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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture24
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00:10 thank you all for showing up I know it's really, really difficult
00:14 get motivated to show up to a online. I know that must have
00:17 doing it all semester. Um, for me, getting online and actually
00:22 is kind of a pain, but But we're going to talk about some
00:24 my most favorite things in the entire , which is reproduction on before.
00:31 . Just let you know I don't a ta watching the chat. So
00:35 I'm gonna try to do is as lecturing, I'll try to find breaks
00:38 their questions. You know, if have questions, just kind of put
00:41 in the chat, and I'll check the chat, probably every 10 or
00:45 minutes to see if there any Alright. So that's kind of how
00:49 gonna play the game today, and we'll get this done. Um,
00:53 talking today about male reproduction, and we begin, I'm gonna I'm gonna
00:58 out a hypothesis. We're not a , but a proposal for you.
01:02 right. I want to understand this a little bit tongue in cheek,
01:05 really what I like to do when start this class before I deal with
01:09 reproductive systems. I want to throw an idea for you, and it's
01:13 sound barely misogynist. But just bear me when dealing with the reproductive
01:20 What I want to point out to , and what I want you to
01:22 is that men are pretty simple. basic machines, and it's it's really
01:28 of easy to understand what's going on the mail system right now. There's
01:34 complications down GPAs. There always are you're looking at things. But for
01:38 most part, men are simple. are very, very complicated, all
01:44 . And so with that in mind me saying that, I'm saying that
01:48 because I want to prove to you they are complicated. And I'm hoping
01:54 by saying that it's going to draw attention to the difficulties that are gonna
01:58 coming in now. If you're crossing arms and furrowing your brow because you
02:04 like that well, alright in three . If I'm wrong and what I
02:09 said, you can go ahead and mad at me and tell me what
02:12 horrible person I am. And yada, yada, yada. But
02:15 three lectures, you know, if crossing your arms and you're frustrated with
02:19 I just said after three lectures, I proved it to be true,
02:25 want you to be a little bit open minded or something. You don't
02:27 to come and tell me you're Because I already know I am.
02:31 just comes with the territory of being . Um, so the starting point
02:38 is what we're gonna be talking We're gonna be talking about what is
02:41 biological sex. All right? You've heard or you've been indoctrinated to believe
02:47 there are 1000 different types of sexes they use the term. Typically,
02:53 term they use is gender. now sex and gender, two different
02:58 . Alright, This isn't in the . Is a non slides. This
03:00 just I want you to walk into with the proper frame. All
03:04 Humans are what are called sexually dime FIC. We have a male and
03:08 female. And so the purpose of dime or fix organisms is to produce
03:13 meats that are gonna be used to reproduce, right? And you can
03:18 that kind of bring that up in slide right here. Gender has nothing
03:22 do with reproduction. Gender is a that was developed in the fifties to
03:30 very specifically the degrees of masculinity versus . Notice it doesn't even have to
03:37 with what sexual attractiveness is. It to do with degrees of masculinity and
03:44 . All right, so you can very masculine men or very feminine
03:48 and you can have very masculine very feminine women. Then there's a
03:52 scale that lies in between all And so just remember, gender is
03:58 has nothing to do with sex. has to do. It doesn't have
04:02 do a sexual attractiveness. It has do with the the sense of masculinity
04:08 femininity. All right, now what gonna be dealing with is we're gonna
04:11 dealing with biological sex. All Now, biological sex has different aspects
04:16 it, but we're specifically referring to sex. So we're gonna be looking
04:20 the male versus female component in humans that's the only thing is we have
04:24 have mail. We have female and everything else outside of that is incapable
04:28 reproduction. All right, so there what we refer to as Gina.
04:31 sex. There's FINA. Typical Gina. Typical sex refers to x
04:35 versus X y What you've already learned in biology. Peanut ipix Sex is
04:40 the appearances Sophina typical female has breast the female genitalia has, um,
04:48 capable of producing a ovum, which the female gammy. The male phenotype
04:55 to produce sperm is to have the genitalia male body type, yada,
05:00 . Okay, And so that is starting point in our framework. And
05:04 you can't wrap your mind around that I've actually had students now having issues
05:08 this, then you're not going to able to understand reproduction. In
05:13 I saw the day it was a , and I almost put it in
05:16 the talk. It was a picture a pregnant female and a pregnant
05:21 and it was just like we can be pregnant and and the answer is
05:24 . We can't if that's not how works in humans, alright and
05:28 Males could be pregnant, but females . Why that works that way.
05:32 don't know. I've never really studied , but that's just kind of the
05:34 it is. So in humans and sexual reproduction in general, what we're
05:40 at here is the union of the and the female gambling. All
05:43 The male gaming in the female game are gonna be half Lloyd cells,
05:47 we're gonna talk about more details What you're gonna do is you're gonna
05:51 those two half Lloyd gametes. You're bring them together, and they're gonna
05:55 . And we're going to create a organism, a new individual that has
05:59 unique set of chromosomes that are from parents, but not the exact same
06:04 a parent, right? It's a , shared genetic set, right?
06:10 we're doing what? We're starting with half Lloyd cells, and we're creating
06:13 deployed organism, all right? And reproductive systems, regardless of what you're
06:18 at, But we're gonna be focusing out. The reproductive systems of all
06:23 are designed specifically to bring that union . All right, so we're taking
06:29 male. We're taking one female. , What we're gonna do is we're
06:33 bring those gammy in close proximity to other so that they can create,
06:38 , confused together and create that new now, in humans and in many
06:44 , well, we have the female that's actually also designed not only to
06:48 those those those Gamage close together, also once that individual is created,
06:54 it to house it and protect it nourish it and allow for its development
06:59 that it could ultimately survive on its . And so when we're looking at
07:03 reproductive system, we're gonna be looking a whole bunch of different things.
07:05 gonna be looking at the gonads, is where we're gonna create the GAM
07:09 . We're gonna be looking at the tract, which is how we bring
07:12 GAM eats together. We're gonna look the accessory sex glands, which also
07:16 as a support system to allow for nourishment as well as the movement of
07:21 gametes, depending upon what system you're at. So that's kind of our
07:25 point in our framework today. And the first thing I want to deal
07:30 is I want to deal with this employees, Why does it even
07:34 all right. And the reason understanding and understanding the state of the gamut
07:42 the the mature organism or the actual is because this allows us to create
07:50 individual organisms that can then respond to environment appropriately. In other words,
07:56 allows for slight changes in the but still maintaining much of the
08:02 All right, so when you hear word ploy T what? Yours
08:04 Hearing this chromosome number. And so have two sets of chromosomes,
08:11 And of these chromosomes, one chromosome you have comes from your other one
08:16 from your father. That's the easy to think about it. It's not
08:20 DNA. They're not your chromosomes. belong to your parents. But when
08:24 reproduce, what you're doing is your on the mixture of your parents
08:30 So now what you're doing is you sending your own chromosomes off to your
08:36 , all right? And so this these two sets of chromosomes that's deployed
08:41 right? And so it's typically referred as to in. And that's gonna
08:45 important because we're going to see how comes up in just a moment
08:49 Of these two sets repairs, we 23 pairs. So you have 23
08:55 Mom. 23 from Dad. Put together. That's 46 total chromosomes.
