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GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Mar 6 2023
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00:14 I don't have a microphone but I my microphone on her. Yeah.
00:19 you turn yours off? So we get a get feedback. Oh What
00:32 I doing? We were together, it's still on. I can't see
01:19 right now. Oh, there it . OK. All these tiny little
01:37 . OK. So uh one of tools that we use a lot is
01:40 bias photography. And um one of things that I find interesting in the
01:45 in the oil industry is, you , we always talk about uh
01:52 Uh but without uh some sense of and when, when we get to
01:56 correlation lecture, you're gonna hear more this from me. But without some
02:01 sense of timing in a rock you really have no way to actually
02:07 , especially when you consider it's a dimensional world. And uh I'll,
02:12 um show you some cross sections and to you. If we were looking
02:17 them in uh strike uh direction, would correlate really well. And you
02:25 , well, you know, all sands correlate someone to go down
02:28 they'll correlate too. But if there's there, you're gonna lose, you're
02:33 lose the correlation, you're gonna be correlating things. And, uh if
02:36 don't have something for timing and most a lot of times in the
02:40 uh uh all we had were, , things like ash bed, you
02:46 , an ash bed falls everywhere at time. Uh, in the Kuby
02:51 section where they figured out the original of humanity. Uh They,
03:00 they saw three ash beds and they those three ash beds were everywhere and
03:04 course they were. But the way outcrop was set up, only three
03:08 those ash beds showed up at each crop because the river was cutting through
03:13 . The beds were dipping like The river was incised about the same
03:17 of section turns out there were about ash beds, but the river cut
03:24 a certain uh thickness. The rock rate was about the same. So
03:29 see three beds here. And if go, if you went downstream,
03:35 would be climbing up time in these beds as you went down streams.
03:39 they always only saw three and they they correlated till somebody did some radiometric
03:44 on it. And they realized that was wrong and it, and um
03:49 lot of very strange uh forced um between things to be in an evolutionary
04:00 chain uh really disturbed some people. then they realized they had it all
04:05 . And so they were able to of back out better and it all
04:08 more sense and, uh of it could always happen that it would
04:12 less sense when you got it. . But nevertheless, uh it's really
04:17 when you're correlating to have something that implies time and you have to
04:21 sure it really implies time even though pits go like this forever. This
04:28 doesn't say I'm four million years old the next one doesn't say it's five
04:32 years old. And that's about the of those things in the Kura
04:37 And uh I was able to see certain organisms that live between each one
04:42 those ash beds that could help indicate , the precise age no matter where
04:46 hit it. Um Anyway, uh that's, it's really important. And
04:51 course, you know, you somebody says, well, I want
04:54 do it by lithic. So it's sandstone to sandstone. But, but
04:58 object is connectivity. Uh They don't that in any of these definitions,
05:04 the object is connectivity and uh and uh um from a um purest
05:14 you know, any sandstone correlates to other sandstone, but that's wrong.
05:17 know, a red sandstone from the does not correlate with a red sandstone
05:21 a pleasing. I'm sorry, you , but that would be a lithic
05:26 . I mean, it's so but it has to be stated.
05:30 So anyway, uh other things that can do with this is uh environments
05:35 uh deposition and also the age of rocks. And uh we won't talk
05:39 it in this class. But in class, I talk about how uh
05:44 a thing called bio geo Crinology where these bio events are tied directly
05:51 uh all the radiometric events, things sa propels, which you may or
05:56 not have heard of. Uh you've heard of chromosomes from uh mag magnetic
06:01 chronology and things like that. But magnetic chronology, it has a sequence
06:07 it doesn't have a label on It doesn't tell you that, You
06:11 , this one is the same as one and uh they do have a
06:17 of bands and uh the rock accumulation from 11 well to the next or
06:23 out crop to the next is the . Then you'll see the exact kind
06:27 response and it, it's almost a a fingerprint but it, but it
06:31 always work out that way. So, uh it's really good for
06:36 faults. As I said, I've 30 ft faults in the chalk beds
06:41 no one could even correlate. And uh there's also because, because you
06:47 an idea of the timing, there's certain time in a basin when um
06:53 sections were sealed over a fairly large and they create these sections of overpressure
06:58 so, uh you can also use to uh to do that. That
07:03 a very uh from a safety stand standpoint and saving money. Uh That
07:09 very important. Um I'll also mention in a sequence in the Caspian
07:16 which was almost pure sandstone. It hard to figure out what correlated to
07:21 . And uh they used to have to prove to the uh to the
07:27 Russian trained uh Azar that, uh reached the objective. They said they
07:34 reach to in the contract and they shut the well down, but they
07:37 put a core of it to prove . I was able to go in
07:41 with, with bias and actually shut down early. Ok. Here,
07:46 , one of the problems with bio of course is that we usually use
07:51 of sidewalk cores and cores, which be, uh much more precise.
07:55 use cuttings and because we use uh in other words, things come
08:02 , uh, you have mud, down here in the well bore.
08:06 wonder why this is all comes down and then it, it flows back
08:10 and then into, uh, the and then it goes back in the
08:16 and we collect these, these pieces rock or lumps of mud or whatever
08:20 is off the shaker. Uh, they drop these things down to figure
08:26 the timing and there's other ways they figure out the timing too.
