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BIOL 3324 Human Physiology - BIOL3324_Lecture02
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00:05 test test working apologizes a lot. couldn't find my mute button. It
00:33 on the little tiny, other little window. You guys could hear
00:38 Okay, I presume. Um, one last little thing I need to
00:42 here, which is start recording for meetings. So let me see what
00:47 can do here quick. You have idea how many windows on top of
00:52 I have. So there we Last time when we met the recording
00:58 teams didn't actually work. So I'm I have a backup way to do
01:02 . So hopefully that won't be an this time. We will see.
01:08 I'm making sure they have my right on. So there we go.
01:11 hopefully what you can see in front you right now is the summary from
01:16 lecture on Tuesday. For that you online. I you know it's not
01:22 be fun. I mean, you're at slides list in my my luxurious
01:27 is is not the best way to , but it is what it
01:31 So if you're new to the class Tuesday, I want you to go
01:35 and watch the orientation lecture. It covers everything you need to know about
01:41 class, their slides, that available blackboard that you can use. And
01:45 key thing here is just to test or not you understand it. So
01:49 an orientation quiz. See? Look I can do to do. I
01:53 I can do that. My pen not set up there. Were you
01:57 an orientation quit, so make sure do your orientation quiz. And,
02:02 , I am gonna meet everybody just , you know, you guys are
02:06 . Um, So there you commuting everybody. So if you come
02:10 late, I'll re meet you uh, on with the show.
02:16 , so if you haven't bought the yet or if it's coming in
02:19 I understand it's kind of interfering with quizzes and stuff like that. I've
02:23 a couple students. The truth if I need to open the quiz
02:27 again, I can. It's a pain in the butt, so hopefully
02:30 show up soon. The truth though, if you think about
02:34 we have 25 quizzes. There's that's of your grades of each quizzes really
02:39 gonna be harmful to you if you one. But if you're desperate for
02:43 points and you're late on getting your , email me now or not this
02:48 . But you know, before the , let me know and then that
02:51 can kind of get an idea. needs what. Just know that there's
02:56 you need to read before each So those quizzes they always open at
03:01 . They always come to it due noon. There's 10 questions. You
03:04 30 minutes to two attempts each. you have questions about the class,
03:08 watch the video. Don't just email email me as a last resort.
03:12 trying to get you guys to pay first. So how I want to
03:17 of start the class here is I want to give you guys that big
03:20 . What is it that we're trying learn this semester? And it's really
03:24 question. What is physiology and the definition? It's how living things do
03:30 things that they do, and so , what we've studied is an
03:37 And then we've we broke it down organ systems and their organs and ask
03:42 , What is the organ do? you know, that's really not good
03:46 . I mean, this is really we're doing is if you can
03:48 it's it's taking apart something and breaking down to its smaller components. And
03:53 kind of like looking at a digital . I mean, we could look
03:57 a digital clock. It's OK. is the mother board here is the
04:01 . You gotta, but it doesn't how it goes about displaying or counting
04:06 anything. And with the advent of biology and molecular biology and being able
04:11 dissect structured even more deeply, we look at the level of the cell
04:17 literally looking at the biomolecules, that carrying out the functions for those organs
04:22 organ systems. So ultimately, what looking at here is just a sub
04:27 of biology. And that's kind of your bile degree is separated out.
04:30 like here, we're gonna look at here. We're gonna look at cell
04:33 here. We're gonna look at molecular here. We're looking at genetics,
04:37 so all of these are just ways kind of cut out a slice of
04:41 entire discipline and say, How do manage or do things using these
04:48 So physiology is this sub discipline that at how do how do living things
04:53 the things that they do? All , Now, ultimately, the central
04:58 of physiology is home in Stasis, we're gonna talk about that in just
05:01 moment. So whenever you're looking at , the question you're asking yourself
05:05 how does it maintain a balance? does it maintain this home in a
05:10 so that we have this normal functionality one of things I like to do
05:15 I want to make clear physiology is pathology. You might even see classes
05:19 you'll take maybe in the future, places that's called Path of Fizz.
05:24 is the opposite of physiology, where deals with normal function. Pathology deals
05:31 abnormal function. So this is basically states, and so 98% of your
05:38 this class because you're interested in solving at some point in your future.
05:43 in order understand pathology, you first to understand what normal is. How
05:48 it normally work? How is it now? How do I get broken
05:53 to normal? All right. So I want to do is I want
05:57 ask you a real simple question and you can go into the chat
06:02 start just slamming what you know, ? And I want you to keep
06:06 basic is so here's the different systems the human body. And I do
06:10 because I want you to see that all walking into this with knowledge.
06:15 right, So what does the Integra suit, Dude, One word
06:19 You know, Integra mint equals Muscular equals blink. Just pick one
06:24 two systems and just put those and I'm gonna look at the chat
06:27 quick, and I want to see you guys are are saying when it
06:31 to this. All right, All , I see protection. Good.
06:36 . That scan for muscles. I movement. Fantastic. All right.
06:41 is nervous. System. Okay, part of it. What is the
06:44 system? Do anyone have an Census in it? Skeleton is
06:53 Good reproduction is to reproduce in that of them. Let's put the function
06:58 there in the name communication good circulation to move things around. Good respiratory
07:06 . Wouldn't want to hit that Okay, that's what it is.
07:10 what does it do? Breathe. , good. It allows us to
07:15 air in and out urinary system, you want to shoot it? Hit
07:19 . Digestive is nutrition breaking things Auction an auction out. Good.
07:23 , you already understand this stuff. right, so you know what they're
07:26 in a very, very basic But what we're gonna do is we're
07:31 ask the question, How does it the things that you all just
07:36 All right, so that's really what course is about. And I hope
07:40 what? You're kind of excited about , right? Because it's kind of
07:44 going. All right, well, know my heart beats, and I
07:47 that it pushes blood, but how it beat now? Doesn't push
07:50 That's the question. Why does it a push? Blood is the other
07:55 . So, as I mentioned, big picture here is the primary function
07:59 the body is to maintain home in and the definition of home your states
08:03 in a very basic sense is to a constant internal environment in the face
08:12 a external environment that is constantly All right, now we can think
08:19 this in real, simple terms. know, you think OK,
08:22 my but my body temperature is supposed be 98.6 degrees or 37 degrees
08:29 All right, so if you go and it's greater than 98.6 or it
08:33 like it, your body says, , I'm starting to warm up,
08:37 I need to cool down to keep inside of my body at that
08:43 Similarly, if you walk into refrigerated , you begin shivering because your body
08:48 responding to the drop in chip temperature , and it's trying to maintain that
08:55 at 98.6. Alright. Another way look at this because temperatures an easy
09:02 . It's one that we've already kind learned about is that we need to
09:04 again in terms of of what our is. It's a open system.
09:10 right, so like this right here we're looking at, there is an
09:13 system. Things were going in. were coming out. But what we
09:17 to do is we want to maintain in that system, All right?
09:22 so what we're talking about here is that you probably learned in chemistry they
09:27 to as lob mass balance or the of mass action. So for everything
09:32 you put in, something must come all right. That's in essence,
09:35 that means. And there's a really way for you to think about
09:39 All right? I want you to about I hope you all like Oreo
09:43 . All right? You have a of Oreo cookies right in front of
09:47 . All right. And that play . Cookies must always have four cookies
09:52 it. Now you can eat one , but once you take one cookie
09:55 eat it. That's the out. need to replace it with one cooking
09:58 the pantry. And you have the pantry over here. He took it
10:02 cookies off the plate. You have put two cookies onto the plate.
10:06 ? So the idea is everything that take off. I need to replenish
10:09 place with something to put in. so that's kind of what the lob
10:14 balance requires, It says, whatever I put in has to be
10:20 by what's lost. Whatever is lost to be offset by whatever is put
10:23 . And so we need to think terms of what am I putting into
10:26 body? Well, food and drinks easy one right could find eating food
10:30 drinking and breathing putting an air. I'm putting in food and I'm putting
10:34 drink but their chemical reactions that are only breaking down those materials, all
10:42 , so you're losing them in that . But you're also building new
10:46 So gain is not just what Onley you're in putting by consumption, but
10:52 by production so you can think gain production and consumption. All right
10:59 loss is similar. It right? mean, you can think of
11:02 so that's going to the restroom that's out. That's the sweating. Those
11:08 all different times of types of wayto stuff. But again, when you're
11:13 things down, that's Cata Bolic When you're breaking things down, you're
11:17 stuff, and then as you're building , you're also losing stuff, all
11:23 , so ca tabal ism and Anabel through this metabolic activity needs to be
11:27 into these equations when you think your gain or loss. All right,
11:31 our body is dealing at gain and at a molecular level. All
11:37 now what I want to do when talking about how the state we're going
11:40 pause here about how many states we're come back. But I want you
11:43 kind of vision what your body all right. And if you boil
11:47 down your body baseless. Three fluid . It's really to conclude two
11:52 The major division. We have the that are found inside cells where some
11:57 that are outside sales way have we a term for these two compartments.
12:02 refer to the inside cell compartment. the interest cellular fluid, the i
12:07 F. All right. And then e cf is the exercise. Your
12:10 . That's the fluid outside, all . And that's that's pretty basic.
