| 00:01 | Yeah, yeah. What's that? , your season is over. |
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| 00:29 | folks, welcome hope he had somewhat a break. Not everybody was studying |
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| 00:35 | of him to last week. I'm glad you can't have your head |
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| 00:43 | the books all the time. Um , so Today we're getting beginning at |
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| 00:54 | last, I guess about 2.5 Really. So, um and so |
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| 01:04 | , When I cut out of the schedule, basically week 13 takes us |
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| 01:08 | the 30s am But we're already starting four in that period. And then |
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| 01:14 | week 14 and 15 is the So we're rapidly coming to a close |
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| 01:20 | . So, um, let's So obviously, you know, exam |
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| 01:27 | the end of the week this um let's see. Weekly quiz. |
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| 01:32 | we're back on the weekly quizzes. I have one of those this week |
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| 01:37 | sunday. No, smart work is . So, um uh the weekly |
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| 01:44 | will just cover um really is what talking about today. So it's uh |
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| 01:50 | 21 22 which is relatively short. mean by no means, is that |
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| 01:54 | entire entirety of either chapter and I'll you something like that in a |
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| 01:58 | So if there's a flipped class, which is the next thursday, I'll |
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| 02:08 | stuff up for that on this So I'll give you a week, |
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| 02:12 | week, a week before I'll have a video covering that material so you |
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| 02:18 | watch. Um let's see. So will be some overlap. So today |
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| 02:25 | kind of an extension of the metabolism we've been talking about in the |
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| 02:31 | More of ecology, I guess you'd microbial ecology. So you'll see some |
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| 02:36 | that we talked about before the election . Um So, Um uh so |
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| 02:44 | be some overlap. But the point , is that what we're talking about |
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| 02:48 | and ford is of course, for , three, not for game |
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| 02:52 | So, uh if you have obviously you have questions, last minute questions |
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| 02:58 | anything about the content, for you I'm available. So, certainly |
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| 03:06 | from officers. What have you can't officers? You can schedule another |
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| 03:11 | That's fine. So, uh if need resource, I'm here. |
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| 03:17 | Um what else? I think I got any questions arising. Okay. |
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| 03:26 | . So let's so what we want bring the show was um this so |
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| 03:34 | pay attention to to to they don't into areas that we're not talking |
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| 03:39 | Right? So, in this in talk today, But 21, |
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| 03:47 | So it's just pages, right? pages of the fifth edition. |
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| 03:53 | So only one section of 21.6. and even that she was like half |
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| 03:58 | the section, if that much. , And then only two sections of |
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| 04:02 | 22. So, the point is stick to what this is telling. |
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| 04:06 | don't read the entire chapters of both two things. Right? Um So |
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| 04:11 | gonna cover here is um uh kind prospects. So, what's what treatment |
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| 04:20 | of the basics of how that Right. Um We all have where |
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| 04:26 | live Uh you probably won't see They're kind of hidden behind 12 fence |
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| 04:30 | typically uh are your municipal wastewater treatment which are in nearby all of our |
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| 04:38 | we live in. And uh I'm sure it's located on campus though they |
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| 04:42 | something nearby. Uh How about how works? Kind of the basics of |
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| 04:47 | that works? And then the other of this is um um um National |
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| 04:54 | importance of that. The uh what be some downfalls pitfalls of having access |
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| 05:04 | nitrogen and phosphorus in the environment. obviously all these processes particularly with treatment |
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| 05:12 | natural cycle heavily microbial cycle, bacteria and others as well see. Okay |
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| 05:23 | um so let's look at uh the cycle which is kind of in the |
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| 05:29 | of hydro hydrological cycle. The water . And I think we're all we're |
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| 05:34 | aware of this um mater rainfall uh over ground through the ground by gravity |
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| 05:45 | course collection streams and rivers and Um Then of course evaporation bring into |
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| 05:52 | atmosphere and rainfall brings it back So that cycle continues. Right? |
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| 05:56 | all know about that. So are want to focus on is as the |
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| 06:01 | travels through the court's gonna pick you know what's in the soil and |
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| 06:06 | and acquire systems and and and that's they of course contribute to the organic |
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| 06:12 | . Right? So there's this term B. O. D. |
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| 06:16 | Biochemical oxygen demand. So that that to the matter of organic material that's |
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| 06:23 | . Okay. And so as water these things up um for example uh |
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| 06:33 | right that represents a monarch of water the treatment system that's carrying all this |
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| 06:43 | right? And in order to provide drinking water right we gotta get rid |
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| 06:48 | that. And you want to drink water that's full of B. |
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| 06:51 | D. Okay you want to be clear water. So um so of |
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| 06:58 | microbes that do that work of and what we're talking about. And chewing |
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| 07:04 | is what we've already been talking about , forgetting to write their respiration as |
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| 07:10 | matter of explanation as well. And get some fermentation to it's always process |
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| 07:16 | doing the right things we've already talked now. We're just looking at it |
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| 07:20 | kind of a this is an ecological so to speak. Okay so um |
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| 07:31 | that can occur is if you have lot of money coming into the |
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| 07:36 | Well he wrote the restoration right? what we'll chew it up. And |
