| 00:00 | Wait, why is this? Goddamn ? Come on. Alright. Alright |
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| 00:29 | . Uh Let's get started here. Alright, so we are back on |
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| 00:41 | . So routine, right? Weekly blackboard quiz. And then a smart |
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| 00:48 | assignment do. So just I sent an email like about 15 minutes ago |
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| 00:54 | I came over here. So it's that. So it's got this on |
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| 00:58 | . So just the specifics. So quiz opens tomorrow Basically what we talked |
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| 01:04 | Tuesday viruses continuing today, we'll finish and start chapter 13. Okay. |
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| 01:12 | Alright. So is there something Okay, I can't think of |
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| 01:19 | Um All right. The I think forgetting something but if it comes to |
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| 01:28 | , I'll stop and think of it I think of it. Anyway. |
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| 01:34 | So just a little bit of a uh review brief review where we were |
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| 01:40 | last time. So again. So going through um went viral structure right |
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| 01:48 | week um defining a virus. The of the virus uh contrast with the |
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| 01:54 | void and prion. Remember those two are not viruses, they're they're infectious |
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| 02:00 | they're kind of their own unique things RNA infectious protein. Right? So |
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| 02:05 | is pretty much what we're focused So um we looked at the structure |
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| 02:11 | week um the basic structure right? caps it surrounding a genome of some |
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| 02:18 | . But then of course we went all the variations of that structure and |
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| 02:23 | last time began into viral life Right? So we started with bacterial |
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| 02:29 | cycle? Bacterial virus life cycle. bacteria fage. Right. And um |
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| 02:37 | so this viral replication uh like uh a virus, right? The estrogenic |
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| 02:46 | ? Okay. Um the equivalent to was in a animal virus. Wright |
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| 02:53 | the pro what we call a pro state. We'll get to that. |
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| 02:58 | . Um very analogous to the So ginny. It's just it's just |
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| 03:03 | viral chromosome inserting into the host Okay. And so am a virus |
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| 03:07 | certainly do that as well. The papilloma virus we talked about |
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| 03:11 | can insert itself and you know, that can be causes of cancer, |
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| 03:15 | cancer, women. And so um HIV virus can do this. Herpes |
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| 03:23 | can do this. And so um backing up here a second. So |
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| 03:28 | then went into um animal viruses and course is gonna be a little complicated |
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| 03:34 | animal viruses, in fact of course cells, right? Eukaryotic cells are |
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| 03:39 | complicated so different organelles can get involved the replication process. Right? The |
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| 03:44 | . R. And the plastic particular will be used for protein synthesis of |
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| 03:51 | proteins. Um the nucleus can be landing spot for D. N. |
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| 03:59 | viruses typically. Although there can be . RNA viruses tend to do their |
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| 04:04 | outside the nucleus but again for this most things in biology where most will |
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| 04:11 | a pattern. They're always gonna be outliers. Okay so um and so |
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| 04:18 | with animal viruses and they're beginning with into the host. Right? The |
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| 04:23 | process, the encoding is simply just the viral particle allowing its genome to |
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| 04:32 | released into the cytoplasm because and that's initiates the replication process. Okay. |
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| 04:38 | unless that viral genome integrates. So that's that's another scenario. But |
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| 04:44 | it has to get in there of the recognition of the host cell then |
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| 04:51 | in whether its diffusion um through endo process uh that genome is released inside |
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| 05:00 | cell whether in the nucleus or outside nucleus. Okay. And so um |
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| 05:06 | so we looked at last at this . N. A virus um |
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| 05:11 | N. A virus life cycle. . And this is the papilloma virus |
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| 05:16 | very typical for D. N. virus that goes to the nucleus. |
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| 05:21 | encoding process occurring in the nucleus. , so here's the genome using host |
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| 05:31 | um then there's gonna be events occurring the nucleus and inside so remember that |
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| 05:38 | synthesis can only occur outside the That's when the components are at. |
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| 05:43 | . And then viral proteins within commuting and that's where assembly will occur is |
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| 05:49 | for a D. N. D. N. A virus. |
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| 05:52 | , so the genome being copied in nucleus then assembling everything together intact viral |
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| 05:58 | exit. Okay. And so the viruses okay, will acquire their envelope |
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| 06:09 | they exit the cell. Okay. is not an enveloped virus um the |
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| 06:18 | any case the you know whether if are viable virus, that's where you |
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| 06:22 | acquire it. So as it comes it would wrap around the virus and |
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| 06:26 | have its envelope and associated proteins. . And so not shown here because |
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| 06:33 | the Golgi er and Golgi can be in the process um to produce the |
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| 06:39 | viral particle. Okay. So the we're gonna focus on for the rest |
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| 06:46 | the time as we finish up it's gonna be the RNA viruses. |
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| 06:50 | . That's likely going to be the that causes some complications. Okay. |
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| 06:56 | before we do that, is there kind of general questions to this point |
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| 07:01 | anything? Whether it's vital structure would ? Yeah. Um I want to |
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| 07:12 | yes they do. The ones that . Um the ones that vary well |
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| 07:25 | mean let's say most will do that you can have variations of where the |
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| 07:31 | doesn't go to the nucleus actually. um yeah they have their own host |
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| 07:38 | polymerase. And so I think monkeypox like that. Um It could be |
