VideoPoints

• ••• • •• • ••••• • •
GEOL 6381 Petroleum Geology - Saturday PM 1-29-2022
Help Tour
© Distribution of this video is restricted by its owner
Transcript ×
Auto highlight
Font-size
00:00 I'm sharing it now. Right. . It's displaying. So we talked
00:06 this and, and again, you , it's one thing to see the
00:09 meter. It's one thing to see logs, but if you can see
00:12 real rock, to me, that's data. And that's, that's a
00:15 that I think is important for geophysicists understand and geologists because I know uh
00:22 a recent PhD that looked at well and comparative to real data, which
00:28 size. But the seismic is really remote sensors and uh you're not really
00:35 even even though even though the well right there in the well bore and
00:41 to the rocks are still not the thing as a core. So the
00:46 realists or the most real data would cores and outcrops. And that's and
00:53 in that vein, outcrops are really things. And uh this is,
00:59 you went to basin, which happens be in Utah, if you say
01:03 went to, you know, you've to be close to Utah,
01:06 And uh but anyway, you can these beds that are exposed and uh
01:13 are part of the the most organic uh layers of the custom Rocks.
01:24 just about anywhere in the world. docs are up to 29%,, But
01:29 average somewhere around 26%. These little you see here. So in these
01:34 , you get with vault rotation fault motion. You get examination, we
01:40 it of some of the formations were at now. These were never buried
01:45 enough, but there are other places probably, I don't know exactly where
01:51 is, but probably to the south these outcrops were flying around a helicopter
01:56 uh south of these outcrops, it's much much deeper and some of it's
02:00 to mature. But for the most , the the members of the delaney
02:09 the Green river formation, I can't of what it is here, but
02:14 the in those places where it's there are some places where the oil
02:19 or real oil shales are actually mature to produce oil. But some of
02:24 deeper ones are closer to producing So that when they retort them,
02:28 not such a big jump. And , right now, I'm looking,
02:33 kind of surveying through a lot of different weapons that we have in our
02:37 our arsenal as geologists to look at and photography, we use for a
02:43 of different things. But providence is of them trying to figure out the
02:46 environment and various aspects of reservoir equality the key reasons why we might thin
02:52 and look at the photography of a thing. And I could have showed
02:57 uh could have shown you 1000 different thin sections. But I'm just showing
03:03 want to show you the blues of . You can see there's quartz grains
03:08 here. And you can also see bio type in here. And this
03:14 something starting to to break down into and so you see a lot of
03:23 a fluid inclusion there. But make long story short I can tell this
03:27 an immature sediment and it's probably going end up with a lot of sediments
03:31 it's buried. And I could have you a clean line and whatnot.
03:36 but I think you get the point also we can use SCM on some
03:40 these things and this is showing chloride plates forming within Iraq. And uh
03:48 these things are definitely infill the ferocity close up the four throats. And
03:54 another thing related to unconventional. It's paper by Dong at all. I'm
03:59 sure it's an A P. But he was looking at doing point
04:06 in thin sections too in um different of illumination to try to highlight the
04:15 that might make it more brittle or brittle. And of course if you're
04:20 in ah an unconventional is you're gonna often are trying to find something that's
04:28 enough to fracture. And uh you it's something that's real will fracture.
04:34 problem with ones that are not Is there more plastic. Like like
04:40 of the marines ceiling shells which you for example if you try to try
04:46 fact some of them in the North . You know they're just gonna make
04:49 big blue and and that they're they're plastic. Somebody was telling me in
04:57 lab, there's an eye shale in Jurassic stands that I helped make a
05:01 discovery and, and uh and they they pulled those things out and when
05:07 put it on a plate and started put pressure on it, it actually
05:11 , it was like a big balloon it took, it was almost impossible
05:14 luxury. And something that's brittle, know, will flex so far and
05:19 it will fracture. But something that's like a piece of plastic will just
05:25 and contract, expand and contract, of like the wing of an
05:28 you know, it bends a lot hopefully it won't break. But,
05:35 braking is something you want in in an unconventional that you're planning on
05:42 . Okay. And of course you had just had Audrey basada. And
05:49 , so in terms of geochemistry, a lot of neat things that we
05:52 do with it in including maturation We look at a lot of these
05:57 things called veteran it reflect ints. uh, these guys are looking down
06:03 microscope and looking at the reflectivity of some of the carriages and the
06:16 and the fact is that we look when we look at the bitterness and
06:21 , and we try to see uh , what is actually reflecting off of
06:26 . And it's actually, you brighter than than 100% reflection in some
06:31 when it gets more, and more . that's that's just one mineral because
06:36 as it's very which in a lot ways to make sense in. There's
06:44 things that we can use to. these spores and pollen have coloration from
06:50 to brown. And not only spores pollen, this is this is right
06:55 of book, but also dina flatulence change color. And these are things
06:59 have an outer Thika that's made out a really tough material uh that can't
07:05 destroyed by acid uh dissolution. And as you bury it cooks and as
07:12 gets hotter and hotter it goes from transparent to translucent, two sort of
07:21 little whitish beige. Then it gets getting browner and browner. And then
07:26 it gets past the oil, when gets a good brown, it's in
07:28 oil window. When it gets past it turns black. Ah because you
07:33 be looking at something where it's all to gas, but you're looking for
07:38 . The confidence uh start out they start out dark and they've got
07:42 be cooked a while before they actually they become sort of like uh instead
07:48 being a white phosphorus to become black . And they get darker and darker
07:56 beyond the oil window and even into gas window. So you can kind
08:02 see if you've gone past the gas in a place where you're actually looking
08:05 the gasman. So there's a, a lot of fossil things that do
08:10 too. And every company had different . And the pitcher night reflects that
08:16 always argued with sport pollen, kind regular people and the economy, there's
08:21 arguments going on. But everybody had own system and it pretty much worked
08:25 well in terms of figuring out the of the things. So, uh
08:32 , when if we get a core of of Iraq, we can we
08:36 run total organic carbon and we can , you can cook the thing,
08:42 can put it in a gas Did you guys look at this
08:46 Remember seeing these things? What's Rock physics. Oh, you you
08:56 have your chemistry but you should have had your country. Right? And
08:59 just said to your country, petroleum and you saw these kinds of
09:03 But anyway, ah for the purposes this course, it's good to know
09:09 exists and it helps us figure out types of compounds are in there depending
09:14 the concentration of these different Carbon You know, this is 29,
09:20 different, there's different types of So they come up in a different
09:25 whether it's whether it's branched or not that sort of thing. And but
09:31 key is that we have a way fingerprint it, we have a way
09:34 determine with some of the sources of different compounds. Or in other words
09:40 we have the customer in versus green organics, we have certain compounds that
09:46 occur in one or the other. uh and sometimes you can get it
09:50 closer than that. And apparently Audrey can see um you know when oil
09:58 uh just because of gravity, the of the oil that migrates from one
10:02 to another is a little bit different where it started. And uh inaugurated
10:07 said that he's actually run studies where can see it across barriers. Like
10:12 you have a false Compartment and something to go around one fault compartment.
10:17 that oil might have had a slightly migration history. And uh and it
10:21 a slightly different pattern to it. of course uh we have these progressive
10:27 in the transformation which you should know there's dia genesis, you wouldn't
10:32 cata genesis and meta genesis. And these things start to alter in
10:41 And uh and when you get to , you know, when you when
10:44 get close to boiling is when things started happening. And but before that
10:51 things get moving and depending on the of Karajan's you have in there in
10:55 type of compounds whether they're gonna end being very heavy or very light,
11:02 the lighter volatiles are gonna definitely going mature faster. So if you have
11:09 a mixture of oil that's lighter than mixture of oil that happens to be
11:13 . You've got more complex compounds than heavier one. It takes longer for
11:18 two T. O. C. . To get two cooked out.
11:23 here is this is looking at the tonight the veteran night type three
11:30 Tonight type two. And Lift Tonight one. And Normally what we see
11:38 a marine system is this type And and it it has a combination
11:46 . Uh huh Non marine mixture from delta flow or even spores and pollen
11:54 end up landing in the ocean. also you end up with a lot
11:57 marine influx from that. This is uh type three is going to be
12:03 type of stuff that quite often turns coal. And and this is already
12:09 like cold. But the structure surgeons more like woody material, structured organic
12:18 on the far end of the Here you've got this thing called lip
12:23 and this is extremely lipid rich. this normally occurs in where'd you guys
12:29 ? What deposition environment or what de setting? Uh Do we normally see
12:34 lip tonight's for? Excuse me. . The custom. Okay. Does
12:43 say that on here? No that's good. So anyway uh so as
12:53 is heated and cooked, in fact of it converts because it's very lipid
12:58 . Most of it converts to oil . But then if you start breaking
13:01 oil down, you can start and into meta genesis, you can start
13:06 that into in the gates. But live tonight is, you know,
13:12 going to be ah a limited amount gas in, in their oil generation
13:20 the beginning. And of course over you're going to get oil and then
13:23 going to get oil and gas associated each other and then then it goes
13:27 to break down as it's over matured gas. And here is an example
13:34 the oil window here and the composition the Karajan's is important. You know
13:43 type of courage and it is and a way that's, it's a quality
13:48 , if you go back in here , in terms of oil generation,
13:55 quality of the, of the Karajan's high as the highest up here and
14:02 lowest down here in terms of generating . So, those are things as
14:09 geologist that you need to, to able to remember and reflect upon.
14:14 you can see here here's uh, you what the bitter night reflect its
14:21 be uh, somewhere between uh huh you get it to a mirror,
14:28 100. So if you get Get to 100%, you know, it's
14:31 to be really cooked. But but the, this is getting close
14:38 I think one I believe, somewhere here and uh, it just depends
14:43 the, on the type of carriages begin with. But But a lot
14:48 times oil window might not start depending the type of carriages till 5000
14:53 And um One of the important things that is around 5000 ft. You're
14:59 the temperature and pressure that silica goes solution and when silica goes into solution
15:06 start to mobilize the silica that conformed cement and and so if you can
15:14 Maturation before that 5000 ft temperature typical temperature and pressure before you get
15:21 segmentation and get it to charge a ahead of that. Then it's a
15:26 good And here's an example of looking a type two mhm Karajan and it's
15:34 you oil generation uh starting here at ah two kilometers which would be definitely
15:47 than 6000 ft. And so this is starting a little bit later.
15:52 the but if you had type Type it might start a little bit
16:00 What is the bad side of lancaster oil or lifting? Yes you guys
16:07 what that is. How about the oils in general? Although it's although
16:21 really rich in an oil like it's got a lot of waxy oil
16:27 in it. And so it can it can be heavy and thick and
16:33 and that will come into play when start talking about the luau structure again
16:39 um again the window is different depending the T. O. C.
16:43 there uh in fact quite often what geochemist will do in a given
16:49 in a given source rock, they generate one of these charts to try
16:52 figure out what it is for that source. Right, OK. Another
17:00 tool that we have in our toolbox bios photography. It's critical for correlation
17:05 going to have right after this, going to do well not after
17:08 but after the way we look at geophysics for a few minutes. Ah
17:13 it's critical for correlation and you're going see that in your correlation exercise.
17:19 important for understanding the age of the and that's important for understanding timing of
17:27 the elements of a petroleum system when being developed. It's good to know
17:31 the age of formation is for a . Doesn't just tell you what the
17:36 is, but you get to see and relative age is tied to your
17:43 geo chronology or your geo chronology. able to kind of get an understanding
17:49 when those traps formed when the reservoir was deposited when it might have been
17:55 to be charged. And that sort thing. And it also helps with
18:00 deposition, which is a really important to what types of de positional setting
18:07 in and the deep water in the , I'm up on the shelf and
18:12 had a barrier system or I'm an system knowing where you are there helps
18:18 get relevance to your log motifs. if you're logged motif could be uh
18:25 in a different deposition, all Getting that information from the paleo will
18:30 you in the right deposition all So you can start figuring out what
18:33 deposition all faces off. And and then there was a period of
18:40 when uh, when they were first to do the gulf of Mexico started
18:44 the gulf of Mexico. They realized for Alex sand stones were really important
18:52 terms of where they were producing a of their oil and gas. And
18:56 they started making pillow geography maps of the coastline was saying the ah,
19:05 early paleo seen, the Middle Police the Upper Police scene. You
19:09 all these different periods of time. was the coastline more or less at
19:13 given point in time relative to the plain, how deep it was.
19:18 they could figure out where to find poor Alex sands. Uh, and
19:24 , they're very useful for picking faults the chalks in the North sea With
19:29 photography, we picked 30 ft faults the size we couldn't even come close
19:34 noticing it. And and then of , another thing that's really important when
19:41 drill a well, you can run overpressure and uh, there are seismic
19:46 which I want to talk about There are seismic methods where you can
19:49 of predict where overpressure is. And aside from that, when you have
19:54 lot of wells and you've collected by strategic Afeyan those wells in a given
19:59 , you know exactly what strata, interval, you're usually going to hit
20:03 ah that over pressured section. And when I worked at an Amoco that
20:10 were very good at this. And almost all wells, when they would
20:14 within a few 100 ft of what thought was the pressure interval, they'd
20:18 paleontologists out there to pick the spot they would set casing just above
20:23 And uh and then they would, they drilled through and they hit that
20:26 , it was okay that they still an open hole. And uh if
20:29 stayed over pressure it's fine. But you just have a pressure zone and
20:33 got to, once you drill through , you've got to seal that off
20:36 you drill into the normal pressure section it. So, what happened really
20:47 that it can be really overpressure is because it bleeds and it, you
20:56 , you get a kick and that's of, you know, they had
20:59 really over very over pressured section in BP oil spill and they didn't have
21:04 under control and they never got it control. It was never, never
21:07 under under control. And uh but they thought they had control. But
21:15 happens is uh you did you have porous interval. It starts bleeding off
21:21 pressure. It's going to go up hole and it might start Going into
21:25 one. And quite often what happens it a little, it will force
21:30 drill your drill tools up against the of the well and you can't get
21:35 and it's sometimes really hard to get out. Sometimes you have to cut
21:39 pipe off and and drill around it do it a side track. And
21:44 it's very difficult. There's other places it's uh the ones that I had
21:50 with in the in the offshore was it was under pressure. You could
21:55 an under pressured sand and that would suck it like a vacuum into.