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| 07:42 | restoration means you're using often write a of D. O. D. |
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| 07:46 | into an environment but carol there will up their preparation and the process removes |
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| 07:53 | from the system and that's where the occur. Problems to other life |
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| 07:58 | Right higher order life forms, fish cetera in aquatic systems. So let's |
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| 08:05 | look at D. O. O. K. So modern can |
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| 08:11 | shifted so you can see the Okay? So B. And |
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| 08:15 | Measurements. So these are done. Certainly wastewater treatment systems of operations. |
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| 08:22 | this all the time. Okay. monitor their system. They want to |
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| 08:27 | , okay, here's what's coming into treatment system. Okay. And we |
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| 08:31 | through the different stages of processing it then it comes out at some |
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| 08:36 | Okay. So at different points you're want to check well how good does |
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| 08:40 | work? Is the B. D. Their gang material being chewed |
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| 08:44 | ? Okay. Facility examples. And measure, right? And the measurement |
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| 08:48 | what's called. Right. And um looking at this analysis of four samples |
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| 08:57 | the bot analysis what sample had? lowest B. O. D. |
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| 09:03 | . So you're probably guessing by the on here, right? You're measuring |
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| 09:11 | fast oxygen is going away. And standard. Okay. It's going away |
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| 09:17 | it's microbial activity. Right? And a fast rate versus a plateau or |
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| 09:26 | nobody. Okay. It's indicating Yeah. So um let's see what |
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| 09:35 | got here first. My little So um mm hmm. Okay. |
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| 10:05 | . So the sample with the lowest . O. V. S mm |
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| 10:10 | . Yeah, it's deep. D. Lowest D. O. |
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| 10:14 | . O. K. So PNG to the, so we got 100 |
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| 10:24 | sugar example. And I have one of sugar. I mean the rate |
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| 10:29 | is going to be some sort of is going to be very fast. |
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| 10:33 | know when you have a lot of is what's going down very quickly. |
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| 10:36 | A has the highest level organic Be the Knight C. And then |
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| 10:43 | nothing there. Okay because there's nothing then there's nothing no option to consume |
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| 10:49 | low levels of material. Okay so bot equates to a lot of auction |
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| 10:56 | consumed because it's anaerobic. I mean respiration that's going on. Okay. |
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| 11:02 | so the and so the way you this in the lab as you see |
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| 11:09 | with this person with a number of lot of samples up in the upper |
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| 11:13 | quadrant. There there's this probe. there we go. Right here. |
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| 11:22 | actually sitting in the jar. So part of the post immersed in the |
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| 11:26 | here and of auction probe measured amount dissolved often in the system. Okay |
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| 11:32 | so you're looking to see is that going down? How fast is it |
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| 11:37 | down? And that correlates to the of organic material presence? Okay. |
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| 11:41 | can have more fancier systems that will can measure it may be continuously. |
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| 11:49 | water is continuously coming in. And um you have a deal probe |
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| 11:54 | and there's a measure that continuously. . Instead of taking samples like this |
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| 11:59 | bring them into the lab and measuring different times. You can do it |
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| 12:03 | in china. Um All of course controlled. Okay now um and again |
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| 12:10 | is this is what they do at local municipal water system. Um And |
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| 12:18 | let's see. Here we go. value. Okay. What what is |
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| 12:23 | when we're talking about these values of put that in the context? |
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| 12:29 | So water going into a like suits raw suit. Okay. That's gonna |
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| 12:35 | a blog of 600 is actually a salty water. Okay, so when |
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| 12:44 | saturated it's about eight mg per your . Okay. So you can see |
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| 12:50 | a lot of organic presence. And it gets acted upon that option |
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| 12:58 | have to fall very much as a of that bacterial activity to lower this |
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| 13:04 | when this gets to be around maybe five or 4 then that's the dangerous |
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| 13:10 | . Right? So danger to, know, these larger aquatics organ |
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| 13:15 | Right. And these kind of That's when it becomes a danger to |
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| 13:19 | when the levels get down that. um and we've seen one this has |
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| 13:29 | to have been massive fish kills and streams and things like that. |
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| 13:34 | And we'll talk about that in a . So um so for example |
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| 13:39 | so the Mississippi river. Okay. a humongous river that spans uh from |
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| 13:47 | to south. Okay. In the of the country. Um All along |
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| 13:52 | is going through obviously not just urban , but certainly lots of agricultural areas |
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| 13:58 | the outside. Right. And uh things are put into the river. |
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| 14:05 | you don't know what you're on though people flush different types of pollutants and |
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| 14:09 | are waste. Um in some cases agricultural areas, the presence of |
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| 14:15 | right, excess fertilizer usage, rating runoff and constantly coming into the water |
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| 14:20 | well. And of course fertilizers and phosphorus or engine nutrients, they're typically |
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| 14:26 | in the environment. So when you an influx of these things that can |
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| 14:31 | microbes to grow right very quickly, can lead to bad effects in the |
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| 14:37 | . Okay, so oil school for is obviously because obviously high. |
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| 14:46 | And so that's a that's a carbon . Right? So that's the end |