08:59 not gonna make you do that That's a genetics math problem that everyone
09:03 to screw with students to see if understand that. All right, so
09:06 looking at 23 pairs of chromosomes, pair of those chromosomes that referred to
09:11 sex chromosomes. Everything else are the , right? So that gam eat
09:19 you're gonna be producing is a germ . In other words, it's not
09:22 organism is not a functional sell, Onley capable of taking That's that unique
09:28 code from either mama from dad and it to the offspring. So that
09:33 that you're producing, whether you're female male, right, you're producing an
09:38 or a sperm in simple Parliament has 23 chromosomes. It doesn't have the
09:43 . And so it is a half sell. It is a one in
09:48 right. And so what we're gonna is we're gonna go through this unique
09:52 of creating this half Lloyd organism where half Lloyd sell through the process of
09:57 oasis. And I guarantee that you've seen my hostess. And my toast
10:01 But I can also guarantee that 99% you don't understand what that was going
10:06 . Alright? You memorize it in biology and like, Okay, I'm
10:10 to go. So this is kind the big picture of what's going
10:14 So my toast, this is real , right? We start off with
10:17 cell that is to in we duplicate DNA. So it's to in
10:22 too. We go through all the , my toasts and we get
10:26 We come back down to two So it's a nice, simple
10:29 right? We just keep doing that and over. Alright. In my
10:33 , it's a little bit different, ? We still start off a two
10:36 , we duplicate our DNA, and we divide and what we end up
10:40 this is really one in thing, it's like why? How does this
10:44 ? What makes this possible? if we were in the classroom and
10:48 all sitting there, I would show a physical demonstration of how this works
10:53 what we tend to this is this thing in this first step and it
10:59 to do with what's going on right . All right, so I'm just
11:02 raise all the income slide. We're at this first stage right up here
11:07 the pro fes. Alright, In might assist asked after the chromosomes are
11:13 where you get that duplication of each of the individual chromosomes are independent
11:20 all the other chromosomes. Alright, in our little model, what we
11:24 here is we have an organism's just with me to make this easy.
11:28 have chromosome number one in chromosome number see there's number one. The smaller
11:33 is number two. We have one Mom. We have one from
11:35 So there's Mom and Dad's one and and dad and you're are one.
11:40 me back up. Dad's one and and moms wanted to. And so
11:44 we go through that duplication, we have there's number one. There's number
11:49 for Dad. There's number one, two for Mom, and there's they're
11:52 that are associated with it in my ASUs. What happens is, is
11:58 form what is called a tetra, right? And this is the key
12:01 right here is the Tetra. So can see there's one and one for
12:06 and they're all coupled together. There's and two of Mom and Dad.
12:12 they're duplicates. And this allows for homologous recombination and all the other fun
12:16 you learned about in genetics. And also learned about bio? Uh,
12:21 think it's bio two. Might be one. I can't remember where we
12:23 that now, right? But the here is this Ted Trad is what
12:28 the bios is possible because when you the alignment at the a t a
12:34 phase plate right here, you can all the individual chromosomes air lined
12:39 So there is racing all the income slide again. There's one and two
12:44 Dad. There's one and two of . So when we get to
12:48 what ends up happening is you end with a clone of what you started
12:53 . Yes, a pair of them . But here because of the Tet
12:58 , what we're doing is we're dividing DNA so that we still end up
13:03 the same amount of DNA. But we've done is we've separated out the
13:08 All right now in the model, artist here put Dad's one and two
13:13 there. You can see there's some recombination that has occurred on this right
13:19 is Mom's one and two, But the idea is that it doesn't
13:23 to be like that. It's there's assortment, so you could have had
13:27 one over here and Dad's number two there. It's just it's completely random
13:34 they're gonna go because of that independent . But what we've done is we've
13:39 sent a portion of the DNA half the DNA into each one or half
13:45 the chromosomes in each of them, ? The chromosome pairs have been separated
13:51 this point, but we still have sister chromatic stuck together, so we
13:58 to. We have to split that , and that's why we need to
14:00 through a second division, right? what I've tried to do here is
14:05 to make it turn it into a . It's a little bit easier to
14:09 , so we see we go from in we duplicate the DNA, so
14:13 to in times too. It's not teacher employed. It's still a
14:17 but with double the DNA because of duplication. So here we are.
14:22 what we do is when we What we're doing is we're now ahap
14:26 cell with double the DNA. When split here, we're splitting up.
14:31 chroma does the sisters, right? it's sort of the same thing.
14:35 what you end up with is still deployed cell. That's why you have
14:39 do it again one more time because have too much of DNA. You
14:42 Thio separate that out. Now all is done through the same process is
14:48 you see in my testes. So is my house. Is what I'm
14:50 ask you. What happens in pro ? What happened to them? You've
14:54 that, but it's just Here's a picture of what you can see there
14:58 attached rat, and I'm just showing this to you because it just shows
15:01 that those phases exist twice. So go through profiles meta face and face
15:07 face split pro fes manifest Nanophase Teela split again. All right, you
15:13 the double, uh, double That's why you end up with,
15:18 , technically, you end up with daughter cells. So you start off
15:22 the male germ cell, you end with four sperm and females because of
15:26 mechanism we're gonna be looking at, gonna see you still end up with
15:29 cell, but you end up with other bodies that are non functional.
15:35 technically, there's four byproducts of this . So I'm gonna pause here.
15:41 need to kind of jump over to chat to see if there's any
15:44 So just give me a second look which of the following hormones testosterone and
15:49 . I couldn't financial. Alright. , you have to wait till that
15:52 all right, are there any questions this process by once? Only
16:05 Excellent. So you're gonna be able explain, explain clearly the difference differences
16:11 my hypothesis and my oh, and you understand why the tattoo right
16:15 important. That's what I'm shooting All right. So what I wanna
16:20 is I want to move forward and I wanna look at the media
16:25 in general and then we're gonna look from angiogenesis angiogenesis. Alright, so
16:31 as an organism, males and females exactly the same during development. And
16:37 around week 22. That's when our potential gonads differentiating become ovaries and testes
16:44 why we differentiate into the male and female subtypes all right into the two
16:48 sexes. So what's kind of nice that is that that means that we
16:53 this shared way, have these shared up until a certain point. And
17:00 interesting is that argument. A genesis kind of shared also. It's it's
17:05 basic if you look at the male you look the females like, oh
17:08 , they have the same stages. there's nuance to what's going on.
17:12 the three stages to remember really simple might assist my my oh sis,
17:16 then modification. Those would be the basic stages of the media genesis.
17:21 this is saying sperm a genesis. have my toast. This we have
17:24 oasis. And then over here we modification, right? And then in
17:27 couple slides, we're gonna get to . Uh, there it is.
17:33 going to see its might Assis and down over here on wrong direction.
17:39 is my oasis and then there's more oh sis. And then at the
17:42 end, there's gonna be some Alright, we'll get to that in
17:45 a second. All right, So you can understand that, that that's
17:49 starting point, Alright? And what going to see is how they're kind
17:52 different now with regardless from angiogenesis, purposes of my topics. Proliferation in
18:00 regardless of, is to increase the members. Alright, So informative Genesis
18:04 a genesis predominately takes place during puberty onward and really in males will continue
18:11 until death. Although around the age 40 to 50 the amount of my
18:16 is that's taking place begins to slowly down. It becomes less and less
18:21 less right. And so we're doing we are producing a population of cells
18:27 are gonna be maintained throughout our reproductive . Now this kind of makes
18:33 Look, if we didn't have my imagine, we went and produced the
18:38 that we needed, right? Everything kind of without my closest just we
18:42 through the process development. We got sperm. And then what happens is
18:45 get in the middle of our teenage and then immediately what happens. Males
18:52 two major issues. We can deal nocturnal emission, or we can deal
18:55 just general masturbation. Alright, in , if you didn't have my toe
19:01 , the human race would be over because what would happen is our teen
19:05 We wouldn't be able to reproduce and would be no more sperm left.