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| 07:44 | think I think that's an example of . But there are again outliers |
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| 07:47 | So there's even the flu virus which an RNA virus actually does use the |
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| 07:52 | as part of this process. And these are outliers So general thumb is |
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| 07:59 | know d N a prior to go nucleus and do their thing are just |
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| 08:03 | outside completely of the nucleus. But always a few that don't follow those |
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| 08:08 | . Any other questions. Alright so let's look at this question. Okay |
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| 08:20 | this is a segue into the army . All right. So um an |
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| 08:26 | virus possessing a single plus we call strand RNA as its genome. |
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| 08:35 | Plus RNA virus would first have to this into a minus what we call |
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| 08:42 | sense RNA. Then translate from this anti sense into viral proteins. Is |
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| 08:50 | what a plus strand would do? , true or false. Mhm. |
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| 09:39 | posit briefly. Okay, here we counting down from three 21. |
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| 09:55 | Okay. We need to clear that . Okay. All right. So |
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| 10:03 | yeah with these are the viral life . The thing to remember is what |
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| 10:08 | represents. Right? That's the form you can translate into proteins. In |
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| 10:14 | words, ribosomes can plop down on and synthesize protein. Okay, it's |
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| 10:20 | that form that allows that that's the to make proteins so it has to |
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| 10:27 | there to be able to do Okay, so uh the question is |
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| 10:33 | here is um so what happens is that of course is copied from the |
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| 10:41 | . D. R. P. the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. |
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| 10:45 | so whenever you copy this the whether it's no matter what kind of |
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| 10:51 | peak after you're talking about if it's . N. A. Um you |
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| 10:58 | plus and minus D. N. strands. Right. It can be |
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| 11:01 | D. N. A. You that you form a minus D. |
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| 11:04 | . A. Okay you can even a, you can copy into RNA |
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| 11:08 | we know. Alright that would be minus RNA. Okay copy of minus |
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| 11:15 | . N. A. Could be could be A plus D. |
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| 11:16 | A. Could be a minus plus . Right? So the rules I'm |
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| 11:23 | torturing with torturing you with these plus minus things because we're talking about RNA |
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| 11:28 | . Plus the minus is simply a of how how nucleic acids work. |
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| 11:34 | ? Because again um just that's a RNA. So au G. |
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| 11:43 | Right? So if we copy that not copying it into a UGc. |
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| 11:50 | ? So this were plus. That we'll be copying into a plus |
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| 11:54 | Right? And that's not the rules how nucleotide bases match up. |
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| 11:59 | So we make the complementary strand which be um not you. Thank |
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| 12:08 | Bye. Alright uh you A. . G. Okay let me divide |
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| 12:17 | here. So it'd be that. so that we're plus and this would |
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| 12:20 | the minus strand. Right? So just simply the complementary base pairing |
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| 12:24 | Right? That's that's what it's all . Whether your D. N. |
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| 12:26 | . R. N. A. hybrid doesn't matter. You follow the |
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| 12:31 | rules. Okay so um let me this off the board so just remember |
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| 12:40 | . Okay um Alright so what we're then we can then only translate. |
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| 12:51 | let me get this out the Uh Let's do this options. There |
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| 12:57 | go. Okay, So um So minus is not translatable. You have |
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| 13:03 | translate using the plus strand. So this would be the life cycle |
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| 13:09 | plus RNA virus. Okay. And I understand is so as written, |
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| 13:17 | question is false. Okay, So strand with first transcribing the minus. |
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| 13:24 | correct. Right? But then that's first part of the question going from |
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| 13:28 | to here. Okay. But the part is not Right. Right, |
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| 13:33 | would be copying to another plus. , so again, I realized you're |
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| 13:39 | Okay, what the heck? we're already here. It's a virus |
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| 13:43 | has a plus genome. Why do have to go through all this |
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| 13:47 | Why do that? That's insane. . Well, as I said at |
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| 13:51 | beginning, way back a couple of ago in our last lecture, you |
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| 13:57 | think of the perspective of the right? It's infecting itself the |
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| 14:01 | Ultimately make lots of viral particles. ? And if you're gonna make lots |
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| 14:06 | these This is my generic virus Okay, so that's obviously going to |
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| 14:14 | protein. Alright, captured. Uh then we're gonna put a genome here's |
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| 14:22 | genome, you know, genome Okay. Uh We got got to |
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| 14:30 | it inside here. All right. , if we're gonna obviously a virus |
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| 14:35 | gonna make more than one viral Right? We're gonna make tons of |
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| 14:41 | things dang it tons of these. ? So, that obviously represents lots |
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| 14:51 | viral protein synthesis, right? Protein proteins, proteins, proteins, |
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| 14:59 | We have to put genomes and all things, genome genome genome genome |
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| 15:04 | right? It makes 100 of these . That's a lot of genomes you |
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| 15:07 | have. Right? So, that's you get So, it's infecting one |
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| 15:13 | infecting with its plus genome. That's gonna be enough. Okay, make |
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| 15:18 | of this. Right. And the to do it is to do with |
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| 15:20 | route. And we have to do this route because of the copy of |
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| 15:23 | into a minus minus into a That's just that's just base pairing |
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| 15:27 | right? That's something diabolical diabolical plot , you know, torture you. |