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| 14:49 | the reference neighborhood restoration can utilize that Zones along the coast, this is |
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| 14:57 | the horizon oil spill. Uh several ago 2010 um that creates these areas |
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| 15:05 | very low option, what they called areas. Okay. And these are |
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| 15:11 | that are very devoid of life for awesome levels are so low. Um |
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| 15:19 | again this influx of these nutrients coming right here uh by accident or through |
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| 15:29 | from agricultural areas. These kind of accumulate causing these bursts of growth of |
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| 15:35 | and create these effects. Okay, uh so this comes kind of comes |
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| 15:42 | the next topic here which is hand hand with what we just talked |
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| 15:45 | So see if you can figure this out. So eutrophication is this process |
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| 15:54 | of how old influx of nutrients can to X, Y and Z. |
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| 16:02 | that ultimately are detrimental impact. um let's see how you do |
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| 16:10 | They're not sure it's fine. We're explain it in the next couple of |
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| 16:28 | . I'm sure you've heard of Um bursts of allergy occur in the |
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| 16:38 | of Mexico that have these toxins and fish that way. But also the |
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| 16:45 | of this kind of process. Mm . Hey, winding down. |
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| 17:26 | All right. Mm. Okay. if you did answer. D as |
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| 17:36 | dog, that is correct. So it actually results in a decreased |
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| 17:43 | content not increased initially. There is increase in the content of photosynthetic types |
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| 17:50 | decrease. Um eventually the eutrophication process leads to death of algae and |
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| 18:00 | Okay. But it doesn't it's not process that kills them off. They |
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| 18:03 | burst in in in in terms of initially. Okay, but the end |
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| 18:09 | is d okay, as we're gonna through right now. Okay, so |
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| 18:14 | really is of, as I Mississippi river flowing through these agricultural areas |
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| 18:20 | can be yeah, any any bible adjoining a land is used for growing |
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| 18:29 | or cattle headed that for that Okay, run a rainfall creates runoff |
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| 18:38 | the material to go into nearby Rivers will have you. And that |
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| 18:43 | that represents of course an influx of phosphorus. Okay. And that's fairly |
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| 18:51 | in ecosystems. And so when there's influx then, you know, normally |
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| 18:57 | the balance, like all the organisms are in that environment, microbes and |
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| 19:02 | . Now you can add this excessive , but there's certain ones that can |
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| 19:07 | that great equipment. Right? And it's posted. Right. And so |
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| 19:15 | and that typically is um your there's a fix him too. All |
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| 19:23 | . Have somebody, Well, you that from the phosphorus excess of |
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| 19:30 | They call them blues for that. they grow rapidly and the large quantities |
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| 19:38 | a map of growth on top of water. And then of course that |
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| 19:47 | dense growth cannot be sustained once they've up the excess nitrogen phosphorus, then |
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| 19:54 | no more available. Right? And can't sustain that matter of growth |
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| 19:58 | Right. So they're gonna die. ? And so they will fall to |
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| 20:04 | bottom. Okay. And now here where you get this down the way |
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| 20:10 | is where the bacteria did it. . So in the sediments certainly lots |
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| 20:14 | bacteria and others and that's a food for them. Right to your head |
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| 20:19 | now attack the humongous food source for . Um because the eligible lights, |
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| 20:26 | nine so they can store uh they're interiors right. So now it's available |
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| 20:34 | uh of course and aerobic respiration. . Will remove water. I'm |
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| 20:40 | oxygen from the water. Okay, we're not talking about that. I |
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| 20:45 | remember when I said the removal of . It's not like it's going to |
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| 20:50 | , right? You know, the oxygen in the water. And we |
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| 20:54 | to drop to maybe like four. right. But it can get lower |
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| 21:01 | on how much I think the bloom and falls down. But you got |
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| 21:07 | go to zero. You can get effects and you get 4543, then |
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| 21:13 | then fish are gonna be stressed and dying that Okay. Um And |
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| 21:19 | so there's been um completing the in Northeast, there have been instances were |
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| 21:26 | the combination of of of influx of like this ward and addition of organic |
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| 21:33 | , uh factories on on these uh , extremes pumping pollutants in the |
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| 21:39 | which organic material that leads to the similar effect. Okay. And fish |
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| 21:45 | w All right, So it's it's an issue at times. Um But |
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| 21:52 | , all driven by, you aerobic respiration. Microbes sucking using auction |
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| 21:57 | they metabolize. Okay. Um So questions about this. Okay. All |
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| 22:05 | . So, you know, it's the stuff we've been talking about. |
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| 22:08 | just kind of not in a in pliant way we're talking about it |
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| 22:13 | in in in a ecosystem ecological Okay. Um So you mentioned earlier |
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| 22:21 | municipal wastewater treatment systems and this would a typical size. You see uh |
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| 22:29 | serve about Houston these are your, may have heard your parents talk about |
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| 22:36 | taxes. That's municipal utility district that's the operation of these things. Um |
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| 22:44 | they simply services probably 150 200 Holmes difficult in fact. Um And so |
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| 22:54 | treatment systems for the purpose of producing is one of the ones with one |
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| 23:01 | but there's many many next actually plants the country but also have their own |
