? |
|
| 50:22 | so there's really no you shoot any to the movement here, right? |
|
| 50:26 | you have, you know, runs are here, right? Uh mixed |
|
| 50:31 | with tumbles. So the tumbles are the points, right? And so |
|
| 50:36 | kind of just spinning in place. so tumbles and then the straight lines |
|
| 50:43 | runs. So you have a mixture the two, OK? Mixture of |
|
| 50:47 | two. And so think of obviously, bacteria don't have a |
|
| 50:52 | but just kind of thinking in terms logic here. Um If there's, |
|
| 50:56 | a, if there's a lot of going on, basically, it, |
|
| 51:00 | tumbled, it kind of randomly shoots in a certain direction. OK. |
|
| 51:05 | so the idea is OK, maybe very randomly going in different directions it |
|
| 51:11 | encounter and attract them. OK? then if it does, then you |
|
| 51:16 | a more purposeful movement, right? like this. OK? Like |
|
| 51:23 | you'll still see the occasional um but obviously much less than you did |
|
| 51:31 | the left. OK? Because it's attraction and the more it encounters, |
|
| 51:37 | less tumbling, the more runs it because it's going toward increasing amount of |
|
| 51:44 | . OK. So you can see it's, it's uh like I, |
|
| 51:47 | guess I'll call that bluish green So it's a lighter bluish green |
|
| 51:52 | more intense here because it's a gradient . So it's heading toward that high |
|
| 51:58 | of the tractor, right? More . Ok. Um And does that |
|
| 52:05 | sense? Ok. Oh OK. questions about it? All right. |
|
| 52:12 | . So again, it's all influenced attractive, right? And going to |
|
| 52:17 | and the the proportion of counterclockwise or wise rotations? OK. Um |
|
| 52:26 | So here's our after, so we this before. Let's let me open |
|
| 52:31 | . Let's see. Yeah. Refer to my photo here. Mhm. |
|
| 52:55 | . No. Ok. The false false answer. Yeah. Right. |
|
| 53:23 | of ok. Count down from 54 . Ok. Ok. And let's |
|
| 53:41 | . 00, look at that went 67 0 87 to 2 45. |
|
| 53:51 | . Uh 2 40 E is the answer? Ok. So these are |
|
| 53:58 | not oh, compass, compass, ? Magnetic north going downwards. |
|
| 54:11 | Um All right. Let's see. , we, I think we have |
|
| 54:14 | one here. We didn't get to this last time. Uh So let's |
|
| 54:21 | this now. Ok, let me that. Ok. So we talked |
|
| 54:26 | these, some of these today, of these last time and we'll |
|
| 54:36 | Ok. Indoor voice. Ok. go through. Yeah. Oh, |
|
| 55:15 | ? Hm. Right. Ok. not, it's not f it's not |
|
| 55:33 | as in Frank. I can't, thank you for seeing the word. |
|
| 55:41 | . Ok, here we go. could think of that far but I |
|
| 55:48 | wanna say that one. Ok. G OK. So um so the |
|
| 55:58 | false answers are um B correct. false. And that b what's the |
|
| 56:12 | false one? E Yeah. So um that doesn't make sense because |
|
| 56:19 | nucleoid is not a organ, It's just a location, right? |
|
| 56:25 | , transcription translation um it's just, think of it as an organelle. |
|
| 56:34 | right. It's not a membrane bound . OK. Um OK. So |
|
| 56:43 | concludes chapter three. OK. So we go into four, it |
|
| 56:49 | you know, it's based on the we learned previously uh for the most |
|
| 56:56 | , right, a very large at least, right? Uh |
|
| 56:59 | right? So all that aerobic restoration you learn and fermentation and um et |
|
| 57:09 | . OK. Uh obviously fits here application for all that, right? |
|
| 57:14 | if we're going from, you keeping it basic here, one cell |
|
| 57:21 | lots of cells, OK? Um requires lots of energy, right? |
|
| 57:28 | so you need to supply that energy the form of different, the different |
|
| 57:33 | that make up your molecules, And so we already know that the |
|
| 57:41 | of metabolisms, procaryotes have, lit hydrogen atrophy and et cetera, |
|
| 57:48 | ? Aerobic aerobic respiration, fermentation. lots of different ways to grow |
|
| 57:52 | OK. And so the one thing remember is we can grow, of |
|
| 57:59 | , in the lab, fix them the lab and grow them in pure |
|
| 58:04 | and grow them to excess. Super huge numbers, right? Nothing |
|
| 58:10 | would ever occur in nature, It could occur in nature here and |
|
| 58:15 | , right, we talked about right? There's an example of where |
|
| 58:18 | can get a blow up in right? But all those things are |
|
| 58:22 | finite, only happen for a short of time before it reverts back to |
|
| 58:26 | of stabilizing and then everybody's kind of and you know, we're back to |
|
| 58:31 | and you know, growth is held check in many cases. OK? |
|
| 58:35 | nutrients are limiting out there in the , right? And so um in |
|
| 58:40 | , of course, you don't have restriction, right? You can control |
|
| 58:43 | and you can get super huge OK. So, um anybody, |
|
| 58:49 | , I know who here is um Jesus, what's it? The bio |
|
| 58:58 | biotech, biotechnology majors? Who's the ? OK. So you folks, |
|
| 59:04 | ? This is right in your right? Because you guys work with |
|
| 59:07 | reactors yet anybody or being supposed to , you'll be doing that. |
|
| 59:13 | you have, and you've grow, growing cells at the out the wazoo |
|
| 59:19 | of cells. Yeah. OK. liter. OK. Uh All the |
|
| 59:25 | controlled. OK. All right. , you get lots of growth in |
|
| 59:32 | , right? Yeah. Yeah. , um, so, you |
|
| 59:37 | that's, if you're biotech, you , one of the things you may |
|
| 59:39 | doing, I think you have probably bioinformatics as well. That's one way |