19:09 right, so you lose that probability being able to reproduce So you need
19:14 have my toes is to ensure that is this massive pool that's constantly,
19:20 , refilling itself. All right, that's what the my tonic proliferations,
19:25 there's two basic types. The type , in essence, is the stem
19:29 . It basically sits around, and reproduces another type of cell called the
19:36 beast from an Ogoni um, and the dramatic. The type B sprint
19:40 Patagonia is one that's going through the . It's one that's advancing forward,
19:45 the Taipei kind of sticks around at very top ends right here, and
19:49 what it's doing is it's recycling all right. And the type B
19:54 one that's going through, and it's outward. So during my toast,
19:59 , regardless of if you're in good genesis or sorry, if you're Instamatic
20:04 or in O Genesis, you in word with Jonah. So in
20:09 it's dramatic. Konia in females, Ogoni A. Alright, so might
20:14 , sis is occurring with the sperm and your purpose is to increase the
20:19 of cells. And then this format will undergo a couple of biotic
20:24 And then what they'll do is they'll differentiated and they enter in the second
20:28 , which is called my ASUs. right, now my oh,
20:32 the cells that are my ASUs stay in the worst site. All
20:36 so in males, that would be Mattis site in females, it would
20:40 oh, site. All right. again in my office. What are
20:44 doing? Well, now it's not increasing the cell number. This is
20:48 not the correct term. What we're to do is we're trying to produce
20:52 Hap Lloyd Gammy, but in the , we're going to increase the cell
20:57 All right. So you can see here we have one sperm out of
21:01 . Actually, they've already highlighted for . And then it goes through one
21:05 . It goes through two divisions, now we have four sperm motives,
21:11 right. And the kid, the I. D. S at the
21:15 is what is going to be going the modification stage. All right,
21:19 these air the half Lloyd cell. for Macedonia's you're amplifying the population from
21:25 decides you're going through my, sis permitted, you're gonna be
21:30 So the sperm it IDs are half and you'll see right here. What
21:35 we see? Their round. And you can already kind of see what
21:39 start with a round cell. But end up with the cell. That
21:42 of looks like a tadpole. So that means I have to go
21:47 ah, Siris of modifications. And the purpose of sperm. Yo,
21:51 , that modification stage in sperm Mattis or sorry in sperm, it'd all
21:56 . So it's from a genesis, last stage of sperm. Yo,
21:59 , which is kind of confusing and we're gonna do here is we're gonna
22:03 this little round thing and we're gonna the DNA. We're gonna get rid
22:06 most of the organelles, and we're to remodel the structure so that we
22:09 get a lean, mean swimming This slide is basically the same thing
22:15 going to try to put this into , all right? And it doesn't
22:18 a lot of sense until we actually in the testes and we're looking at
22:22 , but what we're doing is we're at a slice through a seminar for
22:26 seminar for his tube you'll which is the testes is made up of and
22:31 it's showing you is down here on basement membrane. So you can imagine
22:34 is a tube like so. So could be the inside of the
22:38 And what you're looking at is a of cells that are called subtly
22:44 And in between the Sitoli cells, is where the germ cells are
22:49 You can see them lined up right . All right, so down here
22:54 the basement membrane, that's where this Goni are there, going through
22:58 And then as they mature, they upward and ultimately are released into the
23:06 of that similar first epithelium. All , so when you're mature, you're
23:13 , and now you can travel through tube to be stored or moderately
23:19 then stored, waiting for that moment ejaculation. So this is sperm.
23:25 , Genesis, in a nutshell. didn't mean that to be a
23:28 either. Um, Sperm, Genesis is a very, very complex
23:33 . So we start off with this sell, all right? And what
23:36 gonna do is we're gonna modified in ways. So what we do is
23:40 take the Golgi apparatus and we reorganize Golgi to become what is called the
23:45 Zone. Right? So there's a bunch of enzymes that air produced,
23:49 you can see the formation of the taking place. The the central's migrate
23:55 the opposite side of the acronym and start seeing the formation of the flu
23:59 . Um, you move the mitochondria to the basement or the base of
24:05 flagellum so that you can provide energy going to package and repackage and repackage
24:10 DNA through this process so that it's think about like when you're going home
24:15 from college. You know you want take all your stuff home from Mom
24:18 watch, because let's face it, what we all love to do with
24:21 . Let's do our laundry. And what we do is we take all
24:23 clothes, we shove it into a . But what we do is we
24:26 out ways. How do we get all into that bag? We have
24:28 figure out ways toe, squeeze it and stuff That's in essence, what
24:33 doing with the DNA is your repackaging so that it's tightly packed inside this
24:39 nucleus. And so you can hear word again. Pro nucleus. It's
24:42 a nucleus because it is not containing deployed, uh, number of
24:51 Alright, it's it's a pro It's a half Lloyd number.
24:55 what you're gonna do is you're gonna rid of that excess cytoplasm. And
24:58 you have your mean a swimming And so this is what is called
25:03 out of June from an Isoa is from Arizona, Singular. It has
25:09 parts to it. We have what called the head. You can see
25:12 the top of the head, you the AC resume. You have the
25:16 piece. This is where the mitochondria and where the base of the blue
25:20 is located. Then you have a tail, Which is that flow,
25:23 ? That allows it to swim. this is the only swimming cell that
25:28 human body produces. So Onley males this. All right. Now,
25:34 is found in what is called the separate helium. And so again,
25:37 could just take that tube that your for us to be able. And
25:42 the sitoli cells that make up the that is the seminar first epithelium and
25:48 lifespan of producing one of these from a Zunes is going to be.
25:53 long does it take to get from basement membrane down here and work its
25:58 up to be free up inside that , you'll and it's approximately 74
26:06 All right, so that's that's the , and this is what it looks
26:09 . So this is trying to show this is time, right? And
26:13 is how deep in the Lumen is . So is it Where is it
26:17 ? Down here is up there. . Sorry. You don't get
26:24 Julian. You can ask a Uh huh. All right. On
26:29 what we What we have here is have this process where it's like,
26:35 , I'm starting down here, and all right. I'm starting down
26:41 and I'm slowly working my way but because it takes time about 74
26:47 . So it takes you about 74 guys to produce a new sperm,
26:53 each generation takes begins roughly about every days. If you're putting it on
26:59 clock, you could think about about 16 days. I'm starting a new
27:02 . So this is where things look . Here's 16 days. There's a
27:06 cycle. There's 16 days. There's new cycle. So on so
27:11 And you just keep working in that . Right? So what you're looking
27:16 is when you look at a seminar , epithelium, if you see cells
27:19 here, those cells are more mature the cells that air down at the
27:23 membrane. All right, that's how kind of look at that. All
27:27 , so obviously we have a question . So let me come back.
27:29 me take a look. Oh, . Eso Iman on and Julian's and
27:34 we're going to get to what, ? Totally. Cells are in just
27:37 moment. I'm talking right now. just want you to see the process
27:41 of producing sperm. So 1st, thing you have to understand, we
27:46 through three stages. Second thing we to understand it takes about 74
27:51 right? And so we're going to doing this all the time. Now
27:55 going to just kind of I've got sneeze, so give me a sec
28:06 . It's not going to come. so frustrating. Yeah. I
28:11 it's gonna be one of those sneezes I'm like halfway talking. So the
28:14 here is I want you to kind get this this the sense of how
28:20 males air producing sperm and just to it into thio context. I think
28:28 I'm maybe wrong about this, I it's 80 million sperm per day.
28:33 right, So just to give you sense of how how active the my
28:38 stages and how quickly we go through and keep in mind, we're not
28:41 everything a lot. There's a lot cells that die along the way.
28:45 that's kind of the big the big . All right? We'll get back
28:49 like I said, we'll get sure sales here in just a moment.
28:54 what we're gonna do is we're gonna over into the female, so it
28:57 seem complicated. Um, you that's just the details, right?