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| 23:10 | treatment system because they released sort of and things as part of the |
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| 23:16 | And you can't just dump those into stream. Right? They have to |
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| 23:21 | lower in terms of content of O. D. And and depending |
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| 23:26 | what the releasing we have to bring down to a certain level to make |
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| 23:31 | leads into the water. So they'll discharge the material into a similar |
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| 23:38 | Okay, markers can bring it down the in the water. And so |
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| 23:45 | he's always very um Georgia pacific that you're on your paper products, couple |
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| 23:52 | and printer paper etcetera. It's I don't know it because I used |
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| 23:59 | be one of the come back to for one of the half the business |
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| 24:03 | this kind of wastewater treatment. And one of the things about this part |
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| 24:08 | treating systems is they can get Okay because this far certain chemicals that |
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| 24:15 | or unknowingly the company goes, this is a little too toxic do |
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| 24:18 | kill the microbes in my system, not gonna recover. Right? And |
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| 24:22 | where the company my company. so um the point is, is |
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| 24:33 | not only is it, but be to you oftentimes companies that water treatment |
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| 24:42 | that use these, I actually dig um these man made lagoons and it's |
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| 24:47 | there where they'll do the treatment Okay. Much economically, much cheaper |
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| 24:52 | than to build one of these big and have a treatment system in |
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| 24:57 | Anyway. Okay, so obviously this is again is occurs to the action |
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| 25:04 | microbes. Right? The these kind things we've been talking about. |
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| 25:10 | So the typical treatment system. Um honestly, the bottom line here |
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| 25:18 | hi going in. Okay, you to knock that down to nearly |
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| 25:25 | Right. Obviously. Lord and I that. I never learned for drinking |
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| 25:29 | and had to be near here. And so that's one. So |
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| 25:37 | the the very important parameter is you sedimentation to occur, right? You |
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| 25:45 | like a brownish looking that would come , You can't even see what something |
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| 25:51 | . Okay, but at the end the clear. Okay, so you |
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| 25:55 | that stuff to settle out. so you want to break it down |
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| 25:58 | then you wanted to also. so you have a clear effluent is |
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| 26:04 | . And so segmentation settling of they are very important to the |
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| 26:12 | Um And yes micro is gonna break stuff down. That's what you want |
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| 26:18 | happen. Right? Remember not only raw organic material in the system has |
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| 26:25 | broken down with the O. Okay. Remember the cells themselves |
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| 26:31 | represents blog as well. Okay everybody this in this room for example to |
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| 26:37 | considered bot collectively all our bodies RB RB lb of this room one |
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| 26:45 | so that it sells themselves. So you don't sells microbes are punching |
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| 26:49 | stuff down right and digesting it. want to sell themselves to actually settle |
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| 26:55 | as well because you need more clear water. So as you go through |
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| 27:02 | you see this right? So be Lord, that's your microbial capitalist |
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| 27:08 | But then instead of the table, everything out. And so um and |
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| 27:14 | it begins with of course you can't what comes into a sewer treatment |
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| 27:19 | Okay, wastewater treatment plant um and begin with what's called um extraordinary treatment |
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| 27:26 | is basically a big big grates almost that will trap large particles and by |
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| 27:36 | I mean you can have car tires into this thing, right? You |
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| 27:40 | have a dead animal carcass coming into thing. Okay so these tracks is |
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| 27:44 | of big objects right? Then of you go down to smaller uh in |
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| 27:50 | primary treatment the smaller screens to keep more insightful particles. Right? And |
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| 27:57 | you get to the secondary people and where the microbes are doing their |
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| 28:04 | Okay So you see here I have views treatment plant. Sure, so |
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| 28:13 | the very large kind of screens with they call it good stuff. Then |
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| 28:20 | screens to trap more inside of smaller particles. And finally here is where |
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| 28:25 | action occurs. Okay. And so up here is called activated sludge. |
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| 28:31 | of that as the the broth culture my culture. That's you're activated |
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| 28:39 | Okay, active because actually metabolizing metabolizing down the blog. Okay um so |
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| 28:52 | so Churchill treatment. So once it out so then in the secondary treatment |
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| 28:56 | when you're having the microbe. Okay then that clarified we're going to tertiary |
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| 29:05 | which can evolve. Okay. Um some cases they use UV light as |
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| 29:15 | , it's a fact track. Um so that may go to become uh |
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| 29:21 | the water or if it's not a are you planning on another part of |
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| 29:25 | treatment plant, they can just discharged the water and there have been sufficiently |
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| 29:31 | down. Appropriate labs check. Um see. Okay so of course the |
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| 29:39 | wastewater treatment are for water uh coronations certainly pageants and things like as |
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| 29:48 | So let's take another view of this . Okay so you get high baby |
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| 29:55 | in here's your big screens and they're screens and tight um and then activated |
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| 30:02 | So this material against recycling set right? Um as it doesn't stay |
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| 30:09 | out, it can interview over continuous, of course operation right? |
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| 30:17 | be used over notice it's the actually again is the is the active |