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| 15:34 | the way it works. And um so that's why it does it |
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| 15:39 | ultimately at this point here, this lots of them, Right? Lots |
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| 15:46 | lots of this. Lots of Right in this process. Right |
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| 15:55 | And then it goes into a assemble viral particle. Right? So, |
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| 16:02 | need lots of this. But of course, you need lots of |
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| 16:06 | . Right? So, these templates lots of templates to make service genomes |
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| 16:10 | stuff into the thing. But then lots of templates where rival zones can |
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| 16:15 | on and make viral proteins. So this can all happen very |
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| 16:18 | You have you have more stuff to with. You can make more in |
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| 16:22 | more quickly. Right? So more these are around that means more opportunities |
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| 16:28 | rival zones to do their thing and lots of viral proteins. So it |
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| 16:31 | comes together to make of course these particles. Okay, so that's why |
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| 16:38 | yes, even though it's a plus virus and its template directly serves as |
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| 16:43 | template for make proteins, it's about of stuff and it's about making viral |
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| 16:49 | get copies of the genome as And of course these guys this is |
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| 16:52 | plus RNA virus. Then these all to be plus us are in a |
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| 16:59 | . Right? Because that's what the is. That's the type it |
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| 17:03 | So um that's why we have to this. Okay, and we're gonna |
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| 17:09 | the same thing. We're looking at minus RNA virus the same process. |
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| 17:14 | ? Um So, I'm basically gonna this again. So because that's the |
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| 17:20 | slide. Alright, um so let's you that. Okay, so let's |
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| 17:27 | here. Okay. Already said all . All right. So just to |
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| 17:32 | of the templates for RNA viruses. . So if you're on the virus |
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| 17:36 | can be a plus. Right, a template for translation. You can |
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| 17:40 | a minus. All. Right. a template to make a A plus |
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| 17:46 | . N. A. So, so this is not a template to |
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| 17:50 | proteins. There's a template to make M. RNA which can make the |
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| 17:55 | . Right? And then of course retrovirus is its own thing. It's |
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| 17:58 | template for DNA synthesis. Right? it's RNA. DNA. RNA proteins |
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| 18:03 | how retrovirus operates. Okay, as here. Okay so uh and it |
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| 18:11 | the DNA intermediate because its mode of cycle mode is typically to integrate into |
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| 18:18 | host chromosome. Okay so that's why first stop for its genome is copied |
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| 18:24 | DNA. Because that's typically what it . It does this Okay then down |
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| 18:29 | road at some point it'll go from form DNA back to RNA and then |
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| 18:35 | to protein. Okay, we'll talk that at the end. Okay. |
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| 18:40 | . So let's look at um look this. Right here is our |
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| 18:47 | So we just we just went over in the question. Okay that was |
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| 18:52 | example there. So uh I just some examples. So remember all the |
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| 18:57 | viruses groups. Right. Have a of ones that contain human diseases of |
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| 19:02 | types that we're all familiar with. So you're plus our name. So |
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| 19:08 | drew it this way to really emphasize what's coming in and infecting the cell |
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| 19:14 | it's gonna have to do this. ? Make lots of viral particles. |
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| 19:17 | . Each one containing genomes. That's we have to make copies of |
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| 19:22 | Okay and so we start with our independent memories. Okay so again this |
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| 19:31 | not it couldn't get this from a cell because eukaryotic cells don't contain these |
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| 19:37 | of RNA polymerase. We have what called D. D. R. |
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| 19:42 | . P. DNA dependent RNA polymerase right? That's not what this |
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| 19:46 | Right. Our preliminaries is our memories specific for D. N. |
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| 19:49 | Okay, so they wouldn't be able get this from us. Okay, |
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| 19:53 | they have it that's a viral particularly enzyme. And so the process is |
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| 19:58 | make a copy and make the minus . Right? Plus the minus and |
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| 20:02 | two plus. Okay. Uh and these are pretty much there's nothing it |
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| 20:07 | really do with these. Right? because it's surrounded, that's because it's |
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| 20:12 | way nucleic acids operate when you copy . This is just gonna be |
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| 20:16 | Okay. But the point is, though they may not be as written |
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| 20:21 | as the form of the rin completely , they are useful as templates because |
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| 20:26 | we have lots of these, that can be made into lots of |
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| 20:32 | . So that's the key for this or gal. Okay. Is this |
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| 20:37 | realized I say this guy a I need to not say that and |
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| 20:41 | be all inclusive. Okay, so that's sexist on my part. Um |
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| 20:49 | way that you can refer to a as a he or she anyway, |
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| 20:52 | it all right. Anyway. So so the point is, right, |
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| 20:58 | though this is this is how you to do it. And so you |
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| 21:02 | lots of these now. And so gonna serve us both templates to make |
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| 21:07 | which it will need to do a of that and then can package into |
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| 21:10 | particles as well. Okay. And assemble and in fact get out of |
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| 21:16 | cell and infect more cells. Um so before you ask questions, |
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| 21:25 | gonna stop for questions in a Let's go through this one minus RNA |
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| 21:30 | . Okay, so um again, illustrated this way to show you here's |
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| 21:36 | coming in here's what's gonna have to out for this for these viral |
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| 21:40 | Right? So we need lots of RNA templates. Okay, so |
