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00:06 Um So what I'm gonna do for next couple of days starting today,
00:11 going to now focus on the So what we've been doing for the
00:16 uh two weeks, we've been one the last two lectures we've looked at
00:20 uh neurons work. So the first we said, neurons and glial cells
00:24 we said, all right. how do neurons work? We talked
00:26 the great potentials and the action potentials now what we're doing is we're moving
00:30 and doing that stuff that you're OK, this stuff I love,
00:34 is gonna be uh there's, you know, quite a bit of
00:37 here. Um This is ideal if draw pictures to help you understand what's
00:43 on. And really, we're just to be kind of walking through the
00:48 parts of the brain, pointing out different things that they do. So
00:51 starting point here is uh the entire nervous system, the central nervous system
00:57 is the brain and the spinal All right. And so when you
01:01 of the brain, you really think this a big large structure, this
01:04 large structure kind of look like like a mushroom, I guess.
01:09 , just a small portion of All right. Technically, this is
01:13 tele which you don't even know. making it easy for you, but
01:17 is the cerebra. All right. so if you think of the
01:21 it really has these four different It has a cerebrum, which is
01:24 larger structure, cerebellum, which is small structure that pays off the back
01:29 . We have the brain stem, is what is going to become uh
01:32 spinal cord and then the area between brain stem and the cerebrum, which
01:36 we slide from half, you can uh that is the die phal and
01:42 gonna come back and we're gonna look these in more detail, but just
01:45 kind of give you a sense of we're going, we're going to be
01:48 of working from that larger structure of cerebrum. And we're gonna work downwards
01:52 the spinal cord. So having said we can kind of say, all
01:59 . Well, what does the brain like? What does this look
02:02 Well, this room is divided into halves. And so we, what
02:05 say is that there's these uh two , there's a left hemisphere in the
02:08 hemisphere, not really easy to see from the view. Uh uh up
02:13 , actually, that's a view of room from the bottom side. So
02:16 can see the brain in the And then from the top, this
02:19 what it looks like. And you literally see those two hemispheres fairly
02:24 And then, of course, if look at the cerebrum itself, and
02:28 look at each of the individual uh anatomists have uh broken down these
02:33 these, these hemispheres into separate And so what we say is that
02:39 are five lobes uh back when I it depends on actually who you talk
02:43 . If you talk to an there's , uh most people just kind of
02:47 say there's four, but we're going go with the five. And so
02:50 are really, really easy. All , they named, except for the
02:54 one, are named for the bones cover them. So we have the
02:56 lobe, we have the parietal we have the occipital lobe, we
02:59 the temporal lobes. And so there's on each half. And then if
03:02 take the temporal lobe and you seating the frontal lobe, that's where you're
03:08 find the insulate. It kind of inside and in between, which is
03:12 it's kind of like not a real lobe. So the insula is the
03:16 that's kind of hidden away uh in . We're gonna come back and we'll
03:20 pictures of this a little bit So this is our organization, all
03:24 , five lobes they represent where the that cover them, frontal parietal occipital
03:30 and then the one that doesn't make , which is the insula, which
03:33 hidden underneath structurally speaking, anatomies have at the brain and, oh,
03:40 , they are landmarks. And so going to name the landmarks. The
03:43 are uh uh in real simple terms these three basic structure, the
03:49 the sulcus and the fissure. All . Uh the plural of gyri,
03:54 plural or the and really what, you have done is as they're trying
03:59 map the different parts of the they use these structures to help them
04:05 their location with regard to the All right. So a gyro simply
04:10 a bulge. So every time you at one of these things and you
04:13 the bump portion that's a gyrus and between the bumps between the bulges are
04:19 sulka. So these are just kind these depressions in between. And then
04:24 they have these deeper poles which are to as the fissures. Now,
04:29 distinguishes and how do you define, is which uh that's a harder
04:34 I think initially they were just saying really, really deep ones are the
04:38 and then some of the fissures, gone back and renamed the Sulka.
04:41 just whatever they point to and but in a real general sense,
04:46 in Sulka are the ones that go . The ones that bulge upward are
04:51 Gyrus or the Gyri. Excuse me , we haven't used a lot of
04:59 anatomical terms, but there is one specific for neuron anatomy, right?
