VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
BIOL 2321_16323_Microbiology for Science Majors - 04_13_22_Lecture
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:38 Okay. Okay folks, um turns on martin. Yeah, there we
00:49 . Okay. Um let's see. today we're going to begin the last
00:56 of the course. So uh which going to be aspects of medical
01:03 So looking at the new system basically um we start with kind of how
01:10 body fights disease and the mechanisms you . And then later next week we
01:16 a kind of the actually down it's going to be in the flipped
01:22 form right there and uh okay, the microbial pathogens. Micro pathogens overcome
01:34 defenses to cause disease. So Kind get it from both sides and then
01:39 up with and I'll talk more about next time next week when we get
01:45 26 here in diseases, I don't what's going on there with diseases.
01:52 there's like if you've you've um if looked ahead in the notes um chapters
02:02 . Head at the beginning a couple a couple of slides that list um
02:10 different pathogens. Pathogen list is listed diseases and then by pathogens. So
02:14 kind of goes both ways to look it. So, so you have
02:20 list of pathogens and then the So you're gonna have its heavily grant
02:25 heavily memorization and stuff, but um figure it's it's it's I think it's
02:30 for you, especially for going to school or planning to um or some
02:36 profession at least have some familiarity with of the diseases, infectious diseases.
02:42 and so it's kind of broken, make an easy study guide yourself.
02:46 make a table pathogens on this in column, diseases they cause in this
02:51 and then some interesting features about So it's all detailed in the In
02:56 nose for Chapter 26 and just a up on that. Okay. Um
03:02 and there's like, and the other is I certainly don't cover every disease
03:06 talk about in chapter 26. So sure you stick to that list.
03:10 . There's like maybe a dozen or I think diseases. Um anyway,
03:15 talk more about that next week. uh let's see. So obviously what
03:21 talking about today is not on the . Remember the exam is starting tomorrow
03:26 friday. And so um this is what we're starting to talk about today
03:31 for the next three weeks is just four. Right? So so remember
03:37 is no comprehensive exam here and the quote here is exam four, which
03:42 The material which we're starting today. chapter 23 through 26 is Example
03:49 Okay. Uh and that's not not a month yet. So um let's
03:55 . So what else we have. smart work. There's nothing to do
03:57 smart work Sunday. So that uniform doesn't begin to be turned in for
04:03 couple of weeks yet. So and of that is available to you on
04:06 work as well. Uh let's Um Okay. Blackboard quiz. So
04:13 blackboard quiz this the blackboard quiz will just be what we talked about
04:16 Okay, so it's not gonna be I made five questions that relate relate
04:23 um to today's material which is basically part of one. We do
04:29 like a 1.5 lectures as part one part one in part one and
04:34 So all 23 is like over 1.5 And then we'll go into uh the
04:41 immune system. So uh chapter 24 relatively brief um because that can be
04:48 very complicated subject when you start talking antibodies and antibody production and whatnot.
04:54 do offer a course in department um that goes into great depth but I
05:01 kind of give you an overview of going on there. Um but that's
05:06 for that reason it kind of it's of short, that kind of expands
05:10 on vaccines and what the different vaccines what that's about. Okay, so
05:19 so um so what we're of what we're talking about here in this
05:25 is starting with the innate immune system and you know, the your immune
05:32 of course uh uh and the strength that immune system of course can vary
05:39 times depending on if you're sick yourself you're on antibiotics or um um your
05:48 compromise in terms of immune system that determine certainly how susceptible you are
05:54 to infection. And um and so question of does infection infection there is
06:02 sort of equal disease. Is that ? If you are infected, you
06:10 disease symptoms of disease or you're going get sick? Thank you.
06:16 absolutely. And there are asymptomatic that all familiar with that in terms of
06:21 asymptomatic carriers. Right? And that to a number of countries diseases of
06:26 . Um so remember, that's counter to what the coke thought.
06:31 Cokes postulates about only only diseased animals or diseased individuals have the pathogen and
06:40 that's not the case. Okay. , the the infectious disease you are
06:46 vaccinated for prior, prior to coming school as they're all college students not
06:52 meningitis, that the meningitis vaccine that when there are outbreaks of that
06:59 the the source for The organism is humans because about 50, more than
07:06 of the population naturally carries that in system and their throat critically and they
07:13 have any symptoms of disease. They're carriers. Um, and that's true
07:17 a number of infectious diseases. so questions, not infection does not
07:23 disease. You could have become You may have had the covid virus
07:28 never knew about it because your body took care of it. Okay.
07:32 with the other types of infections. it's just a lot of factors playing
07:38 whether you will succumb to infectious Okay. And so um not only
07:44 your health immune system, the The of pathogen, it is the the
07:49 of pathogen that infected you. And far there's a lot of different variables
07:53 the window that. Okay so um I kind of start this with,
08:00 is mostly stuff we're going to cover chapter 25. Okay I'm not microbial
08:06 but I figured since we're going to spending next 2.5 days talking about your
08:11 system then let's just kind of talk little bit about things that constant factors
08:17 and how they do that. And again we'll revisit this these terms and
08:22 in a in a next week. don't be you don't have to be
08:26 those about writing all this stuff down because you're gonna see it again.
08:30 . But anyway, so we have pathogen. Okay. And obviously I'm
08:34 it's obvious to you that you we're talking about disease, we're talking
08:36 infectious disease. We're not talking you know, non infectious diseases,
08:41 and heart disease, whatnot. So infectious diseases. And so the pathogen
08:46 pathogen um might be any microbe will a an environment where they naturally
08:54 Okay. And we refer to that the source or more correctly than reservoir
09:02 is where if you want to study . X. Okay. And it
09:06 have to be a disease outbreak occurring you to do that. You just
09:10 to study it. You go the of where natural designs is where you
09:15 the reservoir. Okay. Um Does know the reservoir for Covid? It
09:26 it's not a scientist in Wuhan Mhm. You actually got it from
09:31 else or here. Um What do say? What kind of bad?
09:39 it's bad. Yeah. Uh that for um uh well rabies is a
09:48 of different animals. Different mammals type carry rabies. Um And so it's
09:53 vary, it can be an it's very common to be an animal
09:57 be called Zoonotic diseases originate in Um uh It could be soil,
10:02 could be water, it could be , so it's uh different reservoirs.