08:29 uh, but when they, when they get that sample, they
08:33 that it has to be as old this. Uh, it, it
08:40 to be somewhere within the age of the section. And so the first
08:44 you see a new fossil that would the top of that fossil in
08:48 well, it's the first time you it. In other words, you
08:50 a range like this vertically in, the section when the drill bet hits
08:55 the first time it gets there and up that fossil, we know that
09:00 got to be at least that old a little bit younger, but
09:07 but it's gotta be at least that to hit that fossil unless it's
09:12 And so we, we base everything tops and this is, uh something
09:17 , uh, this is out of , but it's, it's perfectly uh
09:21 for what I'm, uh, trying get across here. Uh There's datum
09:26 , uh Nano plankton, uh Planktonic and AICs. Uh We also have
09:31 whole suite of other types of fossils we can use. And the reason
09:35 would do more, uh is because certain depositional settings, some fossils are
09:40 preserved, some fossils are better represented , uh, you'd have less
09:46 Uh The benthic forms of, you see over here they're not as uh
09:52 in deep water sections, but they be useful in terms of paleo environments
09:57 uh some of these things are deepwater and they help us understand what the
10:02 Bemet is and that's why we would this group. And uh nano fossils
10:07 very rapidly through the Sanzo and uh of the Mesozoic because of that,
10:13 have a lot more uh new inceptions extinctions of fossils uh that allow us
10:19 pick uh a lot more detail. A um B P uh I keep
10:27 , I'm shaking the nothing but it's the building anyway. Uh uh a
10:33 at B P recently published about a ago, um a brand new chart
10:38 here and he worked at uh A he was, he was in my
10:42 and uh this section right here uh modern day technology, we've got probably
10:51 nano fossil extinctions and inception events uh that you can use and not only
10:58 , but there's also uh some well blooms of these things over certain periods
11:03 their existence. In other words, might have had a big bloom near
11:06 end of it, a big bloom the bottom or one in the
11:09 And uh and uh that's another thing you can use as a biomarker,
11:15 , which uh again, this these things will be found in a
11:19 that crosses this interval right about And when you get down here,
11:23 might start finding this one but you also find all of these caved in
11:28 it. But when you see this , the first one down here,
11:31 , you know, it's, it's, it's the one you wanna
11:34 with looking at Paleo bathymetry is kind the same thing except in reverse because
11:40 falls down the hill. And uh, if you see all this
11:45 stuff and all of a sudden there's , an older one in there,
11:47 know that it, I mean, me, shallower things fall down the
11:51 when you see something that's deeper water up in the middle of it and
11:55 know, that you've gotten into something deeper, that's had a downslope transport
12:01 . Ok. Here's the, uh, shell shaker in action
12:05 uh, someone comes in here and scoops some of this up and puts
12:09 in a bag and figures out what calculated moment is. If he goes
12:13 a cigarette break, the next three might be from the same spot.
12:19 , uh, which, which is good, but, uh, a
12:22 of times, uh, um, have pretty long distances which makes it
12:27 for one person to do it. whenever we, whenever anybody in the
12:31 would catch it closer, like a or, uh, or say five
12:36 or 10 ft, uh, they would have two people catching it
12:39 uh, they can make sure they catching it at the right time.
12:45 . Uh Here's an, an example . Uh This is the Caspian
12:51 I'm in a um Jet Ranger two over uh this big causeway that goes
12:57 the Aaron Ridge. And uh they uh I don't know if you can
13:01 if they have all these dereks sticking on the air, on these,
13:04 old platforms and they used to have set of casings that would come from
13:09 Dereck and get completed there and then each one of those wells, they'd
13:13 a pipeline. And one of the things is the pipelines uh are all
13:18 now. And when you fly over part of the Caspian Sea, you
13:20 see oil sheens all over the which is a form of remote sensing
13:25 will come up in the next We get to it. And uh
13:29 was also a, a James Bond that uh had a, had a
13:33 catastrophic ending out here on one of uh platforms. Um Probably most of
13:40 was C G I, but it look pretty uh pretty authentic. Uh
13:45 , uh it's, it's a really uh body of water and it's very
13:48 in spots uh or something that's uh of a lake that had an opening
13:57 uh the sea and whatnot. But the uh this shell shaker comes from
14:01 rig that's out there. Here is looking at water depths and here's uh
14:07 marine things. Marginal marine, inner , middle Neri. This is looking
14:13 uh primarily be for and if and different assemblages you'll see at different water
14:20 and remember anything can get, catch ride on a turbidity current and go
14:24 down this uh slope and mix with these deeper water things. But
14:29 if you're up here, you're not see those deeper water things. If
14:32 down here, you could see the water things and some of the shallow
14:36 . So this is a way uh we sort it out. So it's
14:39 a straightforward answer uh without doing some duty uh analyses that we uh we
14:45 a lot of tools to do OK. And this is just uh
14:49 you how significant this is with, terms of episodes, I think I
14:53 have showed you this in the very . But uh the, the orange
14:58 are depositional sequences. The blue spots gaps in the rock record. But
15:04 the rock record and in the weld yellow, this yellow sits on top
15:09 that yellow sits on top. In words, it's a complete rock
15:12 but there's missing section in it and can't see it because it sits on
15:16 of it. And uh obviously, you pushed all these up together uh
15:21 they are and tried to correlate the depths sort of these things. If
15:27 were on strike, you know, , you could possibly be way off
15:31 some of these things had different, missing time. In fact, uh
15:35 missing time quite erratic and some of had to do with these things were
15:39 deposited in different mini basins and some the mini basins would fill in and
15:44 would stop. And then the next down from it would start to fill
15:48 as it overflowed into it. That was not getting any sediment while this
15:52 was filling. And again, you correlate all these sands. It might
15:57 almost exactly the same because it's the sort of depositional sequence in terms of
16:02 setting and uh and timing overall in of rock accumulation rate. But,
16:07 they're completely different ages and they're, they're separated by mini bases and the
16:12 around the mini bases. And uh so again, that's, that's a
16:17 of correlation that you, that you to see. OK, that's the
16:21 of that. So not like we go into a lot of detail in
16:26 . But I want you to be that there are, there are tools
16:31 there that we often use and some we don't use enough. And um
16:37 sure that's one of them. And uh sequence photography came along, uh
17:05 Vale was a, was a huge of tying bio Strat to the sequence
17:12 uh because you get these down lap or truncation lap out. Uh you
17:19 , you can kind of, you , something that builds on a surface
17:22 this is uh is gonna be younger, younger, younger, younger
17:26 that. So you can kind of a relative sense. But if you
17:30 fossil data in there, you can more detail that they may, you
17:33 easily miss and uh it's a really tool. Uh Most of the people
17:38 teach sequence photography uh will tell you um resolution is around uh several million
17:47 . But some of those things I showing you on the Plyo Pine
17:52 the resolution there was uh Uh probably than a half a million years.
17:58 if you put the 500 bio events there, you had places where the
18:03 was less than a thou less than years. OK. Not a million
18:07 , but less than 10,000 years. nobody goes out after that if they
18:12 know it. So I'm kind of you guys know. So now we're
18:23 look at some other uh tools that we use in the oil industry and
18:29 course, geophysical methods are huge and just mentioned that we were ranked number
18:34 in the world uh after Colorado School mines. Um And so we're gonna
18:41 at some of some of the aspects seismic reflection mostly uh it pretty much
18:47 pertains to refraction in some ways. uh uh especially certain parts of it
18:54 when we do uh converted waves and God, I lost my queer.