05:04 two terms that are specific for rostro versus pole we've talked about versus
05:11 before we don't collect it. I tend to be very, very uh
05:15 vernacular terminology here. But and are terms that should appear in uh uh
05:21 atom issues. And really what they're to is location similar to an post
05:27 versus dorsal. And it's uh towards nose would be rostral and coddle is
05:32 the tail. And so you can about your brain is like,
05:36 so the rostral portion is towards the and then this is back towards the
05:41 end of your body. So that be coddled. So if you're doing
05:44 or dissection, that's how you refer where um you know, these structures
05:51 to each other. That's a rostral . That's a coddle structure. So
05:56 familiar with those. I probably just it on there and say what is
05:59 ? I'm not gonna ask you what rostral to this. Um But the
06:02 is, can you use that So if you look at um if
06:10 look at the brain, basically, divide it into two different areas,
06:14 have gray matter and white matter. simply put gray matter um is where
06:21 you going to find the cell bodies structures? Are the cell bodies and
06:26 dendrites of cells. So when you're about neurons, really, that's where
06:31 gonna find their cell bodies where light is, these areas where you're gonna
06:35 axons traveling between points. And the white matter is white is because most
06:40 our axons typically are covered by one glial cells, but specifically starts with
06:49 M and with my, there you see. Um and so my is
06:54 a cell that's wrapped itself. I , my is basically cell um structure
06:59 wrapped around the Axon and basically it's . Have you ever been to a
07:04 ? Well, probably not a Haven't even been to the grocery store
07:07 looked at meat. All right. you go. That's the easy way
07:10 , to get the butchers nowadays, ? When you go, look at
07:14 nice piece of eye, rib, is very, very marbled. It
07:18 lots of fat in it. What see if you have red meat and
07:22 marbled with what color white. All , fat is white. Myelin is
07:30 fat. So, white matter is because it's primarily fat. It's basically
07:36 fossil lipids of those other cells. so that's why I'm saying that gray
07:40 doesn't look really gray. It's really of a beige, but I guess
07:45 didn't have a term for that. basically you have this beige area and
07:50 whiter beige area. All right. so that's what these two areas
07:54 gray matter represents um uh the cell , whereas the axons are going to
08:00 represented by this white matter. if you look at the uh central
08:05 system, what you're going to see that there's a high degree of organization
08:08 to where you're gonna find cell bodies where you're gonna find axons. In
08:12 words, the gray matter and the matter are in very specific locations.
08:16 so what they've done right here, can see that they're trying to show
08:21 different slices, right? So the V, so there's a slice of
08:27 cerebra, there's a slice of the skin, there's a slice of the
08:30 stem again and then here's a slice the spinal cord. And if you
08:36 at this, you can see, example, here is the spinal cord
08:40 out here you can see white matter the inside. That's where the gray
08:46 . All right. So in this , co gray matter is found centrally
08:52 then outside of that gray matter is white map. So you can imagine
08:56 here is where cell bodies are So that means we're going to have
09:01 of information white matter is where you're have a, so that's where information
09:06 traveling. So this is where we're to apply the tracks. In other
09:09 , the the the material that where information be sent up and down or
09:13 and right in the as you move . So here we are in modulo
09:22 you can see there is a great again. All right, this right
09:27 is a, there's a central canal there. It's hard to see.
09:30 then you see all this white matter then embedded in the white matter.
09:35 , our areas of gray matter. even at the level when we do
09:40 brain where we have gray matter that's central located with white matter on the
09:46 . And then as you move up the cerebrum, you can see that
09:50 gray matter so symmetrical, they kind paired in the center there and then
09:55 see these of gray matter everywhere. that would be that internal, internal
10:00 matter surrounded by white matter, which the lighter stuff. But then once
10:05 look at the cerebrum on the you have another group of gray
10:09 So it's kind of like the gray , white matter gray matter. And
10:13 what's happened now is that we, needed more areas of process. So
10:19 the street, we have lots and of processing to take place. And
10:22 what's happened is is that we've reorganized great amount of conscious system that you've
10:27 more cells on the outside. So more processing this is referred to as
10:31 cortex. So when you think of cerebral cortex, you're thinking of that
10:36 layer of gray matter inside would be matter and then you have these other
10:41 of gray matter, those other areas gray matter are called nuclei.
10:46 nuclei in the central nervous system refers areas of cell bodies where processing is
10:53 place surrounded by brain matter or surrounded by black matters. I'm
10:59 of course, cerebellum, the cerebellum kind of the same thing, gray
11:03 , central white matter, gray matter the outside, you know, it
11:07 cortex as well. All right. when you think gray matter, what
11:12 you thinking, what do you think bodies processing information? Do you think
11:19 white matter? What do you think Axons tracks, whatever. And then
11:24 thinking of information traveling. All How do you guys with all the
11:39 announcements? Like, you know, , your brain on drugs and stay
11:43 from stuff? You did? Did do that? We had the frying
11:47 with the eggs in it. You probably into the frying pans with the
11:51 ? All right, you want to your brain, right? How many
11:55 are to death of, of uh because of all of, you
12:02 death, concussions. I mean, , I mean, when we were
12:05 , when I was a kid, was no such thing as a
12:09 You wore bicycle helmets if you're riding and only if you're doing stunts,
12:15 ? Nowadays, you get on a , you have to wear your
12:18 you have to put on your You have your mom right up to
12:22 it's ok. Yeah. Sure it . Some people are smart. They
12:29 the brain support, which are Yeah. Good news. Her body
12:34 protects her brain does a really good of it too. There's actually multiple
12:39 of protection. But what we say that there's four levels of protection.
12:43 , the obvious one is gonna be bone. All right, we have
12:46 uranium. We've already talked about it the, you have the and so
12:51 , that protects it there and in of the spinal cord, you have
12:55 OK. And so we have this hard shell that, that serves to
13:00 the squishy inside. What kind how do you guys have a sense
13:09 how soft the tissue of the brain ? Anyone have any idea? Anyone
13:13 seen a brain? It's like That's actually a good way to put
13:18 the way that I, the best I can describe it. It's
13:21 uh, have you guys ever worked margarine or butter? All right.