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| 21:46 | viral enzyme makes lots of plus Okay. And for this particular virus |
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| 21:54 | means it can make its proteins. it's not minus RNA virus but it |
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| 22:00 | it into the plus minus two plus these are all templates for making |
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| 22:05 | So here's how it's gonna make its . Okay, but we have to |
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| 22:10 | make another round of replication of these again it's a minus RNA virus, |
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| 22:15 | a plus. And so we do again to make our genomes which then |
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| 22:21 | be stuffed in to our particles. so this is so both the minus |
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| 22:27 | stranded minus and plus RNA is have go through these consecutive cycles of replication |
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| 22:33 | because a that's how nucleic acids are plus minus or minus two plus |
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| 22:40 | Um they they have the plus has the uh the platform is what you |
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| 22:46 | proteins out. Okay. And for plus RNA virus it's also doubles as |
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| 22:51 | genome. It's gonna use the stuff the viral particles for the minus |
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| 22:56 | The plus form is critical because that's form that of course is translating the |
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| 23:00 | . Okay. But it's not the that it can stuff into a assembling |
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| 23:06 | particle because it's not a minus RNA , it has to go back and |
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| 23:10 | these to make the minus RNA genomes that gets stuffed into that. |
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| 23:15 | Um Not yet. Well yet. so this is an example of plus |
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| 23:23 | virus. Okay so you see um of the host and uncoated process. |
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| 23:31 | , releases the genome. Here's the proliferates. Okay. Um and then |
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| 23:39 | I can use you know the host E. R. For um pretty |
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| 23:46 | . Um Then uh capsule assembly of . It proteins insert genomes, |
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| 23:53 | And it takes its envelope virus. will have that wrapped around it. |
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| 23:58 | a naked virus, it won't have envelope. All depends on the |
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| 24:02 | Okay. But um any questions about cycle or this cycle? Any questions |
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| 24:14 | I really just think, you as I began both of these slides |
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| 24:18 | this. Right. It's you have think in terms of that beginning and |
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| 24:25 | . Alright. And how it gets and why it has to go through |
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| 24:32 | ? It seems like a redundant but it isn't isn't. I mean |
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| 24:36 | two rounds of copying, but each is creating a form essential for |
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| 24:40 | Right. For this one, it's the templates to make proteins and then |
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| 24:46 | producing the genomes to put into the particles. Okay. Um Yeah. |
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| 24:54 | questions. All right. All So, here's a question. I |
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| 24:59 | should be a slam dunk. I hope. Okay. Is which |
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| 25:06 | of these? What does one of not need? An already dependent on |
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| 25:10 | plane race. Okay, so, as you're mulling this one over? |
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| 25:33 | So what about four slides? five comes the dreaded metabolism. Okay, |
|
| 25:45 | yeah, yikes. It's actually probably favorite thing to teach in this |
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| 25:49 | Is that um All right. Oops. Be anonymous. Oops. |
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| 26:02 | button. There we go. That's one. All right. Okay. |
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| 26:12 | think I think everybody pretty much knows one driven by the everybody's answered already |
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| 26:19 | down five. Will it be I predict. No. Okay. |
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| 26:28 | , is not needed by retrovirus. , so retroviruses not copies of RNA |
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| 26:34 | DNA. Okay, so, uh primaries it does use can just be |
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| 26:40 | host preliminary because it copies its DNA RNA. So there's no requirement for |
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| 26:47 | dependent RNA polymerase for it. so, um retrovirus is the one |
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| 26:53 | does not need it. Okay. Alright, so retrovirus. So here's |
|
| 26:59 | retrovirus looks like it's life cycle. , examples. of course. I'm |
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| 27:03 | you're aware HIV also the feline leukemia which is actually a model to study |
|
| 27:10 | . Um And so again, beginning in the end game. Alright, |
|
| 27:15 | it's gonna be a plus RNA Of course, we will have to |
|
| 27:19 | that genome inserted into viral particles. , so um so the reverse |
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| 27:26 | So that's a uniquely viral enzyme for group. Okay, um copies and |
|
| 27:33 | here again, you can see, , copying rules from nucleic acids. |
|
| 27:37 | ? So RNA to DNA. Same . Right? Plus or a minus |
|
| 27:41 | . N. A. Okay, uh single strand. So then the |
|
| 27:47 | DNA plum race to make a double molecule and it has to be double |
|
| 27:53 | . Why isn't this why Why why this enough? Why can't just be |
|
| 28:02 | ? Ah correct. But the other to make a double strand is because |
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| 28:10 | going to integrate into the host Okay, so um uh that's why |
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| 28:19 | got to be double stranded. Um also like the minus strand is not |
|
| 28:26 | that you can yeah, it's because have to integrate into the host |
|
| 28:32 | So the uh so if it's in replication mode. Okay, so this |
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| 28:38 | be a state where this is part chromosome, Right? This could be |
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| 28:46 | of the host. This could be host chromosome and it's integrated into |
|
| 28:51 | Okay, his own. Okay. chromosome and there's the viral DNA stuck |
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| 29:03 | the middle of it. All So um so that could be so |
|
| 29:08 | could be in that state for a but it could be in that |
|
| 29:13 | Stay in that state. And then synthesis of of transcripts. Okay. |
|
| 29:19 | RNA and translate the viral proteins assemble and then exit. Right. So |
|
| 29:27 | retrovirus is one of those that can be in multiple states. If you |
|
| 29:34 | it can be um sitting in a doing nothing okay at all. You |
|
| 29:42 | just sit in a chromosome and then direct synthesis of viral particles. Um |
|
| 29:49 | could just pop out pop out of genome completely. And just now then |
|
| 29:54 | up viral production. So all three those scenarios are possible. Okay. |
|
| 30:00 | and so we can see the actual here of a HIV infection. So |
|
| 30:07 | is very specific in terms of cell infects. Um So very narrow trope |
|
| 30:13 | um okay. Um and also narrow range. Right? So we'll talk |
|
| 30:19 | these cell types later in the We talk about immune system but t |
|
| 30:26 | cells and it's a specific type of helper cell. Right? There's different |
|
| 30:30 | of these. And so um to ourselves as we learn well we will |
|
| 30:36 | are instrumental in really controlling the entire system response, adaptive immune system |
|
| 30:45 | That's the part of the immune system produces antibodies and has other effects. |