22:01 those were very difficult to get through on the size of it. That's
22:08 problem. The thing is is if can get casing you can set the
22:13 just before it and then go through and then set another short liner in
22:17 to get past and then you can another string of casing later on.
22:23 We have it sealed off so the is protected from. And there's different
22:29 they used to they used to do I'm gonna get to distractions. That's
22:35 surveys. Got all sweet. But standard way of doing facing is that
22:43 have these protective plates um shipping. then you've got, so you might
22:58 go ahead and set another used to facing this all of it. And
23:12 this, this was all the way the top of the box. This
23:15 be all the way to the bottom it started from. So if you
23:24 get and stop here, where is ? It's coming up and then uh
23:32 is just a little section so you have mhm. You will find I
23:48 to be what so funny. Get good safe while you always next
24:00 Mhm And once you get to a point you just of course yes.
24:06 got this straight line. Thank The cement on the topside. So
24:14 sure everything's staying right. Security. . Stepped up. I don't have
24:22 stay home. So that's kind of a facing this. But the miners
24:28 did all minors without something. Despite the yeah. Yes. I
24:44 be surprised if they don't listen what understand that. Mm hmm. In
24:58 words get all the way down here finally hold. It's just like I
25:05 think I don't know how. Thank Casey at the bottom to get it
25:12 and important our boat looks like everything I have done in the past made
25:23 to me. This doesn't, but wouldn't be surprised if they have to
25:35 . But it amazes me how. . And they're not just like this
25:44 like this to if thanks and it's I know you can't you could probably
25:56 you could probably send down a wire tool with with a pipe and pull
26:01 back out. But that would be tricky. Yeah. There's a fire
26:06 . I think there is a rest here. Right? Yeah.
26:17 It's just it's just kind of It's just you know, and maybe
26:22 it doesn't have to have pads or or any orientation orientation to it,
26:29 don't know if you could even do image log in one of those things
26:33 you you would do it in the hole to get to get an idea
26:35 the strata. Okay. In uh of the reasons why in bio strategically
26:42 use tops is because of the way collect most of the samples. Most
26:47 the geological information on this planet comes cousins. And so we drill down
26:54 the hole types of the rock come and they were carried out by the
26:58 . They come across the screen and grab a sample there. It's called
27:03 shell shaped and then it goes back here. This place is a big
27:10 , it's offshore to keep it They actually have these hyper filters actually
27:17 everything out. It's greater than 62 so see the silver size or
27:25 So it's okay for microfossils but for fossils and scores and probably still get
27:30 lot of so, so you you normally pick the top, but
27:36 wouldn't pick a face. So as drilling down into something, paleontologist pulling
27:43 into first, correct down the speak to the clients here. Last
27:53 seriously you get extinction. That's what extinction point of course can be impacted
28:01 the deposition. And I'm not teaching photography here. So I won't tell
28:06 how we get around that. But suffice it to say we use tops
28:14 this is a chart from the gulf Mexico that people are still using even
28:18 This was done in 19 1993, kind of repeated this thing in 2000
28:24 he did the same thing later But people that are actually doing this
28:32 come up with that much work. . Uh jim Bergen, who I
28:37 with has done something that okay, with the process. But they also
28:45 some of these other things and which when we come down and we see
28:51 different fossils, whether it's this group fossils, that group of fossil and
28:55 group of fossils, it normally means penetrated that age. Okay, Just
29:01 we go down lower. Uh you , we're gonna find new tops.
29:07 how we figure it out. And lot of these are actually tied to
29:10 flooding surfaces uh in the sequence And one of the problems with that
29:17 a lot of times it's, it's of done by cutting and pasting.
29:23 what am I going to get it I was working there was he used
29:26 tool called graphic correlation where we tied foot for foot to uh whatever our
29:32 might be at this to be actually fossil tops, wow. In a
29:39 sense and not a local sense. . Okay. But having said that
29:47 , if you're, you're doing bio , you get a very um finally
29:54 a system that works in that strata that part of the world. And
29:58 can actually tell that you're going up down and here's what a shell shaker
30:04 like in action. Um I don't why I cut off the side of
30:09 maybe, but I wouldn't listen. when you're offshore on a rig,
30:13 is in the Caspian sea, there's six of these because if the samples
30:18 coming on fast, you got to more than one. And uh and
30:22 of course of one breaks and There was about six of them,
30:26 no more than two running at one . And it's time. And they
30:31 put stuff down the well board to how long it takes stuff to come
30:34 up. And uh having started out an academic and then started doing
30:43 I always thought that this would be horrible way to, to figure out
30:47 depth something was at. But it really well. It's just it's mind
30:52 , especially when you watch the guy there collecting and he's sitting there smoking
30:54 cigarette and he goes, well, think I'll take one now. I
30:58 I'll take whenever. They always come almost right. It's just it's the
31:04 of times I've come across something that in the way off in the wrong
31:08 has been so few times. I it's like there's shale and I get
31:14 , you get you get fossils and you go into the sand, there's
31:17 fossils. And then you come out the sand, there's fossils. And
31:23 this is just showing you, but apps are on ridge. I was
31:28 you a map earlier ah when it's you the the field is out this
31:35 deeper in the water and it's not deep because this ridge goes all the
31:40 almost too well actually goes all the to Pakistan and and but it turns
31:47 oil to gas as you get farther the basin. And I don't know
31:52 you can tell here, but you all these derricks for every well they
31:56 they built the derek and all the were straight down and for it what
32:01 can't see is for everyone you kind see here, there's uh there's these
32:06 , these lines coming off to the . So they had a wellhead come
32:11 onto the deck and they had pipelines go onto shore when you fly off
32:16 a helicopter, every one of them leaking. And uh and so they
32:20 had some environmental damage now that the union is gone and not controlling
32:28 Azerbaijan has come up with a lot environmental and health and safety type
32:33 And so the pollution levels are dropping dramatically for them. And they they
32:38 some interesting seals in the Caspian sea came all the way from the Baltic
32:42 a high sea level standard. And is just showing you a list of
32:49 that are used to figure out what water depth was in a particular
32:54 And so it's a pretty elaborate And I was talking about graphic
32:59 When we do graphic correlation, you take a rock section and And this
33:08 this is one solid well sector. is period of deposition. Breaking time
33:15 in my position, brake in So whenever you look at the
33:21 I think the most solid rock that be indigenous depositions and stuff. There
33:27 be 300 papers and said this was deposition just because they didn't have the
33:35 to to subdivide deposition event from deposit . The pause in the middle of
33:41 frame and so the opposition is sort punctuated. It's like you have a
33:50 and a bit saved and there's nothing a while or there's erosion and there's
33:56 and if it's safe and there's nothing for long or it's eroded. And
34:01 these things also might be normal, this is looking at many bases offshore
34:09 in uh what the chaotic systems you here, like there's a big wedge
34:16 and there's a tiny little thing And uh, and in some cases
34:23 geologist depending, I can't read the here, but these are times.
34:28 this might be thicker than that. , so this is this is there's
34:33 depth on here. There's a depth . So you can figure out the
34:37 . But sometimes these little ones are . So it's very lightly, if
34:42 of these wells are close to each , this one could have been correlated
34:45 death or if I stack all of together. Again, this is time
34:51 . This could have all been deposited and this would have been deposited a
34:55 listing. She said that the actual of the geologist does could be completely
35:01 uh offshore. And of course, some of the, some of these
35:05 basins, ah you, uh, oftentimes don't get good imaging and
35:12 and you can't really tell from the of what's continuous deposition. That's the
35:19 of that. Okay, and this is, this is just another
35:49 of the tools we have. And , so basically in geophysics, we've
35:55 a number of methods. Most of we do is his reflection seismic.
36:02 some folks use refraction occasionally. And the past it was mostly two
36:09 Seismic. Now it's mostly three Seismic. But right now they're not
36:13 much seismic at all anywhere. Which unfortunate. I think that's going to
36:19 soon with everything that I'm seeing going . And um and also there's gravity
36:28 and seismic started out with companies trying find prospects and the density of prospects
36:39 given basis. Now we were looking structures and they're trying to find things
36:44 would create tracks. And uh and from just being able to find potential
36:51 , they want to being able to things called direct hydrocarbon indicators. I
36:57 when I started working they just started now there's all sorts of things.
37:03 later on fred Hiltermann and some other around the world came up with the
37:08 versus upset or versus angle and uh that's a really good tool when you're
37:17 at the gala section, for in the gulf of Mexico during the
37:22 . Thank you. Yeah, I trying to do it with because Houston
37:29 has oil lights and some properties around state of texas because the everywhere they
37:34 properties that have size. So it's hard to have to have a good
37:40 with the human can't just have There's a lot of unsuspected. You
37:48 , you end up with something that already got the gatherers that's just kind
37:54 useless. But but nevertheless, even just that kind of seismic, it
38:00 help you with the structure, the overall structure that you see the regional
38:06 and also whether there's some major faults there on gravity Magnetics of is used
38:14 the past, used primarily looking at where we hadn't looked before to see
38:17 deep the basin was and model with sedimentary wedge would be. When you
38:24 something like that, you know, G. F. Business comes up
38:27 an idea what the rock column is it projects it and up up in
38:36 north of Norway and in the northern of, up in the arctic ocean
38:40 . I'm trying to think of I can't think of the name of
38:42 ocean, there's a special name for ocean, but but we were coming
38:47 with with basins that were 129 km , which is impossible. But but
38:57 know, with modeling, you can can end up making mistakes, but
39:02 , gravity and Magnetics are very good helping you point where the basement is
39:07 how thick the sedimentary regions and and in places where you drilled before,
39:13 that's really important ah Since early on now that we have three deep seismic
39:20 doing much more stuff than just spotting roughly traps and the factors that might
39:30 departments imaging is getting better, details, getting a little bit better
39:39 figure out ways to work around on absorbers like kilometers of salt. You
39:47 , they're figuring out ways to get that. They're also trying to the
39:52 sensors down uh that we can that's just the way you can also
40:01 share waves, secondary share waves. can also basically see which in other
40:08 it doesn't have bullets have no effect it. The helmet of pentagon the
40:14 because of that. Um because the the s ways, you know,
40:22 won't travel through, you know, just they go around in the
40:25 you can't do s ways from the because it won't travel through the and
40:30 can do this on the surface of water, but you don't feel
40:33 You get, for example, if sitting in a pool and you get
40:36 below the surface, this is a good way to test it for
40:40 Ah just hold your breath under the in the pool and have someone slap
40:45 above your head, you'll feel you know, and I don't mean
40:48 your head but just hit the you would feel it. But if
40:51 go like this, you won't know there's a wave of their own.
40:54 the sheer energy is just is just going to transmit through. So basically
41:00 goes around it when it's when it's the forks. And so the difference
41:04 you get between the P waves and waves is a really good indicator of
41:07 . Now, they also do four . Seismic where they run this three
41:12 . Seismic couple of times and they actually see a draining reservoir. And
41:17 they didn't used to be able to that. So there's a lot of
41:21 lot of new things that they're doing with seismic. Again, all of
41:25 things cost money. And and some the examples that I go through,
41:30 explain to you through the process of some of these fields. They've gone
41:35 two D. To three D. ocean bottom sensors to actually improve their
41:42 and recovery rates, but they wouldn't that if they didn't know something was
41:45 already. And uh and the gravity Magnetics helped you find out that there
41:51 be something there. Then the two . Seismic helps you see that there
41:56 is something there. And then three . Can nail it And uh and
42:00 can keep, you can help you . So when you look at all
42:04 the different tools that they have, pretty impressive. And because it costs
42:10 much money, a lot of people worked in it. And a lot
42:12 money from oil companies has been put it. Unfortunately right now, it's
42:16 of the things people have cut back because you can drill an unconventional well
42:21 size. And and this is just you a marine survey where you just
42:30 a reflecting horizon. You have all hydrophones here and you have a shot
42:35 there. And as you move you another shot point and another shot point
42:38 all the phones are picking it Uh as a geologist, I'm maybe
42:43 as a geophysics you might be, might be impressed that they can keep
42:48 of all this because it's pretty And and of course with three
42:56 Surveys offshore, they came up with lot more stringers so that so that
42:59 could have, you know, on . You can take a big grid
43:02 there and uh you just, you shoot anywhere and it goes across that
43:07 grid. And I think you move over here and goes across that whole
43:12 . So you can kind of, a little bit um from that mechanical
43:19 of it's easier on land. What's about doing it on land? As
43:23 , there's people on land and and and they're in the way properties in
43:27 way you have to make contracts with . And it's just a nightmare.