29:03 remember, around the start of puberty when we really go through those my
29:07 phases. And then that's once you my toasted yet my, oh,
29:11 . And you start producing sperm, a whole lot of sperm all the
29:15 . That's the big picture in It's slightly differently now. It's
29:20 We get still, we have the tonic phase. We have the biotic
29:23 . We have the modification phase Males, uh, sperm angiogenesis takes
29:29 in the testes in the females. Genesis takes place in the ovaries.
29:34 all of this is gonna be is we see the first bit of
29:40 Alright, So in males from Genesis began during puberty in females.
29:45 genesis begins at week 22 of All right, so this is a
29:52 process, all right? And so you're gonna do, you gonna start
29:56 toasts and you're gonna take these primordial cells and they're gonna start dividing,
30:01 you're gonna create this massive pool of . All right, now I say
30:05 pool. I mean, it's 6 7 million males are producing 80 million
30:10 a day. Women you produce at onset of everything around 6 to 7
30:16 Ogoni in right now, if you're gypped right now, just you
30:21 But keep in mind do you want have six or seven million kids?
30:26 not. All right now, the yah are going to enter into my
30:31 one immediately after they go through and replicate themselves. And so these Ogoni
30:38 become oocytes. So remember we said this terminology. We go from gona
30:43 site to Ted. So the Ogoni are very early on. Even before
30:49 born, are going through that biotic create this cool and then they enter
30:54 my house is one and then they're , They stop. They don't do
30:58 else until puberty. Now What's interesting of that 6 to 7 million.
31:03 , whole much of them. Almost million die. Alright, they go
31:09 my house is one and that something wrong with the cell. And so
31:13 incapable progressing through the process. Now also occurs in in males. But
31:19 because we have such a much larger . It's still not quite as as
31:24 . Alright, so you can think this is here You are during fetal
31:29 , ladies, right? You're not born yet. You're 22 weeks in
31:35 and you've already eliminated your starting Your pool you've gone through my toast
31:40 you cleared out all the bad eggs you're now starting with about two million
31:48 . Because remember, we are arrested this phase. All right? And
31:54 us the sell these primary oocytes these million cells are gonna sit arrested in
32:00 oh, sis one until puberty So you're born, You have your
32:06 young You basically go all the way until you're about 12 to 14 years
32:11 . And then this is when we're to resume the process of my
32:16 sis. All right, so this gonna be your reproductive years, Puberty
32:20 menopause. So what's gonna happen is that a portion of those two million
32:26 are gonna be chosen. Thio, out my oh, sis. And
32:30 is gonna occur roughly every 28 We're gonna talk about this process in
32:35 next lecture. All right, so gonna start with this resting pool of
32:40 20. Um oh, sites. these both sites are gonna undergo the
32:45 melodic division. There's this process that's to take place where we actually select
32:49 one of these. All right, we're starting off with about 20 so
32:54 can see there. I have 10 30 as a nice little range.
32:57 what you're gonna do is you're gonna through and one is kind of being
33:01 , and that's the one that's gonna to become the dominant follicle. They
33:05 through the first model division and then gonna grow. This is now called
33:09 Secondary of Sight because you've gone through first division, right? So my
33:13 is one enters into my house is , and you're gonna rest in my
33:18 is too All right, Now, is where this is the This is
33:25 , right? Here is the confusing . All right, so this is
33:28 I want to point out. You selected. Alright. You undergo the
33:34 Biotic division. That's M one. right. You extrude your DNA,
33:39 produce something that's called a polar All right, so there it
33:43 the polar body. Those cells continue divide, but many of them are
33:47 to die off. Think about how people, how many people are born
33:53 multiples. Very few were single So what we're doing is we're taking
33:59 primary that has gone through the so the primary becomes a secondary.
34:04 we're gonna do is we're gonna select to become the dominant follicle. All
34:09 others die off. And this 10 is. One is destined for
34:15 And so that cell becomes ovulating. ? So that's ovulation. So it's
34:20 the one that's saying come fertilized We still haven't gone through my Isis
34:25 yet. My house is to occurs a result of fertilization. It doesn't
34:32 it doesn't even go through. It until a sperm recognize that cell And
34:37 that cell gets fused with that then my hostess to occurs, the
34:44 body is extruded. All right. then that's when the two things there's
34:50 modifications that take place before the maternal paternal chromosomes fused together to form that
34:58 gammy. All right or not Excuse me. That news I
35:03 All right, so there is a stage of modification. We'll deal with
35:09 when we get there. All So do you see the complicated this
35:14 ? Complication is in this stage right . My oh, sis begins,
35:20 , when you are before you're even , then is arrested until puberty.
35:26 then once puberty begins roughly every 28 , you're just taking a small portion
35:32 are gonna advance themselves out. And mouse's, too isn't even completed until
35:37 occurs. Kind of complicated. Pausing there for a second. Let's
35:43 what got in terms of questions. . So the question here mom
35:48 Is this primary outside going through the market? Is it still half
35:52 Right. So the first myopic remember, What you do is that
35:57 enter into the first Model division, have to be deployed. Alright,
36:01 that's when you duplicate catered the That's where you have a pet
36:05 And then once you go through the model division, you become Hap
36:08 But the difference is is that you're one in your one in times,
36:13 , so you have too much That's why you need that second biotic
36:18 . And that won't happen until at least in the other side.
36:25 there you go. Any other All right, nothing right now.
36:34 , So with that in mind, go back to my original statement.
36:38 said. Men are simple. Women complicated. Let's deal with men and
36:41 how simple they are. All so the male reproductive system is designed
36:46 do two basic things, and this why I say it's simple. Men's
36:51 , as faras reproduction is concerned, were to make sperm and where to
36:55 sperm. Then alright, once we those two goals, our role and
37:02 far as reproduction is concerned, is . So that means everything that we're
37:07 be looking at. It has to one of those two functions that either
37:10 firm or deliver sperm, all And so the structures that we're gonna
37:13 looking at include the don't adds the . Alright, We're gonna look at
37:17 Siris of tubes, right? Part the the the reproductive track, which
37:26 the epidemic, was gonna put arrows vast F friends, right, and
37:31 the urethra. And then, we have a Siris of accessory sex
37:36 which include the seminal vesicles, the in the global you re through.
37:40 right, so when we're looking at system, keep those two things in
37:45 . Now. Human males have what called a scrotum. The scrotum is
37:49 sack of skin that surrounds and protects testes and the epidemics. All
37:54 now, the reason we bring this is because the purpose of the scrotum
38:00 all not all mammals have one. about e think it's like 60
38:06 And why and how this scrotum developed still controversial. But the purpose of
38:14 scrotum is toe. How is the ? Ease external to the body so
38:18 you can use or you can manage much better. See the optimal sperm
38:26 temperatures roughly 34 degrees C and If paid enough attention biology, you know
38:31 the human body is roughly 37 degrees . So basically what you do is
38:35 disrupt sperm development, at least in . Alright, other mammals have different
38:39 temperatures and different temperatures for development as . All right, so what
38:45 Well, if you take the test and put him outside the body,
38:48 when it's cold, what you could is you can bring the test.
38:51 close to the body where it's and when it's hot, you can
38:55 the scrotum so that the test is further away from the body and you
38:58 cool it. So basically you can temperature really, really well without having
39:04 create this massive, unique cooling Like, you know, larger blood
39:08 tow ship heat away and stuff like all right. And the way that
39:13 works is there's basically one muscle that us to do this. All
39:18 And this is the dark toast all right, The darkness muscles is
39:22 smooth muscle, right? It sits underneath the skin. And so when
39:28 body gets called, the darkness muscle is caused to contract, which basically
39:35 the test, is close to the and reduces the surface area of the
39:40 so that you're losing less heat and holding. The test is closer to
39:44 body. All right, so that's essence. What the darkest muscles.