13:26 what it's like. I mean, literally is, it's, it's soft
13:31 squishy. And you know, if , if you guys watch Big Bang
13:34 , I mean, you'll see every and then Amy working on a sheep
13:38 . She actually has a phd in . The actress does, she was
13:43 , she was a teen actress and went on and got her P D
13:46 neuroscience. And then they hired her the show, just like, on
13:50 women. So that's how they kept on. But she actually had her
13:52 D in neuroscience. And so whenever see her working on her brain,
13:56 stuff that she actually did, you , kind of cool, I
14:00 I don't know, maybe. All . But anyway, but when you
14:03 the picture, I mean, when see them working on the brain,
14:05 kind of hard and stiff and you think, well, why is
14:08 Well, they fixed it in basically formal. It is, is
14:12 they fix this tissue. And so hard and stiff. That's not what
14:15 brain is like. It literally just apart like warm butter. And so
14:20 need to have these structures to hold in place to make sure it doesn't
14:25 kind of ooze everywhere. All So that's kind of the outer portion
14:30 that crane that bone that serves to . All right. Now, surrounding
14:37 actual tissue itself issue is what are three layers of, of?
14:45 just I just call that they're called meninges. All right. Singular form
14:49 Meninx M E N I N So if you see me say
14:52 that's what you're referring to. So gonna have three protected membranes that,
14:57 protect and then embedded between those membranes surrounding the brain itself. We're gonna
15:03 cerebral spinal fluid, which is basically layer of fluid that surrounds and protects
15:09 brain. And then we're gonna have third layer or sorry, 1/4
15:14 uh the form layer, which is to as the blood brain barrier.
15:18 , the blood brain varies a little different. What we're doing here is
15:21 so much of a physical barrier, it is a physical barrier, but
15:25 not like the other ones with regard trauma, but it's a physical barrier
15:30 prevent materials from moving from the blood the surreal stuff or into the uh
15:38 tissue. And so it's not only , but it's also a barrier that
15:44 kind of like a as a chemical . It prevents uh foreign substances like
15:49 , viruses and other things, but just chemicals. Uh some very simple
15:55 like water can be very damaging to brain tissue because now what you're doing
16:00 you're altering ion concentrations and the cells properly behave. So we'll talk about
16:06 of these, um as we go , but we're gonna ignore the
16:09 just know that the bones are in outer layer. Um And that they
16:13 as an a detective barrier. They're of your helmets. All right
16:19 with regard to the meninges. Um easy way to think about this is
16:24 there are three layers and from the or the outside based on their
16:28 they create a path to protect. would say, working outside inside,
16:33 that makes absolutely no sense. So inner layer is called the P A
16:38 . The middle layer is called the matter. And then the outer layer
16:43 the dura matter. All right. we're gonna be kind of working
16:47 we're going to, to dura which going inside to outside. All
16:53 So with regard to the P A , all right, I'm creating this
16:57 , the matter is very, very , it's uh highly, highly
17:02 In other words, it is the barrier um that covers the surface of
17:08 brain. It is actually so thin so fine that you can actually follow
17:13 gyro, the gyrus and the sulky you move up and down. So
17:18 can imagine um with regard to this hard to see the color here.
17:24 . If you look right there, that battery, there's a little Permal
17:28 , the purple line goes down with surface, it comes out and just
17:32 falling along and it comes down and back out. So that would be
17:37 PM F that's closely adhered to the tissue. And this is what allows
17:42 small blood vessels to stay very, close with the nervous tissue and ultimately
17:48 into the nervous tissue so that the can be delivered to it. All
17:54 . But this is that that right? And we say it's
17:57 highly vascularized. So you're gonna have small blood vessels that are located
18:04 Now, the layer that lies above is called the, why do you
18:09 they call it the er, say , it's web like all right,
18:17 spiders, right? Arachnids. This where the brain spiders live. One
18:24 smiled at that. Anyone here have spiders? Well, let's find out
18:31 see the cartoon, the right one also vascularized actually in between. This
18:38 the matter Here. There is you see the space and then right
18:42 is where the matter actually my work time I came. All right,
19:01 a few. So right here, the erect, ok. This
19:08 And you can see we have the in between inside the space. You
19:12 all these little tiny trabi, little fibers that are holding these two things
19:18 . This is why we make the uh uh uh matter because it had
19:23 these trabi looks like a spider All right. So this was it
19:27 the area where the brain spiders? right. Now, the space right
19:32 is actually called the subarachnoid space. lies below the arachnoid. So if
19:36 have the erect, you have the space, then you have the
19:42 the rear space is gonna be filled spinal. And then as you can
19:48 , we travel up and then we these penetrations right here that penetrate through
19:54 dura matter and into what are called dual sinuses. Now, the neural
20:01 , we'll get to in just a , but in essence, this is
20:03 to be filled with blood that's going be returning back to the heart.
20:05 blood that has come into the brain provide nutrients and stuff is now leaving
20:10 going back to the heart. So can get its oxygen back in the
20:13 and the nutrients that it travels through body. In essence, what's happening
20:17 is we are penetrating into that so we, the certain fluid that we're
20:23 can actually have a way to leave blood brain and be recycled.
20:29 So this structure that's penetrated is called all right. So, so
20:36 Space, there's the space, the tiny uh webs are the trabi.
20:47 then finally, um uh this is you can see in here you can
20:52 there's the vein, there's an these are the things that are going
20:56 be dividing and again, the arteries getting smaller and smaller so that they
21:00 penetrate through the P A matter. outer layer is the dura matter and
21:07 actually two layers and this is something you can actually experience at home.