12:14 this is stuff your like you're doctor, when you've already taught this
12:17 for We learned this stuff in basic , just like yes, but if
12:21 ask the question. Why? Why I need to have these two
12:26 right? These two compartments allow for interactions to occur in a unique
12:36 All right, so I want you think about the space that you live
12:39 right now, whether it be an in the dorm room in a
12:44 you know, wherever you live, have divided that space into unique
12:51 All right, So, for you go in the kitchen, you
12:55 in the kitchen, you go into bathroom, you do your business in
12:59 bathroom, whether be showering or other right in the bedroom. That's where
13:05 normally sleep. All right, In dining room, that's where you normally
13:11 . And so what you've done here you've compartmentalized space. So even in
13:15 dorm room where you have I'm not about the sweets. I'm literally talking
13:19 your box of a room. It's , this is where my desk
13:23 This is where I study. This where my bed is. This is
13:26 I sleep. This is my minimal area. This is where my clothes
13:31 . And granted some things could move . You know, we're not talking
13:34 here, but the idea here is allows for specialization. All right.
13:41 that's why we have these compartments. , the compartment between the I C
13:46 E C F are separated by a called the plasma membrane. We're gonna
13:51 to that more detail in just a . But there's another compartment, so
13:56 can see here that here's my i f right there's my plasma membrane.
14:01 my e cf. All right, have another division sitting over there.
14:07 division is a wall of cells that the blood plasma. All right,
14:14 the stuff that's circulating in new circulatory from the fluid that directly surrounds the
14:21 . All right, So the stuff around the cell is called the interstitial
14:27 , right? Because it interferes, his nearby, or next to the
14:31 . And then you have that wall cells, right? This is what
14:36 call the Indo feel. Liam, don't need to know that this is
14:38 anatomy class, but you might hear word again, and then that's the
14:42 plasma. And so the different Tween blood plasma, the interstitial fluid is
14:47 , very minimal. and then the between the extra cellular fluid. So
14:51 these two things are very similar, difference between these two is rather
14:59 all right, and it's all because have these barriers in place. So
15:05 back to Romeo Stasis many oftentimes go home and states. This means
15:11 , and that's not true. We what we call a steady state.
15:16 steady state does not necessarily mean All right, so let me just
15:21 of show you hear what I mean that? So remember I said that
15:25 plasma membrane represents a barrier, and the way, I will pause for
15:30 here in just a second. I can't see who's doing questions. Come
15:34 at a different slides or a different than you guys are. So you
15:37 give me have to give me a . All right, so that
15:42 what that does that allows for us have different concentrations of materials in the
15:51 relative to the outside. So I you to just kind of look right
15:55 and see again. You don't need memorize these numbers right now, but
15:57 you see the concentration of sodium on outside of cells. Almost 100 50
16:02 Millie mowers. The concentration inside is 15 million more right to the tenfold
16:09 . So while we have sodium both and outside the cell, the concentrations
16:13 very, very different. That's not , right? That's chemical disequilibrium.
16:19 if you count up all the number particles, try to circle it down
16:23 on the bottom. All right, you count up all those different
16:28 what we are is we are osmotic . It's too 99 to 90.
16:32 , in essence, we have a type of equilibrium. It's osmotic in
16:37 nature. But what makes up those molecules, you know, those islands
16:43 very, very different. All Now, the other thing is that
16:48 have a body that is electrically If you walk up to somebody,
16:52 don't electrocute them. All right. if you go and look at the
16:58 the distributions of ions on one side that membrane to the other, you're
17:02 find that they're very, very different electrical disequilibrium. All right. And
17:08 little chart down here kind of shows it shows both of those two things
17:12 the chemical and the electrical disequilibrium. the P represents a plasma. The
17:18 is interstitial fluid. The sea is cellular. Our interests of your
17:22 you see very similar, very right? And what do we
17:27 We're looking at sodium here. So concentration of sodium on the outside of
17:32 relative to the insides very, very . The converse is true with
17:37 It's similar for chlorine, right? then it's similar for bicarbonate. And
17:43 if you look at other large and and another proteins very, very
17:48 You know, there's almost nothing in intracellular. Sorry, circled the PB
17:52 cellular, but it's very there is in the plasma. All right.
17:58 though if you look again at the similarity there all equivalents So why does
18:04 happen? Well, it happens because the presence of this membrane. This
18:09 allows us to create these these disequilibrium then what we can do is we
18:16 use these disequilibrium to power things in cell. All right, so we're
18:23 osmotic equilibrium. Everything is the same terms of the quantity, but the
18:27 need electrical disequilibrium is a dynamic, state, meaning ions are moving back
18:34 forth between these compartments. And we use that movement as a form of
18:40 to get things accomplished. So by that there's a disequilibrium, both electrical
18:46 chemical, that allows for the cells do the things that they do.
18:51 right, now, how did they this? Well, we're going to
18:54 at this. There's these transport mechanisms the membrane itself has selected permeability,
18:59 we're gonna look at that to see it's done. So I'm gonna pause
19:02 . I'm gonna check the chat and . Thank you, Orioles. What
19:08 do we have so far? Anything far. And honestly, you can
19:14 stuff into the chat and hopefully I'll it if if it starts scrolling through
19:20 fast, you know, for if have a question just up above so
19:24 just popped for a second here. is why I don't like doing
19:26 But I could never tell whether or questions if you are. So how
19:32 the question being asked His house, states and equilibrium different, well,
19:36 of Stasis, remember, Set allows to have disequilibrium. All right,
19:41 again, just pick, pick your here, pick. I'm just going
19:45 say sodium for for example. You lots of sodium outside the song,
19:50 in little sodium inside the cell, that's not equilibrium. But the body
19:57 toe have that disequilibrium. So if were in that ratio of 152 15
20:03 we would say that we're in home static balance for sodium. All
20:08 so it's a steady state, but not equilibrium or and that's that's the
20:14 difference here. So the question being here is the dicks equilibrium. What
20:19 in the concentration? Great across Well, no. So the disequilibrium
20:23 the concentration radiant. So concentration. in simply is the difference between the
20:29 . So really, it just just terms. Meaning really kind of the
20:33 thing. That's a good question, . So the question is, it's
20:41 important to be an osmotic Clement than equilibrium. Well, in biology for
20:48 , probably not. Zeynep, osmotic simply just says, because the truth
20:56 is that the body is going to to find some sort of equilibrium,
20:59 I was. Excuse me. Osmotic is an easy one, right?
21:03 just bouncing number of Saul use. we're gonna talk about similarity in just
21:08 moment. Daisy, I'm gonna open whole thing up here to see what
21:12 says with. So she's asking about an ion gap and the question Why
21:21 we I don't know, potassium is . It's probably something that I'm not
21:28 . That my brain not really kind catching right now. So let me
21:31 me be able to try to look your answer. I think what they
21:36 be referring to here is the flow the ions in the ion gap.
21:40 potassium is higher on the inside of rather than on the that rather than
21:45 the outside. And so it's flows the opposite direction, so it may
21:49 referring to that flow. So Julian asking again, I gotta open up
21:54 little bit more, um joins It's like having a house with the
22:00 C trying to keep it at a temperature. Yes, and that's actually
22:04 of the easier ways to think I mean, temperature is one of
22:07 easy one to think about in terms home in Stasis, right? Because
22:11 it gets too hot, you try cool down. If it gets
22:13 Cooley try to heat up, But what what The fallacy is.
22:18 the problem with thinking along those lines , is that we tend to then
22:22 well. It's only temperature, and not. There are hundreds of
22:26 thousands of systems at the molecular level the body is trying to keep in
22:31 in a static balance. So just an example and again, you know
22:35 don't need to remember this, But about the hormones your body are producing
22:39 this moment, right? You may know what they are, but your
22:42 says I need X amount of this circulating in the body at this particular
22:47 in my life. All right? so that would be home in the
22:50 is if you're too low, it produce more. If it's too
22:54 it will stop producing and releasing. right, So that's what home in
22:59 is, is trying to keep things this range of balance. So the
23:05 that saved asking is, Do all reactions. Everybody required thermal regulation,
23:10 , that now. So the reason thermal regulation has to do with there's
23:15 things for all chemical reactions, and just gonna kind of gloss over this
23:19 right now. Is that all all in your body, all the protein
23:24 your body have a proper temperature in proper pH in which they'll work.
23:29 just so happens that by trying to a constant temperature, we have adapted
23:34 that work best of those temperatures. why we thermal regulator, is to
23:38 sure that we maintain that temperature so the proteins that we do have work
23:43 the proper rain proper range, which is bacteria. And this goes to
23:48 we have fevers and stuff bacteria and molecules don't work at from other organism
23:55 not work at the same temperature. by raising the temperature in our
23:59 we may disrupt the pathogen, but actually still able to work within
24:05 But once you get over a certain and I think what is that 104
24:09 ? That's when our body starts falling . It's because our proteins no longer
24:13 that. Okay, Santa, I'll to remember that there's only 150 of
24:18 , and it'll be a little I think. All right. So
24:21 I'm gonna do is I'm gonna go and move forward here, Um,
24:24 , uh, get to this cool . I like this picture because it
24:31 you the plasma membrane and it shows two cells. All right, So
24:35 we have here is we have cell one is to Selby. This is
24:38 a okay. And what this is you is for all of you who
24:43 a sibling, it shows you the between the two cells. Just like
24:48 relationship between you and your sibling when went travelling, right. In
24:53 what you're doing is you're playing the not touching you game. All
24:57 So cells or not literally smashed together that they're touching each other. They
25:03 a little tiny gap in between And so what you're looking at is
25:07 remembering number one a membrane number two you're looking at the space in
25:11 That's what I'm trying to color in with my shaky hand. All
25:16 so this plasma membrane noticed it separates the two cells. It separates the
25:24 from the little tiny compartment in between . So this cell there is the
25:29 of the cell. There is the of the other cell. That's the
25:33 fluid that I'm trying to point to between. All right. Now this
25:38 membrane, which has multiple here, to as the cell membrane or the
25:43 lemma. It has multiple functions. , the first thing is physical
25:48 It's like the wall that makes up wall of your abode, right.