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| 30:23 | You will think that way. In the microbes that are doing doing their |
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| 30:27 | . Okay. You also get some that will settle out as well. |
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| 30:34 | . That aren't microbes that ourselves, is inside of the material here. |
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| 30:41 | so uh so a ratio is gonna a big thing. Okay, we |
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| 30:47 | to go back. Uh you can't it yet here. Alright, so |
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| 30:52 | see this thing right here, You can actually walk on it if |
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| 30:55 | wanted to. But underneath here, a big paddle blade if you |
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| 31:03 | or a propeller almost, and it move. There's a motor here that |
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| 31:08 | move it in a circular fashion. not fast, but yeah, we'll |
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| 31:13 | the great, but what does increase after mixing mixes air. Alright, |
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| 31:21 | that's very, of course, So, we're trying to do |
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| 31:26 | just blade will move. It's really whole uh, the tank here. |
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| 31:33 | , great courtesans. Mixing, That's what the operation. It's all |
|
| 31:38 | . Okay, so you see Yes, it's oration. Right? |
|
| 31:44 | yeah, really extend. Um there's ways. It's done, but typically |
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| 31:49 | is through, you can use but pattern that's rotating in the |
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| 31:57 | the next and the next era. the most high in the world. |
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| 32:03 | . And so as much as before infection can involved for me certainly mary |
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| 32:08 | I also put UV light. Okay could have so now certainly the bacteria |
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| 32:20 | are the ones intended use that are the lowering of you. Yeah but |
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| 32:28 | is an ecosystem unto itself inside the not just about different types of bacteria |
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| 32:35 | also protozoa was a very important as so all of them. So we |
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| 32:41 | to do you see an optimal Sure Pro zones bacteria and particularly of |
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| 32:49 | we call Filomena bacteria. Okay so goal is just remember obviously but since |
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| 32:59 | selling stuff out okay so what you to do is to promote relatively flowed |
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| 33:06 | the bacteria right? That will create network of fires films right? That |
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| 33:14 | promote the selling right? The so bacteria called trucks aren't they feed on |
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| 33:21 | organic material fact. And um also the healthy healthy system you'll see different |
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| 33:31 | these protocols affiliated pro zones stopped which they were fixed in position by the |
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| 33:37 | so big what they call a stock uh amoeba turner as well and serious |
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| 33:44 | tactic angel seeing this water treatment plant in fact pro zone And those who |
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| 33:50 | done this for a long time can can look at a sample and they |
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| 33:56 | determine the kind of the age of uh of the system where it's at |
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| 34:02 | health of the system? By looking one of the microbes spread that don't |
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| 34:07 | these types of Brazilian types. Uh know healthy system has you know lots |
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| 34:13 | the stock civilians. Um You'll see of these water bears, they call |
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| 34:19 | here. Um crawling that indicates a system Cause of course lots of |
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| 34:28 | Right? So all that together um a healthy system that's turning out and |
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| 34:37 | that. So so this question to why the proposals. What's their importance |
|
| 34:44 | ? Okay. So what's going Right. So you want to |
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| 34:49 | So these are what we call L. O. C. |
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| 34:53 | So a healthy flock. And so write that here. So flocks are |
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| 35:03 | collections of filaments like this? You these these are either filament bacterial |
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| 35:08 | Okay many of them form these things . Like PHP. Write these kind |
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| 35:13 | stars. Stars and PHP. Powers this can get excreted as well. |
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| 35:19 | kind of served as like a speaker apple to bring these filaments together. |
|
| 35:26 | you have both these types of And you have what are called talking |
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| 35:33 | contact. You want to switch between So these are swimmers. Okay. |
|
| 35:39 | so look so um so what would been whispering treatment lack of cultural |
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| 35:45 | Okay um anybody have a guess educated otherwise? You didn't have microbial |
|
| 35:57 | Your cortisone is in there. Did get the second one? Why? |
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| 36:08 | that With the Task Force 1? didn't hear the last part of the |
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| 36:15 | . Right? So answer correctly. the this this may be perfectly. |
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| 36:22 | this is what you want to know these flocks. Right? The question |
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| 36:26 | of influence and uh this will set . Okay But these aren't necessarily said |
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| 36:34 | right? Remember all this here? they're they're lowering beauty. Right? |
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| 36:41 | the material they're chewing it and lowering the load. But remember these |
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| 36:47 | R. P. M. So these cells are now this this |
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| 36:52 | will set out like this filament. types that are start together we'll settle |
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| 36:57 | like that. Okay these do not chronic bacterial. Alright so this whole |
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| 37:05 | will eat them. Okay. And will help to remove that blog. |
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| 37:12 | ? And so as as as these out and the Eurozone's lower the levels |
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| 37:20 | tectonic bacteria right? As well because food source goes away. Remember is |
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| 37:29 | in. Right? So what happened this stuff out? Pro zones will |
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| 37:34 | the tectonic type. So collectively it's productivity goes deeper. Then this gets |
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| 37:41 | of the rest of you. You want to have your last drink. |
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| 37:45 | was drinking water. You have ahead time back here. So I mean |
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| 37:48 | obviously you're giving away. Alright so has helped to maintain. Okay that's |
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| 37:55 | it's all everybody working together here? . And so um again so flock |
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| 38:05 | formation is what promotes good settling. these filaments come together so much this |