19:04 we'll look at uh um some of more uh these sort of uh primarily
19:11 with uh an active source of energy these are passive tools uh that just
19:16 what's going on. OK. Uh data is The seismic method itself has
19:25 big steps. One is a seismic . Another one is processing. Once
19:30 acquire the data, you process the . Um what you saw in the
19:37 when they first started doing just geophysics the forties and maybe even a little
19:41 earlier and what you end up with completely different than what we see
19:46 But uh the methods and, and theory gone behind it have a lot
19:50 do with it when I was a student here in uh milk, do
19:55 of the leaders in uh petroleum Um I was taking classes one end
20:04 the hall, I'd walk by the classroom. They'd have a blackboard about
20:08 long as this white board and he'd with an integral on one end and
20:14 would just keep an equation would just going and going and going and going
20:20 the whole page. And uh bottom when they came out of there,
20:24 could do a lot of math and but a lot of that has been
20:30 pretty much uh aside from the people develop the software has been put into
20:35 software, the algorithms. Uh so uh a lot of people don't ever
20:41 uh look at uh uh the, mathematics of the calculus. But the
20:49 but one of the good things we back then was we had for
20:52 And uh one of the neat things for three and four, you could
20:56 100 lines and it could do what thousands of lines in a graphical
21:02 You know, for example, um would uh if I was gonna do
21:07 cluster analysis, I had a program had 100 lines to it. And
21:13 you got the output, it would you how to connect all these
21:16 but it wouldn't draw it for But if you get one that
21:19 it makes a really nice thing to in the power point. It takes
21:23 and thousands of lines of code to make it work. So,
21:27 part of the neat thing about having computers is it forced humans to think
21:34 to uh to get things to right? You know, we had
21:36 these loops that did the same thing and over again and we could take
21:40 loop and put it to another formula get it to do a loop in
21:44 uh algorithm, do a loop in one and then add them together and
21:47 all sorts of stuff. Without writing much code. Nowadays, everything is
21:51 painstakingly written out, which is why takes them a long time to get
21:55 the bugs out. Uh Anyway, , so there was, there was
22:00 sense of efficiency and, and direct of what was going on in that
22:05 . Now, I think we're, separated from the process. So we
22:10 always really know what's going on in process. We don't always know what's
22:14 what's right or wrong. So you'll of see that in, in old
22:18 versus new seismic. Um Anyway, so after processing and the things that
22:26 do in processing are to try to the signal and reduce the noise.
22:31 in some cases, evaluate certain attributes , of the amplitudes that we see
22:37 in a seismic uh reflection record. And then the other thing we do
22:43 interpretation, the people that do these uh in oil industry are often treated
22:51 uh highly intellectual tech technologies. Uh uh but the guys that may have
22:59 themselves from all these details are the that do the interpretations. They're the
23:05 that get the big bucks and become and all that kind of thing just
23:08 , you know, OK, here uh a very simple diagram of,
23:17 how this all works out. Uh it has an energy source. Um
23:23 actually used to use dynamite, then started using these big whopping big uh
23:29 and, and Boomers and uh and think they still use those in
23:35 Uh I haven't been on a research in a while But uh when I
23:39 doing a study in the Gulf of , I was on a team.
23:43 , we had 3 uh a a banger, a poer and a
23:48 . And uh one's gone like this high frequency and then there's another one
23:56 and then another one is like, that was the boomer. OK.
24:01 the, and the um the lower penetrate deeper but the higher frequencies uh
24:07 the wave is is shorter uh are precise. So the shell, the
24:13 the high frequency would we bounce off ocean floor and give us the water
24:19 and uh and then the other one give us some detail in the,
24:21 the, the recent settlements. And the, the boomer would, would
24:25 down here like this. And uh annoying as that was, it wasn't
24:29 loud as the uh the bunk room I I slept in on this ship
24:34 uh we had a single whole research and that thing went on all night
24:39 . And uh we asked the medic uh earplugs and he said no,
24:45 I can give you some Valium. uh so, so what happens if
24:53 need stitches anyway? Uh So you know, you bounce this thing
24:59 and you have to you have travel and it takes time to go here
25:01 it takes time to go there. of course, uh if it goes
25:04 like this pops up here, uh a little bit less time than getting
25:10 there and less time than getting to . Of course, getting down here
25:14 bouncing up to this one pretty It is quicker, but also the
25:19 of, of the seismic wave coming uh is gonna have an impact on
25:25 much reflection you get. And that'll up when we talk about amplitude versus
25:30 . But this is how you do . Two D one, you'd have
25:33 streamer here with G phones, basically in the surface. And so what
25:38 of energy went through here? Uh we, when we pop something source
25:43 energy, what type of waves would have going through the ocean? What
25:55 of waves sonic? So, Well, yeah, but what pr
26:04 yeah, we have P waves, waves because uh secondary waves can't go
26:10 this water call. Now, if on surface, you could do the
26:13 thing. But nevertheless, it was of developed uh uh for offshore almost
26:20 fast as it was done for But uh they were always doing,
26:23 often just doing primary waves anyway, in the beginning. OK. Then
26:30 came up with this idea of 3D then, then 3D, multiple Asma
26:35 where um uh you've got things tracking this direction and things tracking in this
26:43 , then you have things tracking in direction so that you have all these
26:48 . Um you know, you have energy source and you have all these
26:53 picking up things. Uh So that this, well, this isn't any
27:00 , but like here, instead of going like two dimensionally from here to
27:05 , it would also go up and come up to, you know,
27:10 have a, a streamer with geophones would be offset, it'd be way
27:16 of it. And then of they crisscross the whole thing so that
27:19 , so they have energy wave measurements like this, in other words,
27:26 then when going, the one that come down over here and come up
27:30 way, so you'd have a 360 practically view of of anything. And
27:35 course, the in the processing and algorithms they pulled all that information together
27:40 create what they would call a 3d . And uh Kurt Marrett used to
27:46 here and he was one of the that helped develop the uh the 3d
27:50 cube. And, and what, was a real 3d volume in the
27:54 place he used to teach here. moved up to Oklahoma, unfortunately,
27:58 he still comes down and teaches courses the professional. OK. Here's another
28:04 . Uh you can uh set off primary waves and they come down and
28:08 course, even this diagram is a oversimplified, but when uh you get
28:14 reflector, of course, something might off this surface and maybe this one
28:18 , but when you get something to it, it uh it reflects not
28:24 a P wave but P waves and waves. And so they're called converted
28:29 . And so this S wave comes here, but unless you have something
28:33 the sea floor, uh these O systems, Ocean Bottom survey uh geophones
28:41 which are very expensive to uh to out because you're gonna leave them there
28:47 a while. And uh and so lay these things out and uh uh
28:53 can also pick up the converted wave the converted S wave and the P
28:58 , the primary waves that bounce off reflection and all the reflections actually.