25:52 keeps the wild dogs from sleeping with at night, Right, because you
25:56 a wall that makes up your your , and that's what this does.
26:00 creates an environment unique to the inside the self. But just like you
26:07 regulate what could come in and out your space, so too, does
26:10 plaza remembering regulate what comes in and of its space. And so we're
26:14 about the removal of waste interest, and ions and the release of cellular
26:19 . All right, put it in context. All right, you taking
26:22 the trash is removal of waste you're in the groceries is bringing in the
26:26 right release to sell your products would all the things that you send out
26:30 your house. Oh, I don't . Let's pretend, for example,
26:33 the Internet conversation stuff that you do . It's the stuff that you produce
26:40 . The other thing, because the membrane serves as that barrier between the
26:44 environment, the internal environment, it serves as the point of communication between
26:49 cell and it's running environment. So means things air stuck in the wall
26:54 the membranes so that the plasma bring do that communication again. You can
26:59 of windows and doors. Someone knocks your door. You open your
27:03 Now you're able to communicate conversations going and forth. You can yell at
27:07 out your window when you're mad at , right? That's a form of
27:11 . Then, of course, you think of your telephone signals as they
27:15 and all the other phone, other stuff in terms of communication. The
27:20 thing is that it serves as a of structural support, and what that
27:25 is that they're proteins that are embedded associate with this membrane that help to
27:31 the shape of the cell. Now tend to think of a shape of
27:35 is being either round or something. all cells have unique shapes dependent upon
27:40 type of function that they're going to . And so the structural proteins helped
27:45 establish that that shape and how it's to interact with not only the surrounding
27:51 but with the cells on the other of that surrounding environment. So you
27:55 see proteins that are embedded out and you might see proteins that embedded
27:59 there. And now these two proteins interacting, so the communication you could
28:04 is still occurring. But it's a of the structural support provided by that
28:10 membrane. Now, way back in , one you learned about the fluid
28:16 model and the plasma membrane, and probably sitting, going. I can't
28:19 I've gotta learn all this stuff and the answer is yes. But
28:23 expanding on what you learned before, right. And so the fluid mosaic
28:28 simply says is Look. The plasma is made up of lipids and
28:31 and some sugars associated with it, right. It's mostly made up of
28:36 , more than proteins and these and are not connected, nor these
28:41 connected to one another. They're just associate with one another. And so
28:46 has. Is Theis presence of being in nature, So it's very
28:52 the individual fossil lipid represented by by molecule here, just a circle one
28:58 can move anywhere within this layer because not tied to anything next to
29:04 All right, they're able to move in that layer. Now the number
29:11 proteins that you find in a fossil violation or in a plasma membrane it's
29:16 be relative to the amount of metabolic that that cell has. And there's
29:21 general rule. The more metabolic activity , the more protein you're gonna find
29:24 the surface of the cell. It's now. The primary fossil are the
29:30 lipid. In this membrane is gonna the fossil lip, and we'll look
29:35 this and more details you can see . The fossil lipid has a very
29:38 arrangement. The round head and the represents a hydro filic. It's a
29:45 loving structure And so it faces towards interstitial fluid, which is mostly
29:52 It also faces towards the inside of Southie interest cellular fluid. It's mostly
29:58 . So what you're really doing is taking the portions that don't like
30:03 those hydrophobic tails and they're hiding them water. And that's why you end
30:08 with this by layer. All so the arrangement is chemical in nature
30:13 by virtue of the structure of these , these air anthem path IQ
30:19 half of them love water, half them hate water. And that's why
30:21 arrange themselves this way. Now, proteins are gonna be either embedded in
30:26 that we found on the surface of cell or of the membrane. Now
30:32 don't look at the fossil lipids. gonna go through with lipids and then
30:35 pause for questions and we'll go through proteins. All right, so this
30:39 the first type of lipid. It's most abundant. It's a fossil
30:42 You can see it here a little more clearly. Here you see the
30:46 it, but by late and what looks like an even see it's arrangement
30:50 is the ball on stick structure or the cloud structure that basically shows you
30:55 polar head. The polar head is glittery all backbone, and it has
31:01 phosphate, and then it has some of variable group at the top.
31:07 right, that that's it. And it has a charge because it has
31:11 charge. That means it's gonna track be attracted to water. So it's
31:15 loving hydro filic. The tales. were the fatty acid tails. You
31:20 see that there's two of them. attached to two of the carbon in
31:24 cholesterol. They are not charged there and long there, fats and facts
31:30 water. And so they arrange themselves such a way that this if I
31:36 it like so this would be where is. This is where not water
31:41 . And that's why they arranged themselves the way that they do now.
31:44 I want to do is I want show you something that you don't need
31:47 memorize. All right, But it very important when you hear the word
31:51 full lipid. I want you understand you're taught We're talking about a class
31:55 molecules, Right? I said that a variable group, All right,
32:00 I circled up here. You can we have fostered title not settle.
32:04 for title Syrian hostile Coley and then Falun Ethan Allen Me. All
32:10 The reason I'm pointing you this out because if you look at it without
32:15 at the details, do all these look the same to you? And
32:19 hope the answer is yes. they do, Right? They have
32:22 long fatty acid tails, and then have some sort of thing at the
32:25 . And this is the important Is that all? Fossil? It
32:28 look the same. But what makes unique from one another is that
32:33 And that's important because the body and cells use different foster lipids for different
32:42 . We're gonna see this fossil lipid up a couple of times,
32:49 Foster title. A nossa tall is molecule that we break apart and use
32:56 part of cellular communication just as an . All right. And these other
33:02 could be broken and used as well they don't just sit there as part
33:07 the membrane. They are also molecular nature. They play a chemical role
33:14 the function of the south beyond just of the membrane. So that's number
33:21 . Number two are the single lipid , I never learned about single.
33:25 is in stylized hearts. Started teaching class. And really, what we're
33:29 at here is we're looking at a acid tail. I mean, if
33:32 look at this, does it look the fossil lipid? And I hope
33:35 nodding there. Going Yeah, that like the fossil lifted. So you
33:38 see why it's kind of associative but here is unique thing. If
33:41 look what we got, we got thing. We got that fossil lipid
33:46 or sorry, that fatty acid But then we have this weird molecule
33:51 kind of looks like the fatty acid , plus something else. But if
33:53 win, looked at it chemically, see it's very different than the cholesterol
33:57 the fatty acid tail. What we here is this finger scene and a
34:01 scene is simply amino alcohol. Now the extent of the chemistry. I'm
34:09 know about it. All right. not gonna sit there and try to
34:12 it. The alcohol portion would be so that it can create that boss
34:18 that. Um, See, now blanking on words. See, this
34:22 why you take or get a chemistry that you can have the right
34:27 but basically so that you can create phosphate bond. All right,
34:33 why did we have these? because they function differently than the
34:38 If I do All right now, can have different things. You can
34:42 something that looks like a fossil lipid . You can have something that could
34:46 a glycol lifted, and we're going see how the role of sugars play
34:51 important role in maintenance of the plasma . So we have fossil. If
34:57 we have finger lip, it's. when you have different things, it
35:01 they have different functionality. Right we're not worried about different functionality.
35:07 third molecule is cholesterol. All right , cholesterol, if you're not familiar
35:13 it, is a four ring It's very hydrophobic, very flat.
35:19 so because very hydrophobic, that means going to go where other fats
35:23 and so what it does. It its way in the plasma membranes.
35:26 this is to your benefit. Cholesterol not bad. Cholesterol is very
35:31 All right, so the way that acids are the these fossil lipids,
35:35 they want to line up and get and tight with each other? And
35:40 you have saturated fatty acids, you're get really, really tight. You're
35:43 create a solid Well, we don't her membranes to be like a
35:47 We wanted to be fluid. And if you can jam a cholesterol in
35:52 them, then what's gonna happen is breaks up the party. So you
35:56 imagine if I got something in These two things can't interact. Quite
36:00 . You can't be so jammed close . They have to be a little
36:03 separated, gives him a little bit elbow room, and so there's more
36:06 , and that increases fluid ity. right. Conversely, if you have
36:11 acids with these kinked tails like then you have room in there,
36:19 that's to fluid. And so when cholesterol comes in and gets in that
36:24 , it actually makes it mawr So it's not as fluid. And
36:29 this allows the membrane Teoh kind of in that quasi state of fluent fluidity
36:38 solidity at the same time. And it also does is it ensures that
36:43 higher temperatures your membranes don't melt away cholesterol just kind of fills in the
36:50 , right? And when it gets cold, it prevents it from
36:55 so cholesterols valuable. In that it has much, much other important
37:00 as well. All right, so go here and see what kind of
37:04 you guys might have for, for me, All right. I'm
37:12 to see what days you have to here. Um, why don't protein
37:16 flute of either summer? So they days? That's a good point.