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| 38:11 | of bacteria and the things they And of course this will also trap |
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| 38:16 | of these plank tonic types and pro too. So they're all kind of |
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| 38:20 | so well. Um And what's um are types of bacterial see? So |
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| 38:29 | our our momentous types here. Other here as well. Seriously, these |
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| 38:37 | flocks you're seeing here questions of fundamental . Uh some of the storage materials |
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| 38:42 | form as well as protozoa wins. usually partisans crawling here's one swimmer |
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| 38:49 | You'll see some stock city here, types crawling along bacterial filaments. So |
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| 38:57 | but that represents a healthy system. , now, don't don't worry about |
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| 39:03 | . I put this in there because of the tests they do in the |
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| 39:07 | plant is to take a sample just out of the clear fire. |
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| 39:12 | activated sludge In T. zero. then see how quickly the material |
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| 39:18 | So you see it as we go is clear, right? And the |
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| 39:24 | selling now? So you're trying to a house pathogen occurring to indicator of |
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| 39:29 | operates. Alright. If it doesn't for a long time, there's something |
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| 39:34 | wrong. Okay. One of the that can happen is um So you |
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| 39:41 | you have formation of blocks like Let's just go back to my crew |
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| 39:47 | here like this, but then it too much. You get too |
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| 39:53 | Then what happens is basically becomes like mat on top of the water and |
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| 39:58 | not what you get. You get performing through through uh metabolic activity. |
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| 40:05 | kind of traps everything you get like grungy phone that occurs on top because |
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| 40:12 | there's there's too much of this and don't really selling very well. So |
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| 40:15 | comes like this phony layer on top that's not good either because that doesn't |
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| 40:21 | good settling. So there's different things do. This is one of the |
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| 40:25 | that the companies like I work for , you can come in and put |
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| 40:28 | microbes in there, uh packets of storm and they're freeze dried and throw |
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| 40:34 | in there, you know or the pop them in. We may have |
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| 40:39 | they need to have nutrients attitude. another I guess all trying to promote |
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| 40:44 | growth but in a balanced way, of, you know what kind of |
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| 40:49 | for things. So it may be sometimes the systems are completely trashed because |
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| 40:57 | company released something that I've heard of and just really kill everything. |
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| 41:01 | So now we kind of started from to a degree and what you can |
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| 41:06 | is let me go back to this here. No. Okay. |
|
| 41:12 | So you can actually, if there's , you know these treatment classism aren't |
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| 41:19 | you? We have several. certainly subdivisions but also companies have their |
|
| 41:25 | and it's not unheard of to go a nearby treatment system. Say, |
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| 41:31 | , let me have some re activated , You go to the tanker truck |
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| 41:34 | something. But it and then they'll it into their system. It's |
|
| 41:38 | it's like, uh, you're not a protein based. So that |
|
| 41:41 | that's an option that can be done well. Take somebody's near my healthy |
|
| 41:45 | where there's no explosion. That's their going again. Right? So, |
|
| 41:51 | , anyway, this is way more what you know about treatment systems, |
|
| 41:55 | now you don't enjoy. Yeah. cases where you have overgrowth. Mm |
|
| 42:05 | . Um, what there's different, can also play with the engineering so |
|
| 42:12 | can control flow rates, right? maybe you pump it out a little |
|
| 42:15 | faster, you increase your flooring that kind of get those things aren't |
|
| 42:19 | It is with these types that can of get rid of them. So |
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| 42:24 | you kind of the way first because always a continuous flow 24/7. And |
|
| 42:30 | you can speed things up if you to get rid of maybe some of |
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| 42:33 | things you don't want. And then is certainly cover. So you may |
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| 42:36 | to do some traditional microbes or maybe tricks or something. But you |
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| 42:40 | you can also play with the non aspect as well, particularly. |
|
| 42:45 | yeah, yep. Um, so let's see. Okay, so |
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| 42:55 | Alright, so this now will segue um yeah, nitrogen nitrogen cycling. |
|
| 43:03 | here's a couple of questions that relate that. This one you've we've talked |
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| 43:10 | this before. Uh chapter 14. . Let's see if I remember this |
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| 43:29 | . Mm hmm, mm hmm. . Okay. Any stragglers jump |
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| 44:15 | Here we go. Okay. D the consensus. Let's look at the |
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| 44:22 | question then we'll come back to that . Okay, So this one um |
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| 44:33 | be in products of which processor Mhm Yeah. Alright, there we |
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| 45:22 | . To one. And okay. who answered E as an eagle? |
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| 45:35 | what are the two correct answers? . Oh, alright, fixation and |
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| 45:49 | modification. Those processes processes will produce as we'll see. Okay, |
|
| 45:56 | uh so of course we're talking about we mentioned a number of times, |
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| 46:00 | think already this semester, the nitrogen or triangle how your book says |
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| 46:05 | Um so remember uh has lots of states. Okay. I guess the |
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| 46:15 | of any of the major biological uh we deal with. Um which we |
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| 46:21 | know, right? Because we we looked into 14 rights at these |
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| 46:25 | and sulfur compounds in the context of um is it going to oxidized and |
|
| 46:33 | forms? Right, with the So things like uh at the top |
|
| 46:39 | . Right? That's what can be as a source of electrons by |
|
| 46:44 | write the electron transport system. That's a certain little folks can do |
|
| 46:48 | to any more. Um yeah. I'm sorry to send it back. |
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| 46:54 | the more reduced state is at the right? Mode most reduced state. |
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| 46:58 | stops by state to the most oxidized at the bottom. Right? So |
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| 47:04 | most oxidized or at least reduced. that serves as a trouble accepted after |
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| 47:12 | other. Not as a donor, as an accepted at the uh at |