29:06 . So um another thing that we uh are uh sonic logs uh When
29:14 do that Sonic log in a well , you also get an idea of
29:18 the interval, we can figure out interval velocities in a well bore or
29:21 section that we might be seismic And uh this helps us sort it
29:26 because as you can imagine, uh layers of rock can change in
29:31 And what if there was a sand over here and shale over there,
29:34 density is gonna change. So we we often think that we have sort
29:39 a linear, uh you know, here's the velocity here. It took
29:43 this long to get to here, long to get to there, we
29:47 a straight line and that's what the profile is, you know, 11
29:50 section. And uh but now we , uh you know, with the
29:55 log, you can subdivide it into . And there's also these things that
29:59 call check shots, uh which help record velocities getting to a certain point
30:05 the well and uh and returning back the surface. And then of
30:10 BS P vertical seismic profiles uh help do a little bit even even more
30:15 and trying to figure out What that profile is at any given point because
30:21 though we might have the same layers miles across like this, the density
30:25 the rocks may change a little bit uh particularly if you have uh oil
30:29 gas. And uh and so, you know, you're gonna have something
30:35 it down, it's gonna come up than it should. If it speeds
30:38 up, it's gonna be lower than should be at any given point.
30:41 you might have flat surface that's going this just because your interval velocities are
30:47 above it. And this is just you um uh how we do check
30:54 and they're uh onshore. There's a of companies that sell uh checks shot
31:00 for about 100 bucks a well, it's really helpful if you get three
31:04 uh 3d seismic data and uh doing like that. I've, I've been
31:10 to identify some stuff underneath um the campus, but not under this campus
31:16 we had a seismic survey and we get it deep enough because uh we
31:20 , we had uh four environment seismic trucks and apparently one of them wasn't
31:27 out any energy at all. They trouble with the transmission and somebody just
31:31 turned it off so they could roll vehicle. The people that did it
31:35 us were friends of the uh of of the board of directors. And
31:39 when I told him what happened, was really pissed off at me.
31:42 we may never get Dawson Geophysical to back and do this again.
31:47 you know, when there's no data out of some, no energy coming
31:49 of something, it's, it's fairly . And uh this is just showing
31:54 how vertical seismic profiling goes and you can have uh uh tools uh
32:00 go down and, and pick up uh check shots, but they also
32:06 these uh converted waves and pick up going on with the reflectors and that
32:10 of thing. And uh there's different of doing it where you can have
32:14 moving source and there's ways where you have uh one source and you're moving
32:20 uh receivers up and down and you have multiple receivers. So there's a
32:24 of different things. Your book, book has, uh this is called
32:27 Walkway V S P. But your has um um uh a lot of
32:35 that will uh different strategies that you do with this to try to get
32:39 detail. And sometimes you can do of them in one sort of object
32:44 is to uh this is a synthetic log seismic log from a, a
32:51 well, and this is kind of the V S P looks like.
32:55 this one was with a walkway And uh and you can kind of
33:02 AAA really good idea of what, the uh big amplitudes are, where
33:06 troughs in the valleys are in this . And uh and then tie it
33:11 to the interval velocity. So it's really good way to help tie um
33:17 the interval velocity directly to the which you have, particularly if you
33:21 wells in the in the vicinity. uh this is just a diagram to
33:30 you that um you know, quite , you know, you have uh
33:36 lines going a certain way and then have um uh these other things of
33:44 you know, your wells will be different places, but you try to
33:46 them to fit on these things, they're offset uh I think the best
33:50 to explain is the geometries are not that easy to set up. You
33:54 it, the two D line, know, you have something straight and
33:58 not gonna have all your wells lined with it. So you're, you
34:02 , the geometry, there's gonna be little bit off when we did
34:05 um, the survey downtown. Of , we had to follow the
34:08 So there were dog legs in it stuff like that. So, you
34:12 , when you see the two D , you think it's one flat
34:14 but it was, it was going this on the surface and that adds
34:18 little bit of an issue to the . So sometimes Uh you know,
34:23 wanna always be able to tie to a well log like this,
34:28 uh at the same time, it's always 100% match. And again,
34:33 uh interval velocities can change rapidly depending the depositional environment and the bases within
34:40 depositional environment. And the ferocity and , and the uh fluid that builds
34:44 ferocity can cause all sorts of issues . So it's um there's a reason
34:50 the equations cover the whole, the of Blackwood. OK. Um And
35:00 interesting is they always zero something out it's probably a really important thing.
35:07 . So uh we kind of talked uh acquisition. Now, I'm just
35:12 give you examples of the, a of the different ways they process and
35:18 . And uh this is just a list of things we do. Uh
35:22 uh uh seismic conversion of course, trying to figure out what that uh
35:27 the geology is being reflected in that signal and uh migration. Uh You
35:33 , if you hit something that's got heist uh slope to it, you
35:38 , if everything's flat, you you get, you know, the
35:41 way travel time is simple. But it's like this, uh this is
35:45 take longer than it is for So it's kind of, it's kind
35:48 making something look like it's farther away deeper. And so, uh so
35:54 you have uh uh significant slopes and , you need to, you need
35:58 do some migration on it. Uh is, is something uh that becomes
36:05 really important. Uh If you have ringing uh surface like sea floor,
36:11 they can kind of throw you off that's the only thing. Uh
36:16 you know, you get energy that like straight from the, from the
36:21 source and, and you need to some of that out. Uh There's
36:26 where uh the phase of the signals need to, uh given the
36:30 you need to make sure that you the data all set in phase.