10:09 It it depends depends on the on pathogen type, but so you have
10:13 source where they're found then the house course has to get to you.
10:17 , so that's the transmission right? can be through the air,
10:21 foodborne. What happened? Okay. then uh you know, susceptible,
10:26 are you going to succumb to it not? Just mentioned, it's gonna
10:29 on your defenses and your health and immune system? Okay, so from
10:34 perspective of the pathogen um it has you know, several steps here.
10:42 it's not just as easy as coming your body and bam you've got disease
10:46 itself, he has to obviously enter host by some means of transmission.
10:54 . Um and then oops wrong button uh get through uh invaded the host
11:03 host. And you know whether it damage or not, you know?
11:06 it all depends on the pattern type keyword here. Virulence factors, it's
11:12 about endurance factors with pathogens. And um the severity, severity or
11:19 lengths, violence related to severity um the pathogen will depend on what the
11:27 factors that has um what do they ? Some can be things like toxins
11:33 obviously that will damage host cells. uh other things and very often it's
11:41 that a passenger will have a time temporal infection cycle, so to
11:49 So of course though it'll still express early in the infection cycle that relate
11:54 maybe be able to stick to a cells. Right. Adherence is can
11:58 a big difference factor for many cells pathogens, so stick to the
12:02 so to speak. Right then it okay breaching host barriers. So back
12:09 the meningitis organisms. You will see that one is um Uh huh.
12:16 has to um it normally resides in what we call the nasal pharyngeal
12:22 10 of them, back back throat , the mucus membranes and um but
12:28 not where it causes disease. It disease when it gets into your central
12:33 system. Okay, so pathogens that that that invade the central nervous
12:38 That's a big hurdle overcome because you your central nervous system obviously, right
12:46 and spinal cord, right? You it has its own kind of
12:50 uh, it's protected by a number different cells that restrict what can have
12:54 to it. And so and then provide the right environment for neurons.
13:00 ? Remember neurons form action potentials. have to have proper uh saw you
13:06 , things like that. So it a whole network themselves that support,
13:10 ? Uh, and so it's restricted to what can get in there.
13:13 pathogens that that that's what they They have to have a certain business
13:19 to kind of get through. It's called the blood brain barrier. So
13:24 the cross that, it's not an thing. So pathogens that do not
13:28 different strategies and meningitis, bacterium is of them. Okay, so
13:34 the bottom line here is the the a business factors are what enable passengers
13:39 college disease and the collection of various they have will determine really how how
13:48 they are in terms of causing Okay, but we're gonna revisit this
13:52 a couple of weeks. So, of course you have various the whole
13:59 of of defenses to counteract, you , the pathogen and that's what we're
14:05 to go into uh, today. . And so again, more terms
14:10 you that you use, of course talking about disease infected disease. So
14:15 the cause of disease, The ideology ideological agent is the cause of
14:22 Pathology. Pathology is kind of the process, right? And it includes
14:27 cause includes um mechanism by which the gets in that causes damage um the
14:35 process if you will. And then course that can be accompanied certainly by
14:40 changes. Right? Um fever, other kinds of symptoms. Okay,
14:49 um or maybe not so much. . It all depends on the pageant
14:52 the infection type. Okay, so look at this question. Alright,
14:58 kind of alluded to this previously when talked about something else that phase
15:04 we talked about the time. in terms of response, because there
15:09 be a difference, maybe there's a between your immune systems and so uh
15:14 I said, we're gonna start today be the innate immune system and see
15:20 that operates. Alright, let's see you think there's a time element
15:34 Okay, Okay, a little Right. So the innate immune system
16:15 just think about it. Pathogen pathogen out here and I want it's gonna
16:20 you. Okay, what are the that's going through to do that?
16:24 , So your adaptive immune system? innate immune system is immediately write your
16:29 is a natural barrier. Okay, the the blinding of your um throat
16:40 , uh mucus membranes we're talking Right? That's another physical barrier,
16:45 ? So um that doesn't require any other than just being there. Right
16:51 then those um surfaces also have secretions different types of antimicrobial chemicals in
16:58 Okay so it's things that are always . Alright. So does that mean
17:02 much of a time parliament with But with the adaptive immune system there
17:07 because it has specificity. And so can look at the innate immune
17:14 What can you get the whole thing as 1st, 2nd and 3rd
17:19 Okay and so again just to visualize pathogen not here. In fact the
17:26 how its layers is going through. certain intact skin mucous membrane and don't
17:33 the microbes already on your body and your body they they to play a
17:37 role In your system. Um 2nd defense I call more specialized cell types
17:47 processes kind of characterized second line Okay so uh white blood cells.
17:55 ? The Vegas of ties Lucas sites and include neutrophils, neutrophils. And
18:00 have other types of macrophages of Vegas is a major process that's used to
18:09 pathogens. Okay. And these cells specialized in that certain ones are uh
18:14 when I turn processes that are involved things like inflammation fever compliment compliment our
18:22 factors in your blood that get activated cause different effects uh antimicrobial substances.
18:30 again uh this character actors. 2nd defense. And so um and so
18:36 third line we called at that Okay. So t cells b cells
18:44 obviously heard of antibody production. That's that's the realm of your third
18:48 defense. Okay. And so this the concept of specificity. Okay.
18:53 which relates to the time element here the immune system, is going to
18:57 a little bit slow to respond because relies on the presence of Anthony.
19:07 . So what's answered? An engine going to be the molecules that are
19:12 are on the periphery of the Right. A and LPS layer of
19:16 gram negative capsule that has that uh you know, any kind of
19:22 biological proteins on the surface despite the . Right. These are all things
19:27 on the surface. So do you of your cells of the adaptive immune
19:33 is having eyeballs? And they're looking see what's out there. Okay.
19:37 so they can only see what's on surface. All right. And so
19:42 so it takes um the Texan recognition two engines and then that induces a
19:55 output. Okay. A production of , you know, antibodies or other
20:02 . Okay. So it's this Right. So that takes time to
20:07 recognize, bind and form whatever the is. So that's why it's not
20:15 . Okay. And that's why Pathogens try to buy time. Right.