39:49 some textbooks talk about the Cremaster. Cremaster muscle is a skeletal muscle,
39:55 right, and it's a skeletal muscle wraps around the diplomatic corps, and
39:59 can kind of see in our little there it is right there. And
40:03 this is a A structure that males actually weaken contract, and we can
40:09 the test. He's close to your . Relax it. A lot of
40:11 test is to kind of hang They don't play any role in temperature
40:16 . Their job is primarily to protect gun ads during strenuous activities. All
40:22 . And so the idea is that , you know, test is while
40:25 exercising and stuff, you know, body is hot, so you're you
40:29 hold the test is away, but essence to protect them, because if
40:32 test is we're hanging away from there's a greater chance of harm coming
40:36 them, and so this allows you kind of hold. The test is
40:39 to the body during strenuous activities, exercising or fighting or whatever, and
40:45 to give you a sense of how this is, Um, if you
40:48 mice, for example, and you a male mouse that's actually calculated once
40:53 put it in a cage with other mice that have never calculated the Alfa
40:57 , the one that's populated, we'll around and show off all the testing
41:00 all the other monies, all just to prove his point that he's
41:05 Alfa. So this is not an , you know thing that you
41:11 you know, test he's hanging down to be, like, kind of
41:14 easy target for male competition, you , really Sexual competition. Um,
41:20 loads of fun. The male Kabila organ is not what I'm looking
41:26 Their sorry press on, but kind got things all we populated. There
41:33 go. All right, so the copulate story organ is the Penis.
41:37 , it's not its only function, it's it as a cop hitori organ
41:41 is. They're designed specifically to deliver into the female, right? I
41:47 many of you aren't quite as interested reproduction as I am, but if
41:52 ever are, and you want to look at what are the what do
41:56 look like? Another organisms. They're to fit into the vaginas right into
42:01 female reproductive track of the organism for it's found, right. So,
42:07 example, the vagina of a well a pig is kind of corkscrew
42:13 So the Penis of a pig is shaped. Right? Cats don't really
42:19 long penises, for example, but have little tiny hooks, and that
42:22 of, you know, allows them they're copulating kind of hook in there
42:25 kind of hold the Penis in Alright, dogs have a Not for
42:32 , um, if you look at , they're I mean, like I
42:34 , if you go through the gamut what penises look like, there's all
42:38 of weird shapes and stuff, and sending or why is that the answer
42:42 because it is specifically designed to deliver and this is evolutionary advantageous for that
42:48 species. Now, within the there are three structures that are erectile
42:54 nature, their erectile tissues. So is connective tissue and some smooth muscle
42:58 this massive vascular space. And during sexual arousal, what happens
43:02 is that you, viso dilate, allows the blood to come rushing
43:07 which also compresses the veins out. your visa dilating the arteries that compresses
43:12 veins to prevent blood from leaving. so this is what causes that space
43:17 become turgid and ultimately causes the Penis enlarge and ultimately become rigid.
43:23 these erectile tissues have names. All , we have one that surrounds Yuri
43:28 called the Corpus spongy Yeosan. Now need one around the urethra because if
43:33 compress the urethra as a result of other two structures, then what would
43:38 is that during ejaculation, sperm wouldn't able to travel out. So having
43:42 tissue around the urethra allows it to open for ejaculation. The other two
43:51 down here, you can see now made a face. Once you see
43:54 , it will never go away. are the corporate cavernous. Um,
43:58 when we are the ones that are responsible for the enlargement and the rigidity
44:05 aroused Penis on the wrong direction. don't know why. All right,
44:16 now we're gonna answer the question about is the similar separate feeling, what
44:19 totally sells. All right. And what we're looking at, we're looking
44:22 a gun at here. All This is a slice through the testes
44:28 there. And so that is the for his tube you'll that we're looking
44:32 . Now. The testes itself has tenants. I point these out.
44:35 so much that you know where they and what they are. But because
44:38 female also has them, all they are derived from the same
44:43 All right. Now, if you at the structure, the testes,
44:46 divided up into a whole bunch of , um, little regions of low
44:52 . You can see right there inside of those low Bealls. You can
44:55 this kind of spaghetti structure. That the seminar First Cube. You'll all
45:00 ? And the seminar for roles, , tubules all converge on a structure
45:05 the Red Testes. The red testes up into the epidemics as a single
45:10 . All right. And then the is single tube that continues on is
45:14 vast difference. All right, so one. See, it's multiple tubes
45:19 are converging and ultimately become one All right, now we're interested in
45:24 material, which is that structure right . And you can see that it
45:29 a tube. So here is the . This right here is where the
45:34 membrane is located. And on the of that basement membrane, we have
45:38 bunch of my oId cells, which type of smooth muscle cells. Their
45:42 is thio constantly squeeze and contract. think it to help propel the sperm
45:47 forward for this, uh, sperm seminar for is fluid forward,
45:51 And helped drive the cells towards the and ultimately to the vast difference
46:02 Okay, now, if we go and look a little bit closer,
46:07 I think the cartoons a little bit here. You can see here is
46:10 basement membrane that I drew a little earlier. You can see here is
46:14 Lumen and what we have here. I'm just gonna draw the lines there
46:19 all these blue cells. What we're at is we're looking at the epithelium
46:26 that, uh, tube. You'll that if the feeling was made up
46:29 what were called sir totally cells, named after the guy that discovered
46:33 All right. And what this are cells do is they serve as the
46:40 that surround the the germ cells as developing. So here's a better look
46:45 that. You can see here's one , right, and you can imagine
46:50 cell kind of does this thing I apologize for my writing, and
46:57 the other sell. It kind of like this, and the germ cells
47:03 in between the cells. All So what that means is that the
47:08 that a germ cell interacts with this with its environment is it has to
47:14 via the subtly cells. So the cells serve as a barrier between the
47:20 cells and the rest of the All right, so their first job
47:25 they act as an epithelium. And what they do is they separate and
47:30 a barrier between the germ cells and else. That means we have what
47:34 called a blood testis barrier. so your immune system has never seen
47:39 germ cell. Males all you it's never seen your own sperm.
47:45 now that means anything from the blood to pass through. The certainly sell
47:49 get through that germ cell so it the nutrients to the germ cells.
47:55 when germ cells die well, we want to use them. We want
47:58 recycle the materials, and so it is a fake, acidic sell.
48:02 basically recycles the broken down materials that germ cells either produced or when the
48:08 cell dies. Now it also produces fluid that's going to be found in
48:14 Lumen. Alright, so that's it that seminal fluid, and one of
48:18 primary products that produces is androgen binding . So a BP is what that
48:26 is right there. It's androgen binding , so this is what binds of
48:31 . And so one of the The reason why tent cities air so
48:35 testosterone is not because there's a lot testosterone produced there. Although that's
48:39 it's because you sequestered away with this protein. Lastly, Sir Tony cells
48:46 considered the nurse selling. So what does it plays a major role in
48:50 the processes from a genesis now near the myeloid cells. All
48:58 so you're gonna my oId sells out , but you're also gonna have laid
49:01 cells again. Named it the person discovered the late excels, or interstitial
49:06 are responsible for producing testosterone. So subtly cells manage or regulates from a
49:19 . They received testosterone from the surrounding egg cells. Lady cells produce testosterone
49:27 response to a hormone from the anterior hormone being lutin izing hormone, which
49:34 get to later. So here I . I've made my my germ
49:41 The germ cell is released, you , starts here in the basement
49:45 Right? Remember, it works its up, is released into the
49:48 And when it's into the Lumen, travels from the seminar first to beall
49:54 the rec testes and the testes and epidemics. And it takes about 20
49:59 for to travel through the epidemics. epidemics is this little itsy bitsy,
50:03 tiny tube that's about 6 m long humans. But all right, I
50:08 to paint a picture here. I everyone toe. Take a look at
50:11 thumb. That is how long the looks. But it's this curly curly
50:17 . So this right here from there there is about the length of your
50:20 . But you can see the artist trying to demonstrate you this little tiny
50:24 noodle that kind of passes along the of that. All right, so
50:29 takes sperm about 20 days in adult to move from the red testes.