37:20 the question is, is, why the proteins change the fluidity?
37:23 when you jam something in into the membrane, it is going to change
37:28 fluidity. But it's not the primary . Remember, the greater number of
37:34 in a plasma membrane are going to the lipids, not the proteins.
37:37 it's like thinking about a ball pit . The ball pit has a certain
37:40 of fluidity. You go jump in ball pit. You've now disrupted the
37:44 of those balls. So there's greater than there was before. Right?
37:49 come out of the ball pit, more fluid. There's less fluidity than
37:53 was. Doesn't take away from the ago. All right, so question
38:00 , does the cholesterol make remembering more ? The answer is yes. But
38:05 , because it plays a two part and it has, it requires us
38:09 understand the nature of those fatty acid tails. If you have saturated fatty
38:14 tails and you'll have to give me second here, I've got to go
38:17 to the screen, right. Let race all the EQ. All
38:22 So if I have a saturated fossil , I'm gonna have straight tails.
38:28 I haven't unsaturated, I'm gonna have crooked or bent tail. So if
38:34 have a whole bunch of of these that are close together, they're gonna
38:39 create solid structures, all right? you have to pull that I have
38:44 I'm riding on my screen, I nothing supporting my screen. That's why
38:47 all wides. Well, my I'm drawer anyway, but terrible artists.
38:53 the idea is that by taking that and jamming in there, it's like
38:58 pushing these two things apart, all , but if you have two of
39:01 , I'll actually always put even a one that with straight. But the
39:07 these two things are already apart, ? And so by sticking a cholesterol
39:12 the middle of that, I have created more of a solid structure.
39:17 it's not 100% fluid. It's not solid. It sits in that state
39:22 it's kind of balanced in between going to the questions. Um, I
39:31 I answered, Ah, Jeanette's buy your question with that. Well,
39:38 the question is, what's that? between good and bad cholesterol and
39:41 I don't really want to go into just shit. That's really something we're
39:44 talk about in, um uh, the digestion in the digestive system.
39:52 in essence, it's how you're carrying where you're carrying the fats.
39:56 so H deals and L d l's DVI l d l's. These air
40:01 transport mechanisms to move fats around the so it's it's it's not. It
40:07 have to do with cell membrane. has to do with transport.
40:13 so the question is, does the group on the tip of the Cholesterol
40:17 as the head? You know, , I don't know the answer that
40:23 haven't even given any thought. It's like it's showing that Yeah, the
40:28 group is, but again, the . I don't know what background the
40:32 that he may have gotten it upside . As far as I know,
40:37 me see Louisiana's one second. So question is, what happens if there's
40:43 cholesterol in the body? Well, can imagine. So whenever you have
40:47 Esther on your body, your body capable of making its own cholesterol.
40:51 we get cholesterol both from consumption and creation. So if your body starts
40:57 too little cholesterol than your body will trigger because of holy of static balance
41:02 actually make more. All right, , so cholesterol, increased fluid,
41:08 temperatures, Yes, but increases It looked empty. So,
41:14 the answer that I'll get to you a second, Joe, and I'm
41:16 I didn't see the question of the answer is yes, all right,
41:21 it's not really increasing or decreasing It's making sure that the plasma membrane
41:28 respond as it would. So I you to think for a moment about
41:31 you've ever done this. And if haven't, I don't encourage you doing
41:35 . But But if you go and a margarine out of the refrigerator,
41:39 you go look at it right out refrigerated solid. But go let it
41:42 for a little while on the and then go open up the container
41:46 see it's gonna be a liquid. don't even need to heat it
41:49 The natural temperature in the room is the margarine to change into a liquid
41:55 into a more fluid form. Same true, for this is okay to
41:59 is for coconut oil. All Coconut oil has a melting point somewhere
42:04 73 degrees or 74 degrees. So on how hot your houses or how
42:09 warm your pantry is, cocaine oil be either solid in the jar.
42:13 be a liquid in the jar. so what cholesterol does for your
42:17 You can imagine. My membrane is have a certain melting point. And
42:21 what it does is it kind of it so that it won't melt at
42:26 temperature. When you start passing its point and it won't let it
42:30 you become solid when it gets below really the solid point. All
42:37 So let me see Joanna's questions How does cholesterol make plans memory
42:40 All right, The question is, do you have to make his cholesterol
42:44 impermeable? Well, think of it terms of just shoving things into spaces
42:48 the gaps. You know, you Onley work through a membrane if the
42:54 has faced free to travel through and jamming a cholesterol in there and
42:58 I'm using language that's not really It's not jamming in there. But
43:02 imagine I'm just filling it up. you're just kind of preventing things from
43:08 through, all right? And I George has one questioning what we see
43:16 . OK, they're making things all , so it looks like I answered
43:19 question. If I didn't, I'm of running out of time, so
43:23 needed kind of just kind of pick the speed here. Which again?
43:26 of practice for all this stuff, want to just run through the plan
43:31 the membrane protein. We have some definitions for remembering protein. You could
43:36 the cartoons here. All right. peripheral protein is something that is loosely
43:43 with the proteins that are embedded in membranes. And so the blue things
43:47 you're looking at here that's an example for for protein these are typically structural
43:51 or enzyme proteins or enzymes in But notice there loosely associate ID.
43:58 not integrated or embedded in the The yellow ones that we're looking at
44:04 . These are embedded. So we to these as integral proteins. All
44:09 , they're integrated in Well, I , I guess again, how,
44:16 you classify that. I'd say that's integral protein. They may actually be
44:20 . Textbook baby saying otherwise come because saying a T least from my notes
44:25 , for my recollection from your textbook that it has to cross the
44:28 I don't think that's absolutely true, you can think of it as it's
44:33 in. And so it's anchored in it doesn't move. All right,
44:37 it can move within. But typically happens is is that your anchor to
44:42 sort of side of skeleton, which poorly drawing as lines down here.
44:46 so typically, these are gonna be in mobile because they're anchored to those
44:52 . Get all that ink office, , just awful. All right.
44:55 also have what is referred to as lipid anchored. This is an example
44:59 the lipid anchored down here. You see it has these fatty acid
45:03 And then what do you have is have the portion of the protein hanging
45:06 of it, all right? uh, as I said here
45:11 depending on the source, you integral proteins have different definitions, so
45:16 anchor may be considered integral. Just I said, that may or may
45:21 be considered in general, but obviously different than the ones that are so
45:26 with the integral membrane in this So let's take a look at what
45:32 the different types that we have? we have ligand binding receptors. Typically
45:36 have some sort of extra cellular by binding domain. A ligand is simply
45:41 something that binds to a molecule. , um it's a chemical message on
45:45 other side of the planet membrane. have some sort of interest sailor interaction
45:50 . And then in between those two as you have a trans membrane
45:54 Now, how many are part of trans membrane dependent which approaching you're looking
45:58 ? We just have to be looking a seven trans membrane protein in this
46:02 picture, all right, in the in the next one. Their functionality
46:07 basically to receive a signal on this cause a change in the shape of
46:11 molecule that causes the interaction on that to change. And so, in
46:15 a way, you're passing information from of the cell to the outside of
46:19 cell. They also play a role vesicular transport. All right, so
46:25 an example. This one has a trans been brain region, right,
46:29 these types of molecules immigrants can serve signalling molecules as well. But here
46:35 ? We're looking as we're looking at structural protein and you can see what
46:38 I doing? I'm associated with other In this particular case, it's the
46:43 cellular matrix, but it could have skeleton underneath that it's associated with.
46:50 so what it's doing is it's basically to hold or anchor the molecule in
46:58 so it could be to the Or you may have another cell that
47:03 another one of these on the other , and they basically attached to each
47:07 . And so it's basically like having of Velcro holding the two cells
47:12 All right, so you might see called cams Cell adhesion molecule.
47:18 some organ can be GP I linked well, right? And,
47:24 if they do, that means they that trans membrane domain. So GP
47:29 , if you're not familiar with that GP, I means they're attached to
47:33 foster lipid. Specifically glad Casal Foster and hospital. So it's Foster title
47:40 is told with the sugar attached to top. We have different types of
47:47 . We're gonna go in a lot detail about transporters later. But basically
47:50 two big groups of transporters here are channels and the carriers right now channel
47:57 its nature, just says I create hole through the plasma membrane. So
48:03 here's my whole If I'm small enough go through the whole I pass through
48:07 . All right, so thanks comm back and forth, depending upon their
48:12 grading concentration. Grading just means the that has more versus the area that
48:17 less all right carrier proteins. On other hand, um, are are
48:25 that are opened up to only one . So what they do is they
48:28 to something, So you bind on side and then what it does that
48:32 , is it? It changes its and moves it to the other
48:36 So what a carriers do is it's movement. Now we can break these
48:41 down into two times. We have carrier which does this simply moving things
48:46 an area of high concentrations to an of low concentration. So the way
48:50 can vision these in a way that I think is easy One think about
48:54 door that you have at the You know, that big round door
48:57 the the three glass doors to and it's always in motion. Why
49:03 you come on this side and you around and then you're emptied out on
49:06 other side. That's what a carrier , basically moves it through the
49:11 all right, but with a by his definition, you're using the
49:17 concentration graded. So if you had of people up here and few people
49:22 here than a carrier is serving to things from high to low.