|
| 59:42 | can go, right? If you're bioinformatics, you'll be on the other |
|
| 59:46 | . So you'll be growing stuff and doing these kinds of things. So |
|
| 59:51 | so Cho nps, right? That's um those are the main elements that |
|
| 59:58 | up your molecules, right? All living thing, right? DNA RN |
|
| 60:02 | protein fats, carbs, right? obviously you want something to grow, |
|
| 60:08 | gotta supply that, right? So look at this question here. |
|
| 60:13 | This will be a, I predict correct. OK. I never get |
|
| 60:23 | bang it. OK. So for bacteria increasingly, well, not just |
|
| 60:37 | , you can actually be anything but most increasing amount of this will lead |
|
| 60:43 | an increase in yield. What would typically be? OK. OK. |
|
| 61:00 | , forget the, don't pay attention that. All right. Well, |
|
| 61:07 | answering the question. OK. The is about what nutrient would this likely |
|
| 61:12 | right? So respond to that. respond to the that. OK. |
|
| 61:17 | right. Let's count down for OK. OK. Yeah. |
|
| 61:34 | OK. So it is going to carbon carbon. OK? Because if |
|
| 61:43 | had the, because we're this, right, we are, this is |
|
| 61:52 | our molecules are made of, They're made of this framework of |
|
| 61:58 | then we add different elements to right? You can add nitrogen and |
|
| 62:03 | to it. You can make, things to make proteins and other elements |
|
| 62:06 | make and make opaque acids, It all begins with that, |
|
| 62:12 | That's how we call ourselves so called on this earth is carbon based life |
|
| 62:18 | , right? Because our molecules are that base structure that we then add |
|
| 62:22 | things to, to make the various . Ok. So by far you |
|
| 62:28 | to increase cell yield in your little dump in more carbon. Ok. |
|
| 62:36 | um you know, so carbon nitrogen is somewhat a distant distant |
|
| 62:43 | right? First carbon, then it takes a while pretty wild to |
|
| 62:49 | become nitrogen limited. You can you become carbon carbon limited way before |
|
| 62:55 | become nitrogen which um then after that can put sulfur phosphorus, iron, |
|
| 63:02 | sulfur in lower amounts is, of , is needed for a couple of |
|
| 63:06 | acids you use. But um certainly one, right? Nitrogen, more |
|
| 63:12 | more distant too. Ok. um essential nutrients. Well, those |
|
| 63:18 | things you can't make. All So you gotta supply them, |
|
| 63:21 | If you're growing up bacteria or whatever you need to supply things like |
|
| 63:26 | and, and nitrogen phosphorus and so . Ok? Um What's not an |
|
| 63:32 | nutrient? Something that, you for certain types, right? They |
|
| 63:37 | in their metabolism, right? Maybe deficient in a pathway and they can't |
|
| 63:43 | an amino acid you have to supply to, right? So, but |
|
| 63:47 | not the case for everything in the , right? It's only for certain |
|
| 63:50 | that can't do that. So, them, you may say it's |
|
| 63:53 | but for others it's not because they make it on their own. |
|
| 63:57 | But certainly your core, your core , carbon nitrogen. These things are |
|
| 64:02 | nutrients. You have to, you to supply them, right? You |
|
| 64:04 | to do that. OK? The micro nutrient difference just amounts, |
|
| 64:11 | So typically carbon nitrogen. So for add in, I call macro nutrients |
|
| 64:21 | grams per liter. OK? I micro, I call micro like |
|
| 64:31 | even Pegram per liter. So small quantity. OK? Um That's generally |
|
| 64:36 | minerals like phosphorus, maybe not phosphorous things like manganese cobalt, these kind |
|
| 64:44 | elements. Um So uh OK, talked about that. So I |
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| 64:51 | you know, in the context of trophy, right? The form. |
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| 64:55 | it's not only you gotta supply cho S and other things, what's the |
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| 65:01 | ? What is the form of them supplying? OK. If you're not |
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| 65:06 | actual c you're adding in a right? Is it co2 Autotroph? |
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| 65:11 | it something more complex? Glucose, , et cetera? Right. So |
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| 65:17 | your hetero trope. So just keep in mind. Um and even the |
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| 65:21 | of nitrogen may matter, right? not as picky, but there are |
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| 65:25 | types that can't use ammonia for So the point is, you |
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| 65:30 | supplying the proper form, OK? And I think we, we know |
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| 65:34 | these things are for, right? know, nitrogen fake acids. Um |
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| 65:39 | , obviously and so forth. So I'm on the cat irons, I'd |
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| 65:45 | iron is probably gonna be the, those types, the bigger, probably |
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| 65:50 | most uh upper end in terms of of the, of those minerals I |
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| 65:56 | them is iron. OK? There a lot of, a lot of |
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| 65:59 | redox proteins and things, OK? micronutrients. So again, these are |