|
| 47:17 | end of the electron transport system and respiration. Right. And so as |
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| 47:22 | see here in the diagram you've seen , it's continuum of ammonium and nitrite |
|
| 47:27 | nitrate. And then closed reduction. two in 2. Okay, so |
|
| 47:36 | To the notification dissimulation. This represents represent all three sides. The |
|
| 47:44 | there's one side, one side, then up here is the other |
|
| 47:51 | Right? So baby nitrogen back in the environment from the atmosphere. |
|
| 47:57 | So uh certainly so again, Broken record here about the importance of |
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| 48:04 | cycle is absolutely yes, we can about gentrification and access. Okay. |
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| 48:14 | it's actually that's their right. Forget the excess that correctly. The fertilization |
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| 48:19 | whatever. Okay. But actually that's becomes available is through this system. |
|
| 48:25 | information training. And so particularly the in terms of the metric fixation and |
|
| 48:34 | . Right. So these big nitrogen that others can use. Right. |
|
| 48:39 | remember that your your producers, Your plants, algae cyanobacteria RV bottom |
|
| 48:46 | within the ecosystem. Right. And most important because it's maybe they're the |
|
| 48:53 | for the other like other consumers. . And so you got to give |
|
| 49:01 | happy to keep the ecosystem happy. so availability of things like nitrogen phosphorus |
|
| 49:08 | these producers as okay. And so it's just my basically bacterial and cycle |
|
| 49:17 | that was gonna happen. Okay so so aside from we can call natural |
|
| 49:26 | fixation bacteria help you this the the way it's done is our question. |
|
| 49:34 | so the Haber Bosch process has been for a long time in 120 some |
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| 49:40 | . Um but it's what's used by , people that Monsanto et cetera. |
|
| 49:49 | nitrogen and hydrogen. This this requires of pressure um requires a catalyst metal |
|
| 49:58 | of some sort I think excessive So it occurs under you know, |
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| 50:04 | underachieved conditions right in the in the process industrial process but of course this |
|
| 50:10 | occurs not with the same story geometry it occurs also. And and the |
|
| 50:16 | this bacteria can do this. They do without the metal catalyst and |
|
| 50:22 | extreme temperatures impressions. So um now at the cycles we've seen before. |
|
| 50:32 | uh fixation of course is what brings measured from the answer into ecosystems that |
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| 50:38 | aquatic or terrestrial into forms that are . Okay, the biggest contribution. |
|
| 50:46 | national fixation is a feature of very very species of bacteria right? Negative |
|
| 50:56 | positive. Um uh widely different Photo photographs. So many photographs can |
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| 51:04 | as can many hair across. So spans a range of different types and |
|
| 51:10 | of bacteria. Okay. Which means it's the future that has likely passed |
|
| 51:17 | between bacteria through what we'll talk about week. Um horizontal gene transfer |
|
| 51:26 | It's transferred between between species. It's how it happened. Uh Many many |
|
| 51:32 | eons ago in fact. Um because house, can you explain that such |
|
| 51:38 | very good Iranian different material effects have proper right there. So totally unrelated |
|
| 51:45 | where this kind of method. Okay um and so also in this tribe |
|
| 51:54 | processes that are similar story and So some of these processes the measurement |
|
| 52:02 | used and part of my best to real acid is that correct? Others |
|
| 52:08 | just let go. Right and we the electrification is one of those. |
|
| 52:13 | so gentrification. Well let's just start . So Nigerian the atmosphere is fixed |
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| 52:20 | systems um creating ammonium mari maya. are oxidized by little tropes notifications produce |
|
| 52:30 | nitrates and oxides and nitrate. And there are two classes of nitro |
|
| 52:34 | Once I take it from ammonia to . Others take it from nitrite to |
|
| 52:40 | . And these are the most oxidized the least reduced forms. These serve |
|
| 52:48 | terminal except ear's right. So again is what thieves can feed electronic transport |
|
| 52:54 | . This is what will be at end of. Okay so that would |
|
| 52:57 | to different levels of notification find into obviously will then cause I'm not going |
|
| 53:04 | leave the system. So it's this . Okay um now a modification. |
|
| 53:12 | so this occurs um when organic sources protein rich sources of proteins continuing glasses |
|
| 53:22 | contained in the media group. And so these are broken down that |
|
| 53:26 | release moment. Alright. And that can can be discriminatory. Might just |
|
| 53:32 | like yeah I'm not used in some . It can be a simple story |
|
| 53:36 | it can go both ways. Okay the of course identification and release of |
|
| 53:46 | that also affect ph so the environment can have effects in the soil or |
|
| 53:51 | sources. Um The and this is an issue. Okay bring it back |
|
| 54:00 | practical things. Um anybody have a tank if your fish. Yeah. |
|
| 54:07 | of the things of course is Nice and big farm fish, fish |
|
| 54:13 | contains high levels election and um bacteria the water came in created some modification |
|
| 54:21 | changes in your. That would be of that. Um Okay so actually |
|
| 54:28 | into fixation. Right so this um a critical process because it's how I |
|
| 54:36 | in the area is brought into the . The uh so as I mentioned |
|
| 54:42 | of the types of bacteria can do . Okay there's also two categories of |
|
| 54:47 | one category that we call free living . Right? And it's actually just |
|
| 54:55 | of feed himself. Yeah. The that's more significant um is the symbiotic |
|
| 55:05 | fixation. Okay. These are intimate of particular bacteria with particular plants. |
|
| 55:11 | they work together bacterial supply election to plant. And they have a course |
|
| 55:18 | return provides house and interest to the that So the symbiotic relationship that um |
|
| 55:27 | the process itself, the key enzyme is nitrogenous. Okay. And so |
|
| 55:34 | is the process of converting into ammonia a very very charity expensive process. |
|
| 55:44 | . One of the reasons why I realizing a plan to help out with |
|
| 55:47 | of the energy okay. Needed for . So the other thing is it's |
|
| 55:52 | very oxygen sensitive. It's poisoned by . Right? So this nitrogenous activity |
|
| 56:00 | fix them too is compartmentalized typically. . And um as you mentioned a |
|
| 56:09 | range of bacteria can do this will um and the types are the ones |
|
| 56:13 | form these associated with planks. Very common is the unionist plants. |
|
| 56:18 | are like your soybean plants, peanut um and similar attacks. Okay alfalfa |
|
| 56:25 | think for the clothes make like those are also types that have these relationships |
|
| 56:32 | bacteria to fix an action. So to logical formations these compartments where this |
|
| 56:39 | . Okay. And what kind of you'll see these little knobby things on |
|
| 56:43 | roots which is where uh he's actually affected plants that can fix my |
|
| 56:51 | Right, cyanobacteria. Right from the The filament is types and stuff like |
|
| 56:59 | every like 10th or so cell will a cell that differentiates into what's |
|
| 57:06 | All right. So the ones in the circle look themselves or the compartments |
|
| 57:11 | national fixation occurs. That's the the cells cells in between your typical on |
|
| 57:17 | term meditator. You're vegetative types of doing the usual metallics. Okay. |
|
| 57:24 | so you can remember so photosynthesis um . Right. So these cells are |
|
| 57:31 | be the 1-4 to synthesize. And course by compartmentalizing into hypnosis that are |
|
| 57:36 | affected by option is taking over. . So this is a world of |
|
| 57:41 | nitrogen eastern apartments here. Yeah. Now. Okay, so again it's |
|
| 57:49 | intimate relationship its chemical signals between the that bring them together. Okay. |
|
| 57:57 | The and one of the things about that that have these associations, these |
|
| 58:03 | can often live in very ah nutrient soils. So plants have an advantage |
|
| 58:12 | I have the pleasure to have that . Even the parent class can be |
|
| 58:16 | in sandy and sandy kind of soil are very different core you can do |
|
| 58:20 | they have these they're only nice supply the speech correct? Um So here's |
|