|
| 30:49 | , so um can help ourselves of type of effect are very important in |
|
| 30:54 | . So you can imagine if you're off these things eventually it really devastates |
|
| 31:00 | advantage being system um in any So here is a retrovirus uh |
|
| 31:08 | recognizing the particular this particular proteins that that are only found on t. |
|
| 31:13 | cells uh gets entry on coding So here's our reverse transcriptase that it |
|
| 31:19 | with it um copying eventually into double DNA. Using the transcript place plus |
|
| 31:27 | DNA primary and then that will integrate the host chromosome. Okay and so |
|
| 31:32 | uh those that are uh H. . V. Positive. Okay. |
|
| 31:38 | remember when we talk about animal viruses they integrate into the chromosome we call |
|
| 31:43 | pro viruses. Right contrast with although in bacterial viruses we call the pro |
|
| 31:50 | . Right? With misogyny here, called pro virus with animal viruses. |
|
| 31:54 | . But both are similar in terms its it's the viral genome integrating into |
|
| 31:58 | host chromosome. So what we call state, that's where it's kind of |
|
| 32:04 | sitting in the um chromosome doing Okay. Just sitting there and it's |
|
| 32:11 | kind of along for the ride. as the host cell is doing whatever |
|
| 32:16 | doing multiplying or whatever the virus is sitting there. Okay. Um and |
|
| 32:23 | you don't know in fact it's so who's HIV positive would not test positive |
|
| 32:33 | in that viral state. So it's virus is in a latent state where |
|
| 32:37 | not doing anything just hanging out in chromosome not even producing any viral |
|
| 32:42 | So a person in that condition has symptoms of disease um would not test |
|
| 32:49 | HIV positive uh because HIV test is on is an antigen test antibodies a |
|
| 32:58 | for the presence of management. And viral particles aren't being produced at |
|
| 33:02 | There's nothing to detect. So then can't enter a state where it hangs |
|
| 33:09 | , still stays in the chrome zone then slowly direct synthesis of of viral |
|
| 33:15 | . Okay, so here's a budding . So these are enveloped viruses, |
|
| 33:20 | proteins that go into the envelope are not shown here, but they're probably |
|
| 33:27 | of the golgi. But then we to the surface and they have these |
|
| 33:32 | proteins sitting on the surface. And the viruses bud bud. Remember the |
|
| 33:35 | process? They'll have that wrapped around as they exit. Okay. Um |
|
| 33:42 | so we could do that at a rate. Right? A few viruses |
|
| 33:45 | a time and the cell remains Okay. Um but then, you |
|
| 33:51 | over time you'll build up enough viruses would be detectable and then you'll be |
|
| 33:58 | HIV positive when enough of these are that are floating around your body and |
|
| 34:03 | it can be detected. And so that that can be from time to |
|
| 34:07 | . This virus integrates into the chromosome you see detectable levels of virus could |
|
| 34:13 | months or years before that happens. . Of course in that time uh |
|
| 34:22 | cell that's in can multiply. And more and more cells t t |
|
| 34:27 | cells will be present containing each containing of the viral genome. So you |
|
| 34:32 | it's all of the virus technically by is a multiplying the whole cell in |
|
| 34:39 | in can be replicating and it can of perpetuate itself that way. |
|
| 34:43 | And then now you can have all infected cells begin to produce virus and |
|
| 34:49 | that's what can cause the body to overwhelmed by it. All right, |
|
| 34:54 | the immune system. Uh because I'm as you know people that have HIV |
|
| 35:01 | although nowadays you don't it's it's not it was back in the eighties um |
|
| 35:07 | it was just you know the death typically um now you know people live |
|
| 35:12 | lives full pretty much a normal You know with with this because it |
|
| 35:16 | be controlled with a variety of different drugs and whatnot. Although of course |
|
| 35:22 | not the case everywhere on earth because is still epidemic and parts of the |
|
| 35:28 | africa and elsewhere. Uh and that's whole other reason cultural and otherwise that |
|
| 35:35 | don't have access to the drugs. if you have access to drugs and |
|
| 35:40 | can be have a pretty normal Okay. But that's that's a whole |
|
| 35:46 | political medical issue otherwise. Right. like many things are these days. |
|
| 35:52 | So any questions? Okay so um then you have to go rage against |
|
| 36:02 | pharma. Right? It's a I I do sometimes but for different reasons |
|
| 36:08 | . Alright. Um Okay so animal plant post defenses. So we talked |
|
| 36:15 | this in the context of bacterial host of course. And talking about pages |
|
| 36:21 | of course. You know those that affected by viruses have ways to |
|
| 36:26 | Okay. Uh as with you a common defense is simply just acquiring |
|
| 36:33 | in those via mutation through the the on the surface by which the virus |
|
| 36:41 | entry. Right? So think of as a lock and key. |
|
| 36:45 | If you change the lock right then virus the virus key can't get |
|
| 36:50 | Right? So you change it and can't bind or binds very weakly and |
|
| 36:54 | infect very well. So that's a common way to counteract or minimize viral |
|
| 37:00 | . RNA interference is another one. talk about that later in the |
|
| 37:05 | But um that's a widespread mechanism. express RNA S. That can um |
|
| 37:13 | two viral genomes and interfere with expression viral genes. Another one we'll talk |
|
| 37:20 | later. So immune immune system you produce antibodies of course the viruses that |
|
| 37:27 | have various effects. We'll talk about later. Um innate immunity. So |
|
| 37:33 | real briefly. So I'm sure you this is your innate immune system compliance |
|
| 37:38 | what you're born with physical barriers you against infection. The various types of |
|
| 37:45 | barriers you have against infection um including of interferon. Okay I'm not gonna |
|
| 37:52 | into details now because we're going to about it later anyway. But basically |
|
| 37:56 | they do interference are um can are me to show you this. So |
|
| 38:04 | are triggered by a viral infection. here's a cell could be one of |
|
| 38:09 | cells that's infected with the virus and infection itself is what induces production of |
|
| 38:15 | . Okay so the virus infected cell the one that gets triggered to do |
|
| 38:21 | and so interference is secreted by the and so neighboring cells it can diffuse |
|
| 38:27 | and neighboring cells if they have the for it will bind interference and that |
|
| 38:33 | trigger the production of antiviral proteins. the infected cell will likely be sacrificed |
|
| 38:40 | die as well to the infection. it gives off the protective interferon to |
|
| 38:46 | these other cells that can produce antiviral to counteract infection. So that's that's |
|
| 38:51 | innate immune immune defense you have. to counteract the viral infection among |
|
| 38:57 | There's others will talk about and we into the immune system but this is |
|
| 39:02 | one of them. Okay um the last thing any questions. So |
|
| 39:09 | thing is a little bit about So this was at the beginning, |
|
| 39:12 | shoved it at the end. Okay because um this wasn't when I was |
|
| 39:19 | school um many centuries ago I um to me were always there was nothing |
|
| 39:29 | about a virus. When I was this there was nothing nothing about it |
|
| 39:35 | all that cause disease. There's nothing about. Of course that's changed. |
|
| 39:39 | so this is kind of what this meant to show is that viruses have |
|
| 39:42 | significant impact in terms of ecology. ? And so you know I think |
|
| 39:48 | to um intro bio um and ecology on one. Right. So the |
|
| 39:56 | diverse ecosystem is uh actually the healthier is um we have the contribution of |
|
| 40:03 | different species types in an area. lots of diversity. Um Overall that's |
|
| 40:09 | healthier ecosystem. And viruses can uh that that generate that in different types |
|
| 40:18 | ecosystems. And this is showing you marine ecosystem where viruses. So of |
|
| 40:23 | you have to have bacterial types in waters. You have periodic microbes, |
|
| 40:30 | , etcetera marine waters. And so that infect these types. Okay, |
|
| 40:36 | they're bacterial viruses, whether they're eukaryotic , they affect their particular hosts, |
|
| 40:42 | they allergy or whatnot? And uh destruction of those cells leads to production |
|
| 40:49 | organic materials. Right? Destroy that's organic materials and you those are |
|
| 40:54 | available for others to eat. So that in itself provides organic material |
|
| 40:59 | can help feed the ecosystem. Um also the viral infection can just go |
|
| 41:05 | the next slide here. Can um is what we're talking about here. |
|
| 41:10 | the this viral shunt, right? the eating or the infection of of |
