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BIOL 4315 Neuroscience Tue Th 4-5.30pm - Neuroscience Lecture 01 History of Neuroscience 1
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00:01 Morning in progress. So this is first lecture of Neuroscience. And I
00:05 you to look at this image and on it for about 30 seconds.
00:35 gonna ask you to do the same . At the end of this
00:40 The reason why I asked you to at this image is I want you
00:43 just use your imagination. Everybody needs use their imagination. You guys in
00:49 back, I can see you talking you have to be staring at
00:52 This is a meditation sash on. . So why I don't want you
00:59 look at this because it contains a of cool images. Uh But they
01:05 mean something. What do they mean particular is that inside the brain,
01:11 have billions of neurons, these billions neurons are interconnected with each other intricately
01:18 synopsis. There's trillions of synopsis in it's really complex structure, really complex
01:27 and these networks are connected in a way. So this is really complex
01:33 that you have with these hundreds of and billions of cells depending on what
01:38 of your brain you are and those they form larger lobes, frontal
01:44 parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal , and it's all going to be
01:48 the test. And these lobes have own specific functions that they're responsible for
01:54 so than others. And then there areas of the brain that fuse a
01:59 of the brain functions together and allowing not only to perceive things, not
02:06 to understand different senses but have something is called intuition. For example,
02:14 I would like for you to think just think about what is intuition.
02:20 talk about it next time. But neuroscience, we will address all of
02:25 questions. What is curiosity with pain , treatment of pain, movement,
02:31 , learning, memory, emotion, illness, madness, neuropharmacology, how
02:38 works in the brain, how cannabis in the brain, how gaba medications
02:44 epilepsy work in the brain? So we'll address and study a lot
02:49 these things. It's a really interesting matter and the book is excellent written
02:56 Michael Beer, Barry Connors and Michael who are fantastic neuroscientists and thought leaders
03:03 their own right. So when we about neuroscience and, and, and
03:10 we talk about anything, we want understand the origins of the science,
03:16 did we come about that? Neuroscience such an interdisciplinary field where you have
03:22 from other basic science fields. And is depicted here are some of the
03:31 skulls from prehistoric times of 10,000 to 30,000 BC. Those skulls are excavated
03:39 different parts of the world are the or Parka Indians live Egypt,
03:48 And what is interesting about these skulls that they contain these symmetrical openings within
03:55 that we call Tron nations. At , the natural interpretation by almost anybody
04:03 this is just an injury due to conflict, a traumatic brain injury due
04:09 a fight. But upon a closer , those archaeological skulls, they show
04:17 symmetry for the openings of the They show that these openings were sometimes
04:24 multiple locations in the skull. And also evidence that they were reopened,
04:32 same Tron Nation, the skull was multiple times. So in prehistoric times
04:40 that was true interpretation of neurological disorders very limited if somebody fell down on
04:46 ground and they had what we call tonic clonic, generalized epileptic seizure.
04:53 for your purpose is somebody having a and having convulsions. And let's say
05:00 in their mouth, which can happen epilepsy. Interpretations are in prehistoric times
05:06 early times would be that person is . So if the person is
05:12 we have to do something, you , we push them off the cliff
05:16 we give them some uh green flower or we help them. And this
05:25 very likely the original neurosurgery that were to help people. Of course,
05:33 could be interpreted that if somebody is by evil spirits you know, what
05:39 spirits do they float around? So they rise to the head,
05:45 make a window in the skull. , it's gone and you're saved.
05:50 not really the case. What happens you have traumatic brain injury that causes
05:55 rupture of a blood vessel? What you have a stroke that causes a
05:59 of the blood vessel in the, the brain? What happens if you
06:03 a cut in your arm, your starts coagulating. So, internally
06:08 there's nowhere for the blood to It's not leaking out from your
06:11 So you have coagulations, you have . Those coagulations can harden, they
06:17 start pushing on the brain. It cause headache, it can cause swelling
06:22 cause tremendous pain. And the only to get rid of that blood
06:27 that hematoma is to open the skull to clean it out following a stroke
06:34 traumatic brain injury. What if you build up of fluids, cerebrospinal fluid
06:39 this day? Hydrocephalus. If you too much of the cerebrospinal fluid that
06:43 being produced, you have to drain fluid. How do you drain that
06:47 ? You have to put something inside brain inside the ventricle. So how
06:54 you do it at those times? would have to open the skull.