43:32 I know because we did a survey the university, um we got uh
43:37 geophysics to come in and do a to de survey for this to the
43:42 masters group. And we did a , the old spanish trail from the
43:47 the loop All the way to spur five. And they're from Spur
43:53 We went all the way downtown and did three, we were doing,
43:58 doing, we had four vibrant sized . Uh through that whole thing.
44:02 had we had Something like 110 vehicles the road doing this and it was
44:08 free. Yes. And uh unfortunately of the vibrance sizes wasn't putting any
44:17 and I'm not sure why Dawson didn't that out while we were doing
44:21 But we were trying to get down about 12,000 ft of Signal. We
44:28 got down to about 6000 food And a little bit more processing we might
44:34 able to get down to nine. I think the targets are a little
44:37 deeper and just so you know, have a good geological model as to
44:43 we're sitting on top of the biggest reservoir in texas. Right? And
44:48 one's gonna drill it because Houston is and no one would be really hard
44:54 drill. And then you have to the money up with an awful lot
44:59 but nevertheless uh you can see that you know they do these in line
45:05 things and then they'll Go 90° to across line. But with a
45:10 you know, you might do things different degrees and now they actually do
45:14 all over the place. It's, can't think of the phrase um What's
45:21 geophysical phrase for 360° as movable. do as three d. as little
45:29 uh uh and this is multi but but but We're talking 360°. They
45:37 they can do that as well. so if you have things gone in
45:41 directions, you know, you have arrival times in different places. You
45:49 of it as a two D. in any direction. You can come
45:52 with a lot of data points and lot of gatherers. Okay. And
45:59 is uh the deal with share of course you send off a source
46:05 . It puts this P wave in , but when it when it hits
46:08 and it's they're also called converted waves the minute a P wave hits a
46:13 surface that's been to generate another p and another S. Way. And
46:18 this is sort of simplified. But you can see just for this one
46:22 , you're getting an S way If you would also get a P
46:25 coming off of you get a P and an S way reflecting at the
46:29 time, the S wave being And but when you sort out where
46:35 is and at what time and you a difference in the size, weak
46:39 . You can figure out whether there's and then another real critical issue Seismic
46:50 in two way travel time and of of the velocity profile of the rock
46:58 changes. You know, if I all sand, it's gonna be real
47:01 . It's almost gonna be uh it's linear relationship. It's all shale,
47:06 all going to be kind of a relationship. Except what would change
47:12 Say it's all she'll say. I all exactly the same composition shale from
47:17 the surface to 10,000 ft with the change with depth. It would and
47:25 reason being is compassion. And so really is the reflectors that we often
47:32 is really the level of compassion between layers. And that's why an un
47:38 as a real big contrast because you rocks that have that have been compacted
47:42 and older and everybody's acting like it's to leave. But we've we've only
47:49 three more hours together. But as it turns out, it's kind of
47:57 good thing. It's it's that compaction , that relates to um the
48:08 the density contrast or the uh that going to get in a reflect of
48:14 survey. But remember I showed you the graphic correlation plot when I showed
48:20 how there's deposition and there's a break time and deposition. When you go
48:24 those boundaries, there's going to be reflection and the more time that's
48:29 the bigger that reflector is going to . And if you're not doing graphic
48:35 , very few companies are doing If you're not doing that, you
48:38 know that. And you can't see that change. And so it becomes
48:45 easy thing to talk but trying to out what the actual depth is relative
48:49 that travel time is really important. you can imagine if it was if
48:54 travel time was the same from top bottom. Now, the longer the
48:58 , the deeper it is just be really simple formula. But so to
49:02 around that, you can use sonic and you have these things called check
49:06 , uh, where they'll see how it takes. Yeah, pictures.
49:18 the place. Yeah, you might a well important. Yes.
49:28 Thanks so much time getting here so time. Thanks so much. And
49:35 differences. Hi give you a literal and you get a check shot
49:43 It's releasing me. No Excel spreadsheet we'll tell you what the depth is
49:49 quickly. Just using something like linear . Obviously with few check shots,
49:55 not as good. But if you a lot of check shots, it's
49:59 . And uh, there's companies that sell check shot surveys even today.
50:06 . Avi SPS. Political seismic profiles , are much better. And of
50:11 the Bsp log will or she will create something that looks like a real
50:21 and um, this is, here's a little shot thing here and
50:24 just showing you that depending on where is. You figure out the time
50:29 that death. And um, and you were to go to this
50:34 you know, you might have, it takes so many seconds to go
50:38 many feet or to go Say 100 or whatever. and uh and that's
50:45 average over this interval. But then we go down here, the difference
50:48 that will be an average over that room. And if I had a
50:52 shot up here and check shot, too far from that, you can
50:55 up with different interval velocities. But we do a BSP, you're kind
51:07 doing the same thing and you're but you're actually generating not just uh check
51:14 but it's more like a seismic And you're getting gathers on the on
51:19 the on the total wave of the wave that's that's going on. So
51:27 with the reflected waves here, you kind of figure out exactly, you
51:31 , I'm not going to show you whole process which would make it a
51:33 bit more simpler. But then it take an hour. Uh And there's
51:38 ways to do it. You can ones where where you have one receiver
51:42 you have multiple sources. And uh there's also we're gonna have a single
51:47 and just have the receivers in different in the well ah but uh to
51:53 you an example of this. This a sonic log synthetic response that you
52:01 see in a size with mine based the song. Okay. That didn't
52:07 through section like a DSP will go some section. This is just right
52:14 the rock. Getting the block Very good honorable velocities in each step
52:19 . But when you do the You get an idea of what a
52:23 size. We find one when you it. And that's really good here
52:31 this particular. Well, it's one the D. P. Published but
52:35 didn't realize how good it was for because we were able to show in
52:39 North sea that a lot of the breaks in this. We're related to
52:44 breaks. And like these major That's a deposition. I'll break right
52:49 . This was a deposition break. was a deposition Greg right here.
52:53 was also one. It looks a fuzzy and can the significance of that
53:01 is that some of the sands uh were deposited during the times represented to
53:07 And other places were correlated to the sand above or below that actual
53:15 And so they missed. In other , if if you had continuous hands
53:22 closer to shore, you have those stands might pitch out farther offshore.
53:27 there was a break in the deposition in that time was missing. So
53:35 pretty calm. Pretty interesting thing. of course this is just a really
53:39 diagram. Um It used to be simple. This is uh over
53:46 you have a three D. Line you happen to have wells over here
53:50 wells With Associated two D. And it's just showing you that to
53:56 of to get a sense of the intervals over here. Of the geology
54:02 relatively similar. You can tie it these two wells and you can see
54:09 these reflectors right here represented um some accumulations. Maybe there's some over here
54:16 . This is probably a big un here. I think this is
54:21 If it's offshore, it could have a uh the bottom simulating reflect DSR
54:31 I don't think, I think this onshore. And but you can tie
54:36 , you get a depth here in well, you you see a feature
54:38 the well log and then you see reflector and you're able to tie it
54:42 then you can tie the velocity to spot for this entire uh interval.
54:51 then what would be critical as if can tie multiple spots to that well
54:56 . And and get get smaller interval . And of course if you have
55:00 sonic log in there and you can a synthetic sonic log, you can
55:04 that synthetic log, two of S. P. Or create something
55:09 to, you know, you can a synthetic log to help you figure
55:13 what the seismic reflectors really are in of depth as the sonic log is
55:18 to be tied to death. And and not to two way travel
55:23 uh you'll have to wait travel time but they're going to be right at
55:27 point okay with seismic data, uh get a, there's a lot of
55:34 things. Um The first thing you of course is acquisition and and this
55:42 the second thing is processing and re and re processing, but there's a
55:48 of different steps to doing it. is one of the first things we
55:52 to do uh particularly if we have with with any dip at all.
56:01 seismic interpretation actually this is where geophysicists geologists make money is in the interpretation
56:10 acquisition. You know, it's as as some of these, like some
56:15 our professors are really good at acquisition it's very valuable to do it
56:19 And if you do a really good , you're going to have better results
56:25 you're going to be able to process better and that sort of thing.
56:29 the acquisition ah it's fundamentally critical because data collection. But nevertheless this is
56:37 is where the geophysicists and geologists turned all of this hard work and good
56:45 into money. And so the people are doing this tend to get paid
56:49 higher than the people doing those And in a way it is,
56:53 kind of backwards. You know if you have a really good seismic survey
56:58 you have somebody like Holloway show fred processing it for you for bob Wiley
57:04 good at acquisition and processing, you , you're going to be a step
57:08 of everybody else and the interpretation should easier. Yeah. Ah and,
57:16 , but because this is the interface finding oil and gas and seismic and
57:21 , these guys would get paid more anything. And uh, in some
57:26 they probably still do, except that doing a lot less sizeable, but
57:31 will come back just to go through . There's all sorts of different things
57:36 you do with seismic, but at end role in the end object of
57:42 processing, this is a seismic conversion trying to two to get the image
57:50 look like what the rocks really look . And uh, you know,
57:53 the sand stones, where are the , where are the brakes, were
57:58 faults? And that's the whole purpose it? Uh, and sometimes it's
58:03 and sometimes it's done in layers. here's, here's just showing um,
58:09 , something that's, I believe the spot here is the higher ferocity and
58:16 would probably be from a a three seismic line. And I actually have
58:22 from the luau structure that looks like . And I'll show you when we
58:25 about and here's something when they're kind looking at the surface and these are
58:31 attributes and sometimes they cross spot, to that computes to get the,
58:41 things that look like it might be sands or something like that. But
58:49 it turns out, these are probably delivery channels for turbulent system. And
58:56 have to know more about it and that what you know about it,
59:00 know what you're looking for. Then can try to seek ways to cross
59:04 these attributes to try to come up an image that will reflect what you're
59:08 for. There's a lot of trial error by it, john Costanza,
59:13 the way, is really good at this. And he was, he
59:17 out as a geologist and became a . And uh and so he has
59:24 lot of clever ideas with where the , just the properties of, of
59:32 seismic signal and how they relate to rock record. And here's one that
59:38 of shows fracturing. Remember we had diagrams that showed just major faults and
59:46 of the smaller, minor faults. is looking at a surface and displacement
59:50 the surface based on Sort of This probably looks like noise when they're
59:59 at one level in seeing these funny , but there's there's shifts in height
60:05 and whatnot at those points or excuse depth. And uh and those offsets
60:14 only be formed through the development of faults than you would normally be able
60:19 pick this size and sometimes they could major fractures. And here's here's looking
60:29 something with just p waves and here's and S waves, converted waves over
60:35 . And you can actually see the the amplitude that you're getting is magnified
60:42 you add in the shear wave data here. And this is some of
60:47 very first stuff that was done that back in 2002. Now they're doing
60:51 better. Mhm. Um This is just an example of interval velocities.
61:01 uh here's what you see in two . seismic and and this is one
61:10 the things that I think it's really for young people to see people were
61:15 to see that this was enough of hiccup people were able to see a
61:21 here. When there wasn't much of structure here with the seismic image,
61:26 knew there was more to this than a little flat surface. And the
61:31 structure was discovered for the acreage was Based on a two D line that
61:36 almost as pathetic as this. But then when they did a little bit
61:42 re processing with interval velocities, this what the structure looked like here.
61:49 you can imagine, you know, flattened out because Why would it be
61:54 out? Because there's one interval for whole area. 1, 1 set
61:57 pathologies. But here there are changes the, with ology changes in the
62:01 . Ology changes in mythology. And ended up with different interval velocities from
62:06 point to the next and you end with something like this with a lot
62:09 structure. Okay, um here's something to get rid of noise reduction and
62:21 and signal and it's real obvious here this is a better image than the
62:27 one. The another thing is that you guys have heard of multiples and
62:36 not going to try to explain but one of the guys, we've
62:39 to come here and he's a cows in Saudi Arabia and uh he um
62:48 started the University of Utah and he got his master's degree here. But
62:52 the same time I did, we got master's degrees here and moved
62:56 But but he uh he figured out way to use the multiple data.
63:02 the multiple, the energy from He's bouncing off of all these different
63:09 . He was able to convert that a mirror. He used like a
63:13 and doubled the mirror sides up and the signal by using the multiple
63:21 And uh and it's complicated math so can't explain it to you, but
63:25 you imagine a mirror and and the down here is what we're using.