|
| 41:17 | or eukaryotic cell types causing the degradation information organic matter that others can |
|
| 41:23 | You know feed feed ecosystem. But to the act of reducing these populations |
|
| 41:29 | can can make room for other species appear and grow and so kind of |
|
| 41:35 | diversity by minimizing so not letting not certain populations get too big and become |
|
| 41:42 | kind of lower their numbers and that availability of resources for others to maybe |
|
| 41:49 | diversity. That's kind of the idea . Um The other thing is so |
|
| 41:53 | you know. Yeah they infect a host but it doesn't mean they're gonna |
|
| 41:58 | them. That that doesn't happen because host itself can have one of these |
|
| 42:04 | , they both are evolving. So host itself although they may be reducing |
|
| 42:09 | to a degree, they're going to something that they're gonna be resistant. |
|
| 42:13 | so because viruses gonna have this effect the ecosystem, that doesn't mean they're |
|
| 42:17 | populations to extinction there, reducing But the hosts themselves can evolve and |
|
| 42:24 | resistant so there's always gonna be that and forth kind of thing. |
|
| 42:29 | But overall, you know viruses of type do help maintain ecosystems. Okay |
|
| 42:36 | in your own gut as well. so um so viruses aren't all bad |
|
| 42:43 | here. Okay, um, any ? It's actually probably a good segue |
|
| 42:48 | we're talking about nutrients and uptake and leads us into metabolism. Alright. |
|
| 42:55 | , um, so first I know metabolism you think, oh my |
|
| 43:03 | it's like a bazillion reactions and a enzymes have to memorize and uh organic |
|
| 43:11 | and this and that. Uh but I'm not gonna expect you to |
|
| 43:18 | every reaction. I don't even don't approach it that way. Okay, |
|
| 43:23 | it's more about the stages of what goes in what comes out, |
|
| 43:27 | the energy production kind of a So, um, to me, |
|
| 43:32 | me just flip the slide here, actually gonna start with that kind of |
|
| 43:37 | question. I'll come back in a . Well, I'll put it up |
|
| 43:40 | I'll talk while you're answering this kind a metabolism knowledge question and what do |
|
| 43:46 | recall or think you know about Or don't know. Whatever. |
|
| 43:51 | So while you're looking at this. I think as a I'm assuming everybody |
|
| 43:57 | here is a bio major or Okay, so I think there's certain |
|
| 44:04 | when you leave this place university as bio person that you should know. |
|
| 44:11 | , I don't mean no to the degree and you know, every |
|
| 44:15 | I mean just the conceptual knowledge of of central dogma. Right. How |
|
| 44:24 | flows. Right? How um basic principles. Right. So these things |
|
| 44:32 | should know. Okay, you don't to come out here and go, |
|
| 44:36 | his auto trophy? You know? would be horrific. I would don't |
|
| 44:41 | me. Don't tell me that. , so, well, I'm gonna |
|
| 44:48 | this tube in away. I hope not going to be make you |
|
| 44:51 | Okay. Yes. Ah Sorry, . Okay. Yeah. Real bio |
|
| 45:32 | . Okay. All right, counting . Okay. Um Yeah, it's |
|
| 46:00 | a lot of people. Yeah, most the two most popular answers are |
|
| 46:04 | That's fairly consistent. So, um oxygen you hail, hail, the |
|
| 46:12 | you inhale is converted to water is . Okay. Um That's that's that |
|
| 46:21 | except er right, auction terminal except respiration. So G is correct. |
|
| 46:27 | are all are true statements. So, uh I'm assuming you ate |
|
| 46:36 | donut. Maybe you didn't need a this morning, but uh whatever you |
|
| 46:40 | today, that's what your body sees basically as Okay, so, let's |
|
| 46:49 | way I do this um Like, I said, I'm not gonna expect |
|
| 46:57 | to memorize every metabolic reaction That's covered Chapter 13 or 14. It's more |
|
| 47:08 | going on, Because you can always to a book and find what what |
|
| 47:12 | enzyme and the specific reaction are. approach is more. Can you find |
|
| 47:17 | right book on the shelf? And no, kind of what's the |
|
| 47:21 | of that book if you want to up an individual action. Fine, |
|
| 47:25 | ahead. But it's more the somewhat you go into a little detail on |
|
| 47:31 | things. But not not memorizing all reactions. So, anyway, so |
|
| 47:35 | of what's going on here? So, if you think of bacterial |
|
| 47:39 | and culture growing, right, you , you talked about this in chapter |
|
| 47:45 | I think. Um so you produce of cells. Remember? This represents |
|
| 47:49 | of protein synthesis going on lots of replication, lots of energy requiring |
|
| 47:57 | Right? So this is going to something to supply that energy. |
|
| 48:03 | If you're growing and growing and Okay, So remember that the overriding |
|
| 48:12 | that has the biggest influence and this a carbon source. Okay. And |
|
| 48:16 | can come up obviously in a variety different forms. Right? So in |
|
| 48:20 | chapter 13 is pretty much focusing on hetero trophy. Right? If you're |
|
| 48:28 | scratching your head about a trophy, what you are. Okay. |
|
| 48:36 | Yes. Um so when you eat , you're likely eating all for these |
|
| 48:42 | and a bunch of other stuff. . And your body processes. |
|
| 48:46 | So um obviously, talking about energy conversions, right? Running energy |
|
| 48:53 | molecules and forming transforming into other types molecules. Okay, um and so |
|
| 49:02 | you can't biology cannot use the energy say burn something, right? You |
|
| 49:09 | burn glucose and get lots of energy that, but we can't use heat |
|
| 49:14 | that way. Obviously we would blow . We do use heat by heat |
|
| 49:18 | of metabolism for something else. What we use it for? Yeah. |
|
| 49:25 | . Body temp controlling your body So that's what makes us a endo |
|
| 49:30 | . Alright. Endo therms. So actually we use we do use |
|
| 49:34 | heat from chemical reactions to control our temp but we don't use them in |
|
| 49:39 | themselves to make a reaction going to . Okay. So um and so |
|
| 49:46 | we capture energy. Right? And you see so many reactions occurring like |
|
| 49:51 | from glenn calls through respiration is we're breaking down the molecule and then capturing |
|
| 50:00 | at different points and we can't do all at once or if you do |
|
| 50:05 | all at once it's actually kind of . You lose a lot of so |
|
| 50:09 | heat that very little is captured. we do it in increments and capture |
|
| 50:14 | at points along the way. And um and there are I know |
|
| 50:20 | familiar with uh I already answered that . It is a head or a |
|
| 50:25 | . Okay. Remember autotrophs? C. 02? Okay. Um |
|
| 50:33 | the uh I lost my train of . All right, I'll just keep |
|
| 50:37 | . So um everybody is aware of teepee. Of course. Right? |
|
| 50:43 | there's other energy molecules that we're gonna . Alright, there's the N. |
|
| 50:49 | . D. H. Okay. F. A. D. |
|
| 50:54 | To primarily that. Right? That not a big energy carrying molecule. |
|
| 51:00 | it's really about those two. And will lead ultimately these will lead to |
|
| 51:10 | lots of a tps as we'll Okay, so um the So the |
|
| 51:19 | we go through this process, Think about in terms of don't focus |
|
| 51:23 | much individual reactions necessarily. But what's stages that we're going through as we |
|
| 51:28 | ? And so like I said, is its metabolism? Okay. Um |
|
| 51:35 | uh can robotic process, soak anabolic , release energy. Okay. And |
|
| 51:43 | so what we're doing in a tropical taking complex organic materials, right? |
|
| 51:47 | lipids, carbohydrates, etcetera. And so what are we doing when |
|
| 51:53 | say we're producing these energy molecules? , Where is the energy actually coming |
|
| 51:59 | in the molecule? Where? What's you say bond? Right. |
|
| 52:11 | . Breaking bonds. Breaking bonds, are electrons sharing of electrons. So |
|
| 52:17 | capturing energy through really oxidation. And reductions are big in this |
|
| 52:24 | Okay? Um so redox reactions. so we're carrying electronic carrying energy. |
|
| 52:31 | . And so in real reactions, gonna form in the N A. |
|
| 52:37 | . E. Is the electron carrying . So we're going to reduce N |
|
| 52:40 | D N A B H. And also F E G H two. |
|
| 52:46 | . And so there's going to be main energy carrying molecule that we're going |
|
| 52:50 | do something with. Okay, so is what in essence what hetero tropes |
|
| 52:56 | organa tropes same thing. Right. now in fermentation, okay, we |
|
| 53:04 | doing what's called an incomplete oxidation. when you when you um break down |
|
| 53:10 | uh a carbon source and fermentation you're taking it all the way to |
|
| 53:15 | 02 and water. Right? As do in respiration. Right? You're |
|
| 53:20 | to molecules like this right? In by definition is also no auctions. |
|
| 53:25 | . Right? So metabolism without Remember pasture. Okay, so um |
|
| 53:30 | the end product of things like acetic , formic acid, ethanol butin all |