20:22 by temporarily hiding from the adaptive immune . Right. Remember the phase variation
20:27 talked about in chapter 10 is how pathogens can switch on a different form
20:34 the engine. And so when they that, then it's temporarily invisible.
20:39 that's time one because it has to detected recognized bound to. And then
20:45 put a curse. Right? That time. And we all know how
20:48 bacteria can grow. Okay. And within a couple hours, bam you've
20:53 lots of more pathogens. Okay. they'll do whatever they can to buy
20:58 , right? That's time they can and increasing effect. Okay. And
21:05 , um so well look 1st, at one of the main defenses,
21:14 have This one right here. You're . Okay. So of course.
21:23 it just doesn't appear out of All right. That's what this question
21:26 meant to answer. Okay. So can think. Who can you think
21:32 providing europe microbiota? Yeah, it's have to It's a clicker question.
21:43 , excited there. Yeah, you be. Yeah. Mm hmm.
22:01 . Yeah. I should admit that actually make another correction there, you
22:04 , not addition, not correction addition this. Um mm hmm.
22:16 So I'm pretty sure. But guess ? I think they're going to
22:21 Mm hmm. All right. And answer is mother. Yes.
22:30 Um or I should also on their . So the person who gave birth
22:37 you. Let's put it that Okay. Um through the birth canal
22:43 acquire initially require your uh microbiome Shortly followed Once you're out in the
22:50 outside the room. Um uh Obviously breathing breathing stuff and the beginning eating
22:58 right? Um And that of course the amount and diversity of your
23:04 So you know even at at at early age and again don't memorize this
23:11 . It's just meant to show you of the numbers of of microbes in
23:17 on your body in certain parts mouth G. U. G.
23:21 . Tract. And and the obviously staggering amount in your intestines is you
23:30 pretty remarkable. Um And then also ratio of a roads and a roads
23:35 of anaerobic activity. Okay and so even in a newborn you can see
23:43 differences in the microbiome um babies that born naturally versus cesarean, cesarean.
23:53 miss out. I'm going through that canal right? Um differences in breast
23:59 versus bottle feeding, breastfeeding. Uh course it produces um in the milk
24:06 milk is lactose sugar that baby can and get energy from. But also
24:12 things in there that baby can't necessarily anything with. But what I can
24:17 something with it are the are the in its body. And so they
24:20 of can feed on selectively selectively feeds . And so Um and if there's
24:27 kinds of studies done and it's been been going on for that for the
24:31 1015 probably 20 years now about your and the importance of it and what
24:37 can do for you. Um Something day comes out something new about that
24:43 terms of research. And so uh no doubt if you think about humans
24:48 been evolving for six million years. had that microbiome in the same amount
24:53 time. So obviously they've coexisted with . Coe vulnerable us. Um and
25:00 not surprisingly have lots of benefits. . And so um having I'm here
25:08 convince you if you're a germophobe to not to eat so much of a
25:11 . Okay too. Uh I'm not you to go bask in the in
25:17 sewage to get your bacteria on Okay. But you know have a
25:21 of uh don't don't but don't be much the other way either.
25:24 I think it's good to kind of you know yourself to various various
25:31 Okay. Uh But they know that a diversity of microbiome is better than
25:39 that's restrictive. So that your book about this hygiene hypothesis where that that
25:45 our our ancestors like we had a diverse microbiome um than modern man does
25:53 now we're you know of course our were more out in the open.
25:58 They were more of an indoor type , right? We have developed all
26:06 of hand sanitizers and soap and wash clean and all that good stuff,
26:11 that has taken a toll in terms our microbiome. It's believed and so
26:17 like being less susceptible to allergies and disorders has been correlated to something more
26:26 . Um verse microbiome. So among things. And so um so it's
26:32 good thing. Okay. And as know, I think we mentioned on
26:36 one that um the member of microbes your microbiome outnumber your own cells.
26:44 . And there's uh you know, lots of benefits. We've mentioned some
26:48 these as we go through. And having said, microbes are everywhere,
26:53 in and on your body. They be everywhere. Right. Obviously you
26:57 an infection serious infection if you're seeing in your in your vital organs in
27:02 brain, you know that that's that's normal of course, but they can
27:06 pretty much everywhere else. Okay. so of course it can vary,
27:11 know, because your your health varies over, you know, your
27:15 And geography can play a role in too in terms of how your microbiome
27:20 experience changes throughout your life. Different factors play into that. Um
27:27 one of the main benefits in terms um preventing disease is this you probably
27:35 this uh this term in uh intro basically one of the ecological terms go
27:43 competitive exclusion. I think the ecological is no two species can occupy the
27:51 niche, one has to go either out or killed. Right? So
27:58 is the same idea. Okay um mere fact that microbes are occupying your
28:04 inside and out means that for something come in and take hold, it
28:10 not an easy task because the microbes have are very well adapted to their
28:17 niche on your body. Okay. your body, micro environments can
28:22 right? Um depending on where it's um Some areas are more uh salty
28:29 skin tends to be more more more . So you have to particular microbes
28:33 that are suited for that environment. Others areas are more anaerobic. And
28:39 just just various. Right? But are very well suited for where they
28:43 on your body, right? And is something that really just can't come
28:46 and kick them out normally. so that that this idea of competitive
28:51 is is a good one because it can potentially minimize the uh the pathogen
28:58 taking hold um And so we look symbiotic relationships alright, which can be
29:05 , bad or or no no no foul in terms of these plus
29:10 and zero designations. And so most your in fact I'd say most of
29:16 microbes are in these two categories, als and mutual stick. Okay,
29:22 commence als have no uh you don't benefit or harm. So there's really
29:29 effect on you but they do Of course food, shelter,
29:33 that kind of thing uh mutually Microbes of course can produce things like
29:39 you know asking is that you normally be able to produce certain vitamins uh
29:45 microbes can digest certain foods you would be able to otherwise. Um There's
29:52 system functions. They have um they to be chemicals that they produce that
29:59 interact with immune system selves to kind enhance their activities. They can um
30:05 can minimize the effect of anti inflammatory your body may throw out because of
30:12 response to some allergen or something. so a diverse microbiome. There's members
30:17 there that can that can kind of that effect somewhat. So that's all
30:21 of these being being benefits to Okay. Um and you can enhance
30:30 uh protection enhance with the use of . Okay. Does anybody use programs
30:37 you think it helps you are how I don't think that's this before
30:47 What? Probably back in day I don't know what the answer
30:54 Mm hmm. Uh Yeah, I take my wife takes and I tend
30:59 do lots of things like yoga and like that. So I get bacteria
31:02 way. Um I think um it's certain happening. It's one of those
31:09 test for yourself. Um My wife's mine but uh you know it's uh
31:17 think we're gonna do it I'd say the get the pills that have the
31:21 concentration of bacteria because you know a of are gonna carriage as they go
31:25 your got it. So but they certainly uh benefit they many of them
31:33 the members that you find in Okay. But much more concentrated.