21:11 , you have like, yeah, . Go pull one out and go
21:17 with it, tug on it, on it, stretch it and stuff
21:20 that. That's what the dura matter like. Very, very tough,
21:24 elastic. Doesn't have a lot of to it. In essence, it's
21:28 serves as this outer layer. There's layers to this. All right,
21:32 can see the uh uh the outer which is gonna be the per ocular
21:38 to next to the bone layer. then you have over here the men
21:43 and you can see how it separates . But notice that it just kind
21:47 covers the brain. It doesn't follow the, all the the soul and
21:51 gyrus right here. This is a fissure. And so it's forming what
21:55 is called the false ring, which get to in just a moment.
21:58 in essence, it's otherwise, it kind of overlays the entire structure.
22:03 right. Now, where are these layers separate right here. That's where
22:08 gonna get the formations of the All right. And this structure now
22:15 creates this large pulling area. This the sinus that allows for blood that's
22:21 the brain to ultimately pull before it down through a vein back to the
22:27 . All right. And as I with the erect vili once again right
22:39 , that's how you're moving cerebral spinal from the subarachnoid space back into the
22:46 . Now, the duo as this structure to help maintain the shape of
22:55 brain to maintain the hemispheres so that brain doesn't move around all that
22:59 And so what we end up with these structures, these extensions that allow
23:04 brain to kind of sit. All . So partitions the brain and holds
23:09 in place. All right. And are what I referred to as
23:12 and there are four cranial dual that need to know. Uh you can
23:16 their names up here, the, belly, the cera belly and the
23:23 . All right. Now you're looking that, you're going, those are
23:25 scary words and I don't know, don't even know my right. Let's
23:34 this somewhere sri what do you think has to refer to Serero?
23:40 there you go. There's the easy . And the cere belly cerebellum.
23:44 right. So you already know that , the name is probably located.
23:49 think the Bella Cerebella is located or with the cerebellum and the Cerebri is
23:56 with? Ok. So, so we're halfway there. Now you're sitting
24:00 looking at, I know Fox is . So whenever I don't know
24:05 I just, you know, type in my computer pops up. Fox
24:09 sickle. You guys know what Sickle . All right. It's Halloween
24:14 You should know what Sickle is because of the main characters of Halloween is
24:18 . This is a big black world that walks around with a sickle,
24:24 ? That big whole thing. And he doing? The reaper is reaping
24:28 the sickle to cut down well, the case of death. Life,
24:34 basically to mow down wheat All And the shape of a sickle.
24:39 did one in? And it gets and then at the other end,
24:45 do you think the fox and the cere belly were named after? I
24:49 , based on that, the shape gonna stare at you until you nod
24:55 head one way or the other. . There we go. Ok.
24:58 . All right. So you can there, it has this kind of
25:01 like a, all right. So all right. What about tentorium?
25:05 do you think? Tentorium has to with, if you had to guess
25:10 I put a gun to your head said your life or death question here
25:14 what do you think? Tentorium has do with? What would you
25:22 Oh, this, here's the God, 10 Tory. Um
25:32 10 covering tents. And they look a tent. Where do you think
25:39 came from? Some guys are sitting saying let's find a four letter word
25:43 means camping, Tito to cover. right. And the last one diaphragm
25:51 Sally. That's a little bit more . Diaphragm. It is something that
25:57 a whole Sally seat. All Yeah. Do you do? I
26:04 have a look of Latin literally never anything, but I don't, I
26:11 up the dim. So we, gonna look here in just a
26:16 basically shows there's a hole that allows indium of the anterior. So I
26:24 want to point out the names are tell you what they do or what
26:26 look like. And if you don't it just kind of look it up
26:28 oh yeah. All right. So false Cerebri, you can see it
26:32 here. It's a big structure. , it goes right down the central
26:36 . And what you're doing is you're creating the division between the left and
26:39 right hemisphere, right. So your and right hemisphere are defined by that
26:45 cerebri. All right. Now, the false rumor, we have two
26:53 that are important. All right, have the inferior and we have the
26:58 sagittal sinus. Now sale should make because we've learned the term stale.
27:04 so here we go, we got up here and one down there.
27:10 are your two sinuses. Which one you think is superior? The one
27:15 top, right? Because superior means . No, that means above.
27:21 right. So we have the we have the inferior saul. And
27:27 are the structure that are gonna ultimately blood away from the brain and join
27:31 before they leave the tentorium. Cerebelli can see here, right? So
27:39 , you can see right there. your cerebellum that right there is a
27:45 cerebellum. All right. So notice it's doing. It's separating the cerebrum
27:50 the cerebellum. All right, that's structure. Now, within the
27:56 you can see here that we have transverse sign. So it's very easy
28:00 . You can see right in there will be the. So what we're
28:06 is we're bringing the Satur sinuses together a transverse sinus and they're gonna join
28:12 and allow blood to escape together. we have the Falk cere belly right
28:21 . They're showing you and, and can imagine it comes down to that
28:26 , that'd be the air. And lastly is the diaphragm celli, which
28:32 not an easy thing to see right here. See that big giant
28:40 All right. That, sorry, should be there. That right there
28:45 where the uh pituitary gland sits down that bone. Um I'm just gonna
28:51 it right in there. Now, gonna come back to it later.