63:31 the the multiple is actually this mirror that really in space would be up
63:37 way because it's bounced back up. taken that and added to the the
63:44 um reflected energy. And and it the images more higher amplitude. Now
63:53 take a look at something like this when I was working at mobile,
63:57 was a production geologist and we only one geology, we only have plenty
64:01 physics to help 29 uh production all the geophysics were working in exploration
64:08 they were making the big bucks looking oil and gates and uh and so
64:15 you probably can't tell from this this , this is in color. But
64:19 used to get R two D lines black and white and I would take
64:23 black and white line like this and would go xerox and crank up the
64:27 a little bit and then I'd xerox again and again and again and I
64:31 get a better image and uh it of, you know, like there's
64:38 nothing going on in here, but you can see like for example,
64:41 is stronger, this is stronger. then what it looks like, it's
64:49 that something is absorbing the energy So if you crank the contrast
64:53 it starts this starts to get darker this and this stuff here that you
64:58 hardly even see, starts to light . And then the little trailing things
65:01 coming off here start to get darker . So I did I did it
65:06 just contrast, I uh analog contrast increase. Thanks. Ah Okay,
65:16 did you see you can you can that on here but I was just
65:19 it with a copy. I just it. I took a seismic
65:25 I copied it with more contrast and took that copy and and added contrast
65:31 it again and added contrast to it . And it worked that's actually found
65:37 oil water contact that way. Um And so with interpretation, of
65:45 there's two d. 3 d. 40. And again, this is
65:50 showing you A two d. Line it takes some addition to interpret that
65:55 D. Line into something like But you have to know something about
65:59 geology and but it turns out this this is fairly accurate precision may have
66:07 pretty accurate representation of what ends up . And uh and then um this
66:14 showing you kind of the same thing how difficult it might be. And
66:20 and then someone's been able to put interpretation on that. Uh But then
66:26 start mapping surfaces with three D. in other words, you're looking at
66:33 of these surfaces, You know from from the two D. It's hard
66:38 really see it, but it's there you put the lines on it and
66:43 you get the workstation to put the on it for you or you draw
66:47 yourself. And then uh but then can take a look at the surface
66:52 this would be high and this would low on the structure and and here
66:59 can see faults in it and But what I don't like about anything
67:04 color based is that there's too many and this might be the wild water
67:13 with God knows what this is, a control. But if you're not
67:17 with contours, you're not going to get an idea of what you have
67:21 terms of a reservoir. So for subsurface structures, you shouldn't just get
67:28 the workstation and have, you use the million color temple. But
67:35 is uh here's so showing you an of this, how you can get
67:45 this is like a rift system where can get really high I resolution,
67:51 contour lines added to ah these these systems and this, this is actually
67:59 contour lines in it. But I a lot of times the geologists will
68:03 zero points of the, where the points belong in terms of what's going
68:09 . In terms of if you're doing ice a pack. But with
68:13 the relationship between what's on the other and this side, if you know
68:17 the throw in the fault is you can actually pick points of depth
68:23 that fault and add those to the and this is just the october Amoco
68:31 discovered this field. But these are in Ashkelon things that you can
68:38 it's this is a rift that failed I remember I was telling you that
68:42 you gotta ramp on one side and ramp on the other side and and
68:45 it's kind of switching back like this there's a little bit of a ramp
68:49 way and then it switches back and on and so forth. And uh
68:54 is um more detailed and this this course is from from three D.
69:04 you can it's in two D. you get much more higher resolution on
69:09 the layering and whatnot. And the units that you're going to see than
69:14 would in a two D. Line this is um showing you some of
69:21 differences in the tilt that you get the rap over, you get on
69:27 a false Scarlett. So you can some really detailed things in here and
69:32 A D. H. I. hydrocarbon indicator and what do you think
69:38 going on there and support? It's like, so I said that's what
69:54 blood sport. Okay, one thing happening, the velocity slows down to
69:59 to this point. So you've got you've got a reservoir and the reservoirs
70:04 down the philosophy around around this but here you're getting it's kind of
70:14 different. Mhm. You know, it slows slows down through here.
70:18 it's it's probably a little bit you know you did, you got
70:28 put your velocity over here as you over here and you're starting to uh
70:32 kind of flattens out, it doesn't it on this and when they flatten
70:37 on the water, it's gonna pull the part. If we just had
70:41 uncorrected one that would have been pulls back up and you can see that
70:46 got a here in and that's what is, And it's sort of like
70:57 different things were done to this one here's another bird's eye doing a similar
71:04 and this one, they didn't correct , but you can see the drawdown
71:08 this and then of course, um boomer on the gas is a little
71:15 higher because it was a higher quality contrast and density across the and I
71:26 this this has um converted waves in . Mhm. Okay, and then
71:34 versus offset or amplitude versus angle. I'm not going to read all of
71:40 , but just in general, you see an increase in amplitude, often
71:50 you go from these low impedance sandstone into water and then you're hitting oil
71:59 then you hit the gas and you're to see an increase in the amplitude
72:03 everything actually, as you get this the angle of incidence keeps going gets
72:09 and greater from the verdict. so it's kind of brightening up everything
72:15 that if you have oil and gas , it's going to be very bright
72:20 of the contrast on that reflect and of course it has to do with
72:25 rock properties. It has to do the fluid properties and and this doesn't
72:31 to be a low impedance sandstone, could be, it could be a
72:36 bit different and then you would get different response. But this is with
72:40 this particular rock and oil and you're gonna see something that looks almost
72:45 like this in terms of getting that to go up and and and so
72:53 at this here, we have near in here here we have mid traces
72:58 over here we're going to have the traces. So we're going to get
73:01 trace that comes over here like it's a far trace too. And
73:07 what this is showing you is is near traces, the response of a
73:11 trace amid trace in a fire And this is showing you that you're
73:17 ah for this particular rock, you're getting much in the mid mid
73:23 but in the far traces, you're that high reflectivity when you're getting getting
73:27 and gas, sometimes it could be little bit different than this. And
73:31 Hiltermann has gone all around the gulf Mexico and and kind of cataloging this
73:39 if this is a slightly different type sandstone reservoir or if it's not a
73:44 reservoir. Uh the effect of this going to be different and sometimes
73:50 I'll show you an example here. can see this is where you have
73:59 . Let's see if I can get . Yeah, I don't have
74:02 But here is something where you're, looking at um amid too far amplitude
74:12 . Here's well, 29, ah is this is the near and so
74:18 this particular rock, you can see there's a pretty good amplitude here and
74:23 pretty any higher amplitude here and a amplitude there. So, that's kind
74:27 what you expect to see. if you went back here, you
74:32 see anything in the near or the . And that's because the mythology is
74:37 combination of mythology and the fluids is . Okay, then, here in
74:44 , well, uh, something's changed mythology. This isn't a seismic
74:51 but something's changed in this with in this. Well, in the
74:56 in the mid, I have And then it's a boomer in the
75:01 . And so this is the number one, As a response that
75:05 like this one. Okay, And then, Well, number two,
75:11 doesn't really matter. But if you a well over here, you can
75:15 that this again, uh it actually as you go, whatever this
75:22 decreases as you go to the And again, that's the change.
75:26 could have something to do with the of the beds on top of the
75:30 , ology change. So these are and these are dipped more. And
75:35 when when you're looking at a particular , in other words, we're drilling
75:39 certain type of play here, a type of play over here and a
75:43 type of play in here where, , number one is you're going to
75:46 a different A. V. A to tell you uh that you have
75:52 oil and gas there. So if example, I'm looking near,
75:59 29 and I see a response like , it's probably not going to be
76:07 indicator. Okay. Uh if I a response where it goes bright,
76:14 dimmer, it's probably not going to over here. It might not
76:19 it would probably not be. I guess in other words, the
76:22 . V. A response that you is specific to the strata, the
76:25 of the beds, the type of that you're going through, not just
76:30 rock that you're that you're bouncing this , but relative to the rocks above
76:34 and below it. And uh and the interval velocities as you're going down
76:39 , Well, I know that's a to throw in there, but it's
76:47 . Okay. And then this is showing you um applications of of using
77:00 component data and uh and it's also for 40 monitoring, but it does
77:07 identify a fracture orientation density. I've you some examples of that, the
77:12 waves are unaffected by the poor fluids they, because they travel on the
77:18 part of the rock. And that reduces the effect of Yes,
77:25 . One of the players that I'm to show you one of the reservoirs
77:31 the North Sea. This is my why fire strap was very disappointed.
77:47 make it very simple there. You it depressed fracture process. There's a
78:02 . Just what? And we have sticking up like this. And so
78:10 have what's called and this is the of the better. They couldn't see
78:21 . So every, well they drilled whatever reason they receive, let's see
78:27 standing log come along. No. this timothy lawson? Yes.
78:39 Almost all of them, depending on they right, depending on how the
78:47 happens. The oil still the bottom stripes start lifting off hold for
79:04 Yes, for thank you. You're some cases, some of them 300
79:19 . Yes, correlation anyway, we at seven reserves from 600 million barrels
79:34 $1 million. So we had 400 barrels just doing a simple stuff.
79:40 when we did that to say, , we want to put a
79:46 Yes. And then got another And so, you know, and
79:52 all the groups of geology work you know, it's like the gravity
79:57 meg gives you a shot and you in there and you start looking and
80:00 all these other tools including refined levels gravity Magnetics, uh you have to
80:08 more money but at some point in you have a prize and if you
80:12 out a way that you can monetize make that price a bigger prize,
80:16 you start throwing more technology and it's critical that you know, if you
80:21 you get people in an office and kind of bored with what they're doing
80:24 they're not using their imagination, uh know, they can never, may
80:29 try to do something like this, they pulled somebody over onto a project
80:35 has worked in another place where this , some technology works, but they
80:39 thought of using it there then then can use it. So in your
80:44 you don't want to get stuck in little regional office, although you may
80:49 to, but if you can avoid stuck in one regional office, you'll
80:54 a lot in that regional office. there's stuff that you learn in that
80:58 that sort of mundane and everyday stuff they never thought of using over in
81:02 office and when they transfer people from office to another, they bring new
81:08 from what worked in another type of and it's a really good thing.
81:16 , so I think all of you know what a P wave and an
81:19 wave is and I'm not gonna go that, but here here's showing you
81:23 Cameron gulf of Mexico. Uh they're this a gas cloud, I call
81:28 chimneys. It doesn't matter what you , it's the same thing, it
81:31 all the energy. You can't see . And that's exactly what it's
81:36 And uh and by the way when when you have the O.
81:39 S. The shear waves can see through it because it doesn't even it
81:45 respond to it at all share ways traveling through the rock. They have
81:51 idea what what a fluid is. then and here's another example using an
81:57 . A. P. S. is primary secondary. Um It's too
82:03 , secondary. And sheer have the first letter. I would have figured
82:08 out a lot younger in my career I'd done that. I mean I
82:12 I had to get past physical geology figure out that a primary wave was
82:16 first wave and there was a compression . So hey, there's a
82:22 And compression. Mhm. And and this is kind of the same thing
82:30 you get O. B. You can see that that same thing
82:32 I was showing you. And uh another example where you can actually start
82:38 see these, They call these subtle are still bigger than 30 ft.
82:45 but you start to see things that hard to see in the seismic when
82:49 can get when you can get shear in there. And here's, here's
82:54 example of of something that I went went to this area Catherine and I
83:05 taught petroleum geology there. But when go into this field, this is
83:12 your book. But somebody that I with on that project related to
83:18 it was the person she asked, asked me to help them figure out
83:22 the formations were and where the, the ah different reservoir levels were
83:31 because they were having trouble correlating and didn't make any sense to them.
83:35 we uh, she also went and in this area, but prior to
83:39 going there, this is the book field in Venezuela and they have heavy
83:45 there. But this is showing you series, this is time 1234 and
83:52 can see through time what's happening? your overall impression of this?
84:09 Again, have the slides been That looks a little fuzzy to
84:25 Six 27 in the in the I mean in the in the pdf
84:37 , that's unusual. So the lecture states accumulators. So I was going
84:46 talk to you about your Yeah, nothing I did. Yeah, that's
84:51 happens in black work. Um, has to do with platforms. I'll
84:57 and see what's in there on what may not be able to change it
85:01 it may be something to do with the browser you're using or it could
85:04 the browser I'm using um where I loaded but also for pdf we've had
85:14 like this in the past but I seen him in a long time.
85:19 so anyway uh but this is it's you this is a deal interpretation at
85:30 point time 1.0.18 point belts. Okay. In here here is kind
85:39 what's going on in here right And uh and you can see here
85:48 these big brush sheets. You can see here there's no thrusting in
85:53 There's no thrusting in here. There's thrusting down here. All of a
85:56 there's a lot of thrusting and then more thrusting going on the way.
86:00 know there's thrusting is in this particular . The pointy ones are thrust thrust
86:08 . So they're starting to recognize more more of the geology and this is
86:11 a three D. survey here. here they just had two d.
86:17 in 1988. That was a and be see I don't know what's going
86:24 because this this isn't what my slides supposed to look like. I spent
86:30 lot of time getting this fixed and not fixed. So I must have
86:35 the wrong step. Um This this uh In 1990 with a well when
86:45 was added to it and you go you know there's a bounding thrust over
86:54 . Oops you go from, there's a bounding thrust there, You had
87:03 will to it. And now you more thrust and then you had more
87:10 to it. And you're starting to thrust situation that looks more and more
87:16 this kind of thing where it's coming from the northwest and going to the
87:25 . And uh and this actually looks like from the southwest to the
87:29 actually. And so this is And then be there's a lot of
87:34 things. But you but now you're to see there's some rotation on this
87:40 over here. And you've got thrusting normal faults all through here at the
87:49 With three d. seismic though, were able to take a look at
87:53 a little bit closer and come up there's the highest ferocity in there.
87:59 you can see the process, he off as we come away from from
88:02 top of the structure and also the of the reservoirs. But here,
88:10 we look at that in that particular surface of it, I've taken D
88:16 I've lined it up and you can of see you've got a bounding fault
88:20 here and that's kind of what this is here. That's almost like a
88:25 and then then it bends like there's this one, it would go
88:29 a little, in reality, it go down here, kind of come
88:33 there. And so you have a here and then kind of a thing
88:37 . And then you get all these normal faults in a few thrust sheets
88:42 in that reflect this pattern here. you've got some normal faults in
88:51 But then you have the thrust and that are back bounding thrust that pop
88:56 through here and through here. Um you see on the other side of
89:02 , as we get down to this of the of the so thresh
89:08 this whole thing is being thrusted. has normal faults on top of.