31:39 but certainly uh I would certainly recommend if you've been on antibiotics, right
31:44 gonna wipe out a good portion so take them out or something like
31:48 Um Anybody have a bad experience with . Really bad. Really? Okay
31:55 you're not taking them anymore obviously. . Really. Given any details.
32:00 fine. Um Okay uh What about pathogens? Okay. So even within
32:11 group. Okay. This which most your microbiome was in one of those
32:16 groups. There can be types that cause disease. Okay so that's what
32:23 entrepreneur types are normally not a problem there can be a problem when um
32:31 when they are able to get out their usual environment. Okay so basic
32:39 of that is to say a staph like you have your staff that normally
32:43 in your skin because membranes and you some kind of a mood into the
32:48 for example then they can get into areas that don't normally reside and that's
32:52 the problems can occur. Um a imbalance in your microbiome. You may
32:59 heard of clostridium difficile and causes especially elderly uh and the newborns uh it
33:09 be a very serious diarrheal disease. that organism normally resides in your
33:15 but it's not a problem unless typically you're on antibiotics in your gut microbiome
33:20 of changes or is upset, then guys, those clostridium can take hold
33:26 and and and cause this disease more so an issue and with elderly
33:32 because they tend to be somewhat sickly sometimes and and and and on antibiotics
33:38 things, so but nonetheless, the pathogens. So in contrast or primary
33:45 , you don't have a primary pathogen accident. Okay, If you have
33:49 of those, it's obviously there to disease and examples of that are things
33:55 anthrax Ebola service. Um these kind things that don't live in the body
34:01 , but in fact and and cause . Um Now. Okay, so
34:08 the next question. This gets us the next part. Okay. Which
34:12 going to be um uh first line second line defenses here. Okay,
34:20 let's see uh how we do Okay, um so we'll start first
34:29 the physical chemical barriers. Some of things are mentioned here then. 2nd
34:34 defense or different cell types. A of those are mentioned here.
34:58 mm hmm. Yeah. Mhm. . Okay. Let's see what we
35:35 and good. Okay, if you answered. Gur correct. Okay,
35:43 all these are true. A through for all true as we'll see,
35:46 gonna go through all these um So um of particular importance in terms
35:55 really how your adaptive immune system works . Are these guys? Okay,
36:05 guys here. Okay. Um So you're gonna be able to take something
36:11 not supposed to be in your you're gonna have a system that you
36:15 yourself, Okay, this is supposed be here, right? Because then
36:19 won't be able to make a distinction what's supposed to be there and what's
36:21 . So the MHC system is really barcodes on your cells, right,
36:27 safe, This belongs to you. if something doesn't match that barcode then
36:32 are then they can potentially be taken of. Okay. Um So let's
36:39 so as we go through first line , it's gonna be a little bit
36:44 repetitive in the sense that the physical also produce secretions that double as chemical
36:53 . Okay, so in terms of skin, skin is a fairly pew
37:01 um uh surface. Okay, very would sell sell that liquid cell layers
37:08 has this character. So the character really thick. And your nails fingernails
37:12 here, that's that's keratin. But too there's a layer of this on
37:16 on the skin as well. now there are natural openings of course
37:22 glands towards etcetera. Hair follicles, openings. Um But except for
37:28 you know, it can be fairly a good barrier. Um Of course
37:33 you do have a wound or some of splinter or whatever puncturing and that's
37:37 I call subcutaneous. Um You can into the skin layers. The mucus
37:43 of course are what line your body . And there's a mucus secretion to
37:50 those those cells can be susceptible to out. So you have a mucous
37:54 to keep them to bathe them in , keep them happy. Um But
37:59 you have different things like um hairs , hairs in your nose, Celia
38:06 respiratory tract. The mucosa Salieri Right? That's a big defense
38:11 You have to keep things in your . Okay so it's Celia that are
38:17 moving and mucus produced helps to trap microbes and the moving Celia caused you
38:26 expel them. So it's important defense for uh your rest of lungs particularly
38:32 whooping cough disease is um when that damages that system. And so you
38:41 to a severe respiratory infection. Um any case uh tears and saliva,
38:48 ? You have different kinds of fluids well. So saliva uh you know
38:52 swallow it fairly regular pace. It's about the day. Uh that
38:59 washing over your gums and teeth can wash stuff off um tears of course
39:05 keep your eyes moist and can also off microbes and particulates. Um Other
39:12 like the glass of course covers that so you don't get material in their
39:17 wax. Okay can can trap microbes funny digestion right? Your paris
39:24 Your intestinal tract is moving moving stuff . Okay. But then again as
39:31 these are all both these barriers also chemical factors in them. Antimicrobials.
39:37 In particular what's common to many of is right here. Right.
39:42 I write you see it in the , saliva. Um sweat. Okay
39:50 my design breaks down pepper look like . Right? Which of course is
39:54 cell walls of bacteria. Um Also differences in these fluids. Right?
40:01 gastric juice certainly is very acidic as vaginal human secretions are acidic. Um
40:10 can have antibodies in them. Uh uh I mean coastal secretions will have
40:19 uh I. G. What's called . G. A. A.