36:34 uh uh one of the easiest things me to tell you is that frequency
36:39 are really important because like if you're something on the surface and you have
36:42 power line which has 60 Hertz energy out of it, it can have
36:46 impact. So you got to get of that specific uh frequency that you've
36:50 on the uh the, the field coming off the power line. And
36:55 little things that uh you learn right if your geophysics and um here's uh
37:04 thing uh this, of course, there are methods of, of uh
37:09 where porosity is. And of here, the um that would for
37:15 most part, one of the biggest is, you know, if you
37:18 velocity and you have a fluid in , it's probably gonna slow down the
37:21 . And this looks like a uh an anti coin formed by something that
37:25 fluid in it. You've got a anti coin here probably. Uh
37:30 but this uh uh thick section of is gonna slow it down a lot
37:36 it's gonna um uh off to the could make, could make it look
37:42 . Uh But in the middle, you know, it, it's uh
37:47 reflection could come back a little bit uh above it. And uh and
37:53 , it'll look like uh you have there when there's, when there's not
37:57 uh actual anticline there. But here's uh just showing you some uh
38:03 in the porosity and density in the . Here, uh they've looked at
38:07 and this isn't looking at it in a section. This is just
38:11 at a surface uh image of And here you have channels that are
38:16 these uh uh these attributes that suggest they've got some ferocity in here and
38:25 looks like the fingers of a uh fan. And uh another thing that
38:32 can do is if you have uh at certain attributes and you can uh
38:36 can tell that dips are changing and . Uh So it suggests that you
38:41 a lot of faulting and micro fracturing on in here. And uh if
38:46 have a flat surface uh like a that's deposited flat and it starts to
38:52 , it'll start to fracture a lot you can start seeing a lot of
38:56 smaller like this probably would be a through here. But some of these
39:01 things might be simple, uh fracture that can be sorted out as
39:05 So any time you see a line it can be fault or fracture and
39:10 it's something worth investigating. And of , normally when they run that kind
39:15 a survey they're looking for in, particular. And uh also uh curvature
39:20 a limestone uh is another thing that , it gives away that it's,
39:24 it's been uh uh structurally deformed and deformation of a brittle rock is gonna
39:33 and this is uh showing you here's an amplitude at attribute. Um
39:42 helps them see um um more of uh the hydrocarbon fluids uh that uh
39:52 with shear wave data, you can a little bit of a change in
39:56 without the shear wave data, you see as much of a change uh
40:01 these two things. But uh the that this is seeing a change in
40:05 density of the rocks not being affected the fluids uh is uh is sort
40:11 a dead uh a dead certain indicator you've got more hydrocarbons in there
40:18 than you could see with just the wave of technology. Here's something uh
40:24 improving interval and uh velocities uh In diagram, this is a two
40:32 Um And I I I think this in, in Russia, the uh
40:40 look, it looks like you have of a flat line thing. So
40:44 in the beginning when you go like an exploration area front to your exploration
40:48 , you might not have any information give you good interval velocities. And
40:52 it looks like this. So when dealing with data like this, you
40:57 uh legacy data like this that you're with. And uh they're being really
41:02 about new uh surveys these days. you may end up seeing stuff like
41:07 but uh quite often um little flexures this could be very significant and you
41:13 tell because it's sort of been uh out and uh and here, uh
41:19 it was reprocessed with uh better uh seismic lines, you know, something
41:29 was slowing down the signal here. So it made something that was shallow
41:35 look deeper than it should have And uh and so that's what you
41:39 this draw from that. So, other words, the velocities were slower
41:43 here uh making this uh looked like was deeper than it really was.
41:52 is uh another noise reduction thing. uh this is a slumber,
41:58 a slide. And um you it's real obvious that uh uh you
42:05 , the continuity of some of these reflectors is a little bit uh more
42:11 over here after they've reduced some of noise. Sometimes these filters are almost
42:16 contrasts. And um I remember when was working at Mobile, we didn't
42:22 um I was in production and most the geophysics were assigned to exploration.
42:29 uh so we didn't really have someone help us. So, what
42:32 I learned to do is take something looked like this, put it in
42:36 xerox machine which automatically increases the contract uh it starts to make the dark
42:44 look darker and the light things look . And uh and so, and
42:50 haven't done it yet, but uh uh when I was reviewing this,
42:54 thinking, why don't I do And just show them what I'm talking
42:57 . But, uh, if I this in xerox it, xerox
43:01 and then xerox the xerox and then , the xerox, you're probably gonna
43:06 up with something that looks like And it's, uh, and
43:12 you know, it's just, there's always a, um, analog
43:16 to do something that we do with computer. Ok. And here
43:21 uh, next thing, of Mhm. It's the seismic interpretation and
43:27 course, seismic interpretation is very different two D versus 3d versus four D
43:34 uh 3D is great stuff. And , you create these amazing uh
43:39 But again, if you, if don't understand two D in this direction
43:44 two D in that direction uh to with, and maybe what if I
43:50 something going off in this direction? is that gonna change uh what I
43:55 in that vertical sequence um you three 3d spoils you and, and
44:01 it harder for you to think in dimensions. And you always have to
44:05 able to do that when you're, you're trying to place wells and that
44:08 of OK. And here is just showing you uh an example of a
44:15 D seismic line out of Shepherd's And then he shows you how uh
44:21 the structure really looks. And can can you see what, what the
44:28 that came up with this can see that line. Can you see
44:32 And trust me? Um See, don't know if, you know,
44:37 you've got something like here and they have known maybe with some gravity mag
44:43 that, that this section of rock going. So they just extended these
44:47 down like that. Of course, they went in with 3d seismic and
44:51 more energy sources, they were able see a lot of this faulty.
44:55 also knew with, with the uh tectonic model was in the area.
45:00 they knew what kind of faults to looking for and they knew the style
45:04 faulting and, and again, when you have to do that and
45:11 have to think in your head and just see a picture that shows you
45:16 . Yeah. Yeah, you just this picture. You may not remember
45:21 what it was like. But if had to look at a diagram like
45:25 and figure that out, you would that section a whole lot better than
45:29 that saw it in 3D. Here's example um um of uh here is
45:40 this is what it is in two travel time. Uh This is,
45:44 is again a two-way travel time here I can see see what it is
45:49 here on the side. And here is again the interpretation of what it
45:55 . Now, if we converted this depth, you know, it could
45:59 a whole different thing, two way time uh is, is simply uh
46:04 simply uh looking at the se now, when we map it on
46:08 surface, of course, we might looking at this surface right here and
46:14 a high like that and that might what this is. And so this
46:20 be that high. And then as go into the cooler things were coming
46:24 off that structure. And um one the things uh when you're in the
46:30 and you're mapping things, you we, we map, we
46:34 it's like when you're in the field I guess nobody watching on when you're
46:43 key on the field a lot, have a surface like this and you
46:47 have or you have no problem with , you see those. But when
46:55 in the sub circuit, you know you see here, you have.
47:06 sound of the and so it might surface is up like that.