49:29 pump, on the other hand, just the opposite. Alright,
49:33 pump is still structurally like a but what is doing is it's moving
49:38 from an area of if again, this is high, this is
49:43 What it's doing now is it's going opposite direction. It's moving things in
49:47 direction, right, and it's requiring , typically 80 p to do
49:53 It's not always gonna be a but typically it is. Then we
49:58 other molecules that we're going to kind come across as we go through the
50:03 . We have molecules that play a in interstate signaling, so it's once
50:07 signal coming inside the cell. How we get the action to occur inside
50:12 cell? Thes would be what the that are associate with the membrane,
50:17 you can see here. We've got couple of different molecules that are associate
50:21 the membrane. Some of these might enzymes. And so I'm just using
50:25 same picture, Um, as an . So this right here PLC is
50:32 , like Pacey, even by its . It has the ace in
50:35 So that's an enzyme foster like pay job is to cleave a fossil
50:41 And so it is catalyzing the reaction the inside of the plasma membrane.
50:46 right, so these were some of other type supplies, memory or plasma
50:51 proteins. We have those that conform of skeletal elements. And again,
50:55 just found random pictures on the Internet you can see here there's a little
51:00 things. Those represent long protein chains helped to form the scaffolding that make
51:10 helped to create the structure. The inside of the self and the
51:15 ones here. That's acting that's probably heard of. That's another of fibrous
51:22 that helps to create structure and shape the cell. So this is done
51:28 the side of skeleton. Now, other thing that we have is the
51:36 and the carbohydrate is simply sugar that been attached by their membrane protein or
51:43 lipid forming either glycoprotein rig like a and you can see in a little
51:48 . Here. We've got a bunch green ones hanging off the ends,
51:51 what they're doing here is they basically this mesh on the outside of the
51:54 . So it's on the external surface it plays multiple roles. But the
51:59 one that I want you guys understand it's basically a protective barrier, so
52:05 prevents inappropriate interaction with the cell. only those things that can pass through
52:10 black Okay, Alex. And the other cool thing about it is
52:14 it helps to serve as a specialized marker for self cells. So,
52:23 essence, all of your cells in body have the same type of like
52:28 , Alex in the same type of , in other words, what those
52:32 look like. And that's how your one of the ways your body knows
52:36 versus non self. All right, gonna check for questions really quickly.
52:42 Navy 80 p do pumps use proteins transfer to um they. So pumps
52:52 typically there to pump small ions. we're moving, protein proteins are typically
52:58 big. And so what happens is we're going to use a vesicles come
53:06 do that kind of movement. So Genet questions, do channels is it
53:12 low to high? So channels typically without energy there the opposite of
53:17 So channels typically are high to low . So think about putting a whole
53:22 of ping Pong balls in your closet shutting the door shut. When you
53:26 the door, they come out. would be what a channel does,
53:30 a pump is what's you putting the Pong balls and requires energy? We'll
53:35 to the question of co transporters as in just a moment, because that's
53:39 little bit later. So, Sana , see, I got it
53:44 Channels are passive. Pumps are transport. So well again,
53:51 we'll get to the question of co in just a moment, right,
53:56 that's I want to kind of address ways of movement before we we kind
54:01 do that. All right. That's problem. Any other questions real
54:07 As we start running out of time , I can feel the pressure of
54:12 things done. 35 minutes. Okay, so let's go back here
54:18 quick, and we're going to address question of movement. All right,
54:23 the first type of movement we need be understood understand his bulk flow.
54:28 right, Both flow is simple, right. When things move from one
54:33 to the other by virtue of some of pressure radiant, that is the
54:39 about four. That's how both flow . But what we're looking at
54:43 we're looking at a fluid that is mixture. All right, So examples
54:49 of mixtures are air, right when breathe in air. Air consists not
54:53 oxygen on Lee, but nitrogen, oxygen secondarily and then a whole bunch
54:59 other gases, one of which happens be carbon dioxide. But when we
55:04 in, what do we want? just want the oxygen. But we
55:08 just selectively take the oxygen we breathe . What we do is we move
55:12 oxygen through different means. So both allows us to suck in the
55:18 And then we have other mechanisms that us to decide what things were gonna
55:22 . All right. Same thing with blood, your blood move by bulk
55:27 . It's basically a big giant It's not just selectively saying okay,
55:30 want to only move these things. all the things that happen to be
55:34 the blood. So all the components together. That's like the basic form
55:38 movement. And it's all about high versus low pressure. We're always going
55:43 an area of high pressure to an of low pressure. So if this
55:47 P, there's your little piece right there. Okay, High pressure versus
55:51 pressure. Now membranes remember their and so they allow certain things in
55:59 out, and the reason they're able do so is because of the degree
56:03 permeability. Now, a platinum membrane said to be permissible to a substance
56:09 that substance can pass through it. said to be impermeable to that Sessoms
56:15 a substance if it can't pass And this is just a definition
56:19 I'm not telling you something that's like you don't already know, but I
56:23 to be able to understand this Our plasma membranes are both permeable and
56:30 , where I just depending what we're at. So what we say is
56:33 our platinum a membrane is selectively And the selective permeability is determined by
56:40 flip IDs and the proteins that we found in that platinum membrane. So
56:45 are some of these characterises? What ? Permeability of remembering? Well,
56:50 off, if we're looking at the that were asking, is it permissible
56:54 we just ask the question, What it soluble iti in lipid? In
56:59 words, this molecule that I'm looking Can it go candid associate with lipids
57:04 No, If it's highly soluble, other words, it can associate with
57:09 . Then it's gonna pass on through fine. Then that molecule, the
57:13 , is said to be permeable to molecule. So if it's not,
57:18 other words, it can't associate with and we call it noncelibate or not
57:23 . And so the easy wouldn't think this. Is that water soluble or
57:26 it no, isn't water soluble and soluble, so uncharged molecules like
57:32 carbon dioxide are soluble, so they're they're gonna move relative or dependent upon
57:38 concentration. Radiant. Right. And can pass through the memory. They
57:41 need a carrier or a channel or . They're just gonna move in between
57:45 foster lipids. Non polar molecules like acids will do the same thing.
57:53 like, Oh, look, there's . What about cholesterol? Cholesterol?
57:56 the same thing. Oh, I'm fact now, yea. And then
57:59 can pass through a cell damage concentration because it's fat soluble. Things that
58:06 charged are water soluble. They love be in the water so they won't
58:11 through the membrane there they're being. rather hang out with water than going
58:16 the fat. Polar molecules like glucose going to do the same thing.
58:22 by virtue of understanding that chemical relationship a molecule to relative to water is
58:28 to tell you whether or not has able to pass remembering also size matters
58:33 right. The bigger the molecule, more difficulty it's gonna have. If
58:37 a little itsy bitsy, teeny tiny , I can probably sneak on
58:41 right, But if I'm a big , I'm stuck on the side that
58:46 found, All right. I need else to help me get across the
58:50 . If I need to get across then you need to have some sort
58:53 force, all right? And so , what we're describing here is kind
58:57 a general force right agenda for so talking about passive activity, cause molecules
59:03 moving around. They have their own , a za result of the environment
59:07 they're in. Right? So if don't have to Dr Something in particular
59:13 , I refer to that has passed in other words, have a high
59:17 versus a low concentration that I am in that direction. Okay, that's
59:24 . I'm just naturally going down my greedy. But if I require
59:29 in other words, if I have go against my concentration radiant, you
59:32 that's gonna require energy. And so refer to that as active movement.
59:38 there's different types of membrane transport. have thes classes. We come diffusion
59:44 transport, which we can break down a bunch of different ways. We
59:48 the secular transport in Osma osmosis. what we're gonna do is we're gonna
59:53 at that point today, and we're go these two in the next
59:57 So let's look at the fusion fusion right? Pick a molecule molecule you
60:03 into an environment it's gonna move into an area of high concentration to an
60:07 of low concentration. It will reach point of equilibrium where all the molecules
60:13 that space are gonna be equally distributed , um, equally dispersed. All
60:19 , that's that's an essence. It take an infinite given an infinite amount
60:23 time. That's what's gonna happen. right, now, there are ways
60:27 make it happen faster. But this the given an infinite amount of
60:31 That's what's going to occur, all ? And so what we're looking at
60:34 is just we're taking a purple cube dive dropping in a container, and
60:39 time it will eventually reach equilibrium. we don't only deal with equilibrium,
60:47 ? So this this these air, dealing with equilibrium across the membrane.