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| 66:06 | in tiny mouths. And to be , you, you add, you |
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| 66:11 | these types specifically to your medium, ? But the micronutrients, you really |
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| 66:20 | because these can be um a just trace contaminants in the water that |
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| 66:25 | use, right? So for any water is what you're suspending it in |
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| 66:30 | it's solid medium or liquid water is base, right? And so the |
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| 66:35 | itself will contain trace amounts of these , they typically from the pipes and |
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| 66:40 | . So you don't typically add, these things uh unless you're doing some |
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| 66:45 | of a growth study that determining, know what levels of these doesn't |
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| 66:49 | but normally you don't, you don't those, you're just, you're just |
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| 66:51 | the water, trace elements. Um Another one you, you sometimes |
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| 66:56 | is w anybody remember what W is the periodic chart? Huston, |
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| 67:04 | So that, that's uh some, of these are like co factors in |
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| 67:09 | and different types. OK? Um . So the growth factors. So |
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| 67:16 | , these are things you add in to your cho NPS. Ok. |
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| 67:25 | Like very often like vitamins amino um things that typically may be deficient |
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| 67:33 | the type you're growing that they can't it. You gotta supply it. |
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| 67:36 | blood and serum are often constituents for for um pathogens. You're cultivating |
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| 67:46 | oftentimes, blood and serum are You don't necessarily know what's in the |
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| 67:50 | because blood and serum contain a lot stuff. Ok? And so, |
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| 67:54 | know, just by adding it, helps grow it right? But you |
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| 67:57 | go to the trouble of trying to out what's the constituent in the |
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| 68:00 | You just know it works. So so you just use that, you |
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| 68:03 | add it in, in uh very if it's a pathogen, you're you're |
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| 68:07 | to grow. Um So these terms , proto or photo oxy, excuse |
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| 68:13 | . So think of the proto in species you have like a protropin strain |
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| 68:20 | like the representative of that group. has all the features you know |
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| 68:24 | of that group. Ok. you may have variations, variants of |
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| 68:30 | that lack this or that or may this or that. But um the |
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| 68:35 | trope is one that is lacking, has a mutation. Typically, it |
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| 68:40 | very often their amino acid pathway is up and they can't make the amino |
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| 68:46 | . So you have to add it them. So an Oxytrol and very |
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| 68:50 | it's in this kind of context, say oh a histadine Oxytrol, a |
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| 68:56 | Oxytrol because it can't make that particular acid. So if you're gonna grow |
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| 69:01 | right, you need to supply that acid, right? For, for |
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| 69:07 | it's deficient in. Got um any , any questions? Yeah. |
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| 69:18 | So pro from II I to me synonymous with each other. So while |
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| 69:23 | is kind of the representative strain of group that has the features that represent |
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| 69:27 | group. And so if, if have variations of the strain that are |
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| 69:31 | deficient in certain pathways, then we that an Oxytrol. It's not the |
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| 69:37 | type because it's lacking in some You got it really, that's a |
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| 69:43 | cough point folks. So we'll see next week. Have a good |
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| 69:51 | Happy be October be October when you |
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