28:53 is one of the most important glands your body and it sits about this
28:56 . All right. Literally, it's little itsy bitsy tiny thing. It
28:59 like a little tiny upside down button . All right. And you'll learn
29:03 this a little bit later because it pumps out every single solitary important hormone
29:08 your body. That's where it's located it actually hangs down and goes through
29:15 diaphragm cell. Now, last thing have sinus, you can see it
29:21 be, it would be coming down direction. You can see that in
29:28 fall. So, structurally what we here is we've got four different dia
29:33 not diaphragms, four different membranes that up the brain. All right,
29:39 have a couple of sinuses that we to know and it shows how blood
29:43 leaving out through the brain. Questions this so far. Do you think
29:50 could draw these? You think you identify him? Hm. Yeah.
30:03 . So during development development and this not so important in terms of you
30:11 to know the development. But during , uh the brain actually forms as
30:16 tube. All right, you create is called the neural tube and then
30:19 develops on creates all these very interesting and because it forms as a
30:24 what that means it has a hollow . All right, this hollow center
30:30 what ultimately becomes the central canal in spinal cord and what becomes the ventricles
30:35 the brain. Now, the ventricles the brain, their job is to
30:41 CS f cerebral spinal fluid. All . And so we have these ventricles
30:46 you can see in our little cartoons , that's the kind of thing that
30:49 like these horns, it's centrally And within these structures, we have
30:54 special glial cell called the cell. dial cell is what is responsible for
31:02 the cerebral spinal fluid. All So they're closely associated with the uh
31:06 the blood. Uh they, these , they take material of water and
31:11 materials from the blood and that's why need the cerebral spinal fluid and they
31:15 it into the ventricles. Now, are four ventricles, the four ventricles
31:20 interconnected because this is one long tube has been kind of malformed to create
31:25 structures. All right. And so easy way to look at this is
31:28 kind of walk through them from top bottom. So we have both a
31:33 and a right lateral ventricle. So the first one. So it's a
31:37 structure and you can see here kind what it looks like from the front
31:42 . All right. But from the , you can see it these longer
31:46 . All right. And then between , you can see how they connect
31:51 there. All right, they're gonna down and they're going to form this
31:56 here. That is the third So between the third ventricle and the
32:01 ventricles is the interpret ventricular for that's the connection between them. All
32:07 . So Framan means whole inter between . So in interventricular para down to
32:14 third ventricle, the third ventricle right continues down to the fourth ventricle that
32:22 down is called the cerebral aqueduct. right. So third ventricle communicates with
32:29 fourth ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct. , the fourth ventricle lies here between
32:36 brain and uh uh cerebellum and there's couple of holes from which cerebral spinal
32:43 can leave and go into the subarachnoid . These holes are called aperture.
32:50 we have lateral apertures, lateral apertures be on the lateral side. So
32:54 one on the left and one on right. And then we have a
32:57 aperture that's right there. And that fluid to escape behind or below uh
33:04 cerebellum. And then that, that for the ventricle continues downward as the
33:11 canal just keeps going down and down down until it reaches the bottom of
33:14 spinal cord. And now you're opened into the sub space. So what
33:21 have here is a structure in which spinal fluid is going to be
33:25 It goes from lateral ventricles to the ventricle, third ventricle to the fourth
33:29 , fourth ventricle down out and And so we're dealing with the
33:33 out and around is the subarachnoid So this is kind of putting it
33:42 . Well, it actually you can the, the um the ventricles here
33:47 this right there, that would be third ventricle. This right here is
33:51 portion of the lateral ventricle and there the fourth and what you're looking at
33:57 is that uh view where you can the sub in space, it goes
34:06 the way around and it covers and the entire brain, it covers and
34:11 the entire spinal cord. And so cerebral spinal fluid is simply a clear
34:18 fluid. That's uh you know, arises from the ependymal cells fluid that
34:26 been taken from the blood cause other that are and has been reduced in
34:32 ventricles and ultimately filling and circulating around that space. It's constantly being reduced
34:40 it's constantly being surrounding the brain. it kind of serves as a
34:45 And what we say is that there more fun that provides buoyancy to the
34:51 . It provides protection and it provides in terms of the environment for the
34:58 . So let's kind of expand on and see what what we move by
35:05 . With regard to buoyancy, the has all these materials in it that
35:10 it density. And in fact, density of this fluid is roughly the
35:15 as the brain. So when you the brain and you put it,
35:20 put it right now, obviously, is just going to be kind of
35:26 all the way around the brain. if you were to take a jug
35:29 spinal fluid, I guess a I don't know the container of cerebral
35:32 fluid and you put the brain and you put it on top, the
35:34 would sit on top. If you that brain and put it at the
35:37 , it would just sit there. you took the brain and suck in
35:39 middle, it would just sit there that very reason because it has the
35:44 and just hold and maintains the position the brain. All right.
35:49 this is advantageous because remember the brain mass to it. And so if
35:55 take something and it has the same of voice, the same sort of
35:59 removes the weight, right? And what you've done is you basically effectively
36:04 the weight of the brain by Now, this is beneficial because if
36:10 brain has mass, gravity acts on and what what happened is is because
36:14 told you the nature of the what kind of tissue it look
36:17 It's like warm butter, right? remember if you can think about the
36:23 , we have a big giant frame magnet back here in the back.
36:26 it had weight, what would gravity ? It pulled the brain down a
36:31 , right? And so basically your would end up at the bottom of
36:33 back and it just be would be . So this helps support the
36:38 it keeps it in place and no has weight, it serves as a
36:51 . This is terrible as you have um liquid inside their structures.