47:24 this was an outro. OK. When you, when you map that
47:34 , you don't see this, you see what you would see. So
47:47 , normally when you're in an everybody here, I think had field
47:52 in an outcrop Which, which fault offset. The younger one or the
47:57 one you're looking at a surface you along, you see a fault and
48:06 one that's solid and then there's one it's offset like that, The offset
48:17 is the older one, right? it was like that. Ok.
48:20 you're looking, you're looking at a surface, you're not looking at an
48:25 surface if you look at, rather looking at easily, we have
48:37 that offsets one of these things. , uh, it's the opposite
48:42 The, um, The younger one offset by the old one and,
48:49 , and everybody can go home and about it, but the easiest way
48:53 do it is to, is to , to cut uh 22 by fours
48:58 a 45 degree angle and, and one with the other. And,
49:02 , and you'd be able to see . Uh how many of you knew
49:07 Burke, you knew Kevin Burke. Burke was a really good um tectonic
49:15 , and plate tectonics guy. and I told him this in
49:18 in a meeting one time and he , you're crazy, Don. And
49:22 said, no, think about And I kind of started to explain
49:25 to him. He's the only person ever explained it to without wooden
49:31 You know, you have to get to third grade to, to explain
49:34 to people. But, you for example, the, the board
49:38 a surface and if you have a , that surface is offset, it's
49:42 truncated like that with a fault on , that surface is actually offset.
49:46 so, um, so the the younger one actually is offset by
49:51 because it has to move down, that surface. Yeah, but if
49:59 can figure it out on your own your head, then, you
50:00 you have 3D, a concept of 3D geology. OK. Here's,
50:07 a diagram just showing you again, sort of uh to get some of
50:11 points across. This is what it like in a two D section.
50:15 what it looks like as a And so you have um these faults
50:20 ridges and faults and there's like a depression on there. So this is
50:24 up thrown side, the upturn the downturn side. And uh and
50:29 , it's showing you this kind of feature as you go along it uh
50:33 the Gulf of SIU is. And , you know, this area,
50:39 , you know this area, when you're in the subsurface, it
50:44 matter whether you're onshore or offshore. , it's, you're looking at surfaces
50:48 not uh P P A plane surfaces , or uh eroded outcrops.
50:57 Some of the other things that we are these things called uh direct hydrocarbon
51:02 . And uh this, this is um a um sort of an,
51:11 clinal feature up here. But then here you get this flattening of velocities
51:18 because it should pull up, but taking longer to get through that
51:23 So it flattens it down on the . So you have something we
51:27 it's like a bird's eye and here's one where it actually goes even
51:32 Um, here you have, the trough down here and,
51:37 uh, uh, and then you , you have the high amplitude up
51:44 . It's, uh, it's pulled and here it's goes through the fluid
51:48 slows down and you get this thing looks exactly like a bird's eye.
51:52 that, that's one of the, direct hydrocarbon indicators. And of
51:56 uh when I was doing work, know, any time it was
51:59 it was kind of like, um know, the resistivity gone off the
52:03 if it was a really a great , uh either way, uh it
52:09 something that we looked at uh with because it could have been an indication
52:13 uh gas. OK. Then there's thing called amplitude versus offset and uh
52:21 a or angle. And uh when we were uh talking about uh
52:28 source and then, you know, the receivers over here. Um One
52:34 the things is, is when it down like this and comes back
52:38 um that angle is really tight, as you get farther out here,
52:43 angle is wide. And um Fred always explains it this way because I
52:49 my head and give me some But, but like, for
52:53 like if I'm looking in this I can see a pretty bright reflection
52:58 of this if I come here, that impact on in. And,
53:09 , and so that offset because you fluids, like in this example,
53:17 , you have water here, you have oil here and you have
53:22 here and it's gonna impact, the S waves. Uh, you're
53:28 , you're gonna see a change in amplitude, uh, as you get
53:33 and farther away from the source. other words, we take a shot
53:36 and we move it and then there's four geophones here and we keep moving
53:40 . So we're, we're moving But that distance, the ones over
53:45 oftentimes are gonna be higher reflectivity, , if you have oil and gas
53:50 here. But the, but there depending on the exact lithograph, the
53:57 , um, you know, do have inter collations of shale in your
54:02 ? Uh What, what is the fluid? Is it fis gas
54:06 is it oil, is it oil a lot of gas in it?
54:10 gonna impact that reflectivity. And so really complicated. And what Fred Hiltermann
54:15 been doing over the last 10 years he's been looking at a lot of
54:19 , uh A B O things and was one of the first ones to
54:22 up with amplitude versus offset and help it with several people. Another
54:28 uh, George Smith from, uh Africa and a few other people around
54:32 world. I, I don't know of them because I'm not a
54:35 But if you were a geophysicist, might know. But anyway,
54:40 uh he's, he's doing a So there's a feel say uh in
54:45 Island and there's one in South Marsh , there's one in uh main pass
54:50 . Uh You know, he's looking the different types of uh A B
54:55 responses you get based on the types reservoirs they have in those areas.
55:00 he's making an encyclopedia slash catalog of these different types of things. And
55:06 this diagram here shows you one that , you know, it looks pretty
55:11 like this, uh what you'd expect of this. And here, here
55:16 the near traces of an event and are the far traces and you can
55:21 that the near um traces are, brightening up uh over here in,
55:29 this section so that you're kind of uh sort, it's brightening up because
55:33 there's because there's oil and gas instead water in, in that section.
55:38 , here's another one here and uh is displayed kind of differently. This
55:44 um the near response, here's the response and here's the far range.
55:50 other words, uh we're gonna look these near traces at the top,
55:55 mid traces and then the far traces um what you can see here in
56:03 , well, um you can see there's an increase from near to mid
56:11 uh almost a little bit of one . But the big response is,
56:16 those traces, uh, from near uh, mid midrange. And you
56:24 over here you see near, is not present here. It's brighter,
56:29 then in the park it's brighter. from, from, uh, from
56:34 to far, it gets brighter from to far, it gets brighter.
56:39 , uh over here you can see and that's why there's a dry
56:43 And uh, and then over here going over here? What if I
56:50 the well in here? Yeah. it could be that it's just really
56:57 boomer all the way across this one would have had a good bright
57:03 But uh but I'm, I'm not that could also just uh mean that
57:11 else was going wrong, but that would have been good too.