40:24 serves to buy into pathogens and keep from binding to your cells. So
40:28 so different types of of um Antimicrobial defenses is another one. I I
40:38 these are like um symmetrical shape hollow . If you will uh that kind
40:45 can insert into the membrane and cause of material killing the cells. And
40:52 there's um these defenses are rather small there are hundreds of different types of
40:59 things produced by various cells um including like macrophages, neutrophils but also some
41:05 cell types produced these um as a as a as a defense. Okay
41:12 The. Okay total like receptors. I equate this to um Let's see
41:22 pulling the lever to sound the fire right? Fired you send the smoke
41:28 goes off and you are building pull fire alarm. Alright that's what these
41:34 are full of receptors are the alarm in the body. Okay. And
41:38 when they're triggered so like most everything your body alright yourselves communicate with each
41:47 through binding of chemicals right? Uh yourself are told to grow by the
41:55 of certain kinds of hormones. Um So similarly it's it's chemical signals
42:01 are sent out and that's how your of the immune system responds. Okay
42:05 the trigger is something like this. so this term maps pants or it
42:11 ridiculous but the the the name has and I'm not sure why they changed
42:16 . But um the A. P. S. Part of the
42:20 associated molecular patterns. So M. microbial P. Is panicking associated.
42:27 . Um I used them interchangeably but but what what are you going to
42:34 into that? We're going to buy the things on the periphery of the
42:37 right? And he was basically. and so uh the gentleman cell wall
42:43 . And so you see here in upper corner here a this is actually
42:53 part of a macrophage I think think cell. And so it figures Excel
43:01 course engulfs and digests, microbes and and part one is to bind.
43:07 and so you see the binding here a toll like receptor. Okay so
43:13 there's a number of cells that have just macrophages and neutrophils but other cell
43:18 will have them. And you see so total like receptors on the
43:24 All right as you see here these ones very similar called nod like
43:29 Our internal. Okay so one of things too no um is that packages
43:37 in two types those that do their outside your cells extra cellular pathogens.
43:44 that cause damage part of their their their their things to go inside
43:49 Well we already know viruses do Right so that's obvious but you'll also
43:54 that there are bacterial types that do as well. Okay so the difference
44:00 the bacterial types that do this aren't it to use the cell to replicate
44:06 they're just going inside the cell to out from the immune system or and
44:12 to use it as a as a to get further into your body.
44:17 penetrating different cell layers. Okay. So if that's the case then you
44:23 to have systems that will be able detect both types. Okay you're active
44:29 systems also set up that way to those that are exercisable pathogens and those
44:34 are interested because it required a different kind of strategy to deal detect the
44:39 . Okay so in terms of these so external receptors these T.
44:45 R. S. They will recognize bind to something like this.
44:51 So here's a himself a gentleman contact receptor or maybe it's a spike of
44:58 virus. Okay, internally so remember a virus of kind of course uh
45:05 and maybe maybe viral proteins that are synthesized and assembled will contact one of
45:11 receptors or it could be a bacterial that's inside of it. Maybe it
45:16 a toxin that's inside. So not case, you have a way to
45:21 that as well now whichever one Okay the the effect is the
45:27 Okay so what's gonna happen is a a cascade type reaction occurs but one
45:34 becomes activated and the next thing that activated and then we finally have an
45:39 and in this case it's cytokines. this is a term you will see
45:44 here throughout this whole section. The study is is a generic term
45:51 a number of different chemicals with different involved in some aspect of dealing with
46:00 disease. Okay and so here is a small mess. Okay. But
46:07 these are very common effects of it it will be different cytokines that will
46:12 these different effects about. Okay so of them is chemo attractive. So
46:17 are gonna are gonna, what we'll , it means just themselves to the
46:22 of infection. Okay, um vessel factors. So these are medications that
46:30 with blood vessels to manipulate the permeability blood vessels. So why is that
46:36 ? Because when your main Vegas civic types that deal with infections are
46:42 neutrophils are circulating in your blood. so in order in order for them
46:49 interact with an infection that's occurring outside bloodstream it has to exit the blood
46:55 . And so there's a process that's in doing that and basil active factors
47:00 enable that to happen. Mixed blood more permeable so so that the nutrients
47:04 exit. Okay um that's all part the explanatory response. We'll talk about
47:10 next week um activation of T cells cells um really kind of control the
47:19 adaptive immune response. Okay yes B are part of that but T cells
47:24 also controlled B cells. And so T cells are part of the main
47:29 that control the whole thing. So them. You can really activate the
47:33 immune system um activated macrophages. Macrophages very vague acidic cell types um And
47:41 can actually enhance that ability by by cited kinds to kind of activate
47:48 We'll talk about what that means as . Okay so the point here is
47:53 you know these two receptor types enable of potential of a potential pageant slash
48:01 and the way to alert the body of course through releasing chemicals and specific
48:07 system themselves will respond to those various of chemicals the net result is mobilized
48:14 your immune system get get it ready go into action is kind of the
48:20 what's going on here? Um Any about that? Yeah, basically MlRS
48:32 inside security detail and are pretty much , because again, you're you're trying
48:40 deal with both of these pathogen Internal and external. Right? I
48:47 was some relations to them. They a little bit different. Yeah,
48:50 there is some there is some module the two. You know? Of
48:56 everyone's the same. Yeah. I don't We're going to the structures
49:00 those things. What kind of what's their different functions are in terms of
49:05 they deal with. Um Let's Okay, so here's another question.
49:12 gets us into the different cell types what do you call it?
49:17 Second line of defense can I? adaptive immune system. Cell types
49:25 Of what type? Um neutrophils, ? Macrophages, Your center fields
49:36 Okay, mm hmm. Alright, see what we got. Yeah,
50:21 going to be uh lymphocytes. So B cells and T cells and also
50:28 there are natural killer cells are part those as well. Okay, B
50:35 . Um so here we'll look at different cell types involved system. So
50:43 can look at blood and basically fractionated plasma which is basically protein components,
50:50 and compliments. And then the other being we call formed elements, cells
50:57 different types but also in there are . Platelets aren't are not cells they
51:02 protein fragments, cell fragments uh involved the clotting function. Okay. Um
51:08 clotting function. The rigorous sites are course the red blood cells uh these
51:17 what we call a nuclear itself. don't have a nucleus. They're basically
51:21 full of hemoglobin pretty much. And used to bind oxygen. Okay.