06:56 it's very likely that that's what these nations were being used for. And
07:02 repeated use of these Trur nations were for chronic conditions or repeated conditions or
07:08 like re accumulation of the fluids that to be drained. And there are
07:14 that are found at the same the top of the stool depicts a
07:19 sitting in the middle. This is an an uh anesthesia, uh
07:26 some flour or some mushroom or something to this person. Then this is
07:31 neurosurgeon. So this one, this, this probably a guy or
07:36 is straddling this patient and is digging the skull of the tool. That's
07:42 this handle of the tool of the is actually depicted. And along the
07:52 of neuroscience development, we have some stops and one of these stops is
07:58 the Ancient Egypt where 3000 BC or BC. There's a little bit of
08:05 . There's Edwin Smith surgical papyrus that discovered in uh Egypt. Again,
08:13 not that Papyrus was written by Edwin , which is not a very common
08:18 name. It was excavated by his by Edwin Smith. So he was
08:24 excavator discoverer of these things. The in the Edmund Smith surgical papyrus and
08:35 person that wrote this papyrus is Imhotep Tap is a physician that is working
08:46 the emperors. Later he becomes a . And Aho Tap is the first
08:54 to start describing brain anatomy within what call now the Edwin Smith surgical
09:05 his view of the brain anatomy or in general was very limited because in
09:15 Egypt, in Ancient Greece, in Empire all the way up until
09:23 up until neuroscience times until up until Times, human dissections are not
09:32 What does that mean? That means you cannot come and uh recover a
09:38 . That's for example, in there is um pyramids that are being
09:43 , there are wars, there is going on this big boulders falling on
09:49 . It's crushes their skull, it their hand. The only thing you
09:54 do is Imho tap is just to what is there. You cannot just
09:57 recover that body dissect it, take the brain and play with it.
10:02 He describes 48 injury cases. Over of these cases are head, neck
10:08 spine trauma cases. He observed something interesting. He observes distant effects of
10:16 injury to the brain that cause loss peripheral function. So somebody had a
10:25 to the left side of their head they lost the feeling or the ability
10:30 move their right hand. So Imhotep that the brain controls these organs in
10:38 periphery that once it's injured, this is compromised. However, it doesn't
10:46 how important. Um uh He may the brain is, but in ancient
10:52 , brain is considered marrow of the . And when the important people are
11:00 preserved or embalmed, all of their are saved for embalm except for the
11:07 they use the stool to come through nose with a spoon and a fork
11:11 thing. And they pull out and pull out all of the brain through
11:17 nose because that was not important. then they would embalm the rest of
11:22 body with the organs. They consider heart to be the central organ and
11:27 rest of the brain is just simply out. So not very important.
11:32 we recognize the distant effects of, this, of the brain controlling uh
11:38 periphery. Uh Imhotep also comes up a treatment classification. At the
11:44 treatment classification was ailment to be treated be treated not to be treated.
11:50 something that's to be treated is something may be severe but fixable easily may
11:58 treated, maybe something is severe, you don't really know how to fix
12:02 . You don't have the tools in Egypt to do it not to be
12:06 is when you see you cannot help person won. This became a modern
12:13 system in medicine when you come It's the same thing, right?
12:19 you have a knife sticking out on side and you're bleeding, you,
12:23 treated right away. If you come , you say I can barely see
12:27 nose is full, my ears are fluids. They like you probably have
12:31 massive infection. You gotta wait for an hour until somebody frees up.