89:16 , my purpose is showing you that that um was this interpretation wrong?
89:27 is something you need to know when when you're a petroleum geologist for urgent
89:31 interpretations are never absolute. This is was done based on two d.
89:38 . Mm hmm. By luck. they knew there was a structure that
89:44 have a trap in it. And but the nature of everything around
89:50 trap keeps changing. And the more you get, the more it changes
89:54 you can still see there's a top the structure and here you can see
89:59 . And then Then you get to and this is even more complicated with
90:03 three D. Servant. And so you have to remember when you're when
90:08 an act of geologists or geophysicists is you have to go with the data
90:14 you have. And you have to up with the best interpretation of that
90:19 that you can make and one that geological and geophysical sense. Not one
90:24 not one that's drawn automatically by an , but one that makes geological
90:35 Okay. And then uh with gravity Magnetics, uh I just want to
90:41 a couple of examples of things I got this from my twin brother
90:48 he passed away, but he was showing me that if you have an
90:51 rock down here, you can see inflections and you can and you can
90:56 on what your inclination is. You pick the sides of the boundary of
91:02 you have an igneous mass that's sticking like a dyke or something. And
91:06 showing that that was possible. And here here you've got it with with
91:12 gravity. Here's the Magnetics, Here's gravity. You can see that and
91:19 can also see it with the the and Magnetics. Ah here you can
91:26 kind of how deep it is with gravity. But here you can see
91:28 the Magnetics you can get the corners it and that was mainly the main
91:34 that he was trying to show in . And and the reason I bring
91:39 up is sometimes even in an area you're working, it's important when when
91:43 discovered the luau structure, we had had a mass a mass if we
91:48 it it was it looked like the was coming up. But it
91:51 it was actually limestone. The question , was it lime stones or it
91:55 some sort of magmatic because there was strong reflector there. And uh and
92:01 in this case with the, with Magnetics and here you've got to come
92:07 from one angle, you can see this is a, this is an
92:10 dike coming up here and not a ah with the lime stones. You
92:17 , you're an a hole type As long as sea level rises
92:21 you're going to get continuous deposition is to keep up with the rise in
92:25 level and you're going to get a that's made out of limestone or reef
92:29 a reef deposit. And this is showing you some other examples of ah
92:38 know I worked with a student in areas where in Pakistan where they didn't
92:43 know if they had sediments or not a particular area because of some they
92:48 , they had ah cheer faults, they also had some displacement on
92:57 And it was, it wasn't easy the surface to tell whether it was
93:01 rocks in there or not, but actually filling in basins because because there's
93:06 vertical translation on besides just just strike translation. And these are good examples
93:16 how you can use ah the gravity the Magnetics to help find faults.
93:24 faults. something that looks like a here. This this kind of gets
93:30 the point, I was talking about reefer assault dome. Um you can
93:34 the Magnetics kind of, it's a there with that salt in there.
93:39 the and with the reef it doesn't anything. But if you had a
93:45 intrusion or igneous intrusion in there, get that big spike. And uh
93:51 that's why it was important when we on the luau structure. When I
93:54 you the two D. Seismic, point out that we actually did run
93:57 Magnetics over there to sort that And here is CS cm controlled
94:04 electromagnetic surveying. And uh and here are picking up the the natural field
94:14 this resistant rock. And and it's helping them identify where where there's a
94:24 in the subsurface uh by just running uh this little source and they have
94:33 down here to kind of agitate. you have to do is kind of
94:38 the natural conductivity and resistive Itty of of a reservoir and non reservoir Iraq
94:46 be able to image this. Not people know how to do this,
94:51 but there are people doing And it's expensive. And so until we get
94:55 a situation where people are exploring I don't think it's going to be
94:58 very often. And uh other basic , our remote sensing and uh two
95:09 at it really quickly. We have and lidar and things like that and
95:15 were sniffers and things that would go look for seats and that was pretty
95:19 thing to work because of diffusion. I know that Mobil and Amoco did
95:25 in it but they, they found they were really good at finding oil
95:30 and not much else. But some the satellite stuff is pretty uh pretty
95:36 . one of the things that satellites is is you can get these really
95:41 digital elevation models and with those you see offsets that ring true to where
95:47 might have basin bounding faults and minor inside the basting things that affect the
95:56 actually how these rivers drain. Actually to do with faults as well.
96:02 uh in the offsets that you see some of these things all these different
96:07 with little changes in elevation that we see from the satellite in such
96:12 So as you can get a really idea of what's going on in this
96:17 area and using this as an It helped mike Murphy for example,
96:23 up with the subsurface structure that you here on top of what he saw
96:28 the field and being able to get and look at it. He was
96:34 to to see what was going on on some of the stream patterns and
96:38 the faults would have occurred. In words, I don't think this
96:42 I'm not I don't think this is , I know this isn't from exactly
96:45 same area, but he did something that where ah he could actually see
96:54 fault patterns from an image like That helped him figure out what the
97:02 sub sub surface surface looked like. of course, you know, when
97:06 changing elevation and these things move some this stuff, if you went back
97:11 the way it was in time, they'd be they'd be straighter lines.
97:15 you see here, another thing is seeps that they're starting to look
97:23 And uh this is sort of a word for a visual observation. You
97:29 something in the water, the gamma . Um But there's synthetic aperture radar
97:37 there's also a broader spectral waves. of course here's a D gamma
97:43 but here's the SAR back scattering Um Typically if um um if you
97:53 smoother surfaces, it's going to be . If you have rough surfaces,
98:00 going to be it's going to have reflectivity. So you get you get
98:07 kind of reflection back and that helps figure out that there's, you
98:13 a lot of elevation features changing versus ocean, which is flat, but
98:19 depends on what kind of a survey doing. You can use the same
98:23 and uh you can look at an seat and uh where there are
98:29 you're going to get reflectivity back But there's an oil seat? It kind
98:34 smooths out the the waves. And there's a limited amount of reflection.
98:39 so you get that Fresnel scattering there and you end up seeing something that's
98:46 . So the have gone back to if I'm out here in the ocean
98:51 I'm just looking at the contrast between and the and the sea itself really
98:56 detail. You know like a little area in there. I will be
99:00 to detect the oil slicks just by it this way. And then this
99:06 a study I helped a student with shoot Hakan where there were oil seats
99:13 faults with oil migrating up to the and there was alteration going on.
99:20 have done this for years looking at and stuff and seeing the stage.
99:27 huh that's out there. It doesn't as well. It doesn't look as
99:32 when you have uh uh huh alteration the minerals from oil seeping through here
99:40 a negative impact on the growth of sometimes. And so you can see
99:44 that way. Now a lot of early stuff that we did with remote
99:49 , it was a single was infrared it works, works on the coastal
99:55 here. And what do you think this is here. Let me just
100:02 you here here, we actually have recurve spit right now. We had
100:07 recurve spit right there. But can see the pattern here? Can you
100:19 that? You can see that the profile was here and it was
100:25 It's kind of pro grading right It's pro grading here. Pro grading
100:30 . The inlet was back here at time, so it curved back this
100:33 because there was an inlet here. current pushed the sand across that inlet
100:38 then opened up a new inlet as was occurring down here. And now
100:43 has a recurve spit down here. why do you think that infrared pattern
100:47 like that? Okay. Mhm. . Mhm. Okay. It's okay
101:04 . But some of the other slides I know what changed anyway. Uh
101:11 you can you can actually see ancient history from remote sensing in this
101:18 You can actually see ah what do think this is back here? This
101:28 a wash over fan at some point time. I don't think it was
101:33 . But maybe when this was the island, there was a wash over
101:37 from a hurricane or something and and made the sand thicker when it makes
101:42 sand thicker. The reason why you this is because there's more sand there
101:48 the pine trees and other trees. you have either needles or leaves give
101:58 off different transpiration. You know when when it gets hot out the leaves
102:05 even the needs of the country. use the water to cool the water
102:12 And uh so they transferred so they're heat infrared picks up the heat.
102:19 this is a this is a heat from the plants and the plants the
102:24 are following where the beach ridge See here the plants that have leaves
102:30 only here. They're not out here back here. This is on
102:35 So where you have thicker sands that get established, the leaf entering trees
102:41 plants you can get established. And it shows you a pattern of where
102:46 beach ridges were through time. But we don't just look at infrared.
102:53 look at the whole spectrum, not infrared. And this is the area
102:58 I was talking about where we had seats going on. And you can
103:05 here um here's confirmed points of See pidge and here's some ligaments,
103:19 , ligaments where where we thought there fractures, there might be fractures
103:23 So maybe it's leaking along the faults and that would be what some of
103:31 things are and whether they make it the surface or not. We weren't
103:36 . But here's here's healthy sage. blighted sage. I can't really tell
103:41 difference from these pictures. I wish had taken their own pictures instead of
103:46 something out of the literature. But didn't ah but to make a long
103:50 short this is what they saw They did the spectral uh analysis of
103:57 broad spectrum analysis of the reflect the here is the visible wavelength and then
104:06 . And this is total spectral uh that you're going to get from the
104:13 and trying to see what Yeah This is this is a green leaf
104:27 . Okay, this is the green down here and notice it's real high
104:32 the infrared. But when we look some of the other things, the
104:38 breaks off. But the the dry just picking up a lot more stuff
104:45 you can get an alteration make to a long story short again, what
104:51 is doing is showing you that you discriminate from the the type of response
104:56 terms of the wavelengths that you get to what type of material it
105:01 And uh when you do it you go out and your ground truth it
105:06 you go and look in spots where think you're getting alteration to see what
105:10 alteration looks like. You go in where you think there is no
105:14 You also go out and collect the and you look at what the reflectivity
105:17 certain minerals is going to be and the altered minerals will be. So
105:21 gonna have a you're gonna have a response, a lab response and then
105:25 going to be the actual data And and the student was able to
105:31 up with these anomalies, uh rather having the typical pattern that you would
105:38 there there. It was anomalous with type of mythology that should be
105:42 And those anomalies were attributed to the that oil is seeping. And you
105:46 see that it, what she saw of covers this whole area here and
105:50 could see anomalies all through it. this was just one of the first
105:54 where they tried doing it. They're a lot better stuff now.
105:58 but you can actually put satellite you can actually see where there's oil
106:04 and the, and I think it , I forget which Indonesian Island it
106:08 on. But I went to a when I was very young in
106:14 and the guys said they had helicopters they flew in a helicopter height,
106:19 mean at treetop height. And a lot of the pilots from Vietnam
106:26 , uh, you know, they the reasons will never experience, but
106:33 you put three times you're flying along come up and see the trees stick
106:38 in here. You know, if up in an airplane, you just
106:41 a bunch of trees, they'll be along and see a bunch of trees
106:46 , 15, 20 ft higher. we went in and extorted. So
106:59 a lot of different remote sensing tools with that. We're going to take
107:05 break. The most amazing thing to is when I push the buttons,
107:13 actually work because I don't know why I can do, you know,
107:23 if you do the same thing, supposed to get the same response.
107:26 other words, they tell you, keep keep doing the wrong thing,
107:28 not gonna work, but you you can do it, you do
107:31 the right way twice and it only once and I don't get it.
107:36 anyway, uh we're gonna look at correlation and I'm gonna try to teach
107:40 guys something that's very different from what people do because we have a tendency
107:48 correlate Sam's and we don't correlate the . And people say geologists never studied
107:58 shales, but actually real geologists did the shales because they know that um
108:05 you fill in a section, as fill in accommodation space, you're filling
108:09 in with shells or sand. The are hit or miss, but it's
108:13 up like this. So like if you start on a plane like this
108:18 you fill it up like this And , this is 5000 200ft deep,
108:27 it's flat And here's 5000 ft So I got 200 ft of accommodation
108:32 that's filled in and the sands are of tucked around like this. So
108:37 sands, uh they may remove a bit in the in that spot
108:42 If the thickness, the consistency of from one well to the next uh
108:50 going to be related to if it's it's flat like this and you have
108:54 same accommodation space, it's going to pretty much the same. But if
108:58 coming up on a you're coming up it on it surface like this,
109:05 a lot of sediments are programming up this like transgressive or they're like this
109:10 their pro grading down, which is as you go farther out here,
109:15 getting more and more accommodation space. if you go up here, you're
109:19 less and less accommodation spaces. And the thinning you see uh doesn't remove
109:26 necessarily, but it reduces the accommodation . So you have a layer of
109:33 and a layer of sediments and a of sediments, but it's thicker down
109:36 and thinner up there and it's just of go like this. So the
109:41 one goes up across the bottom, goes down like this and the ones
109:45 between start out small and they get and thicker and thicker as they go
109:51 . And you may have a sand in here, or sand body in
109:55 that's kind of snuck in there, it's not one of these major erosion
109:59 events. It's just a channel cut faces change. And so that there
110:05 an irrational surface at a channel but it's, it's a small
110:09 And so whenever we're working in a package of sediments, we have depot
110:15 and, and as you can come a ramp, uh, you're going
110:19 of the depot centers, you go of a ramp, you're going into
110:22 depot center as you go from. if I have a electric log
110:29 a lot of times, it will , it will look identical to the
110:32 log here, except that it's stretched like an authority and that's, that's
110:37 going from the flank two, the part of it. And unfortunately that
110:44 a lot more consistently than people like imagine. I found a lot of
110:49 , just remembering that one principle and and that if it's, if I
110:55 a sandstone up dip where it's thin from the depot center, Almost invariably
111:01 going to have a thicker sand downed or sands that might be multiple sands
111:06 of just one. Thank you, , invisible oil pops up.