51:27 now, aside from those guys then have Lucas sites, red blood white
51:31 cells of different types. The distinction granular sites and a granule sites is
51:39 is a historical term number one based the appearance under the microscope.
51:46 so, grand sites have grand mules are typically full of different types of
51:53 . Um And these gradients are quite in granule sites. Okay. A
52:01 house sites, you might think, , well they don't have Granules.
52:04 they do. They're they're just they're not as visible under the microscope.
52:09 that's why you see these two Okay. Um and so we'll focus
52:13 the ground sites. First, neutral , baseball fields, you know,
52:18 , Uh your lymphocytes, dendritic cells macrophages are your ground sites.
52:24 the percentages you see on the slide are are the percentage of their present
52:29 the circulating blood. Okay, so 70% are circulating in the blood every
52:37 . Um I presume the other partner the bone because bone marrow's where these
52:42 were formed. And so that's where remainder would be I guess in
52:47 Um Anyway, so uh are one your main infection fighters early on an
52:54 in terms of the first um stages infection. They're the ones that are
53:00 to the site of infection. They the blood vessels. They do their
53:04 . Ah They're followed by macrophages that of do the rest of the
53:09 Okay. Now this term polymorphous right? That refers to this weird
53:18 of the nucleus. Right? So all that really dark purple is dark
53:24 . Is the nucleus? Okay. has different lobes, it's all
53:29 Okay. But it has it just that appearance. Right? So that's
53:32 they called pony morpho nuclear. Um Bezel fills are not really a
53:41 cell type right? There more about releasing chemicals involved in certainly an inflammatory
53:48 . If you do have allergies, allergies, you can often blame
53:53 Or another cell type. And another type called mast cells. They can
54:00 to different types of allergens and release if you're hypersensitive because you get an
54:08 of those chemicals released and you get watering nose and watery eyes right?
54:12 bad. Or it hasn't really I think the uh the oak pollen
54:16 like through the roof nowadays um that stuff raining down that rains down in
54:23 this time of year, every Um So again a very small proportion
54:29 correctly, other cell types um we see them in um in action when
54:34 look at the inflammatory response, they chemicals that have to do with the
54:38 active factors. Okay. Um The fields A little bit higher percentage.
54:46 . Uh they can have a specific . Their thing is really in um
54:53 dealing with large pathogens, that's something don't think about that much. Can
54:57 think of you know bacterial pathogens, pageants? You don't really think of
55:03 ones? Right? But there can multi cellular worms um large protozoa types
55:10 can that can affect you. Okay so these are the ones that typically
55:14 involved in that. Right? So to kill something that's that large requires
55:21 course a collective effort. Okay so gonna just quickly draw this out
55:27 Don't worry about it cause we're gonna it and that doesn't mean response,
55:31 it's just that we have a large . Okay, like this. So
55:38 order to kill something like that, gotta bring a bunch of cells
55:40 So yes, Center Fields, which are hanging out here will come
55:46 right? And the way to bring bring them together and this is where
55:51 the concept where we'll see this, just with these guys but with
55:55 dendritic cells, they're all that you obviously you have that the immune system
56:02 innate immune system, they do interact in in at certain times.
56:09 And with certain cells. Okay. so by that I mean you can
56:14 antibodies And so antibodies I'm sure you are these white they're kind of Y
56:19 proteins. Right? And one end , they'll have two binding sites,
56:27 ? That will bind to a right to an antigen. Okay.
56:32 then I'll have another side that combined a receptor on the cell if the
56:38 type hasn't. Okay. And so Center Fields have that. And so
56:43 can be made to this pathogen and the other side of the antibody combined
56:50 a single film. So what will is b antibodies will bind and then
56:58 Center Fields bind to the antibody. so now you can bring everything
57:02 Okay, collectively bring these essentials together what will do will really just release
57:10 that these Granules and these toxins were out and then because they're all in
57:15 around this pathogen that it'll kill Right, well it's ready to bring
57:19 way to bring together a number of cells. They have them stick to
57:22 pathogen and do their thing. And so again the association between the
57:28 and innate immune system and we will it again here here with the macrophages
57:33 dendritic cells as well. Okay. so the uh next ones are the
57:44 . Okay, so but a quarter the cervix the blood uh typically in
57:50 manga site mainly the monasteries form. so monasteries will differentiate the modern society
57:56 actually exit the blood and a lymphatic we're talking about that shortly um is
58:03 macrophages and dendritic cells. Will the will mature, differentiate into macrophages and
58:10 cells? And these two cell types types that work with your data immune
58:15 as it says. Right so this called antigen presentation is a big
58:20 They do. Okay. And that's kind of bridges the innate immune system
58:26 the that difficult system. Okay um very specific cell types. They can
58:33 activated to be super specific cell Okay um The other lymphocytes are these
58:43 natural killer cells. Okay um they with infected cells. Right so remember
58:49 gonna have a division here of types interact with intracellular pathogens and extra cellular
58:55 . Okay. And so um natural cells are one of those types.
59:02 , the alpha can seek out sometimes out and destroyed cancer cells are
59:07 Okay um And so T cells and cells will I'll leave the details from
59:17 next week. But I mentioned before interest sailor patrons. Extra sailor.
59:22 differentiation here B cells to their antibodies antibodies combined two extra sensitive pathogens and
59:31 like five or six different effects that when antibody engine bind. We'll talk
59:35 that later. The bottom line is can get rid of them. Okay
59:38 get rid of the past. Uh your t cells there are certain T
59:42 types. Okay, whose job is deal with infected cells similar to natural
59:49 cells but in a different way. um and so things like virus infected
59:55 , remember bacteria can also infect cells , right so you have to have
59:59 way because of the if a pathogen inside of a cell right, it's
60:05 from the immune systems, there has be a way to detect those and
60:08 cells have a way to do Okay, so natural killer cells back
60:13 them. Okay, this is where introduced the MHC these self antigens.
60:20 , so um when a cell is and it's not every cell this happens
60:28 you. So that virus infected itself cancerous cell. Okay. There can
60:34 changes on the surface as a result the infection or the cancer itself.