| 58:27 | so it all begins with um So in the soil surrounding groups. |
|
| 58:35 | chemicals will be certainly between both plants bacteria And these are called Flavin The |
|
| 58:43 | . Okay these are attracting drawing back at two the root and root hairs |
|
| 58:51 | and different. Not so about the with the bacteria on the plant. |
|
| 58:58 | so promoting this root hair curling. very important that kind of helps trapped |
|
| 59:05 | here and allows them to infect, what's called an infection thread. Okay |
|
| 59:10 | it's beginning here and then expands as travels into the into the plant. |
|
| 59:19 | so it will set up a differentiator this backdrop for me. Okay, |
|
| 59:26 | back to the road is definitely just a differentiating point of the cell. |
|
| 59:31 | basically imagine fixing factor. Okay so and uh multiple of these will form |
|
| 59:42 | in in the plant itself. So becomes this structure's backyard structure. |
|
| 59:49 | Can come sooner the hard structure. . And but again it's it's a |
|
| 59:55 | for fixing into. Okay so we look at um kind of diagram cross |
|
| 60:02 | here in the back building. Okay it is responding number one. You |
|
| 60:11 | to respond. So it doesn't inspire this area to do the N. |
|
| 60:14 | fixation http did not serve 18 th so so you have to maintain |
|
| 60:22 | So but that the system was also Reparation or two is at the end |
|
| 60:31 | but then both to himself can inhibit interpretation react. So what you |
|
| 60:38 | Right? Well that's where this enzyme in here called. You never |
|
| 60:44 | Okay. And like we have invited . So that's what it does the |
|
| 60:51 | . So it's analogous to approaching So the planet kind of regulates the supply |
|
| 60:58 | oxygen enough to maintain respiration but not much that it can poison the into |
|
| 61:06 | process. Right? So you see person nitrogenous. Okay. And 16 |
|
| 61:12 | that's a lot of energy And So you have to maintain respiration. |
|
| 61:19 | got the angelus for for the process keep going. But and so the |
|
| 61:24 | of course that's that's produced that plants use that right to make uh you |
|
| 61:29 | , acids that then go to make . Right? So this obviously as |
|
| 61:35 | can see a association and currently But the is these types of associations |
|
| 61:44 | that fixed the bulk of into um so you actually the energy production two |
|
| 61:59 | in. Yeah. Um Okay. . Yeah. Um So biotic system |
|
| 62:09 | not after you. Um Good I think there are there are specific |
|
| 62:22 | products the plant has that it must been trying to have association with this |
|
| 62:30 | speech. So there is it's not the soul one way street. |
|
| 62:36 | Because it is a very specific association specific strains and specific plants strips. |
|
| 62:43 | because is produced by the plant. . Um and these chemo attractive were |
|
| 62:50 | by the plants and the web. there will be species specific. So |
|
| 62:54 | can have a number of different strains certain plant type. They would have |
|
| 63:00 | associations with specific bacterial types. So goes both ways. Is that |
|
| 63:06 | Alright. Any other? Yes. Okay so so so this is the |
|
| 63:17 | part of the right here. Um So yeah it's time knowledge. |
|
| 63:24 | one bacteria type can do both Um The ammonium to nitrite is not |
|
| 63:36 | there are two groups. 100 micro oxidize nitrite. We tracked and |
|
| 63:43 | Uh So let me just interject with fact plate. Right? Um This |
|
| 63:50 | something you want to be in Uh It's it's relevant to help you |
|
| 63:55 | this thing process of let me back for a second. So nice location |
|
| 64:00 | general. This is another biotechnology Uh that's been exploited again for back |
|
| 64:08 | the fish tanks right? Um or that whatever institutional hands uh fish important |
|
| 64:17 | like that where fish waste can lead this modification issue can poison pulling the |
|
| 64:24 | out of control. And so what think my company made it was made |
|
| 64:30 | right through these types. And have been harvested and we throw them in |
|
| 64:35 | that the product and subsequently for these tanks or other things like that because |
|
| 64:41 | surprise would eat the bologna that was by Fish boys awesome in the |
|
| 64:48 | So ah the okay so the circulatory without. Okay so you're familiar with |
|
| 65:02 | in that context might create except er this is and that would generally be |
|
| 65:14 | story process. A nitrite trade as accept er used nitrite and goes on |
|
| 65:22 | to down to the application. This is a signatory process. So |
|
| 65:27 | trade a signatory nitric production where nitrate converted back to ammonia pneumonia is being |
|
| 65:35 | to make a new assets. This be a similar story nitrate production process |
|
| 65:41 | um like I said, yeah, parts of the whole process have special |
|
| 65:48 | can be a similar story species and the enzymes they have. Exactly. |
|
| 65:58 | okay, we have to talk about excessive fertilizer um contains of course |
|
| 66:03 | right? And that can lead to issues we talked about before. Um |
|
| 66:09 | , in terms of The other like we talked about this already |
|
| 66:15 | the teen exploitation. So in the of reparations this right, so nitrate |
|
| 66:21 | I tried to actually, it's a gas. Alright so this similar story |
|
| 66:26 | created with right um the uh but my bad. Okay, let me |
|
| 66:38 | this. Okay, okay, so is again uh alternate route and again |
|
| 66:47 | is nitrite nitrate. Alright, so becomes reduced and using hydrogen as the |
|
| 66:56 | as the source of electrons it becomes . This becomes reduced. Okay, |
|
| 67:01 | is actually a dissimilar torrey pathway like is up here and the money is |
|
| 67:07 | in quarterly. This is let Okay um now so of course this |
|
| 67:14 | living room because we're using higher in um introducing and it's anaerobic, great |
|
| 67:21 | eternal accepted actually interrupt the process. the cemetery. Okay. Um |
|
| 67:31 | so this is kind of some of ecological impacts of again, uh |
|
| 67:38 | Okay, so there's not the coast India looking at these hypoxic zones here |
|
| 67:45 | it becomes anaerobic and you can have launching the identification going on and the |
|
| 67:53 | with that is okay, so high me again, Right. Reparations, |
|
| 68:00 | option on the water in the process using it optional. Let's go down |
|
| 68:05 | now you create and heroin environment or identification may take hold. Right? |
|
| 68:12 | so here's uh like trade, Gets used up. Right preparation. |
|
| 68:20 | . And that leads to the reduction nitrate. Right? So it's not |
|
| 68:26 | as nitrate reduced. Um then my is utilized as we go through the |
|
| 68:36 | process. Right? And so the point here is the production of into |
|
| 68:42 | nitrous oxide. Yes, that apparently a super potent greenhouse gas. |
|
| 68:51 | Much more so than C. Okay, so the unification going |
|
| 68:56 | this is the concern obviously the fact part of the these oceans off the |
|
| 69:01 | of India are hypoxic and you the void of lots of marine life |
|
| 69:07 | issue. But the fact that then top of that the identification, that |
|
| 69:13 | getting information of gas, very potent well as supporting, I should also |
|
| 69:20 | from ecosystem so all three of those are not good. And so again |
|
| 69:25 | is kind of microbial things, activities can occur uh that get my productive |
|
| 69:35 | influx into areas that are positive. . Um Now any questions what? |
|
| 69:48 | , so d application as we just process here. Alright. That one |
|
| 69:55 | of triangle, it was thought for longest time to be the major cast |
|
| 70:00 | of how into was formed more recently has been shown like this process is |
|
| 70:11 | one that accounts for the mostly into lost to the markets and Mark's |
|
| 70:16 | Okay, so polonium, it certainly the dough. Okay, like I'm |
|
| 70:22 | nitrite is being reduced natural gas. uh just found you know in this |
|
| 70:31 | called which is found heavily populated the . Right? And so because of |
|
| 70:41 | vastness of ocean boxing that that can for a lot of why you can |
|
| 70:46 | why that accounts for the majority of to being into the atmosphere. |
|
| 70:52 | Ah and I think just kind of of of the different parts of cycle |
|
| 71:00 | . So we've got to reach these . So again, the importance of |
|
| 71:04 | part and as well things can go . Okay, that's something huge. |
|
| 71:15 | , just try it, pollutants over over fertilizing these kinds of things to |
|
| 71:20 | you an activity that leads to bad that happen but again it's prompted by |
|
| 71:28 | humans are doing bad things or It's prompted, you know, all |
|
| 71:35 | . Um, I close that 778. Early expensive year. So |
|
| 71:44 | aware of that. See you on |
|