60:52 what I want to first before we there is I want you kind of
60:54 of diffusion first, right? It to be a passive process because we're
60:58 down a concentration Grady in. All , We're going from an area of
61:03 to an area of low. and by the way, I'm just
61:06 prosecute. This is a little just kind of stick in your
61:10 You might want to say we're gonna about Grady INTs over and over and
61:14 again. It's not just a concentration or chemical grading, electrical grating
61:19 Radiant. There's Grady's throughout the entire . And so if you just just
61:24 , I moved from high to When I'm dealing with Grady int,
61:28 you're in good shape, all It's just, you know, we're
61:32 to be looking at different systems that different types of radiance. All
61:36 now, with regard infusion, all molecules over here are gonna move in
61:42 direction until there is equilibrium between those different areas. But we also need
61:49 remember that those molecules are moving as , and so they're going to move
61:52 that direction. The difference is that just happens to be more molecules moving
61:57 a to B within from being a so what we can do is we
62:00 calculate out that difference in movement And what our net diffusion is. And
62:06 their stuff that we could do This calculated, all right. But even
62:12 equilibrium was reached, there is movement molecules. There's just no net
62:19 Alright, If there's no movement, that's death, All right. Cellular
62:25 , molecular death, whatever. It's when there's no movement, there's no
62:28 , no energy, no function. I need you understand that there's always
62:32 be movement. It just maybe no movement. All right. Now,
62:37 fusion is always faster. The the slope, the better. If
62:41 on a skateboard and you're on a that looks like this, you're gonna
62:43 slow. But if you're on a and you're on a slope like
62:46 you're gonna go faster. So that's of the same principle. The further
62:51 have to travel, the longer it's to take. All right again,
62:56 equals rate, times time. If haven't taken physics yet, that's the
62:59 when you're gonna learn. All the more energy you had in the
63:03 , which is what temperature is, faster things were going to go basically
63:06 make all these multiple bang into each faster. And then the smaller the
63:11 , the faster it's gonna move, right, because it kans it between
63:15 and bang into stuff a lot Big molecules are like big, fat
63:20 , you know, They bumping into other or excuse me, pardon
63:22 Pardon me. Excuse me. Where's kids? Or just dip it in
63:25 legs and moving around and stuff like ? So molecules behave the same way
63:30 humans do. The smaller they the faster they move. All
63:34 so the fusion is dependent upon a of different these different things, and
63:38 can put him into what we call law. And these are really if
63:43 if you go to Wikipedia and look fixed law. It talked about how
63:47 figured all this stuff out. It's kind of cool, but really fixed
63:51 basically says, Look, all the I just told you the magnitude of
63:55 concentration graining and how permeable the What is the surface here? In
64:00 words, how much space am I to pass through? And then
64:04 how far do I have to You got those things down It's real
64:10 . It's the same things that was right over here. Now a Salyer
64:20 use diffusion to pass across the using the simple rules provided there is
64:25 path that allows them to do All right, now, I know
64:31 is a section of the book that doing all this math. I'm just
64:33 to tell you this now. We do a lot of math in
64:36 Physiologist Love math, but I'm trying keep this basic for you don't want
64:41 to do math. You're going to math on the test. But understanding
64:47 is what's important here. And what find is if you look at an
64:51 on and I am passing through, membrane, typically through a channel right
64:58 that there will be a point where will reach equilibrium. In other
65:02 the direct the movement in one direction the movement in the other direction,
65:08 the reason this movement is there is they have that chemical in that electrical
65:15 , and those two disequilibrium are opposite another. And so what's happening
65:22 is that every time that molecule moves its chemical Grady Int. It's creating
65:27 larger electrical Grady in. And while two forces are opposed to each
65:32 there's going to be a point where of those molecules moves. And then
65:37 two attracted to the electrical, the ? Oh, um, well,
65:47 , the lack of basically, if moving in this direction, the electrical
65:53 , the opposite direction becomes too And so that one molecule find that
65:57 where it's like I'm going this No, I'm going that way.
65:59 going this way and it stays at point of equilibrium, and we can
66:05 out what this is for every eye in the body. It's a simple
66:10 . This is the nursed equation, again, I'm not going to make
66:13 do math. But I want you if you look at the concentration of
66:18 I on on the inside of cell to the outside of the self.
66:22 will tell you mathematically what the membrane with, what that charge happens to
66:28 in Mila bolts where that will and we refer to this as the
66:32 potential. All right, so if know that you have high versus low
66:38 again it has to do with the as well. This is why that's
66:42 there. You see, Certainly But if you look at that,
66:45 you look at those concentrations, you . You can determine whether whether that
66:50 to be negative or positive. And it's it's gonna become important later in
66:58 how we why ourselves do the things it does with these ions keeping him
67:04 of balance so that we can use . And why we have this all
67:07 potential energy. It's because of that that we could ultimately figure out what
67:15 iss. All right, so right and I know you guys are sitting
67:19 Well, I don't know what I'm right now. I want you just
67:24 that the nursed equation, even though read all about it, is simply
67:27 point of equilibrium between the chemical and potential. All right, that's where
67:36 that Eitan stops moving. I there's gonna be movement in both
67:40 but it's basically no net movement, that's what that's That's a thing that
67:46 cell wants to ensure doesn't happen. right, check the questions here I'll
67:59 you. I like that. You were talking to each other. It's
68:04 . Um, there you go. basically it's it's equally good. All
68:10 ? Is only the high score of two, right? Yeah, that's
68:13 No. I've always take the highest . I'm not gonna I'm not gonna
68:17 you. All right. So what want to do is I want to
68:22 gears for those last 10 minutes, minutes of class here. And I
68:26 to look at these pores in these one last time. All right,
68:32 we have channels. We talked about already. One type of channel is
68:37 a poor and a poor is very . It is a channel that has
68:43 gate. It's always open, no what that means. Materials can pass
68:47 and forth, and there's no way you can close it. The only
68:49 to get rid of it is if get rid of the poor itself.
68:52 channel, on the other hand, be either in open state or close
68:58 . If it's open all the time most of the time, we refer
69:01 it as a leak channel in other , it's behaving like a poor right
69:06 it's your never closing the gate, right, but a close channel is
69:10 referred to as a game channel because can switch between those two states.
69:16 , how we open and close these is based on the type of stimulus
69:22 is that it's designed for. So different types of stimuli, so you
69:27 have chemically gated channel. That's an when you think of a molecule coming
69:30 binding to it, and that causes to open up. We have voltage
69:35 channel, which means that there are around the outside of the channel,
69:40 when you change the electrical states surrounding channel, it changes the shape of
69:44 molecule, which is cause it to and then mechanically. Gated channels,
69:48 the other hand, is when I the plasma membrane that's gonna manipulate the
69:53 of the channel, which causes it or close. Now, these channels
69:58 these pores air very selective toe what allow, and it's not just simply
70:02 , but it's also electrical charges. the idea is that the amino acids
70:07 make up the inside determined how they're to repel or attract ions through
70:13 And then, based on where they it, kind of serves as a
70:16 to push and pull things through. the channels and pours air very,
70:21 selective as to what they allow Just as an example, potassium is
70:26 bigger uh, element, then sodium and as an eye on the same
70:31 is true. But sodium channels are to so are to sodium potassium channels
70:36 specific the potassium, even though you'd well but potassium bigger couldn't the
70:41 which is smaller on the same go through it? No, it's
70:45 of those specific or unique amino acids line it and create that barrier to
70:50 sodium. We have carriers all and so hopeful. I'm gonna be
70:57 those questions that scrolled up or scroll a little bit ago. All
71:01 we're because we're gonna get to transport transport and anti pork here. A
71:08 is only open on one side, the only way that opened up to
71:11 other side is if the ligand that that it's supposed to carry binds to
71:15 binding site so These are very specific the molecules that they're going to
71:21 or if we say that they're less . That leaves their specific to a
71:26 of molecule, so you can see in the cartoon. What happens is
71:30 molecule comes in, but ligand It causes a change in the shape
71:34 the molecule. So now that it's up and once it's opened up to
71:38 other side, there's no longer an for that binding molecule. So it
71:43 on out. And because there's no anything there that causes the change in
71:47 shape to return back to its original , you never have a continuous passage
71:53 the two sides. This is why referred to as a carrier open on
71:57 side, then you're open to the side. Now Carrie Mae mediated transport
72:05 dependent upon a couple of rules, it has a certain degree of
72:09 As I said, it may bind only one type of molecule or one
72:14 , or it may bind to kind similar like molecules. And that's what
72:19 is showing. So here is the of transport for glucose. But if
72:23 have this particular glucose transporter. It's capable of binding galactus, which is
72:28 similar in structure, and you can that the rate of transport is a
72:32 bit slower when you have the two competing with one another so you can
72:37 there's competition. So if you are biting more than one thing, this
72:41 like playing musical chairs. You may have one, but in the
72:44 so the two butts are competing each for that one chair so they could
72:48 competition, and that changes or slows the rate of transport. And
72:54 there's a limited number of carry binding , and there's a limited number of
72:59 . So if you as you added more substrate, in other words of
73:04 that you're gonna bind, you can the rate of transport. So if
73:07 start off with one, you I'm not gonna have a lot.
73:11 have more carriers than I have so I'm moving it. But I
73:15 more. Maura, I'm gonna increase and I'm moving, but at a
73:18 point I'm going to reach the maximum of which I can transport. In
73:22 words, if I saturate the environment substrate, I have a limited number
73:28 carriers again. It's how much you do it in terms of movement.