60:39 in all viral infections or all cancers in many that that happens that there's
60:46 and changes to the service can be by certain immune system selves natural killer
60:51 is one of those. Okay, what's what's the MHC thing all
60:56 Well, in a second. so in in natural killer cells that
61:02 these abnormal cell types because of the surface changes they have, they want
61:10 get rid of them because obviously the to the body is something that's not
61:14 and get rid of it. And so they have these molecules called
61:21 , which means to perforate, Very similar to defenses in terms of
61:26 their like cylinders with like a holding in like a straw emotion. So
61:30 kind of uh can insert into the and cause license. It can also
61:35 enzymes they produced these grand times. So apoptosis. Right. That's that's
61:42 a process that potentially everyone of yourselves do. Right? When when it's
61:49 to do that, you know what call a programmed cell death. And
61:55 yourselves would do that if they were a state where they weren't functioning really
62:01 well anymore. Older cells you kinda to get those out of the
62:05 Okay, if you've been somewhere you've gotten rid of you know,
62:10 peeled right. Those are basically cells were undergoing apoptosis because they've been mutated
62:14 UV light. You want to get of it. So um so but
62:18 are cases where you can actually make cell do that and this natural fuel
62:24 can do that to these damaged cells these chemicals. So um so again
62:33 go back to this MHC and what is all about. Okay so again
62:38 stands for major history compatibility complex. So um the term probably likely came
62:48 uh huh. So organ donation, ? You have someone wants to receive
62:52 organ. All right, some of tissue transplant, you gotta make sure
62:57 the donor and recipient are compatible. and so this is what you're looking
63:03 in terms of compatibility? What's the of chemical nature of the MHC complex
63:08 donor recipient? Right. Um Obviously change for these you inherit from your
63:14 . So obviously you look at that most closely related to the recipients,
63:20 ? Siblings etcetera because they're likely to the most commonality between these things.
63:26 . And so what they are they're the membrane, right? They are
63:30 and nature. They are equate them like barcode. You have a column
63:36 for your body and that barcode is stamping all yourselves? That's kind of
63:40 this represents. Okay because you have have a system if you if you
63:44 to know what's your own if you're detect something that's different coming into your
63:49 . Okay. And so don't obviously for effect but you know so it
63:55 be lined with these MHC antigens we them self antigens. Okay. You're
64:01 with the blood type A. O. Blood type. So red
64:05 cells have their own system and that's they euzebio they'll have those engines on
64:11 surface. Okay. Um And so do we differentiate those two classes?
64:17 . So the easiest way to This is let's define class to
64:22 Okay so these are just these cell ? Dendritic cells macrophages and B
64:30 Okay these are also what we call presenting cells. Okay, we're going
64:34 talk about that in a second. um Class one is basically everything
64:41 not skin cells, your brain your liver cells, kidney cells and
64:47 of these that are new created. ? So that's to distinguish from red
64:52 cells have their own system, the system. So basically everything else uh
64:58 not a dendritic cell. Macrophage or cell is in class. Why?
65:06 if they have a nucleus. So so the um and makes the receptors
65:17 be our embassy molecules can be recognized T cells. Those candidates will have
65:23 for MHC molecules and T cells. some T cells that recognize class one
65:31 . Mhm. And other T cells class too. And um so remember
65:37 natural killer cell. Alright, it for these. All right. So
65:44 they sell us lacking those, it's going to be a cell as a
65:48 cell. The rosella nobody sell basically cell we call it. And so
65:55 that is lacking these class one molecules says oh this is not normal.
65:59 get rid of it. That's what killer cells look for ourselves lacking in
66:03 Class one types. Okay, so so here's the virus infected cell.
66:09 , So again, it's not a thing where every virus infected cell will
66:14 these differences, but many do. . And if they do they may
66:18 some kind of lack MHC engines or we have a weird looking membrane
66:25 Okay. So um any questions about . All right. So it's really
66:33 about setting up a system in your that your cells are marked as yours
66:38 that you can find something that doesn't there. Okay. All part of
66:42 detection recognition binding aspect. Okay. of course if things can go wrong
66:50 your cells may think your own cells not supposed to be there.
66:54 That's autoimmune disorders. That's how that occurs. Okay. Um Now lymphatic
67:03 . Okay, so the lymphatic system of course a system of vessels.
67:10 . It's of course obviously not carrying that's carrying lymphatic fluid but it's but
67:16 vessels of the lymphatic system are closely proximity to blood vessels. Um fluids
67:25 through lymphatic vessels by gravity by muscular probably by contractions of circulatory system.
67:34 vessels as well to push stuff Um So you're only revival organs.
67:41 got a picture here. So all vital organs Have calculus three beds in
67:47 . Right? So your veins and will meet up in this very thin
67:53 vessels capillaries and that's how materials So your tissues receive nutrients.
68:00 Your tissues release waste gets picked So exchange occurs and that's what we
68:05 interstitial fluid. Right so it's it's the cells in the area of these
68:11 beds. Right. So you that's course a loss of volume from your
68:17 system and you wouldn't get that Right. And so that's where lymphatic
68:22 comes in. Right? So those kind of pick that up and then
68:26 return it to your circulatory system. around appear by your clavicle right,
68:32 in back, dumps back into your system. So again so you don't
68:36 a lot of blood line that Okay recover material that you've gotten rid
68:41 . So um but in lymphatic tissues can they can become very thick in
68:52 parts of the body like your armpits groin area, your tonsils um spleen
69:00 parts of your skin underneath in your wall there can be dense collections of
69:06 these lymphatic tissues and in there are of B cells and T cells
69:12 As well as macrophages dendritic cells. and so um but these can protect
69:20 inhaled ingested organisms. Your spleen has tissue that will kind of filter out
69:26 and T cells. B cells. there will kind of grab hold of
69:31 . Okay um so many things that know slide in your mouth,
69:35 Your tonsils are there that they can stuff in your saliva as well.