37:02 so what happens are your shock absorbers have liquid inside them? And so
37:05 happens is is when you have a that is mostly water, it's
37:10 And so what happens is is that can absorb energy very, very
37:15 And that's what the the sock So part of the reason you run
37:20 on and stuff, stuff and not completely damaged because that water absorbs a
37:25 of that energy and disperses it outward around, right, in terms of
37:32 stability, this is a little bit complex. And so there is this
37:39 relationship between the spinal fluid and the fluid surrounding the nervous tissue. And
37:46 this means is is that uh as neurons and stuff produce waste, it
37:50 quickly shuttle that waste into that extracellular . And then from the extracellular
37:57 it can quickly move in the rib from the brain and you can move
38:04 very, very quickly. And as can imagine, if you're trying to
38:08 stability, you want to have things . And so by removing waste,
38:13 maintaining that normal environment. So that's of what this allows you to move
38:22 very quickly to and from the tissue , the mechanisms that is doing.
38:29 um I don't want to get it's a little bit complex and uh
38:34 , it's, it's like I it's, it's, it's interesting but
38:37 , it's just complex. Um The thing I'd say is that in terms
38:42 chemical fluc fluctuation. So for when your cells are very, very
38:47 , they actually by a small And so what happens is is that
38:53 has an effect on the surrounding Basically, it reduces the amount of
38:59 that's available around the cells, which you effectively increase osmolarity, which can
39:04 detrimental to how the cells function And the cerebral spinal fluid helps to adjust
39:09 those chemical fluctuations. That would be example of that. But like I
39:14 , it's a little complex now how go about making this stuff. All
39:20 , you can see in our little up here, there we go right
39:24 there. That is inside, this our third vegetable. There's our later
39:29 , begin with a later vegetable and can see it there and damp.
39:32 the fourth for this structure is called plexus coro plexus is uh a specialized
39:41 of the P A matter where you the blood vessels penetrating very, very
39:47 to the surface of the ventricle and the PM matter in these areas are
39:54 whole structure. But it this is those caps are located. And so
39:59 happening is is that you're bringing the right next to where it needs to
40:04 . So these are ependymal cells that be a capillary, this would be
40:09 inside of a ventricle. And so happening is these ependymal cells are pulling
40:15 and other nutrients and other solute out the blood and moving it out into
40:20 ventricle forming the cerebral spinal fluid, ? That's the structure. That's what
40:28 doing now, with regard to what woman loves response. It's very,
40:33 similar to plasma. All right. it looks like the fluid that you
40:38 in the blood. The difference is that we're being very, very selective
40:42 terms of what we're pulling out. the ion concentrations are fluctuating. All
40:48 . There's very few proteins just like expect but the ions and stuff,
40:51 it doesn't look exactly like plasma. similar to plasma, but there are
40:56 and stuff that have varying concentrations. right. So we're being made here
41:06 the lads, we're being made here the third, in the third
41:10 We're being made here in the fourth . So the flow of cerebral spinal
41:14 would be from here, the lateral the interventricular down to the third ventricle
41:20 through this uh uh cerebral AUC down the fourth ventricle, put it out
41:25 the median or the lateral apertures and down through the central canal. And
41:31 we're out of, of those either through the apertures or out,
41:35 , that's the sub on space and are flowing away from the central area
41:42 the dual sinuses. And you can there's a dual sinus and what we
41:47 with those neural sinuses are those aid . So we're constantly producing the cerebral
41:53 fluid. It's constantly being pushed away its uh side of of of production
41:59 it's being pushed to where it can once again and join back to the
42:05 . So the Arachnoid vili serve kind the exit point if the, if
42:09 choroid plexus is the entry point to the uh cerebral spinal fluid the Arachnoid
42:15 serve as the exit point for where cerebral spinal fluid goes back to the
42:22 . Does that make sense? You're at me like no, well,
42:29 kind of look through it again. , let's see. No,
42:35 no, no. You make about and 20 or the total volume of
42:40 100 and 25 to 100 and 50 . Uh Anyone here have a
42:44 a water bottle. You know, know my, well, my laser
42:53 sucks. I can barely see it . Um We actually we here,
42:59 , microphone. Yeah. How far did it die? Oh, just
43:12 I just, when I talk. , great. All right. So
43:15 up your bottle real quick. All . How much is this bottle?
43:21 . That's, that's a good American . What's a good scientific answer?
43:27 a liter, which is milk. body produces that much on a daily
43:34 . How much do you have with to the things up there on the
43:39 ? 125 to 100 and 50 mils . So at any given time is
43:44 around that is one quarter of that that trip to you have, you
43:50 literally replacing your triple. So on daily basis for time, right?
43:57 that make sense? Good? So you're constantly producing the cerebral spinal
44:08 , you're constantly making it as it from the lateral ventricle, from the
44:14 ventricles into the third ventricle, it's made in the third ventricle along with
44:18 ventricle, it's moving from the third down to the fourth ventricle from the
44:22 ventricle to also being made. And it's going out through those apertures,
44:27 into the subarachnoid space, down through central canal and out into the subarachnoid
44:32 and it's exiting because if I'm constantly it, that means it's going to
44:36 making more and more and more it's to be expanding outward, right?