12:36 we still have this gradation system of , right? You come in and
12:39 nurse will triage you. You may even think you're doing badly. But
12:44 you get triaged by the nurse, say blood pressure is through the
12:49 did you know that I was no, you didn't, you have
12:51 measure it, right? And then gets escalated, you know, to
12:54 next level. After the triage, triage system may not be treated or
13:00 be treated later became a reality when of the hospital systems around the world
13:06 strained with patients with COVID-19 infections, ? Elective surgeries, you couldn't do
13:15 elective surgery. So if you had varicose vein problem or some eye
13:21 that was not life threatening elective you have to wait, the hospitals
13:26 full when the IC US got full the ventilators were taken off, the
13:33 patients were placed in the hallways There are tents that were built outside
13:40 hospitals to accommodate. So it's, real that system and that triage and
13:46 priorities that we have in health care , they still get challenged, get
13:50 during massive, you know, global like we saw with COVID-19. Imhotep
13:58 describing the brain and these are the written accounts of the brain anatomy who
14:04 uh uh fluent in ancient Egyptian In 16 years. I haven't found
14:14 a person in my class yet that , you never know. You
14:18 maybe we have some, you kind of Indiana Jones like uh expert
14:24 can read an and scrolls. So brain pretty interesting is a bird.
14:34 are smart, birds can see birds fly. This is like the ears
14:42 something else hanging on here. This convolution. So the surface of the
14:47 has SSI and gyro, it's not . These convolutions are depicted here,
14:53 squiggles again, the bird knows uh . So covering this looks to me
15:02 almost like an umbrella. So what saw is that the brain during those
15:07 because he kind of dissect. So just have to look at somebody's skull
15:11 been cracked and he's just looking inside he says, oh, I see
15:15 membranes. So those are your meninges pia mater dura mater that he
15:23 And then this is this is like spoon and this is like some something
15:29 running here like fluid and this is is like a cup, you're pouring
15:34 out. So this is cerebrospinal fluid Ancient Egyptian. Pretty interesting,
15:45 And and pretty insightful given all of limitations in science and, and
15:52 we jumped to ancient Greece like we uh some uh discussion and correlation of
16:00 uh structure and function. And Hippocrates that brain is involved in sensation.
16:09 is the seed of intelligence. Brain the major controlling organ center of the
16:15 , which is a major shift from . Yay Hippocrates and there's still a
16:23 , arthritis. A lot of times to as the father of modern
16:27 Although medicine is being practiced as a , then, um you probably think
16:33 when did the medicine not uh become craft? It's when you could,
16:38 of taking somebody's urine and smelling it tasting it, you send it to
16:43 lab and it sends you a result says that there's too much protein in
16:48 urine. So now it becomes right? So a lot of
16:53 when we talk about craft is a of it is not quantified, but
16:58 know, like the medicines and concoctions supplements that help people and doesn't help
17:05 . And it hasn't really been quantified things. Uh in medical school,
17:09 graduate, you still have to take of which was to, to you
17:14 there primarily to get your M DS help people and to serve those in
17:21 and everybody that uh graduates have to take Hippocrates. So Aristotle heart is
17:29 sound of mental like brain is an condition of the blood and body.
17:33 course, it makes sense just like spirits rise to the top. Hot
17:36 rises to the top. So hot and steam rises to your brain and
17:41 like steams out of your ears. all, it's all in there.
17:47 a disappointment. But we're making we're making progress and we jumped to
17:53 Roman Empire and during, uh, Times, there is this,
17:59 Greek physician called Gallen and because the of the human brain are not allow
18:06 Gallen is doing. He's dissecting he's dissecting pigs. And he's discovering
18:11 lot of things that are similar between and pigs and humans in, in
18:18 , in the nervous system. But not pigs and we're not sheep and
18:23 brains are very different. But at time, the manual, it wasn't
18:30 called anatomy. It was called the of the human. You know how
18:33 have the manual of the cow, to cut the cow, like where
18:36 have the prime rib steak and then of that. So it was manual
18:40 the human was based on what they such as gallon. Ok. And
18:48 physicians, the Greeks Gallen and other and even Romans during Roman Apartheid,
18:55 they understood by observing from the injuries the human bodies. Remember you cannot
19:01 them and from dissecting sheep and So if you look at the
19:07 oh, it has ventricles, then go these ventricles. Here you go
19:12 a sheep brain and you can dissect brain you open. Oh, there's
19:16 . So it's about the same, it's not exactly. But we are
19:22 looking at different parts of the brain . We're looking at the cerebrum or
19:28 ventricles. And we are seeing some similarities between animal brains and human brains
19:34 Roman Empire. It's still not allowed dissect the human bodies, but we
19:39 a lot because of the gladiator those brutal gladiator games that end up
19:46 uh severe injuries and traumas to the and the head and open cuts that
19:53 for the physicians in Roman Empire to what's happening in, in humans,
19:58 human anatomy. But not until the Times. Renaissance Times is the time
20:06 rebirth. It's a time of The dark ages are behind us.