|
| 53:38 | your c wants to see fives you to see four more common. Um |
|
| 53:46 | with these uh in products there's still lot of energy left. Okay. |
|
| 53:51 | bacteria can grow on acetate, bacteria grow on ethanol. So we know |
|
| 53:57 | energy still there. Okay. And can just see it in terms of |
|
| 54:01 | in contrast to C. 02, sio two is super stable. |
|
| 54:07 | Company break down SEO to write biological . Okay, so um but certainly |
|
| 54:14 | lots of energy left in these molecules that are in products of fermentation. |
|
| 54:18 | , that's the nature of fermentation, um produces less energy because of the |
|
| 54:24 | they do their metabolism and they end with products that have um energy left |
|
| 54:30 | them. Okay. So uh to a fermenter doesn't mean they can't grow |
|
| 54:36 | high density they can if you give enough of their carbon source. Um |
|
| 54:44 | they also have another thing they're And that's the end products themselves can |
|
| 54:48 | inhibitory. They're producing acids, These chemicals are inhibitory. So fermenter |
|
| 54:54 | to deal with that as well. . So um but let's talk about |
|
| 55:00 | later. So let's put that on shelf for now. But the point |
|
| 55:03 | uh um in respiration we are capturing lot more energy compared to fermentation. |
|
| 55:10 | . And so um and we produce energy carrying molecules, right? In |
|
| 55:18 | , the only energy you're producing is the form of A. T. |
|
| 55:22 | . Okay. And it's much Much less. Much much less. |
|
| 55:28 | . Um but we produce lots of in respiration. Okay. And the |
|
| 55:34 | about although comparatively speaking, fermentation looks basic and it is compared to |
|
| 55:41 | Respiration involves several stages, a lot reactions uh different processes, right? |
|
| 55:48 | have um electron transport system comes into . Okay, that's where auction has |
|
| 55:53 | role. Right? If your aerobic , the other thing to remember is |
|
| 55:57 | bacterial archaea world. Alright. You the ability to use things other than |
|
| 56:04 | . Okay, nitrate respiration is very . Uh You can use other things |
|
| 56:10 | um iron even and so forth. a lot more diversity with precarious compared |
|
| 56:18 | us. Okay. In terms of . So um so we have so |
|
| 56:24 | feeding this thing. Right? So have uh the process of respiration or |
|
| 56:30 | both require a source of food, ? An electron source. Okay. |
|
| 56:38 | feeding the feeding the engine, so speak. Okay. And uh and |
|
| 56:43 | the respiration. We have a terminal . Okay. For us it's oxygen |
|
| 56:48 | ? Or something else? If you're a robe. Right. So this |
|
| 56:52 | the a robe. Oxygen and a . Something other than oxygen. |
|
| 56:56 | Arab and arab. Okay. And um so photo retro. So you |
|
| 57:01 | like I said for the most in chapter 13 this is basically what we're |
|
| 57:05 | on. Are these two process respiration fermentation? Okay. We'll look at |
|
| 57:11 | 14. We'll look at photosynthesis and trophy. Okay. But we do |
|
| 57:16 | while we're here head or a Photo hetero trophy. Okay so the |
|
| 57:21 | word there is hetero trophy. So is likely with with photosynthetic organisms. |
|
| 57:28 | Oh they fix C. 02. . Which is true. But your |
|
| 57:32 | patrols don't they can't fix co. . They still have to have organic |
|
| 57:37 | . Two as a carbon source. they can get energy using photosynthesis. |
|
| 57:43 | . So they have the ability to a TPS using light but they still |
|
| 57:47 | organic carbon for their source. Um and so again, we already |
|
| 57:52 | different things can be used for Different types of organic carbon sources. |
|
| 57:58 | . And so uh so last again is what we look at this |
|
| 58:03 | These processes in chapter 14. So but just to mention here |
|
| 58:09 | Right. So completely inorganic materials like iron H. Two S reduced inorganic |
|
| 58:19 | . H. Two S. Ammonia . Service energy sources for little tropes |
|
| 58:24 | Mogens can use hydrogen. And so um but again, most of these |
|
| 58:31 | also autotrophs. They have to have . 02 as their carbon. |
|
| 58:36 | so again, so the question the energy for this right, comes |
|
| 58:42 | either light reactions. That's a photo trove. Okay, Or from oxidation |
|
| 58:49 | inorganic materials like I just mentioned Two S etcetera. That's your lift |
|
| 58:54 | trophy or chemo water trove. Same thing. Okay, so uh |
|
| 59:00 | this is the last So I'm not mention this again until we get |
|
| 59:04 | Right? But just you know, for completeness, throw it in |
|
| 59:07 | So let's look at let's look at question. Okay, so respiration. |
|
| 59:15 | what you remember about respiration. So does it not require on this |
|
| 59:23 | Okay, what does it not I'm pretty sure you're gonna get this |
|
| 59:33 | 100% on this one prediction. Uh Can be lots of things. |
|
| 60:02 | . Be a donut. Don't overthink . That's the that's the lesson. |
|
| 60:27 | . Mhm. Already too. here we go. Yes, pretty |
|
| 60:38 | . It is all required. All . So and I'll uh show you |
|
| 60:48 | here in this uh diagram. So gonna see this um diagram a lot |
|
| 60:56 | the next two weeks. Okay. I'm gonna add to it. This |
|
| 61:02 | kind of a basic form of It's not basic. Okay, um |
|
| 61:10 | gonna add to this. But so point here is Okay, um and |
|
| 61:18 | got some questions coming up that relate this diagram. So I'm not gonna |
|
| 61:21 | everything yet. Okay, so the to remember here um maintain electron |
|
| 61:28 | Okay. You your your respiratory system you're in a robe, right? |
|
| 61:34 | can meet and a robe. This is still operating okay. Um |
|
| 61:40 | production of a proton gradient is the is really what it's all about about |
|
| 61:48 | , producing and maintaining in gradient is what this whole thing is about. |
|
| 61:53 | . Um you're basically alive because your are doing this okay, maintaining those |
|
| 62:01 | . proton gradients because you're gonna And the other thing to remember here is |
|
| 62:07 | if you maintain a proton gradient, maintain a TP production. And so |
|
| 62:14 | I realized I'm not getting specific here I have I'm gonna throw in some |
|
| 62:17 | first. Before I get more Okay, So then becomes how do |
|
| 62:22 | do this? How do we maintain ? Right. And what do we |
|
| 62:27 | to maintain? Okay, I'm being little bit cryptic here, but there's |
|
| 62:32 | point to that. Um and so , it's all about redox reactions. |
|
| 62:36 | reactions involved, of course, molecules give up electrons and the process become |
|
| 62:42 | and those that receive those electrons become . Okay, so, and both |
|
| 62:47 | things go hand in hand. And so it's it's respiration is full |
|
| 62:52 | these things. Okay. And so thing to remember. Is this all |
|
| 62:57 | ? A couple of energy requiring processes energy reducing process. That's what that's |
|
| 63:01 | we're doing all the time here in . Okay. Because it's it's it's |
|
| 63:08 | , you can say well, if something needs energy, let's just |
|
| 63:11 | it a teepee and that will Right? That's not that's not always |
|
| 63:15 | most efficient way to do it. other ways to do it, |
|
| 63:18 | And so where you can do things maybe save a tps or other processes |
|
| 63:23 | that's more efficient. And we'll see that happens. This concept happens time |
|
| 63:29 | again. It's happening on this diagram here in multiple ways. Okay. |
|
| 63:38 | . Alright, so again, I I'm being a little bit. Uh |
|
| 63:42 | really everything yet, but there's a to the madness. Okay. All |
|
| 63:47 | , so here's question one. We are inside E. Coli if |
|
| 63:54 | e coli anaerobic clear aspiring. Um location? 12345 would easily indicate slash |
|
| 64:09 | show this to us deposit. oops. This one. There we |
|
| 64:21 | . Okay, So areas circled areas . Is this anaerobic or aerobic? |
|
| 65:03 | . Okay. We're not sure. okay. No crime. Alright, |
|
| 65:16 | Down From 3 : one. Um I'm gonna answer this. Let's |
|
| 65:29 | move on. Okay. Okay, a minute. Is that I have |
|
| 65:38 | have another question. Let me just consult the oracle here. Um Oh |
|
| 65:48 | . Oh yeah, you said. , hold on. Okay, here's |
|
| 65:52 | question. All right, sorry, are inside the bacteria were still inside |
|
| 65:56 | . Coli no, we're not inside coli because it's not a little |
|
| 66:01 | This is more like a trophy. location would be looked at to |
|
| 66:07 | It's a little trophy. So you to look at the same, same |
|
| 66:12 | , same labeled sections. Now, question is it's a little trophy. |
|
| 66:17 | would you know that? Where would look? What would you look to |
|
| 66:21 | that out? Yeah, that's the question. Okay, so this time |
|
| 66:52 | it's a little trophy. How would know that? What would I look |
|
| 66:55 | assess that? Okay. All counting down from nine. So make |
|