111:15 so correlation can be defined in many ways and of course, um there's
111:20 too much on here for me to it or explain it, but really
111:26 , we're trying to figure out what this, well relates to whatever else
111:30 over in this one, you do the sands relate to the shales
111:35 , We all know that sands come go sometimes. So there may be
111:39 sand here, but there's going to an equivalent shale section over there.
111:43 it may be a little bit older the sandstone that cut into it,
111:46 not much old peanut contemporaneous. So we get base and fill, it's
111:51 of like this again, if it's It might be deeper on one
111:58 in the epicenter side than on the side. And so that's basically what
112:03 doing According to the Strata Graphic It's a demonstration of correspondence between two
112:09 units in both. In both some property and relative strata graphic position.
112:15 other words, the only thing this saying is if I have a sandstone
112:23 , if I have sandstone over here graph, let the strata graphic with
112:29 mythological correlation would be sandstone, But let those strata graphic, which
112:34 what we're actually doing takes into account layer may actually be younger or older
112:40 that layer over there. So you know what it is. Remember I've
112:44 you a lot of logs where people straight across but it might be going
112:49 this or it might be going with . The whole point of with a
112:54 graphic is to have a sense of graphic position which is a relative sense
112:59 time. Okay, so there's little or little strata graphic. So I
113:07 of told you. Uh basically the in that uh there's bio correlation where
113:14 trying to use the bio strategy to you and sometimes with bio strata graphic
113:18 , we totally ignore the geology which is important to do and other times
113:23 wrong. Okay. Sometimes you do same thing, It's right. Sometimes
113:28 do the same thing as wrong. . And corona correlation or corona strata
113:35 , corona correlation is trying to look just the absolute points without without looking
113:41 the strata graphic. But if you the strata graphic in there, you
113:43 to kind of justify why they look they're in different units of they're the
113:48 age and sometimes that reveals a lot significant geological ah happenings or events.
114:00 , so with sedimentary rocks again, you know, you may see a
114:07 that repeats a lot and I had example earlier on where we just took
114:15 took a log section can scrunched it at the bottom, stretched a little
114:20 more and a little bit more. sometimes you actually see actual logs that
114:26 like that. You have almost exactly same repeating characteristics, especially if you're
114:31 systems tracks to keep themselves, you , low stand transgressive Hiestand low stand
114:38 high school, they don't always occur . But but if they're all
114:43 you're going to keep seeing them people And so you don't know which one
114:48 one of those in this. Well the same as that. If the
114:52 was the world was completely flat and always filled up like layer cakes uh
115:00 you would know just go to the depth and you could tie it but
115:03 doesn't work because we know things pro . There's architecture to deposition. It's
115:09 it's not all layer cake. And said that if I cut the slice
115:14 de positional strike, I will see layer cake of the backside of
115:19 like remember last week when I was my notepad, which pages a layer
115:27 some of those layers may be doing kind of thing. But if I
115:32 back and cut it this way, just see a stack of pages that
115:35 like it's layer cake. So in fee we use a lot of different
115:43 . Uh Some people use these they use bio zones a lot.
115:48 like to use bio events and then it to time and use bio geo
115:53 . But uh but the but for reason a lot of people in the
115:59 companies like to use zones and it the heck out of me. But
116:04 basically the simplest sense of the oil , they take classes and have.
116:15 the top one hearing that put stop industry, this might be what
116:27 And this is what? Two. . So all of these sands,
116:34 of the sandwich first one that's so will be and understand that #
116:44 # 2 5. Do you have ? Okay. And you can see
116:51 in the point. Okay. Um There are other things that we
117:04 use, like ash beds that we think are going to be sort of
117:12 equivalent to the whole ash bed. I'm really trying hard not to tell
117:17 about the QB. Fora but in could be for a formation ah there
117:26 like 16 ash beds but the river down in the dip And it only
117:33 three ash beds everywhere, the river . But The three bash beds
117:38 We're younger than the three ash beds . Mhm. And there was a
117:44 bunch of ash beds in the But they looked at these ash beds
117:47 they decided that the three up here the same as the three up
117:50 They totally screwed up human evolution as knew it. And now human evolution
117:55 a little bit more complicated but makes sense now. And that was in
118:00 coup before a in Ethiopia. Um the Omo river, the crops on
118:06 Omo river. And I got to on some of that stuff. But
118:09 , the polarity zones are things that use the normals in the reverse.
118:14 problem with Hillary zones is you have have something to kind of tie you
118:18 because they don't have labels on them . There's no label on it.
118:23 propels and climate cycles are something that can use and when you get a
118:28 above and below a sapper rappel, can kind of figure out how they
118:31 because because they're almost precisely calculated timing each one of the organic rich events
118:40 the non organic rich events. So a lot of things like that.
118:43 of course sequence photography shows us that architecture to deposition. It's not all
118:48 as flat beds. Okay. Uh it is, it is a method
118:57 um correlation is really to come up cross sections and cross section is going
119:03 help us come up with A two visualization of what the rocks look like
119:09 the subsurface. And if we were make multiple cross sections and have cross
119:14 sections, we make what we call diagrams. And that was our first
119:19 to come in three dimensional type But then within each one of these
119:24 that we see, we can look the motif of of those log responses
119:29 help us come up with different deposition . But again, we have to
119:34 the three dimensionality of that. We see it vertically over here, we
119:37 it vertically over here, but how it relate lateral straight across or out
119:43 way? And um Mhm one of a lot of engineers would say
119:53 well, I'm just worried about flow , they'd see a poor sandstone here
119:57 a poor sandstone here, they say must be flow units, but they
120:02 . And couple months later they noticed pressure was a lot higher than one
120:06 the other. And they realized there some kind of separation could be a
120:11 , a lot of times people but sometimes it's that strata graphic architecture
120:15 the sandstone over here actually dips like in the sandstone up there dips like
120:20 and they're not connected genetically. And , so one of, one of
120:25 things here is, is just an of of what I'm going to try
120:28 get you to do. And here points out, here's a shale cycle
120:34 share shale pattern and these sands, though they kind of look like they
120:40 be the same. You can see that there's one sand here, There's
120:45 sand here, um here's another Uh this is, this is the
120:53 , this is the log, this where they think it extends to,
120:58 is a log. When you think lost the sand and the sand
121:03 you break it. Not sure how decided that this was broken, but
121:08 they had something over here. But sand bodies for whatever reason don't correlate
121:14 because maybe this is a channel band here and this is a different channel
121:19 with the final abandonment is a small over channel over here. So you
121:23 have had a channel band over here this one and then somehow it evolved
121:27 dip and started up here and But these sand masses are cutting into
121:35 floodplain ah on the basis of hell diagram. And uh and the floodplains
121:45 that cutting at a given point in , we're going to correlate. You
121:48 see here that that this knob and knob correlates with that knob and that
121:53 and that knob and that knob and knob and that and so what we're
121:58 is and this one right over here to that. So the shale sections
122:05 basically correlating with each other. But the sands come in and just
122:10 through it and when you get above , you start to see something here
122:16 quite similar to they're not really But you can see here here's the
122:22 , here's the shell here, here's shell here and there's a little bit
122:26 it up here and then you have explanation and there's a coal deposit that
122:31 on top of it. And so kind of use that as a timeline
122:35 they're thinking that cold deposit was all once and that's a cold mark and
122:44 is a shale marker. This one here is a key shale marker.
122:48 this pattern here here and here is they have it as a shale cycle
122:52 a shell pattern. So it always to try to correlate the shales.
122:57 , I know we're looking for flow . So we want to correlate the
123:01 . So the first thing we want do is tie all these sands all
123:03 way across and ignore everything else. you need to pay attention to
123:08 Here's um it's hard to get that this because these little barriers are
123:16 very thin barriers. But but their nonetheless and they're they're on laughing,
123:23 transgressing up up this hill and you see that they're climbing strata graphically and
123:29 more shale in here and here because shelled out and there's then there's sand
123:34 there. But the shale pattern is to match the shell pattern here on
123:40 if you look at the resistive Now, if you're looking at the
123:44 or the amplified resistive, it is best thing to work. And I
123:49 really know if you remember, but one of the logs we looked at
123:54 the connectivity was plotted on there. looks different from the resistance. It's
123:59 important to kind of the normal It's good to look at the conductivity
124:04 the amplified resistance. Okay, one things besides helping you identify the pay
124:16 a particular column, it helps you an idea of the boundaries on the
124:24 units that are actually made up by . And are we having, can
124:29 continuous deposition of all the sediments Or is it like shell shell shell
124:35 shale? Okay, and that's one the things that we're looking and here's
124:42 uh we're not gonna do this but but I just wanted to show
124:46 that we can look at finding up coursing upwards sequences. And try to
124:52 up with things like a low a potential low stand deposit. There's
125:00 low stand procreating wedge here is a systems track a maximum flooding surface,
125:06 think, which I would put right the peak of that. And then
125:11 have pro grading sand stones here and you have to get all the way
125:15 here to look at the S. . To really see what we're talking
125:20 . And here here, you can it's questing bursting upwards. Um so
125:27 pro gravitational. And uh and then a lot of logs in here that
125:33 of, that are kind of this is bulk density, and so
125:37 the mfs and it's sitting right here the resistive Itty spike. And uh
125:45 I'd like to see it on a spike. It's not it's not really
125:49 a gamma race bike. Um it says G. R.
125:54 P. Can you tell the Here we go, here's the
125:59 here's the gamma, So there's a spike and you know, that has
126:03 transmits right there, it doesn't even the maximum flooding service, but this
126:07 right here is maximum, there's a flooding surface. And remember I told
126:13 that uh some people like to use . But you can look at just
126:17 at this sequence right here. It's that simple to do. Um This
126:22 a spike right here should be close a maximum flooding surface based, calling
126:27 a sequence boundary. And and when when he calls it a candidate's sequence
126:35 , he's not calling it a maximum surface as a sequence boundary. He's
126:39 it as the erosion will surface. so you get finding up where it's
126:45 . There's a there's a it looks a maximum flooding surface to me.
126:49 but you can interpret these things multiple ways. So it's very hard for
126:54 to teach with stuff that's interpreted by people. But here is one that
127:00 to tries to fit uh the idea using the gamma logs for the tops
127:10 the basis of these maximum flooding Okay, so there's a lot of
127:18 ways to do it. And uh it's not just math mapping a list
127:25 sums. And then the next thing you try to do is of course
127:28 it into somehow tie these log sequences a sequence, which is b a
127:40 section. That sequence interpretation. Here's something showing you uh some of the
127:48 that they used to have the the up on the shelf when it's coming
127:53 off the shelf. And then out the basin. And and so you
127:58 the under forms decline of forums and fonda forms and you can see that
128:03 , you have, uh, pretty the same uh systems, but they're
128:12 always going to be exactly the same . And you can see that the
128:16 character changes as we come up here log character changes, but you're getting
128:21 same thickness and it's just, it's here down here. It's actually a
128:25 , but it started out as a way up here and you're going from
128:31 on the shelf, limited accommodation space more accommodation space. And you can
128:37 things are kind of stretching out up and this one is thicker than that
128:41 , for example, that looking at receptivity, these, these are pretty
128:47 these are sp logs. And so pathetic looking things actually are sands.
128:53 . And it gets more complicated when look at fine detail and of course
128:59 can see here that if you do strike section in this, uh,
129:05 might see more of this sand because , it's in filled here. Excuse
129:10 , Rather than um, than what would see over here. In other
129:14 , you go into clay's over here delta plain stuff over here and you've
129:20 the, this tributary mouth bars out and they kind of get spread spread
129:25 here by longshore drift, whether the going this way or that way
129:30 you actually have a mud lump trying push its way through it. And
129:34 , it gets really complicated when you're really close detail in some of these
129:39 deposits. And here you can see channel and floodplain deposits on either
129:45 looking at it on strike. So you take a cross section this
129:49 it's one thing, it's a different if you go across this way and
129:56 gonna skip all this this stuff, one thing I want to make sure
130:04 knows is what all these are. everybody know what the kB is?
130:11 , okay, it's a kelly It's right up here on this,
130:14 particular. Well, it's some wells have kelly kelly bushings anymore, but
130:19 it's a point of reference that we for the top of the pipe that
130:23 putting in there Now. It may a joint that you're putting on a
130:27 type of drilling apparatus that they used . But it's and sometimes even call
130:34 a kelly bushing, that is. it's it's something that was on the
130:38 floor. Anyway, the measured depth the whole length of the pipe from
130:42 that standard is, all the way to the base of it. And
130:48 and here's a measured depth too. top of that max section in its
130:52 its vertical here. And uh measured is always going to be from some
131:00 to another point uh in terms of length. And that's going to be
131:04 measure measured depth. And here is sub C. TBD. And what
131:12 does is it puts it at sea . It's attracts to kelly bush.
131:16 and and this is total vertical And uh this would be the total
131:23 depth here without being subsidy. But the total vertical depth subsidy. So
131:27 lot of times we reduced the kelly and that kind of equates all the
131:32 . And of course if you're on , your television could be really high
131:37 because you're above sea level, you be safe. So you're drilling around
131:42 , you might be at 4000 ft sea level. So if uh may
131:48 a target that's set up, Get ft below sea level. But the
131:51 depth might be 5000 ft. But and you're kelly bush is going to
132:00 4000 ft. But you actually have ft of pipe and you might not
132:04 to get rid of rid of the bush. Okay, now here's the
132:11 . Once we start to deviate the you have a straight, well,
132:16 come down here and the TBD as can see here, the straight,
132:20 the T. V. D. the MD. Okay? But the
132:25 you start to tilt it and you do this with trig and trigger of
132:31 has straight lines instead of curved But you have here's the T.