20:13 a rebirth in the arts, in and painting and sciences. Human dissections
20:22 now allowed, depiction of religious figures now allowed by the painters that can
20:33 uh their profits on canvases and express in that way. The dark age
20:42 a Spanish inquisition may still going But we're coming out into the
20:49 we're coming out into the modern day understanding and modern day human anatomy and
20:57 vesalius because he now has access to brains, postmortem or after death,
21:03 can dissect human brains and look in detail and describe this anatomy vesalius.
21:10 course, calls into question all of manuals that were produced by Gallen and
21:17 other contemporaries and later people that were hard on what is in the human
21:22 what they've learned from the animals and they see in human brains is they're
21:30 by these very large ventricles. And these are very large structures, these
21:36 large ventricles, the ventricular localization of function becomes a very important subject
21:47 What does that mean? That means the scientists at the time believe that
21:53 ventricles contain, they thought fluids and gasses or maybe bones. And that
21:59 is where the brain function is. those gasses of fluids are communicated from
22:04 ventricle from other parts of the brain controlling other parts of the body.
22:11 they were wrong because ventricles are the where you have cerebrospinal fluid. But
22:17 is localization of brain function is distributed throughout the brain and different parts of
22:24 brain are responsible for different functions. what's really interesting is the solis cuts
22:31 brain and now starts describing different parts the brain. So for centuries where
22:39 did is brain really important or heart important. I don't know, look
22:43 this body, let's look at the . Now we can look in to
22:48 human brain. We can start looking the details anatomy. And when he
22:54 is when he does the cross section the brain, he notices that the
23:00 has two colors to it. One grayish and we refer to it as
23:06 matter and the other one appears white we refer to it as white
23:13 So the solis pokes the tissue and says, oh and gray matter is
23:21 . It's like a sponge. What sponges do sponges? Absorb water?
23:29 here, oh this is where the is being absorbed into. So he
23:35 gray matter is where that, that sponge absorbs all the information,
23:40 the learning and abilities that the brain capable of. He pokes at the
23:47 matter and he says, whoa, a little harder. It's not the
23:53 as, as, as gray And he says, this looks like
23:57 tracks that are running between the gray . So he says this has to
24:02 something with connecting different parts of the . And he's right. And to
24:07 day, we know that gray matter where you have collections of neuronal
24:13 And this is really the neocortex with six layers of neurons in here.
24:19 the white matter are the myelinated axons actually appear white and are responsible for
24:29 individual neurons and bundles of those axons responsible for interconnecting one neural network to
24:37 counterpart renaissance. In the 17th the brain is machine. Uh You
24:48 a fluid mechanical theory of brain function you also have this question of mind
25:00 problem. What is the mind brain or mind body distinction? Which by
25:08 way dates back, this discussion dates to the, you know, to
25:12 Greece and the philosophers discussing all of to Africa, to Mesopotamia everywhere where
25:19 were civil civilizations, uh different civilizations different ways around the world. This
25:27 discussion of mind brain or mind body . It's in part is philosophical.
25:39 in part, you will say that , his mind separate from the
25:47 Where is my mind? It's in brain. We all know now that
25:54 two are inseparable. You have the , you have the mind, you
25:58 normally functioning brain, you have the . You don't have a functioning
26:03 you don't have a mind. But many years, for many centuries,
26:09 was thought of a mind. And you think about may not be a
26:14 of this structure that you have in brain because this brain is stimulated,
26:19 stimulated from something. So something and a part of the mind is outside
26:23 your body, it's separate from your , it's separate from your body.