50:35 this again not drawing, correct entirely from the red testes all the way
50:40 to the rear end. What is the kata of the epidemic mus All
50:47 , Now, why do we care the epidemic? It's the single least
50:52 about structure in the male reproductive The truth is, is that sperm
50:57 the testes are completely incapable of and of them they don't know how
51:01 swim. They basically are just long cells that do nothing. And so
51:07 the epidemics job is is to finish modification process. So we turned sperm
51:13 round cells and long elongate cells release . And now what we're gonna do
51:18 we're gonna change their their identity by in other molecules taking other molecules
51:25 And we're gonna teach this sucker how , a sperm so finishing school is
51:32 we can think of it as It puts all the proper proteins on
51:36 surface of the sperm so that it's of recognizing and penetrating through the
51:42 All right, it serves as a school. It's actually kind of
51:46 They've done studies where they take sperm different regions, and in each of
51:50 different regions, sperm swim differently. , like sperm appear might swim in
51:56 . Sperm over here might swim Right? Sperm over here can actually
52:02 a chemical signal. And so the is that we're learning or teaching sperm
52:08 to behave like sperm. The last is, is that you want to
52:13 a part of a reproductive strategy. want to have lots of sperm in
52:18 ejaculate and sperm leaving the testes. not a lot of sperm. As
52:24 concentrated concentration is concerned, right? not a lot of sperm per volume
52:28 fluid, so we do is remove whole bunch of fluid, and we
52:32 up that sperm after we've concentrated up 100 fold. So when ejaculation comes
52:39 , we're not just delivering a whole of, you know liquid. It's
52:43 are trying to produce, um, , that is, sperm rich so
52:49 the sperm can ultimately fine and fertilize over. So epidemics, job finishing
52:58 concentration and ultimately storing up sperm. what questions we got? Nothing.
53:07 , maybe there might be something. , all right. So moving on
53:13 the ducks, there's two more ducks we are concerned with. Notice that
53:18 don't have the ureter listed here, you're ether is part of the
53:22 All right, we have the doctors , which is also known as the
53:25 difference. Basically, this is a structure. So during ejaculation, what
53:32 is is that you get this uh, parasol to contractions that Dr
53:39 from the epidemics into the vast difference up and out, uh,
53:46 uh, the urethra. All So this is this is how we
53:52 sperm. It's not just here. going to see contractions throughout right
53:58 There is this very itsy bitsy, tiny ductwork right here that's called the
54:03 Torrey Duct. And what we have It's a junction between one of the
54:09 sex glands called the seminal vesicles, the vast difference where you're bringing the
54:16 from the seminal vesicles with the sperm the epidemic's. You bring it together
54:21 you're mixing it to to produce thean what we would call semen. It's
54:28 entirely complete yet, but this is is that first mixing point, all
54:32 . And so we're gonna do is we're gonna enter into the prostate and
54:36 that fluid and sperm mixes with the fluids at the base of the urethra
54:44 here the wreath or where we're ultimately to see that that emission. All
54:50 , that's that's search kind of as the, um I'm not going to
54:55 the barrel of the cannon, but where all the material is just being
55:00 for ejaculation. Finally, we're moving the three male accessory sex clams.
55:10 right, so understand that semen is mixture of fluids plus sperm.
55:18 So sperm is the sell. Semen the mixture of the fluid and the
55:25 , so the fluid is referred to seminal plasma. All right. And
55:31 the similar plasma comes from three organs from the seminal best calls. It
55:36 from the prostate and comes from the you read through gland right now for
55:40 seminal vesicles. There are two of structures. All right, so here
55:45 one. There's the other. So apparent structure. If you wanted
55:48 you could make it a little tiny . Yeah. Okay. I like
55:55 have fun, You guys. Um and so roughly 50% of the
56:01 plasma comes from the seminal vesicles. so this is how we're gonna dilute
56:08 sperm. So remember, we concentrated for storage purposes, but if you
56:13 jam all the sperm together, it's be a big, giant bullets of
56:17 . So you need to kind of up the sperm so they have some
56:19 to move. This is one of reasons that we have this fluid.
56:24 right, but there's other things. actual materials in the similar plasma there's
56:30 . They have identified about 200 different in seminal plasma. And I'm gonna
56:34 out some some of the important I wanna put it all together here
56:37 the very end. Alright. So off the simple plasma from the seminal
56:43 . Very, very viscous. So kind of thick and it's alkaline in
56:47 . Alright, so that's one of key things alkaline. All right now
56:51 of the key materials that are being from the similar vesicles. It's
56:55 We need fructose because sperm use fructose an energy source, they don't use
57:01 , so you give them fructose. gives them the energy to power their
57:05 motility, the activity of their of four jello. Alright, there are
57:10 prostaglandins, Alright, Now prostaglandins based their name. You think they come
57:16 the prostate gland and that's why they named prostaglandins. But it turned out
57:19 they got it wrong. They were from the seminal vesicles purpose of prostaglandin
57:25 to stimulate smooth muscle contraction. And lastly, there are a whole
57:30 of substances that are primarily ions that gonna play a major role in motility
57:36 aid in the process of capacity We're going to deal with the question
57:40 capacity ation Not in this lecture, in the next lecture, but in
57:44 last lecture. We're going to try bring the two reproductive systems together to
57:49 about, um, together. The gland, on the other hand,
57:56 the famous gland, right? Because , this is one that causes guys
58:00 major issues as they get older. is one where we get the cancers
58:04 , you know, it's just what There was a show I used to
58:07 and they refer to prostate cancers, glands, PP Cancer. Yes,
58:13 got the pp all right. this is a structure. It's about
58:19 size of an acorn. It's it's inferior to the bladder, so you
58:22 see right there there is. The is on top of it like so
58:28 , it completely surrounds your wreath. so that region of the urethra is
58:33 the prostatic urethra because it belongs to urethra. And there's a whole bunch
58:39 , uh, ducks that air entering to the rich at that point from
58:44 glandular structure of the prostate. this makes up the second largest
58:49 so anywhere between 35 45%. And these air inaccurate measurements there just kind
58:55 estimations, right? But what I to point out is a couple of
58:59 of it, right? First, slightly acidic. The reason it's slightly
59:03 is because there's a whole bunch of acid in there. All right,
59:08 it produces or you'll find within a of seminal plasma. Similar plasma is
59:14 type of antibiotic, all right. then we have some very specific
59:19 one that's called prostatic specific antigen. is a liquid fact int. All
59:26 , we have P s, a , which is a foster taste,
59:30 is a powerful knows deceptive. And there's a bunch of sick in
59:35 The zinc serves as a role to the sperm from oxygen radicals.