57:16 Uh Then uh there's uh applications of N S imaging, uh which you
57:27 use to uh further help you reduce multiples from P waves. Uh But
57:32 S waves aren't, aren't affected by uh the fluid. So if
57:38 have a mass of rocks, it's be grain to grain all the way
57:41 and it's gonna pick up porosity. but it's, but any time you
57:46 um fluids, that fluid is not further slow it down. In other
57:50 , the denser the rock, the it's gonna be through that rock and
57:54 gonna be almost pure dense, whereas uh the pea uh is gonna slow
58:00 . Uh not just because of the but because of the fluid that's in
58:04 . And so if you have both those together, you see these significant
58:09 like that diagram I showed you And uh and I'm not gonna read
58:14 all out to you, but uh but you, I want you to
58:18 this so that, you know, of the difference between uh why we
58:21 see these things. And this is little diagram of just showing you.
58:27 you know, sometimes people have a time uh visualizing why um S waves
58:37 impacted by liquids or actually don't even through liquids. So if they don't
58:42 that grain to grain support, you get it. Did anybody think of
58:46 good example of that? Because I tell you when, if, if
58:50 can't think of one just something near ? Excuse me? OK. So
59:02 could you give me like a real example of being able to feel P
59:09 in water but not S waves? . I was, I was a
59:18 in a swimming pool. So, know, you know how people like
59:23 , you know, do like this splash. So you could be under
59:26 and somebody would come down and really hard and splash the water, you
59:32 feel that right? But if the were rippling or if somebody did
59:37 you would never feel it because that wave isn't gonna, is it gonna
59:43 on a surface? But it's not , it's not gonna penetrate that
59:47 It's not gonna penetrate the air. just gonna be on that surface.
59:51 , um, you know, if was solid you could feel, you
59:54 , you could, you know, tickling you or something. But,
59:57 , but you slap, slap that and somebody's heads right underneath it.
60:01 could actually feel that pressure. because it's because it's a coming
60:07 Yeah, low frequency, but it a few. Ok. And,
60:16 I was smart enough not to get that vibrated and stick it in the
60:21 to see if I could feel the because that would have electrocuted somebody.
60:30 . Here's uh just showing you uh know, um again, this is
60:36 gas cloud here for those of you don't know what's happening is there's a
60:39 here and gas is leaking slowly but into the section and that gas cloud
60:47 causing a disruption here. Um Such uh you almost can't see the continuity
60:57 the reflectors at all. You can't the structure or anything. This is
61:01 it would be like uh without O working chalk se uh when you have
61:09 BS, you could see this, could actually see there is structure
61:13 It's not like this. And of , a lot of times that slowdown
61:18 trying to push things down and, , you know, you hit some
61:21 rock and it's trying to pull it . So it, this is,
61:25 sort of, you know, just we call a gas plan here.
61:30 P wave. Oh, excuse the S wave doesn't see the cloud
61:33 all. It just shows you the . So if you had P wave
61:37 you had S wave like this, would it tell you about this
61:45 It had a lot of gas under , you know, and that's why
61:47 seeing that difference. So the clarity you get on this and the difference
61:51 get between the shear wave component and uh P wave component is a,
61:57 a real helpful in terms of C hydro curves. And uh here's just
62:05 example of it, you can see kind of clears it all the way
62:09 . And uh you can, you also use a way there's a way
62:13 integrate the P wave with the shear , the, the part of the
62:17 wave that's useful with the shear wave . And here, here's uh showing
62:26 again um this is that diagram we before here, it is 3D
62:33 And uh it's, and then also down, this is 3D versus OOPS
62:40 here versus the two D. And is with the P wave, excuse
62:47 , with the shear wave or the O BS multi component uh analysis.
62:52 you can see a lot more Again, you know, people,
62:57 have learned how to interpret that type outcrop versus this kind of data.
63:04 is easier to see uh you're less to make mistakes. But at the
63:10 time, there is a value to being able to interpret something that
63:15 already interpreted for you. Cool. um here's, here's another uh example
63:25 this is uh obviously P waves with reflections. This would be P and
63:33 and she reflections and you can get whole lot more detail out of it
63:37 here. And that obviously means something's on in here. Uh which could
63:41 a good, a good thing to . And they, they don't usually
63:45 seismic lines like this and put it a book unless there's a hydrocarbon
63:51 OK. Uh Here's just another example looking at a lot of different types
63:56 uh data and, and seismic and at uh seismic from the beginning of
64:03 , of a discovery to the end a discovery. And uh the field
64:08 Venezuela was discovered quite a while ago uh in the 2004, which is
64:17 a long time ago, Cathy farmer got the best paper of the year
64:22 A A P G and I work her in Norway. Uh But
64:26 it shows you uh what I'm gonna you is from your book, your
64:30 goes through this, the change in uh interpretations through time. And
64:36 when, when it kind of gets to understand that there, uh even
64:42 the four data sets with good you are finding a kernel of what's
64:47 uh in terms of uh of what is going on. And here's what
64:52 field looks like in cross section, very complex. And uh this is
64:59 the boron field and this is more less that an clinal feature uh that
65:05 , that first attracted to them, to it, but they didn't see
65:09 in all of its uh complexities at time. But they were able to
65:14 two D seismic and some well data it out. And here is sort
65:19 the series And this was, this initially with just two D seismic and
65:28 bless you. And this, this kind of showing you again, they
65:34 this feature as we know it But then they added well data and
65:40 realized more was going on in this a really good point because you're,
65:49 gonna have an exercise, a correlation where you're gonna have to look for
65:54 planes. Uh Here, oops we just had size. We do
66:04 how many faults are off here. added well, data, notice how
66:09 faults they are. How did they those faults? They saw them cutting
66:13 wells or they were able to see , a pressure compartment that was different
66:18 11 well to the next. And knew a fault, had to breath
66:21 . So they looked for it and they found it sometimes they don't find
66:25 , but they always know there's something compartments or, you know, there's
66:30 barrier to blow across this area several barriers to blow, not
66:35 Not just one Big 1. And then they added more wells and
66:42 changed the whole structural attitude of this . They finally started to figure out
66:48 uh this wasn't just a simple but there's a lot of structure above
66:54 and a different structure underneath it. here it gets even more complicated where
67:00 had uh More two D&XD size. . So what I think is important
67:09 realize is it just for the two seismic? They knew there was a
67:14 here with a little bit more they knew their price was there,
67:19 it was more complicated than they realized got in some ways simpler in other
67:25 , more complicated when they figured this when they got here, it got
67:29 more complicated and, and uh the that could be drained in each reservoir
67:34 getting smaller and smaller. And that them think, you know, we
67:38 to understand the distribution of the porosity little bit better too. So that's
67:42 they did the later study and they to come up with things on this
67:46 . Somebody recognized the structure with the two D seismic. And then as
67:52 uh as they progress through time from exploration to development, they got more
67:58 more details and were able to figure more about the flow characteristics of each
68:02 within each compart. And so you up getting more data. Now it's
68:07 key point for people that are learning to do this. Somebody who came
68:12 with this thing was not right, he's not right was right enough to
68:18 people to look closer. OK? that is critically important when you go
68:23 frontier to force people to put in energy and more time and more analysis
68:30 take that next step and the next . And of course, once you
68:33 producing and you see that flow of , you're gonna go, you
68:37 it's then it becomes very easy to on energy. Uh When all you
68:42 is this and no wealth, it's little bit more difficult to tell
68:46 You know, we think this is little bit more complicated. Can we
68:48 more? Uh and then you get and then you have something like
68:52 And here you can see the structure even um falling down in a different
68:58 than they thought it was. They better definition with the well data,
69:02 have a lot more well data and you've got all these wells cutting all
69:07 faults. So the data was um immensely increased. And also the 3D
69:15 and the resolution of 3D seismic was whole lot better. And uh I'm
69:19 if I had something from 2022 it be a little bit different, but
69:22 probably gonna be pretty close to this with some enhancements on the porosity distributions
69:29 maybe a more detailed uh reservoir characterization that if they needed to, they
69:33 be able to do water floods or other type of flood. OK.