| 67:03 | pick. Even if you're not 7654. Here we go. All |
|
| 67:19 | , nice. Okay, so, here, here and here. These |
|
| 67:32 | two locations. So this was this truth or not the trophy or Head |
|
| 67:41 | 12 maybe. Okay, let's look the head trophy. Look there a |
|
| 67:49 | and a real question mark. You there. Okay, so of course |
|
| 67:57 | differentiating between the donor electron donor for whole process, which is a a |
|
| 68:03 | the reduced form oxidized X. Um electronic and they are going to electronic |
|
| 68:10 | chain electron flow is important. So gonna ultimately go to a terminal except |
|
| 68:16 | which is be reduced picking up electrons to G. So that be can |
|
| 68:23 | oxygen. It could be something out the action nitrate, what have |
|
| 68:27 | Okay, so the point of this uh that that I just mentioned electron |
|
| 68:35 | . Right? You have a donor this whole process and um something at |
|
| 68:40 | end receiving. Um and in the , let me just I'm gonna go |
|
| 68:44 | gonna go ahead up to here. remember this. Right, right, |
|
| 68:49 | requiring energy releasing go together. So, I'm gonna put this all |
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| 68:53 | here. Okay, so membrane super because if you're trying to maintain a |
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| 69:03 | gradient is about, you know, from high to low concentration, right |
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| 69:09 | difference. Right? The membrane allows to kind of differentiate that. |
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| 69:14 | So you stuff molecules on one side a higher concentration than the other and |
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| 69:18 | membrane Of course, that's what allows to do that. Okay, the |
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| 69:23 | of the membrane also allows you to maybe some potential energy there because we |
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| 69:27 | a gradient with molecules that are right? They can't come easily back |
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| 69:32 | a membrane. Right? They repelled the membrane. Right, so that |
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| 69:36 | sets up like some kind of potential difference as well, high concentration outside |
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| 69:40 | in they can't get in because of membranes to two hydrophobic. Right, |
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| 69:46 | now you have some potential energy that can do something with if you allow |
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| 69:49 | to come in. Right, so to that in a second. So |
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| 69:54 | transport system. Okay, again, into a membrane. Right uh you |
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| 70:00 | stuff a lot of these into a . So the action of respiration occurs |
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| 70:04 | with the membrane for that reason. . For the senses the same way |
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| 70:09 | stuff into a membrane. Okay. we have electronic transport system. So |
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| 70:14 | have to feed the electrons of Right, so that's where the electron |
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| 70:17 | comes in. So you have to between two things. Think of this |
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| 70:22 | a food. This is a food . This is a donut. |
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| 70:27 | Um ultimately becomes oxidized. Right, we have digestion of course that breaks |
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| 70:33 | large particles are small but then we to get to molecular scale. |
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| 70:37 | So break it down like into glucose other carbohydrates and what have you Right |
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| 70:45 | , is it organic or inorganic? your little trophy versus Peter trophy if |
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| 70:50 | trophy difference. Okay, now, that source. Right, of course |
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| 70:58 | example all the time for this Right, so glucose is the source |
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| 71:04 | glucose doesn't interact with the electron transport directly. Right, Michael gets oxidized |
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| 71:11 | steps are gonna capture the electrons using guys right in A. D becomes |
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| 71:17 | to N A. D. These are the things that will interact |
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| 71:21 | interact with electron transport chain. so while this is the source of |
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| 71:26 | of the electrons the electrons are actually via these N. A. |
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| 71:31 | Going to N A. D. molecules. Okay. And so now |
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| 71:35 | feed the electron transport system. And this is comprised of various components |
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| 71:41 | components that each pick up and then off electrons to its partner. |
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| 71:46 | And so this is an energy coupling . Transfer electrons releases energy. |
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| 71:53 | And that energy is used to pump out as we'll see electron flows to |
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| 71:58 | terminal except er. Okay. And maintain electron flow is essential. |
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| 72:04 | So it's aerobic can be oxygen and , something other than oxygen. |
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| 72:10 | And so you can probably reduce, have molecules on this side of front |
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| 72:17 | say left side that are better at off giving up electrons. We call |
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| 72:23 | donors right? And progressively to stronger stronger except ear's. Right. So |
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| 72:31 | markets that like to give up electrons to those that more progressively like to |
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| 72:36 | electrons. And when you have a like that you maintain flow. |
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| 72:42 | And oxygen is the most biological The most highest affinity for electrons. |
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| 72:48 | we call highest reduction potential biggest ability grab electrons is oxygen. And that's |
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| 72:55 | of the reason why electrons flow that and they flow. The energy released |
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| 73:00 | transfers pumps protons out. Okay, that then so here's your potential energy |
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| 73:07 | these things can easily cross the membrane charged won't go through unless you give |
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| 73:13 | a conduit. And that's a P. S. A. T |
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| 73:17 | in place. So this this force both a force due to electrical attraction |
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| 73:24 | the inside of the cell is negatively . And also the concentration difference. |
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| 73:29 | the proton motive force are both those . And so energy releasing process protons |
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| 73:36 | down a gradient, energy requiring process a. T. P. |
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| 73:41 | A couple of those things together. make lots of 80 P. |
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| 73:45 | So it's all about flow. If don't believe it, there's an easy |
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| 73:49 | to test that. Get a plastic , put it over your head and |
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| 73:56 | that. Okay, you will You'll stop that, right? And |
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| 74:05 | stops everything up. You're dead. right, folks. See you go |
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| 74:11 | the lab, see you next I think about that. You don't |
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| 74:17 | sons. |
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