73:36 that's what we refer to the transport Mac maximum. It's the maximum number
73:41 the the limit to which all of carriers can move all of the
73:49 We have something that's referred to his transport. All right, so we're
73:53 talking about the carriers actors transport. trying to move something against its
73:59 So what we're using here is we're a type of pump. Now,
74:04 I'm using energy directly, I refer this as primary active transport, and
74:10 I'm doing is I'm moving something from area of low concentration to an area
74:16 high concentration that requires energy. If want to put a book on the
74:22 from the floor, it's gonna require , that same thing that we're doing
74:25 . So primary active transport, typically the form of a teepee, but
74:29 always will bind directly to the and you'll release energy on this type
74:35 molecule. This is what we refer as a plump secondary on the other
74:41 is a little bit different. With active transport, you're taking advantage of
74:47 energy. So you can imagine I a membrane. I got lots of
74:52 over here, and I got very sodium over there. But I have
74:57 of glucose here, and I and I have Sorry, I have
75:03 that back. It's only recently that have little glucose here and have lots
75:11 glucose inside the cell. Okay, . My handwriting is terrible. I
75:17 the glucose in the cell, but can't go that way because this is
75:20 concentration. This is low concentrations. I also sorry, but there I
75:27 don't want to spend energy because that's for moving energy. Because glucose simply
75:32 energy. Righteous isn't processed yet. what I want to do well,
75:36 me take advantage of energy they already stored up. If I have lots
75:39 sodium on the outside, so it to go in so I can create
75:44 transporter that moves the glucose against its ingredient using the potential energy of the
75:52 concentration. Grady in that secondary active . So here's an example. This
75:58 the sodium potassium pump. All this is an example of active
76:03 and it's showing you what it's Does that moves. Three sodium into
76:08 cell, and it moves to Sorry. Got it backwards. Three
76:13 out of the cell to pet has into the cell at the expense of
76:17 80 p. And so what I'm of them building a greater and greater
76:22 of sodium on the outside of the , creating potential energy. And I'm
76:27 more potassium on the inside of cell energy that I can use for other
76:33 , all at the expense of 1 p. I could do lots of
76:36 with that. And this is just pathways just showing you what it's doing
76:40 right and how it goes about doing . It's just confirmation. I'll
76:44 Sodium binds all right, sodium It changes. The shape of the
76:52 sodium comes off when I change the of the molecule. I lose the
76:56 binding sites, but I create potassium sites. Potassium comes in, changes
77:00 shape, but it doesn't change Open it up. That's where the
77:04 p comes in. Use the energy the 80 p hydraulics is change the
77:09 . Potassium leaves now open with my or sodium binding sites. Rinse,
77:15 over and over again. Secondary active . This is that setting glucose
77:22 I have tons of sodium on the because of primary active transport, figuring
77:27 on the inside lots or a little on the outside. But glucose didn't
77:32 me any good on the outside. got lots glucose on the inside where
77:35 want it. So to get glucose the cell Hey, let me bring
77:40 along with glucose. Now, the I usually explain this and I'm running
77:45 of time. But that's OK because next couple slides very quick, and
77:48 like to think of happier when I in college. All right. There
77:52 ladies night at every bar every not every every bar but every
77:58 There was a ladies night someplace in Orleans, all right? And so
78:03 would happen is around the campus, would go to a bar and ladies
78:09 get in free, but they didn't to spend money on drinks. Guys
78:13 . Pay a cover to get But they did want to play pay
78:17 cover they wanted, just going with . If a guy brought in a
78:20 , they would let both in for , and then both could drink.
78:24 what would happen is these guys would out outside of the bar going,
78:27 know, Can I take it? buy you a drink, goes,
78:30 go. Yeah, you can come buy me a drink. Don't pay
78:32 drinks. And so they had a agreed to deal very similar. What
78:38 have here, sodium wants to get , but can't write that. That's
78:44 cover charge, right? Glucose wants get in, but it can't because
78:52 doesn't want to pay for drinks. both of them go in together.
78:56 both getting what they both want. to get in to beat the
79:01 Girls are getting the free drinks, that's how setting glucose transporter works.
79:05 sudden glucose co transporter is just one of hundreds of different types of
79:13 Thes are co transporters, all And this is why I show you
79:16 slide. It's not to make you out and go. My God,
79:19 mean all these things memorized? These co transporters, co transporters are
79:24 secondary active transporters. You're moving one down, its concentration radiant so that
79:30 can move against its concentration. All right. And they're both getting
79:35 where they want to go. And not using energy directly. All
79:39 You use the pump to make the , Ian, you're taking advantage of
79:43 Grady in to move things. Co are simple orders. They move in
79:48 same direction. Typically, you're moving Salyut uphill and the others Salyut,
79:54 going downhill. I'll get to the right here at the end. So
80:01 people who want to leave can and those who want answers, ask
80:04 , can ask questions. The exchanger also secondary active transport. The difference
80:10 is that the to sell you to in opposite direction? We refer to
80:13 as anti porters again. You don't to memorize them. Just understand that
80:18 have lots of different ones. All , so one is moving in opposite
80:23 . And typically you're exchanging like charge , like, charge. All
80:28 so you can see here. I've an anti on an ion.
80:32 cat eyed and cat ion. do not make fun of me for
80:36 . Tired spent an hour and a talking. Here's Nana and I am
80:40 right. So there you go. that's how we're moving things. But
80:45 moving in opposite direction. One is down. His concentration grated together,
80:50 living the opposite direction. And what showing you here in this slide in
80:56 next life is that the way that get this dis equilibrium is by taking
81:03 of these types of plasma membrane The membrane, remember, establishes the
81:10 . The proteins that you in bed you to move things back and forth
81:16 by putting different types of carriers, types of channels, different types of
81:21 . What you're doing is you're allowing disallowing molecules to move back and forth
81:27 that you can create that chemical disequilibrium you can then use toe, have
81:36 sale, do the things that it . And that's what this last slide
81:39 . USA's well is just mawr of different types of carriers. Now I'm
81:44 answer questions. So if you have , um Kalen ask is the city
81:51 pump primary secondary. The sodium path pump uses a teepee directly, so
81:56 is a It is primary active Sana, you ask, Um
82:06 so the questions that ask moving its so dems into sodium to potassium.
82:12 answer is not simultaneous. It's an , all right, so this is
82:16 of a form of exchange, but doing it at the expense of energy
82:20 , so it's a pump. But we're doing is that while the picture
82:24 two different binding sites where the sodium sites and with potassium excuse me,
82:29 potassium binding sites are in the same . So when it's changing shape,
82:34 it's doing is it's making the sodium site unavailable to sodium. So it
82:39 to leave. And by doing it also creates a the same time
82:42 potassium buying. So once the sodium , the potassium naturally wants to bind
82:48 , and that's why you're able to the cycle going over and over
82:52 Okay, Does that kind of makes ? Yes, I was asked.
83:03 , they can't. They can't be virtue by virtue of that structure.
83:10 , that's a good question. Eso , Reba get that name right.
83:15 I pronounce your names wrong, I . You know, it's I'm trying
83:18 read fast and OK, good. Reba asked about the chemical. Openly
83:23 mayor may not be one that Typically when you're talking about Ligon Gates
83:29 gated, it's that what you're doing you're regulating the open. It's like
83:33 a key. So the key is the gate, and then the things
83:37 rushing in and then the gate close . Then you have to use the
83:39 again. Open it so it's not much of that. The the gate
83:45 Ligon are the same thing. It's that the ligand binds to the gate
83:49 allow something else to come in. the ligand is binding to a molecule
83:54 be transported is typically binding to a . Does anyone else have any other
84:04 ? Or you guys as exhausted as am telling, it's been a long
84:07 since I've talked. You'd be surprised for an hour and a half takes
84:10 long time. All right, so from Joanna says, Can I go
84:14 the distinction between equilibrium in steady All right and eso the the steady
84:22 basically says that there is an approved . How's that? That's probably a
84:29 way to say it. Equilibrium would things have to be the same.
84:34 steady state is saying is this is natural state of imbalance, and so
84:40 are proving it because this is the we want it to be. That's
84:45 a better way. Does equilibrium use ? Yes. Well, no,
84:50 , I take that back. naturally. Doesn't need to, because
84:54 were going to find that point of . It's you may I mean,
85:00 chemistry to reach equilibrium. You may energy, but you're gonna get energy
85:04 very often. All right. But idea here with equilibrium is that I'm
85:09 reach equilibrium without having to use I'm basically finding that point where everything
85:16 equal, liberated, Satisfied? All . Um and so Jenna, fears
85:24 . Kind of like substrate friends. causing again. That's that's exactly
85:28 So way Don't really talk about it . This is something I just kind
85:32 presume it Guys have learned in the . So when a substrate binds to
85:37 enzyme, it causes a change in shape of the molecule. That is
85:40 that you really you just you kind carry with you through biology. The
85:45 that molecules work is a shape they shaped changes, confirmation, all
85:49 So when something bunch something else there's shape change. Or if there's a
85:53 chain that's forced, then now I'm to do something different. That's a
85:59 That's a good way to think about . So join us. And so
86:03 does it not use energy? you know, so think about pouring
86:10 into are just pouring water out of cup, right water coming into a
86:15 . You put the energy to spill cup, but water is just going
86:17 spread itself until it is finds a of equilibrium, right? In other
86:22 , where it's it's dispersion is opposed by the attraction of the water molecules
86:29 each other. So there's no energy . I mean, you're not putting
86:33 into, say, water don't spread further. It just finds the point
86:38 the molecules trying to separate from each is equal to the pole or the
86:43 of all molecules to one another. That's why it's not using energy.