59:40 remember, our DNA is is uniquely and so you can damage your DNA
59:46 well, All right, now we're come to while these are important in
59:49 a second. Alright. Last structure the bubble Yuri throw glance, also
59:54 to as the calpers gland. It's paired structure. This picture doesn't do
59:58 justice. So if you can just it, sometimes you can see kind
60:02 where it sits, but it's right the urethra. Sits underneath the prostate
60:06 to the side. This accounts for last little bit of of the similar
60:13 . Now, some of you may to this as pre ejaculate. This
60:17 a mucus like substance that's produced, when, uh, males are physically
60:24 or are stimulated. And so, prior to ejaculation, it starts secrete
60:29 massive amounts of this mucus like So there's it's primarily water with mucus
60:34 some other agents in it. And the purpose of this is really should
60:39 limerick eight to Yuri throw. All , so basically, you take a
60:43 tube and you lubricated so that it it easy for things to pass on
60:48 . That's that's its primary purpose. other thing that it does is because
60:52 materials inside the the secretions are not neutral, but are alkaline in
61:00 . What? It also helps to it. It helps to reduce or
61:05 acidic environments of the urethra. All , so what I wanna do is
61:09 want to put this in perspective. learned this before, and if you've
61:12 , um, Microbiota, you've learned . All right, acidic environments are
61:20 , um, detrimental to life. right? They tend to kill things
61:25 and So we want to have an urethra because we don't want bacteria living
61:31 our urethra. So that's a good . But our sperm are also living
61:39 , and in an acidic environment they be killed. And so, by
61:44 that environment just prior to ejaculation, mean literally within 30 seconds to a
61:51 to 30 seconds before ejaculation. What doing is you're basically saying I'm getting
61:55 of the possibility of nuking any of sperm that are about to pass on
62:01 because I want to deliver the best and the best swimmers that I possibly
62:07 during an exact relation. That's the , right? Because man's job is
62:13 make sperm and deliver sperm. And I'm killing off my sperm, then
62:16 not doing my job. So let's questions so far, nothing. My
62:26 freaking you all out or you're laughing who knows what you're doing on the
62:30 end. All right, let's get to the last little bit. I
62:38 I'm gonna bring this all together. right, So here's seamen. This
62:43 a picture I pulled off the right? Um, it's basically that
62:48 , plotted on the sperm. We to it as ejaculate. It's created
62:52 the early stages of ejaculation, because the sperm or sequester we were
62:56 glands. They're producing their own And so when ejaculation is occurring,
63:00 bring these three things together. And ejaculation has two stages. There's the
63:05 emission stage, but there's there's a stage, and that's what we're referring
63:09 . We're bringing together, and semen some very specific characteristics versus milky
63:16 It's very, very sticky. In of volumes in a sexually active male
63:21 somewhere between three and five million or to 5 mils of in volume.
63:27 then, if you actually going to all the sperm in there, you're
63:31 see anywhere between 200 to 500 million , all right? And it's outlined
63:36 nature. Now I'm gonna treat this same way I treat this when I
63:41 the class and I want you to for a moment I want you to
63:43 sex, alright. And typically, ask you guys and I want you
63:49 to put in a chat. I you to give me a one word
63:54 describing sex. I'm giving you a to do that. Maybe 30
64:13 We can deal with that, if we can deal with that.
64:16 guys are really there. We Got arousal. Alright, so word
64:25 describes sex. All right. How you picture? I mean so sex
64:31 blank. Fun, intimate. good goods, Procreative, You
64:41 There's nothing. There is No There no word in here. That should
64:44 embarrassing. Alright? Sex is a part of life. You didn't do
64:49 . You ain't reproduce them. You right? I'm gonna I'm gonna embarrass
64:53 all. You ready for this? exist because your parents had sex.
65:01 , now that you all shivered, up with some word. I need
65:05 have more than four words. Jake far is winning with fun.
65:17 Tie has sticky. Come on, . You could do better. Going
65:31 . Going twice. All right, you guys do not win the prize
65:41 the best answers. I've one I had smelly another semester. I
65:49 disappointing. Do you think What disappointing ? Yeah, there we go.
65:57 the laugh out loud. Um, gotta have fun with this stuff.
66:01 right, Now, Sticky is actually pretty good descriptive here. But
66:06 what I want you to think about I want you again. Remember I
66:09 you to think about what sex All right? I'm not talking about
66:13 intimate act I'm not talking about, know, two lovers looking at each
66:17 deeply in their eyes, thinking, know, you know, quaintly about
66:22 child that they're about to produce because ain't happening. All right. The
66:27 is, is sex is actually kind a violent. I don't know.
66:32 was it was some woman at at the classroom in the back of the
66:36 . We said it was disappointing. was really funny. The whole class
66:39 it for about five minutes. It It was it was awesome.
66:42 but sex is actually fairly violent. mean, I'm not talking about,
66:47 , physically violent, but I it's you're you're dealing with the penetrative
66:51 , and this is actually entering into vagina, right? And it's actually
66:55 like a piston. In fact, is a piston, right? A
66:59 is a piston that is moving back forth. And if you look at
67:03 if you look at the Penis it actually has a gasket. What
67:07 call the Corona. Alright, so that raised lip at raised edge on
67:13 Penis. And what that does is serves as a gasket, and gaskets
67:17 create a boundary between either side of gaskets. So when the Penis is
67:21 in, it actually creates compression of . When the Penis has pulled
67:26 actually creates a vacuum. And so can imagine during copulation, that is
67:30 of the things that is actually going . Um, actually question That's a
67:35 good question. I don't know if . Yes, Well, there are
67:39 signs that they do. Um, get to that. Well, we
67:45 get to that, but I could answer that question in a minute.
67:48 so you can imagine. I so you have this compression wear faction
67:51 wear faction compression wear faction. the stimulation the fund results, the
67:58 , the pleasure results in male All right. And so the sperm
68:06 going to be, uh, deposited the vagina. All right,
68:12 as I mentioned, I'm sorry. trying to get back to my slides
68:15 . Alright, as I mentioned, know, the first thing that that
68:19 dealing with is we're dealing with the of compression and rare faction. If
68:24 the gasket is complete, completing compression the rare faction pulling the Penis out
68:31 causing, you know, kind of vacuum when the Penis is withdrawn after
68:37 . What do you expect the sperm do? Is he going to stay
68:41 the vagina? Is you're gonna come with the Penis and hopefully many of
68:45 thinking. Oh, yeah, it's to leave. It's going to come
68:48 of the vagina when the Penis is . All right, so when we're
68:54 at semen, we've got to deal a whole bunch of problems that are
68:57 be cause as a function of the act. All right? And so
69:02 semen is is not just a means delivering sperm. It's also a way
69:10 address all the problems that are resulting that activity. So, first
69:17 let's deal with a couple of these alkalinity. All right? The vagina
69:21 an incredibly alkaline environment, right? open to the external environment. You
69:26 your own microbiota that live within the , basically serving as a first line
69:32 defense. You also have an immune , and basically what you're saying is
69:35 , I'm creating an environment that is to organisms that Eric found the external
69:41 . And so what we're doing during is we are first exposing the female
69:46 whatever is living on our bodies. secondly, we're depositing a whole bunch
69:51 cells into an environment that is inhospitable cells. So the first problem that
69:59 tries to dress is to reduce the of that environment. I said
70:07 its acidity, and my brain is putting. I should be going to
70:10 already. Now it's your city of environment, but you're making it more
70:13 . That's that's the idea, all , so the acidity, your neutralizing
70:17 acidity so you can create an environment for sperm survival. That's number one
70:25 two. As I said, if peanut is being pulled out and the
70:28 is going with it, that is conducive to reproductive success. So within
70:34 there's this element called similar Jelen. , it's found in the seminal plasma
70:40 by the seminal vesicles. It's a factor. Alright, Silicon Gel in
70:46 in essence, is basically fi bring , and what it does is that
70:51 seeming to coagulate almost immediately when it mixed. And so when it's
70:56 Basically, that causes the sperm to kind of stuck to the walls of
71:02 vagina. As I like to sometimes in classes the last this is
71:08 guy's opportunity that act like Spiderman, ? We get to create a Web
71:15 basically holds the bad guys in Although these aren't the bad guys,
71:18 are the good guys from our And so this prevents much of the
71:24 from leaving the vagina after copulation. the problem is, and the other
71:29 that does it helps the sperm become . In other words, they're not
71:32 so weekly. They just kind of there, and they're kind of waiting
71:35 turn. The problem is, is if your sperm are stuck to the
71:39 of the vagina, they're not getting near the oval, which is
71:42 ultimately the goal of reproduction. And we need to break that material
71:48 This is where the liquid Factum like s a comes into play. Liquefaction
71:53 Sickly breakdown clots, right. This like plasma when we learned about
71:58 So what you do is about 20 40 minutes after population, the liquid
72:02 have done their job. They basically chopping up the seminar Jelen and freeing
72:06 the sperm. And when the sperm all freed up there like well,
72:09 I can swim now when they start away and they start working their way
72:13 the oath of them now to help sperm on their trip, we have
72:19 prostaglandins. Prostaglandins induce smooth muscle The smooth muscle contractions that we are
72:27 our reverse parasol tick in nature. other words, were causing the sperm
72:32 ride waves that draw the sperm up where the ovum is alright specifically towards
72:38 overdose. The other thing that prostaglandins is it helps to decrease the viscosity
72:42 the cervical mucus. Now, right , this doesn't make a lot of
72:45 because we haven't looked at the female track. All right, but in
72:49 , draw yourself a longhorn. I'm . Here, I gotta draw
72:54 Okay. There's my Longhorn. I'm put little tiny bells at the end
72:58 my longhorn. That's your ovary, you're over duct. This is your
73:02 uterus. Then down there, that be the vagina. All right.