132:37 . D. Which equals the sort the M. M. D.
132:45 the T. V. D. here it's curved. So this
132:48 V. D. Because this line longer than the vertical. This
132:54 V. D. Over here is to end up being ah less than
133:01 measured depth plus the T. D. There. Did you see
133:05 ? This will be the measure depth get longer. Um So this is
133:11 thickness. Okay but the true vertical is this the apparent vertical thickness actually
133:20 to be this And uh if you a flat lying bed the Tv
133:26 And the A. V. Would be the same. Uh If
133:30 don't have a flat line best then then it's going to be different.
133:38 because it was a flat lying bed would be up to here and uh
133:43 that would be down to there. But when you have that tilted bed
133:47 gonna end up having an apparent vertical . Which is what you might calculate
133:53 your two vertical thickness. But to your two vertical thickness you have to
133:58 what the TBD is here and uh T. V. D. Is
134:04 there. But you see TBD two going to be actually a with a
134:12 a bed like this. It's going be it's going to be greater so
134:15 won't be your actual tv today unless do some trig and add in the
134:21 ankle the true strata graphic thickness and drew this I didn't draw this.
134:27 person who drew it looks like they it like me. Um um this
134:33 this shows is that the ah aligned to that surface and this surface straight
134:43 is the true strata graphic thickness. so when when we actually come up
134:49 if we have a straight, well usually not much problem but if you
134:53 a straight well you have it One thing you have to worry about
135:06 strength you have straight. Well Like this system just just right
135:29 Yes. Yes interesting. So as angle of yeah I love the
135:48 Yeah thank you. Okay my self more and more that's the same
136:06 Have you been let's see bigger geez we're going to see this and when
136:21 correlating it's important to remember this because there's any structure that's going to have
136:26 impact if there's any deviation there's going be an impact in the west.
136:35 so that's just getting to some of points. So here's what's happening and
136:41 will work in in, I'll show something where I fully slides up but
136:48 is some logs and here's the they're changing. In other words these are
136:59 straight holes but this one is a angle. So your T.
137:06 D. Is a lot more stretched than it is in one word it's
137:10 flattening and flattening and flattening. You it's the same log character except it
137:17 . So with increasing dip the TBD bigger and bigger than the TST.
137:29 uh some of the things that we you know it's sort of a pattern
137:34 thing. It's it's important to I to use this word type. You
137:38 to develop a type of composite And for the exercise that I'm gonna
137:42 you um I may wait until next to give it to you so you
137:46 worry about it but I could give to you sooner. Ah So that
137:51 you have free time this week you work on it but you're going to
137:55 a composite log. And in the industry they call these pipe logs.
138:02 but really to call something a type needs to be like a published type
138:07 . And it's usually related to one at a time. Whereas this log
138:13 would be a compilation of of the and uh in a big area in
138:19 gulf of Mexico Uh all around one salt. Okay and so all these
138:27 stones might not occur in every one the wells you drill but all the
138:30 zones Like I have 25 paise owns here I have 26 pay zones are
138:35 all the same over here. I 23 over here. They're not all
138:37 same over here but if I stack all together strata graphically I can see
138:41 faults have cut them out places. uh and I have the whole thing
138:46 . So I have this thing that call, this is sort of my
138:48 from a standard, but it's actually composite because it's composited from, from
138:53 whole, the whole region that you're and when you draw your first well
138:58 don't have, you have to find well nearby and hope to God it's
139:04 . And in terms of what you . So you have to develop something
139:09 this and then you correlate the more regional markers like the shale resisted the
139:15 . And, and you saw in one of the diagrams I showed you
139:20 the very bottom of it. There a shale marker. That was just
139:23 simple kick. They went all the all the way across it. That
139:26 a good shale marker. Sometimes you shale patterns. So you can see
139:31 of like, I like to do myself, but sometimes you'll find a
139:35 , that's when you look at these , there's a couple of them that
139:39 absolutely easy to see in all three , you can call those markers and
139:43 could actually flatten your beds, flatten logs. And then he used the
139:51 stuff. So, so the way kind of works is the first well
139:57 you drill is going to be the that you have at that point in
140:00 . And then every time you drill . Well, if you find more
140:03 between the sands that you've seen, you're adding onto it. And uh
140:08 one and this, this publication actually that it's a composite. They called
140:14 a type lock because that's what a of the working geologists would call
140:18 But it really is a composite log this publication. Put that right,
140:22 possible the editor told him you need call that a composite because it's not
140:26 a type. Sometimes one of my questions, what's the difference between the
140:31 luggage deposit and here you can see looking at all these different sands and
140:37 often have to do with the bug are sands. The S stands,
140:41 T stands for example, here's bye arena, humble eyes. So that
140:47 be the, the big hum they it, the big hum zone would
140:51 right there and this would be the B and this would be the tech
140:55 and so you see a lot of like that, but a real type
141:01 is like this, this is from Norwegian Petroleum Directorate and they actually have
141:07 submit logs and they, and they to a given formation or a
141:13 This is the next formation in the group. Here's the drake and the
141:17 and they're cooking the Dunland. But , they will describe the log character
141:22 the Gamma primarily and then sometimes they include resistance, but mostly it's the
141:28 because the Gamma is the log that doing the mythology and kind of giving
141:32 the character and they'll tell you you a shoulder at some point and then
141:36 becomes a different, like here's the type that sits on top of the
141:41 and and so you know, you see a lot of different things in
141:48 particular wells, but but the the well, they sit there and they
141:54 it. So at some point in they named this so that everybody,
141:57 that's working in this area of the knows that if I'm producing out of
142:01 sand is this one and not And so when I unit ties my
142:07 are monetized. It's another extreme. . Mhm. You know that they're
142:17 in graphics okay. And sometimes lawyers know they're working in the right strategy
142:23 section or not, which is a painful, but but the hat that
142:28 typically happens. But this gets published a paper and that's what makes it
142:33 . So this was type, this made a type blog and a publication
142:37 the Norwegian Petroleum Director. They recognize all of these things have variation to
142:44 . So they also ask people to reference wells. And so the reference
142:49 shows you some of the variations that might see. But the tight vlog
142:54 this up so that they have, may happens to never work in the
142:57 Sea and then all of a sudden day she does, she can look
143:01 this and figure out what the formations going to look like. That's why
143:04 published these things. And it's also by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate and sanctions
143:10 the whole bit. And so you use it in legal documents to
143:14 you know, I'm not producing from nest because it looks like the burden
143:20 here or the Munson. Okay, , so here we're going back,
143:28 a lot of people try to correlate sands. What I want you to
143:31 to do is to correlate the First thing you're gonna actually, what
143:37 going to get you to do is lot of times this is from a
143:41 student this geology, but I have , So I'm gonna have you plot
143:45 bios track data 1st and hang it some of the bible, then do
143:52 shipping, then do this. Since used to do this where I have
143:55 students too, the shells of And then I've given the right strategy
144:00 data and see what they did But that makes it two exercises.
144:05 just too hard for forces moving this . But when I do it
144:11 even with with a full semester course petroleum geology. I found it that
144:17 you've never done this before, it's daunting and uh and I'm and I'm
144:22 you the well, logs from health and it's it's not there. You
144:29 , all of the exercises that you in a book, they take a
144:34 and then copy it 1000 times and all the wells look the same or
144:39 they'll stretch one out like this, is all the same well, but
144:43 stretched one out like this and and one has, has not been stretched
144:48 . And what is a possible reason ah this a one well, which
144:53 exactly the same well over here. Why do they correlate so easily?
144:59 it's the same darn law. And um but another thing is what's
145:05 here, what geologically would be It's thickening. So we're going from
145:11 the edge of the basin into the center. And the most important thing
145:16 understand is that this is the strata section. It's quite similar. But
145:22 know, if you're going down you might get more and more shale
145:27 and you might lose some of that section at the expense of the
145:34 But what you don't lose is the , the overall thickness from here to
145:40 , the ratio of that thickness from to here to there to there.
145:44 see it all through this. you can see that ratio of of
145:50 thickness throughout this. In other uh this this sand right here.
145:54 ratio from here to here is going be exactly the same from here to
146:01 relative to this to this, so sort of like a sort of like
146:06 overall compaction congressional thing and also accommodation . So um another thing that
146:21 so I showed you this, another that happens is that here, I'm
146:25 about de positional effect or drilling you said deposition effect, what if
146:31 if this was a straight hole have same? Well was drilled with a
146:38 , say a single angle deviation, would be stretched out like an accordion
146:43 that, It's okay, and so , what you need to do is
146:51 just instantly try to correlate the sands it is possible, someone would look
146:56 this and go this one, is one? This bigger one here is
147:00 of that, and this one is third one down here somewhere, but
147:04 they're exactly the same. And the I know in this case is because
147:09 exactly the same. Well, Okay, if they're different wells,
147:14 same thing could happen. Uh but could be some faces twist between one
147:21 the other, in other words, log two different twelves to go across
147:25 same section, I'm not gonna always exactly the same response because there's always
147:32 little bit of variation in the and what you're going to see in your
147:39 ? Okay, now, um So do we tell a fault? How
147:48 we tell a fault in a well two wells without a size before.
147:58 , this is showing you right that it's compressed like an accordion.
148:02 other words, if I take those logs and kind of put them side
148:07 side, I can see that the of this section is the same as
148:11 one. The expansion of this section the same ratio as that one.
148:15 expansion of this section is the same same up here, so we can
148:20 that that we're getting exactly the same in this section. So what is
148:25 ? That's strata graphically spinning From Well, to that one, so
148:31 no missing section. I had a , there'd be a missing section,
148:35 normal fault. Why would there be missing section in a normal fault?
148:42 you take take this and you move like that and it cuts through it
148:47 this. So you've lost section in well, and so take those,
148:56 those same that same log and make well, number one and well,
148:59 three with no deviation and you cut piece of it out and you can
149:06 that there was a normal fault there you can stay here. This this
149:12 making it simple, there's no there's thickening strata graphic thickening or thinning.
149:17 only thing that you see here is the fault is missing. But the
149:24 that gets difficult is this if I a section out of this, well
149:29 thickens or sector. Let me just it one at a time. If
149:34 take uh section, if I cut a fault section in this will say
149:40 in here I'm going to lose these right here that correlate right over there
149:45 those units, see this little is that little marker that marker
149:51 This is gonna all shrink down. expansion of this unit relative to the
149:57 on that unit is going to be than the expansion from this unit to
150:03 unit. In other words I'm getting above and I'm getting thickening below.
150:08 thickening in the middle is not is congruent with what I should say.
150:13 so that way I noticed even though well is thicker overall there's section missing
150:19 that's what happens over here. It you that missing section. Unfortunately they
150:25 do it with an expanded well like to show you that you can see
150:30 section in the expanded section but also would happen if I lost if I
150:36 this bit of section over here and will then this would have shrunk more
150:42 it should have relative to that. and that does everybody get that
150:47 you look confused? Are you Okay. And this this is like
150:54 the 40s. Okay this is like . So we go from from lower
151:04 to hire accommodation space. And you see there's no missing section in
151:09 even though this is much thinner than , Nothing is missing from the
151:15 The thinness has to do. It's me something else about the geology and
151:20 is the depot centers that something you to do deficit. Or sometimes the
151:26 get veteran and transgressive system and so may want to know what's up dip
151:33 when you're coming? Actually out of deficit. God, it's cold in
151:43 . Now. Now I know I a brain freeze like yesterday my I
151:47 freezing. I swear I looked at diagram. I can't believe it,
151:52 so simple. I even told you was simple before I messed it
151:55 Okay, here's here's here's the thing normal faults. So the reason you
152:00 section. Yes. See if I I drill through it here, this
152:07 of the fall, this part of of the sandstone does not show up
152:12 this well it gets the shield down this shale, it's the same as
152:18 shale and I'm gonna go right down it. And so this is a
152:24 bit expanded and I go right into . So if I don't see if
152:28 drove well over here, I would the whole sandstone. But if I
152:32 a well here I'll I missed the of the sandstone If I drove well
152:36 I get the whole series. So what happens with the fault. And
152:42 the point is this this strata. section has been because of the
152:47 not because of strata, graphic Yes. And you can see here
152:54 you hit it like this then you lose the sale. And this is
152:59 happened in one of the fields that worked on in the North Sea.