44:39 so I've got to get rid of because especially if I'm making enough to
44:43 the amount of cerebral spinal fluid, have four times over on a daily
44:48 . And so that's what the erect vili serve as it's the place where
44:51 cerebral spinal fluid returns back to the . Now, how do we get
44:58 go wherever? Well, pretty the ependymal cells they have silly on
45:04 surface and because you have SIA, sit there and they eat it.
45:09 they're pushing SPS in a particular Secondly, because you set up
45:17 sit up straight, basically your posture in a particular direction. So postural
45:28 play a role. The third thing plays a role we put, we're
45:33 pressure. And so there's roughly a millimeters of mercury pressure gradient that drives
45:39 from where it's being made to where exiting. It's not a lot of
45:43 , but it's just enough. So why it's going in that particular
45:55 Now, the blood rain here it the last level of protection. All
46:06 . And the purpose of the blood barrier, as I mentioned, it's
46:09 physical barrier, but it's also a barrier. And its purpose is to
46:16 that material can cause damage to the . The nervous system in the nervous
46:21 are not going to be allowed anywhere those cells. All right.
46:28 what it does is that we're gonna um we're going to allow for this
46:32 exchange of materials through these cells so we can selectively say this is something
46:37 we need or this is something that don't want at all. So we're
46:40 selective as to what's going to pass that barrier. And you can see
46:44 the reason for this in the brain fluid is gonna be have effects.
46:51 is where I that will make you nervous. OK. You guys remember
46:57 the week came out, I I told you this story. No.
47:01 . So the we came out what 2008, 2006, 2006 and it
47:07 a sensation. No one expected how we would sell. I mean,
47:12 I mean, you had P S SPS two was out at the same
47:15 and, and everyone thought P S was going to be the dominant the
47:18 xbox, whichever version at the Where they're fighting each other and the
47:22 got released and no one expected how the wii was gonna be. You
47:27 not find a wii in the country save your life unless you're sitting
47:31 I could care less about video games whatnot. But it's important to the
47:36 because, because of the popular of wii, there were contests and there
47:41 giveaways and all sorts of things going And there was this particular contest in
47:46 California that was taking place and it called the, I don't know what
47:50 was called, but I always think as the Peaceful We Contest. Don't
47:55 my story. Ok. See, already know this story. All
48:02 but the rest of them don't. the purpose of this contest was drink
48:07 bunch of water, hold your urine long as you can and the person
48:11 holds it the longest gets to win weed. You've heard of these types
48:17 contests, right? I mean, kind of like the big pickup
48:19 everyone has to touch the truck, person touching the truck wins. And
48:23 mean, these things can go on hours, you know, and part
48:26 the strategy is figuring out ways to the person to, you know,
48:30 up. So you're like sitting next the person and drink a bunch of
48:32 . Think the waterfalls, think of water, showers, tinkle,
48:39 tinkle, tinkle, tinkle, tinkle , you know, whatever it
48:41 Right. And so what happened is , people have to go to the
48:45 are gonna run. They don't get win the week. Well, in
48:48 particular case, they had this small woman who was trying to get the
48:52 and I don't know what the fluid they had to drink, but she
48:55 all this water very, very quickly with everybody else, you know,
48:59 for the contest. And of when you drink water, your body
49:03 trying to find places to put All right. So it's going to
49:06 throughout the entire body. All So remember when you drink it goes
49:10 the digestive system from the digestive it goes to the cardiovascular, from
49:13 cardiovascular. It gets distributed among all tissues. Well, the blood brain
49:19 is not particularly effective against water because goes wherever there is a higher concentration
49:26 solute, right? That's just typical . And one of the places it
49:30 was to the brain and because it to the brain, it diluted out
49:35 solute she needed in order to get heart to be properly, in order
49:38 her to breathe properly. In what happened was she had heart
49:43 congestive heart failure and she had respiratory because she drowned in the water in
49:48 own body. The blood brain barrier to prevent things like that from
49:54 But obviously, water is not one the things that it can stop the
49:59 main barrier serves to protect you from that can cause you harm, could
50:06 walk. So very, very very important structure. So we say
50:14 it's an anatomical barrier that would be physical barrier. And we say it's
50:19 physiological barrier. Now, you're all about the people of the contest and
50:24 , oh, I better watch how drink my water. So what do
50:27 mean that it's anatomical? Well, talking at a very small level.
50:31 we're talking at the cellular level here that as the capillary, this is
50:36 early on the development as caps run , what happens is astrocytes come along
50:41 they connect with and attach to the surface of the capillaries. And what
50:47 do is they communicate with each other astrocytes tell the capillaries. Hey,
50:52 need you to tight tight junctions. so the capillaries do now throughout your
50:59 body capillaries have junctions between the cells the epithelium, what we call endothelium
51:06 the capillaries, but the tight junctions your body are fairly loose.
51:13 In other words, they're leaky type , which is kind of an
51:18 but that's just what we refer to as. All right. And so
51:21 we say that they're leaky, that you allow materials to pass in between
51:25 particular type junctions. You can think it like this if you were to
51:28 water and put it in your hands put your fingers like so would water
51:32 out? Yeah, because you don't tight points between all your fingers.