69:38 We're running out of time, but I can get through as much of
69:44 . Um I'm sorry that I'm trying explain a lot of this with some
69:49 some of my experiential uh thoughts, uh some of the new other things
69:56 we have are gravity and Magnetics and thing called controlled S E M controlled
70:03 electron Magnetics. Uh And basically what trying to do is see things with
70:08 potential fields that we have and also a uh something similar to a potential
70:14 with CS E M to kind of if there's a response to hydrocarbons.
70:21 uh in the very beginning, uh of the most significant reasons why we
70:25 go to gravity. Can anybody think why we'd want to have a gravity
70:30 in a place we've never been Yes, of course. Yes.
70:45 so a lot of it has to with, of course, you
70:48 with, with this type of you don't know what it is.
70:52 hopefully you have somewhere, well, in the area where you know what
70:57 basement density should be. And you what the sedimentary rock density should
71:02 So that you can see that uh have a change in density uh through
71:08 section that will give away the fact there might be um an igneous rock
71:13 or far away. And the Magnetics also relates to um uh the type
71:21 minerals that you have in those especially the igneous rocks that can help
71:26 away the signal. And I'm just show you some really simple examples.
71:30 uh here, you can see the and basalt have these uh higher
71:38 Then you're gonna see in all these stuff. You know, the igneous
71:42 you get down here in the sedimentary , the density is a lot lower
71:46 that's how we can uh can use tool. And uh this is something
71:51 got from my twin brother. Uh showing you a model uh of what
71:56 might see. And uh here's uh and gravity in the same diagram here
72:03 sort of an uplifted thing. And this, this is a model would
72:09 an igneous feature, right? And but if we uh just uh assume
72:18 is all, all the from here is all sedimentary. For example,
72:23 I had, even if I had and I saw a feature that stuck
72:27 in the sedimentary rock. If, I only had two d, what
72:33 I know that it was sedimentary rock could it be a reef, you
72:37 , like could it be a reef an igneous intrusion or like, like
72:41 um like a dike of uh igneous ? And uh and so the gravity
72:47 us tell that and this tells us this isn't a reef mound uh that's
72:52 up in the air. Uh This something uh that's showing uh a gravity
72:59 uh over that feature, the gravity going to go up because the igneous
73:04 is closer to the surface. And and here we're gonna see the uh
73:09 minerals in there affecting the uh magnetic . And you can see a definition
73:14 , on the left side and the side and same kind of thing here
73:19 a hole in it. Uh If base basement is shallower, uh you're
73:23 see something like this. OK. of course, that was gravity and
73:30 together. I'll let you read this . But that's uh the underlying principles
73:37 uh Magnetics. The passive Magnetics uh , is this and uh here you
73:44 see uh again, this is like diagram that we saw before. There's
73:50 dike here. Um This is the River Basin which is where we found
73:55 luau structure in the Southeast China And uh um there were, there
74:02 places where we actually had dikes coming and there are places where we had
74:07 pinnacle reefs, large pinnacle reefs that were able to keep up with sea
74:12 rise uh through time. And that's we found some reservoirs and we needed
74:17 to sort that out. And this is just showing you some of the
74:21 of Magnetics uh in gravity to uh versus igneous rocks all the way
74:29 Here's a fault showing you the response here. We're showing you what a
74:34 intrusion might do or salt doom, is completely different uh from the
74:40 Here. Here, you have an high density thing and the salt,
74:43 is a low density thing. And she is E M uh they actually
74:52 a field and uh certain aspects of going on in the reservoir.
74:59 they create a field, an idealized . And when there's changes in the
75:03 composition, it changes that field and able to measure it and that's how
75:07 works. And there's only like three in the world that can do this
75:10 well. It's pretty amazing uh when see the data, uh and uh
75:17 of them have all moved back to UK. I can tell you
75:20 but uh I don't know if there's lot going on in the us right
75:24 . Do you do any of that of stuff in uh in Egypt,
75:27 E M? Uh It's really helpful you're working with salts versus other types
75:33 things when you're getting closer to basin at the edge of salt uh to
75:37 you pick out a salt uh feature well. So, uh we'll stop
75:43 and um uh but we're gonna um through some really basic uh things here
75:51 I, I think I'm gonna drop , uh, other tools.
75:57 man, wait a minute, we got through other tools, didn't
76:02 Yeah, we're, we're, we're on schedule. Go ahead. Excuse
76:12 ? No, you don't have an next Monday. It's spring break.
76:17 is gonna be the Monday when we back. Mhm. Because we lost
76:27 because of the bomb scare or whatever methane scare. Mhm. Now,
76:56 gotta stop the recording or will I trouble? Mhm. Does anybody know
77:02 when you look at Zoom, sometimes gives you, uh, maybe if
77:06 make it bigger, I don't But sometimes on this, on this
77:10 down here you'll see recorder and sometimes won't. But, you know,
77:15 have to go into here. No, I don't. No,
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