73:05 so right here, the mouth of , That is the cervix. All
73:10 . This is a barrier between the environment of the vagina and what
73:15 in theory, the sterile environment of uterus. And so to get sperm
73:21 here to there, it has to through a duct through the cervix.
73:27 duck is clogged with mucus, except a very specific times of the
73:32 in which case you wanna kind of it possible to pass through. So
73:37 play a role in doing that sperm, our foreign. What do
73:44 immune system want to do with foreign ? Kill him. And so what
73:48 have is we have agents, substances are found within the semen that basically
73:53 to suppress the female immune response to that are present in the female reproductive
73:59 . But that problem, the problem arises from that, is that
74:04 guys air dirty, yucky, Gross. And so, in the
74:08 of copulation. We're also bringing along the microbiota that air coming along on
74:12 surface of our bodies into the female track. So it's a suppressed immune
74:17 . You could get all sorts of and die. Well, that's not
74:21 for reproduction either. So while we suppressing the immune response, what we're
74:25 do is thesis. UB senses in semen. There are many of them
74:29 are bacterial cycle that basically kill Bacterial expansion basically kills off the bacteria
74:35 includes the citric acid. All so we have a solution for almost
74:41 the problems that arise as a So semen is not just, and
74:46 is really the Keith take away is just a means of getting sperm into
74:51 female reproductive track. It Z consists a whole bunch of different agents that
74:58 a role in ensuring reproductive success. every problem, that is, that
75:04 could be either caused or must be . There's probably a solution in
75:13 So this is a good place to when we see what questions? Uh
75:20 , no. So it's not just , actually. I mean, you
75:24 train a rat to have sex all time. I mean, basically,
75:26 just wired hypothalamus and it just That's a button and orgasm itself to
75:32 . And in fact, mice will themselves to death. If you give
75:35 infinite number of females in a they will keep having sex until they
75:41 literally. They will avoid food. avoid drink. They will just
75:45 copulate, copulate. You know, , dogs, What do we do
75:51 dogs? We basically knew Durham. now notice these mostly males that we're
75:56 with, right? So there's a there. But if you look at
75:59 , you look at other primates. a there's a huge drive. There
76:04 a huge drive That is, appears to be pleasure. That is
76:10 just a function of trying to Yeah, it's an interesting tool,
76:17 know, give pleasure to result in . So I just wanna look at
76:24 we regulate reproduction or testicular function. , So hypothalamus for producing gonadotropin releasing
76:31 that acts on the anterior pituitary, two different hormones, not hormones,
76:35 stimulating hormone. This will become a . Very, very consume. Organizing
76:40 acts on the latex cells they produce , for example. Testosterone acts on
76:45 whole bunch of different things. It in a negative feedback to both the
76:50 pituitary and the hypothalamus. FSH, the other hand, is what's acting
76:55 Mr Totally cells. The hormone that produces as a result is called in
77:01 with a name like in heaven, can only do one thing it inhibits
77:04 the anterior pituitary. So what we're is inhibit inhibits FSH. Testosterone
77:10 uh, lutin izing hormone. But the FSH causes is totally cells
77:15 a whole bunch of things basically produce engine and binding protein that promotes format
77:19 Genesis. It helps convert androgens into and other tissues. Alright, so
77:27 of the big picture here for I think I have two slides
77:31 Um, it has multiple functions in . We think of testosterone as the
77:36 hormone, and it is it does a nationalization of the reproductive track.
77:40 is particularly true before we're born. helps to cause The test is to
77:45 into the scrotum during development after What it does is that it helps
77:51 grow and mature our reproductive tracts is for spring matter Genesis. You take
77:59 away. You will not have scream a genesis. But if you have
78:03 doesn't mean you're gonna have sperm There are other agents in there.
78:07 right, helps maintain reproductive tract. gives all of our secondary sexual
78:13 for example, hair patterns, body , which is that carrot makes us
78:19 us that Barry White voice, you . So if you can think about
78:23 character, secondary sexual characteristics, that's a function of testosterone. Lastly,
78:33 terms of reproduction, what does it ? Well again? Sex drive basically
78:38 us to maintain it. Um, terms of non reproductive, it has
78:44 anabolic effect. So when you talk anabolic steroids, that's kind of what
78:48 doing. I love this sort of . It's an awesome Photoshop.
78:53 it promotes bone growth during puberty, most of its action is done in
78:57 form of estrogen. That's kind of funny part is that testosterone delivered throughout
79:02 body, and in many cases it's to estrogen before it does its
79:07 So with that in mind, I basically went through the male reproductive
79:11 Um the key theme here is men for men, deliver sperm. And
79:17 when you're going through and again, used to start to notice how we
79:20 . We started in the gonad they up through the track. And then
79:23 added in the agents, On top that, um, if you do
79:27 , it's the easiest way to Um, the male reproductive tract.
79:33 so you're gonna leave today. You're go home or if you already at
79:37 , you're gonna turkey up, you , enjoy the break. Don't don't
79:41 your butts off, right? I , today's the last day of
79:44 then Wednesday, Thursday, Friday sex just enjoy family time. Enjoy
79:50 And then we come back. We're we're gonna slam through the last two
79:53 . I made it in assertion. said the female reproductive tract female reproduction
79:58 complicated. And so my hope is gonna be able to prove that to
80:02 over the next two lectures. There's lecture for males, Really, 1.5
80:08 females. We're going to see all . Um, just another reminder.
80:13 is the last day we can get , um, peer reviews done.
80:19 finish up your peer reviews. I'm I'm gonna get off right now.
80:22 all this stuff. I'm gonna send an email reminder. Get it
80:26 Now, Don't wait till tonight, I'm not gonna be coming back to
80:29 guys, you know? Oh, see You forgot to do this.
80:32 just gonna count off. I'm gonna find somebody else and give them extra
80:35 , because it's just easier for me do that, because all you gotta
80:38 is send out a hey, who to do this in? 95% of
80:41 will respond in 20 seconds. All , so get her done. And
80:46 that in mind, if there are questions, I'm gonna shut down the
80:54 . There are no questions. All . Thanks very much. Florida,
80:59 have a good weekend to eat. of turkey. Lots of it.
81:03 body is craving it. It's been all year for this. All
81:08 Thanks. In it. All love the
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