51:39 , there are some places where water leak through. All right. So
51:43 would be an example of what's going throughout the body in terms of
51:47 But in the brain, what happens these astrocytes tell the capillaries, these
51:52 cells make these junctions tight, so can leak through. And by doing
51:57 now what you've done is you force that wants to pass in through,
52:02 the, into the or leave the , it has to pass through the
52:07 , the endothelium of the capillaries. other words, you have to go
52:12 the cell, you can't go between cells. And the only way that's
52:15 happen is if you have the right and the right uh carriers to move
52:20 across the cell. Now, on of that, you have a very
52:25 basement membrane, right? Remember basement is simply the glyco proteins that are
52:32 by the cells, the epithelium and connective tissue behind them. And that's
52:37 they connect to each other. So you have now is you don't have
52:40 little tiny thin basement membrane, you a thick basement membrane, which means
52:45 you pass through the cell, now have to wind your way through all
52:50 material. And if you're too big going to get stuck and then you're
52:52 going to get through. So it what actually can pass through. And
52:57 on the other side of that basement is, are the astrocytes, which
53:01 also close associated with what you see these pictures. And so you can
53:05 of see here what you have to through. If you are a molecule
53:10 the blood trying to get into the , you have to pass through the
53:13 of capillary, you have to pass the base membrane, then you have
53:16 pass through the astrocyte. And in for that to happen, you have
53:19 have to have the right carrier, right molecule to grab you, move
53:23 across each of those cells and eventually you to pass into the nervous
53:30 So it's an anatomical barrier. It is a gauntlet of cell to cell
53:35 cell in order to pass through. if there's nothing to allow you to
53:41 , you're not getting in. the reason water can pass through is
53:46 water can pass between cells and through without a carrier. And that's why
53:52 , I like using the weak All right. How many of you
53:55 are planning on pharmacology? In other , you're planning pharmacy school one,
54:00 all liars. I know there's more one person in here planning on
54:04 All right. So here's the question you're brave enough to raise your
54:08 All right, if you're prescribing a not prescribing, but if you have
54:14 drug that is gonna work on the , what type of drug do you
54:19 it's gonna be? Do you think gonna be water soluble or lipid
54:25 Lipid, soluble? Why if it's sub, is it ever going to
54:30 through the, uh, the cell ? No, but if it's lipid
54:35 , what's it gonna do? La , la la la, I can
54:38 wherever I want. Yeah. So anything that's acting on the brain is
54:43 look. So that's the anatomical And you can see the answer is
54:49 there too. OK. Answers are on the board. All right,
54:56 regard to physiological restriction. Now basically are you water soluble? Are you
55:01 soluble? If you're water soluble, have to be transported, you have
55:05 be carried from one cell of the and you have to be moved across
55:09 barrier. All right, each lid each side of the plasma membrane,
55:14 know. So asking for the you have to pass the plasma membrane
55:17 go inside the cell and you have pass the plasma membrane to go to
55:21 basement membrane, pass through the basement , you have to pass through a
55:33 . So every time you pass one those, you need to have something
55:36 transport you across. If your water soluble, if you're a little bit
55:42 , you you can do that That's not a problem. But of
55:45 , you have to survive the view . So the blood brain barrier serves
55:55 this protective layer to ensure that the nutrients that you want or need can
56:01 through and the stuff that you don't can't. Now, the way this
56:08 , as I said, they are ones who do this work. They
56:11 the ones talking to the, if weren't for the astrocytes coming along and
56:15 , all right, I need you create these tax, then you'd be
56:19 to pass in between themselves. And also play a role because you have
56:24 actually exercise nervous tissue as well. , you do not have blood brain
56:31 throughout the entire brain. There are areas in the brain where there is
56:37 blood brain barrier and this is to benefit. First off, the hypothalamus
56:43 a regulator of many different systems in body. And it needs to
56:50 for example, what it needs to . All right. In other
56:56 if I don't know what's in the , how do I know how to
56:59 the things that are going on in rest of the body? So it
57:01 to be able to sample the And if you had a blood brain
57:08 in those particular locations, it wouldn't able to do that. It's not
57:11 entire hypothalamus, there's just particular the penny on gland also puts hormone
57:18 into the blood. So it has have an opportunity to do.
57:20 So you're not gonna have a blood barrier there. The most likely way
57:25 poison your body is basically putting something your digestive tract. Would you all
57:34 with me on that? Did you put the in your mother person?
57:41 , I, are you sure, you ever step and paid for
57:49 You know? Have you ever played five second rule? It's ok.
57:58 . Right. Ever just tried you know? Well, I'll give
58:04 a whi right. Most common way get something bad in your body is
58:11 consuming it. All right. That's most likely way that you're gonna get
58:15 invasion. All right. And so your body starts detecting toxins in the
58:22 , because the way that you're going detect them, they'll be circulating in
58:25 blood is the body. The first it's gonna say is a, I
58:28 where this came from. You consume you shouldn't have. And so what
58:33 gonna do is I'm gonna just throw whatever's in the stomach and that will
58:37 me get rid of whatever the toxin . So, the vomiting centers of
58:40 brain are constantly monitoring the blood to sure you don't have horrible nasty toxins
58:47 through. And then the choroid Also, here we have those ependymal
58:57 , they're not the blood brain but what they're doing is they're acting
59:01 the mediators as to what can come or be allowed in? Are there
59:11 questions so far? Is this How do you protect the, what
59:19 the four ways to protect? And then the memory. So and
59:29 the it's very, pretty easy. all you gotta do is is when
59:38 come back, that's when I get applause. Thanks will do that.
59:50 at the when the work next.
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