86:49 The question is, is carrying me transport does binding mawr than one
86:53 That's always slow the transport rate. , probably again, you're asking,
86:59 question here. And I'm hesitant to yes because there's always gonna be some
87:04 to a rule that you'll come And I found it. But generally
87:07 , what I'd say is that whenever competing for a site a binding site
87:12 two molecule and trying to find the site, the answer is yes,
87:16 right. If two molecules are trying bind to different sites and they're dependent
87:21 transport with each other than the answer gonna be, yes. But I'm
87:25 there's probably an example where it's no knows he hears one word doesn't
87:28 I'm would know what it is. asked to go over book flow just
87:34 . So with regard to bulk um, you can think of it
87:39 terms of everything moving in the same as a result of some sort of
87:45 ingredient. All right, So, , the example I liked like I
87:52 his easiest understand physiologically is just breathing air right. When you're breathing in
87:58 , you're creating low pressure in your . There's higher pressure out, so
88:01 flows in to your lungs, but body isn't seeking air. Your body
88:07 seeking oxygen. If it could, would just pull the oxygen straight out
88:11 the air. But it can't do . So by pulling in the
88:15 what you're doing is you're bringing in nitrogen, the oxygen, the carbon
88:19 , the hydrogen, the smoke, dust. Whatever is out there in
88:23 could remember air is a mixture of it's bringing into the lungs, so
88:27 would be bulk flow. Now, you've done gas exchange, you're gonna
88:32 more carbon dioxide than you did when started. You don't have a lot
88:35 carbon dioxide ever, so just bear me. But there's more carbon dioxide
88:41 in the air in your lungs. when you breathe out your breathing out
88:47 , oxygen, carbon dioxide, everything else that you're pushing out,
88:53 not holding on to the oxygen, ? You you did whatever exchange you
88:57 to do during that small period of between each breath, but both flow
89:04 it goes whether I need it or , Both flow says it's coming whether
89:09 need it or not. It's just upon that pressure to radiant.
89:15 um, Aurora between primary second, use a TV, but second
89:21 No. So the difference there is primary uses a teepee directly secondary uses
89:30 energy, potential energy. So you about the primary is the pump.
89:35 used energy directly to move things so a pump moves things in a
89:41 doesn't actually want to go. So I start stacking balls up on top
89:45 my shelf, it's requiring energy. those things have potential energy.
89:49 all they need is some sort of to turn that potential energy into kinetic
89:54 . So second, a reactive transport advantage of the potential energy and converts
89:59 into kinetic energy. So that's the of primary is, um is 80
90:07 directly secondary is potential energy as a of the activity of the primary.
90:15 right, I'm guys one a little fast here, so I gotta kind
90:18 go down. Look here, see I missed here. There. Sorry
90:26 that. Have no idea what I over here. There we go.
90:36 , I have, like, two open and I can't find my my
90:40 . There we are. Uh, last question answer was Aurora's. Um
90:49 we've got, um, Yes. I can't see the name here.
90:58 Romana. I can't see your full . Sorry, but Ligon is like
91:02 key to adore. Yes, then . But changes shape after binding.
91:07 . So the idea is once that you bind into it, you basically
91:10 of changing shape. The molecule the opens that allows the material to pass
91:16 . James asks. I hope I that question Well, enough roads related
91:20 . You're just making a statement, you're correct your state. All
91:24 So, James, you're saying how the potential protests and get it
91:29 Oh, you're asking a chicken age a question. A wizard did
91:33 No, I'm kidding. Um, answer is that you can think about
91:38 like this. There's always if you if everything started off, is being
91:42 equilibrium all right? That's not how happens. Because remember, you start
91:47 as a cell. That's already a cell already has disequilibrium. So you'd
91:51 to go way back to the beginning time when it was the very first
91:54 that was formed, all right? so the idea is all right,
91:59 if you didn't have that and you're starting with a plasma membrane with an
92:04 and an extra cellular fluid and urine , what would happen if I put
92:08 pumps in place? There would be equal amount of sodium and potassium inside
92:12 cell, equal amount of sodium and on the outside of cell. Once
92:15 start putting a teepee, the pump start moving stuff and moving things in
92:20 direction so that you get that Now, what we're gonna learn about
92:24 we talk about the electrical systems is you also have these leak channels for
92:28 and sodium that allows sodium to return into the cell potassium to return back
92:33 of the cell. Which is why talk about all this stuff because there's
92:36 be this steady state that's gonna be . If you just have the
92:41 then you would create this dis and then you wouldn't be able to
92:44 anything any further. But because you leaked channels. That means the things
92:49 you're pumping are returning slowly back into back out of the cell. And
92:54 what you're maintaining is a steady state a result of the presence of these
92:59 proteins. All right, so Jennifer primary releases stored energy is on the
93:06 down. This concentration very in using Just move against Ah,
93:11 So primary is using a releasing stored to move things against the concentration greeting
93:17 well. So both primary and secondary active transport and said, by
93:22 active transport is moving against the Radiant. So if you were moving
93:33 the concentration radiant, you would just using a transporter. You wouldn't be
93:37 a pump. All right, Something simple carrier would be a carrier mediated
93:45 . Is that the technical term for ? I'm trying to move down.
93:54 with the wrong direction. All use election competent goal. I'm going
94:01 save how it does all that stuff we get there. Just because I
94:07 , it's already five minutes after class and, honestly, James, the
94:14 makes it more interesting if we kind put it all together. It's like
94:18 taken the clock apart and putting it together again, I would say
94:35 All right. Yes. So, , the Reba, technically, the
94:38 potassium pump is is not considered an because it uses a teepee directly.
94:45 you are still moving both ions in direction opposite direction. Wanna go?
94:58 I'm trying to see if sanity says uses potassium second uses you. I'm
95:04 sure what you're saying. There s , yes, that's correct. That
95:15 correct. Yeah. E want to you. Everybody wants you just understand
95:20 haven't taken physics or to use physics in 35 years that right now 30
95:29 , so a long time. So symbols were not familiar to me.
95:37 . Yes. All right. So says you have about the reading before
95:42 lecture, right? The question dot is asking is how doe I read
95:48 this stuff and yours now starting to the problem that a lot of students
95:52 , like Oh, my goodness. I'm being overwhelmed by this, this
95:56 not my only class. What am supposed to do? Well,
96:01 what you're trying to do is you're to pick up on the key ideas
96:06 . Remember, what I said when was lecturing about this is that you're
96:09 reading four internalization. You're reading for , right? You're gonna pick up
96:16 as you go along, but you be able to stand up and give
96:20 full lecture on it, right? idea here is to read through,
96:24 up where the ideas are and kind get the big picture of what you're
96:29 to learn and maybe some of the along the way, but not to
96:32 point where it's like you could take test that at that second And then
96:35 you go in the quiz and my you from doing anything on the
96:39 can you use your books and notes anything else on the quest? Of
96:43 you can. You have 30 So you can imagine For each question
96:47 have, you have three minutes to of answer what's there. So the
96:52 is if you if you're familiarizing yourself the text you're reading through it kind
96:57 getting a sense of what it's You're figuring out where important points are
97:02 what you're doing is you're learning how read and basically skim at the same
97:09 . And what you're gonna find is right now it's gonna take a lot
97:12 time. I'm not pretending like a , but you're going to start speeding
97:15 up and speeding up. Soon you're be able to master this material,
97:20 where things are getting the big picture about 30 minutes. It takes
97:24 so you can't just do it. if you just skim things the first
97:28 , you're not gonna catch stuff and gonna be you're going to struggle through
97:30 . So again, read it like story. Maybe he jots Smalls once
97:36 his notes to yourself, and then gonna start going, Oh, they're
97:40 going into the into the weeds explaining concept. I just need to know
97:43 concept and you'll move on. That's you kind of learn how to do
97:51 . All right, let's see. how you do it, Sana.
98:01 . Um, no. So So again, use that list,
98:06 ? I gave you page numbers. are things that you have to
98:09 If you think about what I just you in this in this lecture and
98:13 about the things that you just Did I Was there anything I
98:17 Maybe maybe some details, right? everything I talked about, I'm piloting
98:22 important parts that were explaining all the . So use those page numbers as
98:27 are the things I need to know , one of things that you can
98:31 is you can kind of look at titles of the sections, and they're
98:35 as statements as opposed to just like , you know, a phrase.
98:40 they might say the sodium potassium pump a primary active transport. All of
98:44 sudden you got okay. There is problem. This is what the major
98:48 is. And then you might skim to figure out Are there any details
98:51 become important in all of this? that's kind of how you can dissect
98:55 read a little bit faster. Jennifer. That is fantastic. I'm
99:01 steal that from you. That's And I did not know that was
99:07 to read a book. That there an actual book on how to re
99:09 . I'm sure there was plenty of on, but I did not know
99:19 . Do more reading. That's I'm having a hard time scrolling down
99:23 the bottom here. Yeah, it . It does help you with the
99:29 as well. All right, you I think we found the bottom of
99:33 stuff. Um, right now, , the answer is no. So
99:40 reason we don't have any extra credit now is because in the spring time
99:45 found that we didn't need any. I have things sitting in the wings
99:48 we do need it so But as this moment, that's not the
99:53 So don't worry about, All You guys have a great day for
99:57 talked a long time. I will you on Tuesday. We will continue
100:01 little story here, and hopefully we'll more and more interesting as we go
100:06 . So I'm gonna stop. It's take a second for me to stop
100:09 these recordings. So you guys have great
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+