69:40 these are mechanisms to kind of trap . Okay? Um in different locations
69:46 Here's an example here of what we gut associated lymphoid tissue. So these
69:52 called pirs patches. Okay here you a cross section of the intestine and
69:58 purple blobs here are where these pirate located that are like this, this
70:03 the cartoon of them. So this be intestinal cells here remember the micro
70:08 they have on top to absorb nutrients there will be interest first with these
70:13 patches trap microbes you don't have um macrophages on one side that will then
70:20 them. Um Here's the other example that testing the wall. This will
70:25 a pirate's patch. These areas that trap microbes, potential pathogens and your
70:30 . Now conversely the pathogen can kind depending on the passage of time they
70:35 kind of exploit that and actually get macrophages and survive in them and then
70:42 out of them and then you know infections. So we'll see an example
70:45 that next week. But nonetheless you these are a defense mechanism. We
70:50 have these similar kinds of things in skin different properties that we call salt
70:55 associated with tissue. Okay it's all you know dense lymphatic tissue full of
71:01 cells B cells. Macrophages, dendritic to kind of help trapped in the
71:07 get rid of potential pathogens. Okay um so the figures psychosis of course
71:16 a primary function of your infection. cells particularly neutrophils. Macrophages. Dendritic
71:26 in particular macrophages really And neutrophils. so your macrophages um can be of
71:33 type that is stationary for the most of basically resides in in in one
71:39 of your body. So like al macrophages or in your lungs patrolling.
71:46 up any kind of patterns that maybe are other microbes. Um But you
71:51 have also wandering those that kind of throughout the body will calm wandering
71:55 Okay. And so um in terms the process process, okay it's going
72:03 follow this pattern of chemo taxes chemicals draw them to the site of
72:09 Adherence. So obviously a figures Excel when you're going to adjust what can
72:17 do, what it sticks to engulf ingested and then digested internally. Okay
72:24 so here's an example of if there an excel type, this could be
72:29 macrophage. And of course the presence these pseudo pods. Right? And
72:35 when you mentioned earlier about activating a , what you're basically doing is increasing
72:42 number of these membrane folds, These pseudo pods. You're increasing these
72:47 greatly because that's how we can contact engulf stuff. So you have more
72:52 these arms, so to speak. you become much more uh powerful fake
72:59 agent. Okay and so and so we saw before the collect receptor so
73:05 can bind there. So you have double whammy. So you get the
73:10 mint of the pathogen but then you the release of these cytokines that can
73:13 other uh communities themselves to the Okay so following. Um so let
73:19 go along here. So we have tactics signals to bring um more so
73:25 the site adherence. Right, so adherence. Um that will bring about
73:30 of sort of kind certainly been So we ingest right from your
73:35 That's going to be that Figo Right figure zone. So it forms
73:40 license zone can then fuse with it the license zone will bring about
73:45 So there's digestive enzymes, it can induce perhaps have oxygen radicals and peroxide
73:51 kill the agent and then uh material cannot be digested, it can be
73:56 , expelled. Okay, But there's other function. Right, This is
74:00 the pathogen presentation comes in. so this would be what you see
74:05 a macrophage for dendritic cell? Right, so these would be a
74:12 of the microbe that was digested. ? So it could be proteins,
74:18 have you here? Right. And that solar produced MHC molecules. So
74:26 macrophages following into class too category. , they will produce self antigens of
74:31 type two. Okay, and they'll those MHC antigens will bind these self
74:38 will bind these guys and then we'll it to the body. Right?
74:45 now this so in this form, this form they're not visible.
74:51 But now in this form they Okay, and that's where a certain
74:57 cell types Okay, will recognize that two receptor bind to it, recognize
75:05 antigen bind to it and then the is typically released satisfies activate the adaptive
75:13 system etcetera etcetera. So but that's another big function. So again we're
75:18 the and Nate an adaptive immune systems by allowing to interact with the cells
75:25 the but that that means that T in particular. Okay. Um and
75:30 that's that's an important function to get you want to get all hands on
75:34 in the in the situation get innate adaptive immune system working together right?
75:39 both going to be a powerful defense fight infection. Okay. Um and
75:47 the the and we'll see that also that B. B cells we'll talk
75:54 this next week. B cells that antibodies also also can present Angela interact
75:59 T cells that help to activate them make antibodies. So all these things
76:03 together time. Um So the Estonians are uh so not every microbe
76:14 amenable to being digitized. So figure relies heavily upon be able to bind
76:20 that microbe and ingest it. If that microbe is not easily bound
76:27 it doesn't work very well. Okay that can happen for microbes that have
76:31 capsule. That's what you see This is a very thick capsule surrounding
76:36 cell. Right, Streptococcus pneumonia The meningitis bacterial also very thick
76:42 OK so those don't make this so susceptible to binding and figure cited
76:48 So how do you enhance that? do it through optimization. Right,
76:53 you involve antibodies? You involve compliment just protein factors. Okay,
77:00 here's an example where we're gonna look antibodies. Ok, so this may
77:04 a form that's not very able to it easily and fix it ties.
77:09 what do you do? Well, produce these options. So antibodies to
77:15 capsule platform if that's a capsule surrounding and it combined to that.
77:21 so now the macrophage or neutral Phil have receptors. That's what the fc
77:29 is that I mentioned earlier, this what combined to the actual macrophages or
77:34 itself. Right through a receptor. , so this is the this end
77:38 the antigen binding portion. This in here is what combined to one of
77:43 . Okay. And so collectively now becomes let's say call it more it's
77:48 this form more slippery. Right? form is more sticky. Okay,
77:53 so now that can that can be to the in this case macrophage and
77:59 whole thing gets engulfed. Right? now you've greatly enhanced the ability to
78:05 the tires to these cells where it it happened that well before.
78:09 so that that's what so the option is the antibody optimization is this
78:16 Okay, and so not only can do this, but complement for a
78:21 protein factors can also bind to the of the cell and your own cells
78:26 receptors for those as well. And very similar fashion. You can take
78:31 cells clearly complement, right? Makes much more easier to figure out the
78:35 . Okay. Um Any questions about ? Yeah. Alright. I think
78:43 yeah, that's a good spot. do this one. We'll start with
78:46 next class with that one. So are yeah, we're up against it
78:50 we're good. So thanks folks. you next
-
+