153:02 drilled a lot of wells in the . They couldn't even find the
153:06 It's really embarrassed. And I guess I was working on the other
153:11 I'd be afraid to try to figure the truth too because it would just
153:15 embarrassing. Here's what happens if you a thrust fault, you're going to
153:19 a repeated section. In other this section right in here is going
153:26 get repeated again and I'll see it up in here. Okay. And
153:34 I've overlapped it. So I get top of the sand and I go
153:38 into that and I get more of sand. And so I end up
153:40 thicker sand and this unit would be here in this unit. We we
153:47 have the overlap. Okay, and we have a complete overlap of
153:56 Okay, if you use tops and strategic graffiti, how would you be
154:01 to pick this? Because all of tops that show up in this sand
154:05 gonna be up here. Right, , but if you have a lot
154:08 different fossils and you're doing this is quick and dirty work helps, which
154:14 why I would get consultants whenever I for us, whenever I have overlapping
154:20 because You know, they go through and there maybe 15 tops that they
154:24 pick right right above the sand and they're working real fast, they only
154:28 half of and then oddly enough to the other half down here and otherwise
154:35 think it was cave in. Other , if I get these tops again
154:38 here, but I get the ones they missed down here missed up
154:43 down there again, then I can it's a repeated section. Okay,
154:47 here we go, expansion of a . Well is exactly the same thing
154:52 expansion of of a of a non well and still a deviated well with
155:00 fault, even though it's expanded, can see with my correlations particularly looking
155:07 the shale markers uh and once you it with the shale markers, then
155:11 might notice with the sands, you see that that sand got displaced
155:15 But this whole area here got wiped and it's gone and here's the
155:21 Any pattern here. Here's that receptivity here and you're right up on top
155:26 it and you can tell that that , this entire section, all of
155:32 curve. See this little tick right is going to be right there,
155:39 you start to get a little bit this right here. And so the
155:43 that's missed is is I would actually the line a little bit higher on
155:50 . I didn't draw these, but would put the missing section about right
155:53 , all the way up to the and the sand there. Okay.
156:01 here's another way of looking at, you, if you draw the thing
156:05 the angle, you can actually see that works. Now the wells that
156:10 gonna give you are all straight holds you don't have to worry about deviated
156:17 and um and you can see like when you go offshore, the
156:22 can change when you get into higher space, you can see things
156:27 Ah and of course this this might getting into more and more stuff or
156:33 there's been a reverse in the structure this was the depot center over
156:37 Uh and you're coming up on a over here, but this has been
156:41 and it was offshore when it was . But I think what's happening here
156:44 you're going going from for Alex sands marsh some limited marsh beds and inter
156:56 . So, this isn't going to you. This is what I did
156:58 the scott field by the way. and here, here, I was
157:05 to, with the bios, photography the sandstone that they couldn't seem to
157:13 . And you can see that the piper was thinning coming up on a
157:18 And the Cambridge clay was thinning coming on a high based on this 143
157:22 year slice. And and so it thickening from here to here. The
157:29 was such that the fault that's it was over here, lifted the
157:33 thing up and all of the sand eroded and it thickened in this
157:37 But I was able to show that was thickening in that direction from the
157:41 that we have and uh and you farther into the Volga, the Cambridge
157:47 it was even greater and, and will uh I really don't want you
157:54 succeed this, but well, whatever. Go ahead. When
157:58 when you're going to do the you're gonna plot the wells, Uh
158:06 to Holland one in this pilot and going to get this composite log and
158:13 gonna get this bio strata graphic data here's what some of the logs look
158:22 . And uh there's some shale resisted markers put on here that you could
158:27 at and this is not a cl . Itty marker, this is
158:32 What happens sometimes is we get students and srm uh where there's a
158:41 this is a sandstone over here, logs that you're going to have.
158:45 little flips over here are actually the , these things that almost don't even
158:50 even, that's the sand and that's same. So you have to look
158:54 hard to find the shells. The marker would be in here, shale
158:58 in here. She'll markers in so you don't want to mess with
159:03 resistive itty and in the same and look at that because you're not supposed
159:08 know where the faults are. But gonna want you guys to, to
159:15 a fault in in this system and so you know what it looks
159:27 I went ahead and finished one hanging . These are blank forms. I
159:32 a ship but that's my son. you're saying where you mess up the
159:50 , I'm gonna read it from the . So I'll tell you what they
159:54 . The two top pages are the log. Yeah. And there's plenty
160:03 overlap so you can put them In other words, you see,
160:08 see where the upper nineties jy chances a is I get them on two
160:14 so you can put and what you to do is just kind of hold
160:18 up and uh no trim this off here. Community people just, it's
160:29 that you have a whole lot and that will be your composite log for
160:36 area then the next day class record release. Okay. And um,
160:57 as you kind of no, this part of the chart just talking
161:05 the coming down. Yeah. and then uh in this part of
161:15 charter, it's those same things and it shows you where they were
161:23 . There's places where they want to . So when you're not saying you
161:29 okay, doesn't need, this is right age, but they didn't sit
161:39 . But sometimes the distribution of Francis we have with the solution of
161:49 all these things economy, we call this deposition of operation in uh
161:59 deposition, there's all sorts of things here. We have them Most of
162:08 , for example, at the 19 you have better in all three
162:17 Okay, So that's good. A having all three bills. It's a
162:24 thanks a month. Yes, that's be on three wheels. But I
162:30 think you have a part 800. you're and I asked the students,
162:40 just a little stick on there and the scale probably should have been
162:52 And then then you have the word number two. Page one, Which
162:58 is going to? Mhm. you have to press this, the
163:02 marked part here. And this is to beat the so and Right between
163:17 990. Mhm. And then the one is the Holland one is everybody
163:36 as I go through the pages The Holland one As a page
163:41 Page 2 there's a little bit you to have as well just kind of
163:52 over over land. Let's go home Where There's A Page one, Page
164:06 . No, why do you? one of the top part. So
164:26 has. Okay, I'm gonna post song like too. So start marking
164:31 up and decided to change some of interpretations. You will be able to
164:37 your interpretations and let me, I'm gonna go through what it is
164:47 supposed to do. Okay. This lists the material that we just went
165:06 . Right, Okay. So you the composite log, you have the
165:13 logs to correlate and I want you map it from left to right.
165:20 not map it. But what you're do is put those things together and
165:29 not gonna take them together. You put the bystander. Yeah, you're
165:38 , you're gonna shift your logs. gonna do half pages And the reason
165:54 the data. That's one of the hmm. Take your logs when I
166:08 like this. No, first Okay. Somewhere that's yeah, some
166:31 these just chilling the system. So it's the same. Yeah.
166:41 one has the most character. So would normally do this. Other things
166:53 that. Okay. But after you're at a set of, it's
167:04 it looks like mountains about trying to playing peter going to find in certain
167:16 . No racism. Thank you up , smith biomarkers. This thing right
167:31 . Okay. You look at I looked, so sport. It's
167:48 family over then you've got a really show these activities and when you just
167:58 looking at this thing, there's a yeah. Yeah. And then I
168:24 this since she's still by themselves. good show it's time to score.
168:34 is it? Stop doing that? them give them all the tools that
168:39 had started out with the fire. , not really subsection as you have
168:50 least something. Can you start with best ties into that relationship? And
168:56 was Nashville hold it almost everywhere you , there's something else. There were
169:05 estimates sometimes that can be closed. case is really perfect. Anything like
169:17 by a to make sure they were sure they were formed. So it's
169:25 good. Okay. Mhm Yeah, clearly smiling. Our first mhm.
170:01 a company. Okay. Yeah. you're looking for your ship once and
170:20 you get your shale resisted any you're going to start. Trust
170:27 it's not going to be easy, at some point in time.
170:30 just looking at these right now, thinking, how the hell did I
170:34 correlate this? But I did. , but trust me, if you
170:40 at it for a while, you'll to see patterns that you can't see
170:43 quickly. Uh there's a few, a few things in there that jump
170:47 at you. But the more you at it, the tighter you're going
170:51 see it, but also you're going notice there's some missing sections. So
170:58 way I grade this. Yes. you figure out what it is,
171:02 have them all taped together. Um see if I have it. I'm
171:08 want you to um see these aren't together. Sometimes people piece of
171:16 but you can also sticking together. If you've done the correlations, you're
171:24 want to start looking for the missing . In other words, you're reading
171:28 and all of a sudden doesn't seem it's probably the same sector. Think
171:39 is a phone. I was you know, you look really carefully
171:45 there's actually a lot of faults in sections in a long time to
171:49 And uh and I had 26 So, you know, I would
171:55 out at the top some wells. figure in the middle of Motherwell's as
172:03 . Probably pretty good for three wells another relative. Okay. Yeah.
172:10 you will not be able to find the calls because you will not
172:14 you don't have a system. You have all the sex, but six
172:21 . Thank you. Um I'm not on it. What the actual right
172:27 preying on you correlations makes sense. see this in section section just and
172:36 me, there's plenty in here. people, History Wells will find Uh
172:41 or 6 really obvious faults. Uh . We have to give you guys
172:47 to, since I've got one. take that um you have to come
172:53 with these two thoughts and it's it's have to show that there's missing section
172:58 not just sitting there In the two . And of course talking to hear
173:04 I'm saying of to fix the fault a well. Well, you need
173:17 least two. Thank you. The the only way to know this missing
173:21 in this well is to find that section. So too it falls in
173:28 wealth. You have to have Well, so the chip business telling
173:32 it's probably just fell there. And and uh and I found fault
173:40 the time that actually made money or Mikoyan. So and I also found
173:48 town two using kind of the same . Okay. So if you see
173:56 section coming up on, you can some. So anyway, that's that's
174:04 you're gonna have to do with And so your urine urine product
174:10 Um I have I didn't post it , but I will post it because
174:15 really don't want to get you started this because you have one project finished
174:19 and you already and you're gonna have midterm to study. Okay. So
174:23 gonna try to hold off a little on when you actually have to do
174:26 . But I wanted to get it you. So you could start looking
174:29 it because because some of you may extra time this week, but not
174:33 week. So, um, I'm doing that so that I know you're
174:39 and you guys can plan. but see when, when you do
174:43 the fault and I'm not saying there's here, but when you do play
174:50 call, yeah, put a marker this, your stuff that would mean
175:01 probably going this way cross section. really these wells are not really straight
175:08 well as our around the salt. all right. So it doesn't matter
175:14 you just like sometimes. Mm hmm um, that's irritating. Oh
175:52 But see that's one way to look . So you started looking okay.
175:59 , when you start drawing, like may not want to draw the lines
176:02 away, but when you start drawing like this at a closer scale than
176:07 whole block and there is one, that has four faults in And
176:17 when you take a fall where you the fault this for example, I
176:22 the fault is in. So I this on the pump so next to
176:30 I would go respect to ah, fine. So just see the missing
176:38 in this file set up with some as well. Ah tell me what
176:45 is. Tell me how many Approed 200 ft but I don't see
176:54 So it's 200 drawing that false too , right? That's the angle of
177:02 important. This is the front of is the same. 7 45.
177:25 , that's exactly what I had Um Something too cold. Okay.
177:37 uh and uh and I'll send the that we can talk about a little
177:42 little bit about it after after the next week. But but but I
177:52 want it. I went to the . I don't know if I've got
177:56 of it in here but okay. do want you to label these tops
178:01 labels and based based on what's on composite. So there's three parts of
178:08 . What is picking the tops. Yeah the other one is is marking
178:17 putting the blood markers on the wall making sure that I see that you
178:22 Mississippi and when you first started doing when I do it myself. But
178:27 first thing they taught me used It's really hard to yes you have
178:33 of grace. Which is hard to these stories. Right sir. So
178:39 I do is I use pencil. like if I see something that's kind
178:42 shaped like that it's a sharp market I like feel like that. So
178:48 if you have a bunch of shots . Yes. Another one that you
178:54 just suddenly had a symbol you know that you can see it's consistent.
178:59 that where some of them once interactions this. So something like that.
179:11 that. So rather than using the that are hard pencils really easy
179:16 Yeah, one of those right? all of us. And so I
179:22 to do a lot of work eraser . Yeah, those are fantastic.
179:37 . You can, you don't do to do. It abuse some kind
179:41 little, but you know, if looking at this thing, you can
179:44 a, you can even put a for that and a little circle for
179:49 would and uh, so I want , I want to see table
180:03 She always festivity markers, see that a third. You go back on
180:12 shelf relation figure out which stands and want to see all the stands and
180:22 . Okay. But you know like is it? That's like a B
180:28 B C. You find underneath Okay. And then in the 3rd
180:36 straight we're gonna have to find at two faults. Well, neighbors like
180:44 . Yeah. five students with these wells find simple. Yeah. Let's
180:53 it. So maybe a regional So You don't have to be in
181:00 three. Oh yeah, but a of times only, uh, you
181:07 the whole world. For example, they're not exactly in line with each
181:11 , but they might have a few and close to each other. Oh
181:24 the, and you would see it and see it here. You're gonna
181:31 looking at this section. So That's the only thing. So
181:51 So, so what I'm trying to is get you to fix this.
181:53 it's going to be relative this And I didn't see that missing sections
182:00 sections somewhere. This is all They have one if you want to
182:13 something like this because of the That's it That you will see it
182:20 2000. Yeah. Mm hmm. no, you can find not in
182:40 well one and that one, Like of this one just wanted to make
182:47 by two. Well they feel like spirit for, because trust me,
182:56 more than two years, more than faults. But you should be able
183:00 find at least you should be able find at least three. But I'm
183:03 gonna, I'm not gonna push it two because you're doing this for the
183:07 time and then, and these are easy wells when I, when I
183:13 this Problem, two expiration managers that , man, this is a great
183:20 . But you know, the, employee that there uh setting through school
183:24 like, oh, don't say So it's kind of an evil
183:33 But it's a, it's a, a good learning. So what I'm
183:36 to do is get you to to some faith and I will tell you
183:41 I think it was like in cohort eight or nine. Uh one of
183:49 , it doesn't matter, but she to be female and she was
183:52 really bright and she uh she uh had those those, you know,
184:00 don't even want to pull it out she did such a good job of
184:03 tying the wells with shale markers. thought, my God, this really
184:10 . She did it even better than did, I
-
+