26:29 . Where is your spirit? Mine right here. You can't see
26:34 So right where, where, where are all of these things do
26:41 know? I mean, can we it? So this is sort of
26:48 wires that are running through the brain see in the scores. They use
26:52 funky images. I like stable diffusion one of the A I image
26:57 It's not perfect and it's cartoonish but I like it. So if
27:01 have a brain, it's like a complicated circuit with connections between billions of
27:08 , trillions of connections in these circuits there, we all know that the
27:14 comes from, from, from the . But this is not the case
27:19 we're talking about the 17th century, talking about Grene de Carte. And
27:24 de Carte says that in order for to have the mind, it's not
27:30 out of matter, the mind does matter. The mind is something
27:35 And so he treats the whole body a, as a fluid mechanical model
27:44 of machine. This is rated He discusses behaviors that are intentional versus
27:51 , a child that has never seen fire. He puts his hand over
27:54 fire, she puts his hand over fire, they withdraw it reflexively
28:00 an infant that has never felt steps on something sharp like a nail
28:04 with drawn immediately that's reflective. Then are intentional behaviors, cognitive well thought
28:11 behaviors. After you step on that reflexively, you're gonna go through a
28:17 of cognitive events. I'm gonna take shoe off, I'm gonna put a
28:20 , I'm gonna go see a doctor what not take an antibiotic cream.
28:25 he understands all of these, but wants to treat the body as sort
28:30 on the machine and he wants to the mind outside of this body.
28:36 and he thinks that there is some of a external force, external energy
28:47 gets localized through this pineal gland. if you look inside the brain and
28:53 of the structures in the brain, have left and right lateral repetition,
28:58 sides, uh identical structures. Pineal one big structure in the middle.
29:03 he says, hm, that must very important cause it's one as big
29:07 the middle. So the cell somehow through the eyes into the pineal
29:13 And then the ventricular localization of brain , the fluids and the gasses start
29:20 into ventricles. It starts pumping them the nerves that are viewed as
29:27 pumping that gas or pumping that liquid order to raise the finger and
29:34 I think therefore I am or kitto . So it's a famous phrase that
29:42 can um that he created. So is thought that the mind is not
29:50 part of the circuit, it's not part of the matter, it's something
29:55 than that. Um If you ever to N Pr National Public Radio,
30:03 , you should. It's free 88.7 . Uh If you listen to National
30:09 Radio, especially late in the last of years, there are certain things
30:14 neuroscience, certain things in our understanding the brain and the matter that cannot
30:19 explained in the full. And there certain things quite often concern near death
30:28 . So I encourage you to, , if you overhear something about near
30:33 experiences, it was a really interesting of a person who clinically passed for
30:39 20 minutes and what she saw what experienced when she was clinically dead in
30:45 operating room. Uh And uh we have these cases of near lucidity of
30:54 full lucidity of a person could let's say have Alzheimer's disease. They
30:59 neuro degeneration of the brain. The show they're missing big chunks of the
31:04 . The person cannot speak or understand , cannot communicate with anybody. They're
31:10 the care for 23 years. Then of a sudden the nurse calls a
31:18 and says your grandma would like to to you. So what after like
31:25 years like and you pick up the and the grandmother is talking to
31:29 Hello? And how have you And all of this like nothing has
31:35 . And then this near lucidity that is a very interesting phenomenon.
31:41 the person dies the following day. if we as a neuroscientist can explain
31:47 the mind comes from the matter, ? And this is what I'm going
31:51 lecture you about and teach you about semester. And now this matter is
31:57 and the person is not able to the functions of that missing matter.
32:02 do these functions come about at the minute before they pass? How is
32:07 physically possible for something to come about physically does not exist there anymore?
32:13 , does that call this into Does this support the mind? Great
32:21 or is there something else and other for these uh near death experiences or
32:27 lucidity moments near death that happened? . I'm gonna leave you with a
32:34 . It's not morbid because the weekend coming up and I'm gonna see everyone
32:38 there in class on Tuesday. Thank very
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